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[n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Història" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Història"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Història</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Història-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Taula de continguts" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Philosophiæ doctor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 64 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9" title="دكتور في الفلسفة - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دكتور في الفلسفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_doctor" title="Philosophiæ doctor - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Philosophiæ doctor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99ls%C9%99f%C9%99_doktoru" title="Fəlsəfə doktoru - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fəlsəfə doktoru" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%96" title="Доктар філасофіі - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Доктар філасофіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%96" title="Доктар філязофіі - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Доктар філязофіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Доктор по философия - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Доктор по философия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="पीएचडी - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पीएचडी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF" title="ডক্টর অব ফিলোসফি - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডক্টর অব ফিলোসফি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D." title="Ph.D. - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ph.D." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.d." title="Ph.d. - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ph.d." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D." title="Ph.D. - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ph.D." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Doctor of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktoro_de_filozofio" title="Doktoro de filozofio - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Doktoro de filozofio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_en_Filosof%C3%ADa" title="Doctor en Filosofía - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Doctor en Filosofía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosoofiadoktor" title="Filosoofiadoktor - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Filosoofiadoktor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="پی‌اچ‌دی - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پی‌اچ‌دی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofian_tohtori" title="Filosofian tohtori - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Filosofian tohtori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_doctor" title="Philosophiæ doctor - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philosophiæ doctor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9im_docht%C3%BAra" title="Céim dochtúra - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Céim dochtúra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat-ho%CC%8Dk_Pok-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Chat-ho̍k Pok-sṳ - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chat-ho̍k Pok-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="דוקטור לפילוסופיה - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוקטור לפילוסופיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="पीएचडी - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पीएचडी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD" title="PhD - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="PhD" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktor_Filsafat" title="Doktor Filsafat - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Doktor Filsafat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophiae_Doctor" title="Philosophiae Doctor - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Philosophiae Doctor" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dottorato_di_ricerca" title="Dottorato di ricerca - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dottorato di ricerca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Doctor of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ფილოსოფიის დოქტორი - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფილოსოფიის დოქტორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="PhD-доктор - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="PhD-доктор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99%EB%B0%95%EC%82%AC" title="철학박사 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="철학박사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophiae_doctor" title="Philosophiae doctor - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philosophiae doctor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Доктор на науки - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Доктор на науки" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഡോക്ടറേറ്റ് - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡോക്ടറേറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="विद्यावाचस्पती - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विद्यावाचस्पती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktor_Falsafah" title="Doktor Falsafah - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Doktor Falsafah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="विद्यावारिधी - nepalès" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विद्यावारिधी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Doctor of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofisk_doktorgrad" title="Filosofisk doktorgrad - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Filosofisk doktorgrad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%80" title="ਡਾਕਟਰ ਆਫ਼ ਫਿਲਾਸਫੀ - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡਾਕਟਰ ਆਫ਼ ਫਿਲਾਸਫੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C" title="ڈاکٹر آف فلاسفی - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈاکٹر آف فلاسفی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%90_%DA%89%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="د فلسفې ډاکتر - paixtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د فلسفې ډاکتر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paixtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doutor_em_filosofia" title="Doutor em filosofia - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Doutor em filosofia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_doctor" title="Philosophiæ doctor - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Philosophiæ doctor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Доктор философии - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Доктор философии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutturi_di_Filusuf%C3%ACa" title="Dutturi di Filusufìa - sicilià" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Dutturi di Filusufìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D8%A7%DA%AA%D9%BD%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A" title="ڊاڪٽر آف فلاسفي - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊاڪٽر آف فلاسفي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BA" title="දර්ශන ආචාර්ය - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දර්ශන ආචාර්ය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Doctor of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktor_(PhD.)" title="Doktor (PhD.) - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Doktor (PhD.)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktor_i_Filozofis%C3%AB" title="Doktor i Filozofisë - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Doktor i Filozofisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie_doktor" title="Filosofie doktor - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Filosofie doktor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzamivu" title="Uzamivu - suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uzamivu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="முனைவர் - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முனைவர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%80" title="డాక్టర్ ఆఫ్ ఫిలాసఫీ - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డాక్టర్ ఆఫ్ ఫిలాసఫీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="ปรัชญาดุษฎีบัณฑิต - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปรัชญาดุษฎีบัณฑิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktora_derecesi" title="Doktora derecesi - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doktora derecesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%97" title="Доктор філософії - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Доктор філософії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%82%D9%90_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81" title="علامۂِ فلسفہ - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="علامۂِ فلسفہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Doctor of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="哲学博士 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哲学博士" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ფილოსოფიაშ დოქტორი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფილოსოფიაშ დოქტორი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8_(%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2)" title="דאקטאר (פילאסאפיע) - ídix" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דאקטאר (פילאסאפיע)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ídix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="哲學博士 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哲學博士" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="哲學博士 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哲學博士" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q752297#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Proud_graduates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Proud_graduates.jpg/240px-Proud_graduates.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Proud_graduates.jpg/360px-Proud_graduates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Proud_graduates.jpg/480px-Proud_graduates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6592" data-file-height="8459" /></a><figcaption>Graduats de la <a href="/wiki/Universitat_McGill" title="Universitat McGill">Universitat McGill</a> vestint túniques de doctorat.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Dphil_gown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dphil_gown.jpg/220px-Dphil_gown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dphil_gown.jpg/330px-Dphil_gown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Dphil_gown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Doctor en Filosofia (DPhil) de la <a href="/wiki/Universitat_d%27Oxford" title="Universitat d'Oxford">Universitat d'Oxford</a> amb la seva <a href="/wiki/Toga_(vestit)" title="Toga (vestit)">vestimenta tradicional</a></figcaption></figure> <p>En el sistema universitari anglès, el <i><b>Philosophiæ doctor</b></i> (literalment 'doctor en filosofia' en <a href="/wiki/Llat%C3%AD" title="Llatí">llatí</a>; abreujat <b>PhD</b>, Ph. D. o <b>DPhil</b>) és un diploma d’especialitat en recerca en àrees tan diverses com les ciències socials i econòmiques; àrees científiques, mèdiques o de les humanitats. </p><p>El terme <i><a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">philosophy</a></i> s'utilitza amb la mateixa freqüència amb la qual s'usava i difonia abans del <a href="/wiki/Segle_XX" title="Segle XX">segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xx</span></a> a les universitats alemanyes, i en designa l'amor i l'estudi general de coneixements, segons resa l'etimologia de la paraula.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Història"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria"></span>Història</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophi%C3%A6_doctor&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Història"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aquest títol el va popularitzar al <a href="/wiki/Segle_XIX" title="Segle XIX">segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xix</span></a> la <a href="/wiki/Universitat_Humboldt_de_Berl%C3%ADn" title="Universitat Humboldt de Berlín">Universitat Friedrich Wilhelm</a> de <a href="/wiki/Berl%C3%ADn" title="Berlín">Berlín</a>, que el va utilitzar per assenyalar un treball original de recerca d'un jove investigador en el camp de les ciències o de les lletres. Aquesta denominació ràpidament es va difondre a l'espai germà i nòrdic, com una diferenciació dels doctorats conferits a investigadors de major edat ja àmpliament reconeguts pels seus mèrits, així com als doctorats honorífics. </p><p>Aquesta mateixa denominació va ser inicialment adoptada en <a href="/wiki/1861" title="1861">1861</a> als <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27Am%C3%A8rica" title="Estats Units d'Amèrica">Estats Units</a> per la <a href="/wiki/Universitat_Yale" title="Universitat Yale">Universitat Yale</a> i en 1872 per la <a href="/wiki/Universitat_Harvard" title="Universitat Harvard">Universitat Harvard</a>, per a després ràpidament estendre's pel territori estatunidenc, així com al <a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A0" title="Canadà">Canadà</a> i en el <a href="/wiki/Regne_Unit" title="Regne Unit">Regne Unit</a>. </p><p>Aquest títol és comparable als doctorats d'universitat, però mai als doctorats d'especialitat (o de tercer cicle) introduïts a <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> en <a href="/wiki/1897" title="1897">1897</a> i <a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a>, ja que segons les mateixes autoritats de les universitats que els van emetre, no es corresponen amb el nivell d'exigència dels Doctorats d'Estat, i per contra aquests doctorats denominats de Tercer Cicle, vénen a ser equivalents a un títol de pregrau, tot i que en alguns països se'ls ha donat el valor equivocat. Aquestes titulacions van ser unificades el <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a>, per la qual cosa Ph.D és avui dia equivalent al Doctorat d'Estat francès, que són diferents dels denominats del Tercer Cicle o d'Especialitat, segons ho expressen les mateixes autoritats acadèmiques de la <a href="/wiki/La_Sorbona" title="La Sorbona">Universitat de la Sorbona</a>, les declaracions de la qual estan publicades en Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophi%C3%A6_doctor&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://concentrado.blogspot.com/2007/07/philosophi-doctor.html">Philosophiæ Doctor</a></i>, lloc digital <i>Concentrado</i>, 23 de juliol de 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phdcourse.net/history-of-the-ph.d./history-of-the-ph.d./"><i>History of the Ph.D.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503202133/http://phdcourse.net/history-of-the-ph.d./history-of-the-ph.d./">Arxivat</a> 2011-05-03 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., lloc digital 'phdcourse.net'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Norbert Waszek, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rgi.revues.org/1063">Philosophie et Geisteswissenschaften à l’Université de Berlin au XIXe siècle</a></i>, <i>Revue Germanique Internationale</i>, 2007 n.º 6, pp. 39-57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HVoZTiSKJ0IJ:acento.com.do/2011/opinion/200546-paradigmas-y-doctorados/">Paradigmas y doctorados</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Enlla%C3%A7os_externs#Manteniment_d'enllaços_externs" title="Viquipèdia:Enllaços externs">Enllaç no actiu</a>]</i></span></sup></i>, lloc digital <i>Acento</i>, 28 d’abril de 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophi%C3%A6_doctor&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctorat" title="Doctorat">Doctorat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Leopold_Pfeil" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Leopold Pfeil">Friedrich Wilhelm Leopold Pfeil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophi%C3%A6_doctor&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Philosophiae+Doctor">Doctor of Philosophy</a></i> (<i>definició</i>), lloc digital <i>The Free Dictionary</i>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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