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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><p>Il <b><a href="/wiki/Realismo_(arte)" title="Realismo (arte)">realismo</a> eroico</b> è l'<a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">arte</a> che veniva usata come mezzo di <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>. Gli esempi di realismo eroico includono il <a href="/wiki/Realismo_socialista" title="Realismo socialista">realismo socialista</a> dei regimi <a href="/wiki/Comunismo" title="Comunismo">comunisti</a> e, a volte, lo <a href="/wiki/Arte_nella_Germania_nazista" title="Arte nella Germania nazista">stile artistico</a> associato al <a href="/wiki/Fascismo" title="Fascismo">fascismo</a>. Le sue caratteristiche sono il realismo e la rappresentazione di figure come tipi o simboli ideali, e spesso rifiuta esplicitamente il <a href="/wiki/Arte_moderna" title="Arte moderna">modernismo</a> (inteso come "<a href="/wiki/Borghesia" title="Borghesia">borghese</a>" o "<a href="/wiki/Arte_degenerata" title="Arte degenerata">degenerato</a>"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finalità"><span id="Finalit.C3.A0"></span>Finalità</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realismo_eroico&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Finalità" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realismo_eroico&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Finalità"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sia l'arte socialista che quella nazista vennero esplicitamente create per essere eroiche, e furono di conseguenza ideali piuttosto che realistiche.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'estetica del realismo eroico venne usata per propagare la rivoluzione nell'<a href="/wiki/Unione_Sovietica" title="Unione Sovietica">Unione Sovietica</a> durante l'epoca di <a href="/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>. Lenin dubitava che la popolazione analfabeta avrebbe capito cosa volevano comunicare le immagini visive astratte. Pensava anche che gli artisti, come i <a href="/wiki/Costruttivismo_(arte)" title="Costruttivismo (arte)">costruttivisti</a> e i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Produttivismo_(arte)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Produttivismo (arte) (la pagina non esiste)">produttivisti</a>, avrebbero potuto avere un'agenda nascosta contro il governo. Movimenti come il <a href="/wiki/Cubismo" title="Cubismo">cubismo</a> sono stati bollati come borghesi, criticati per la loro incapacità di attingere al patrimonio artistico e di aver rifiutato il bello sulla base del fatto che fosse "vecchio",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentre la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultura_proletaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultura proletaria (la pagina non esiste)">cultura proletaria</a> doveva attingere a quanto appreso nelle epoche precedenti. Tuttavia, gli artisti hanno contrastato tale pensiero, sostenendo che l'arte avanzata rappresentasse le idee politiche avanzate. </p><p>In letteratura, <a href="/wiki/Maksim_Gor%27kij" title="Maksim Gor'kij">Maksim Gor'kij</a> ha esortato a ottenere il realismo estraendo l'idea di base dalla realtà ma, aggiungendo il potenziale e desiderabile ad esso, si aggiunge il romanticismo con un profondo potenziale rivoluzionario.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_6017_stamp_(14th_standard_issue_of_Soviet_Union._1st_issue._%27Worker_and_Kolkhoz_Woman%27,_sculpture_by_Vera_Mukhina_(1889-1953))_1200dpi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_6017_stamp_%2814th_standard_issue_of_Soviet_Union._1st_issue._%27Worker_and_Kolkhoz_Woman%27%2C_sculpture_by_Vera_Mukhina_%281889-1953%29%29_1200dpi.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_6017_stamp_%2814th_standard_issue_of_Soviet_Union._1st_issue._%27Worker_and_Kolkhoz_Woman%27%2C_sculpture_by_Vera_Mukhina_%281889-1953%29%29_1200dpi.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_6017_stamp_%2814th_standard_issue_of_Soviet_Union._1st_issue._%27Worker_and_Kolkhoz_Woman%27%2C_sculpture_by_Vera_Mukhina_%281889-1953%29%29_1200dpi.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="1262" /></a><figcaption><i>L'operaio e la kolchoziana</i> di Vera Ignat'evna Muchina raffigurata in un francobollo sovietico (1988-9)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Stalin" title="Iosif Stalin">Stalin</a> capì il potente messaggio che poteva essere inviato attraverso le immagini ad una popolazione prevalentemente analfabeta. Una volta al potere, i manifesti diventarono rapidamente il nuovo mezzo per educare i contadini analfabeti sulla vita quotidiana: dai bagni all'agricoltura, i manifesti fornivano istruzioni visive su quasi tutto. Fra il <a href="/wiki/1931" title="1931">1931</a> e il <a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</a>, l'iniziale enfasi sul "piccolo uomo" e le anonime masse operaie lasciarono il posto all '"eroe del lavoro", derivato dal popolo ma messo in disparte dalla scala delle sue azioni.<sup id="cite_ref-Overy_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di conseguenza, la letteratura era piena di "eroi positivi" che erano a volte noiosi.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel <a href="/wiki/1934" title="1934">1934</a>, emerse nuova dottrina chiamata realismo socialista. Questo movimento respinse "l'influenza borghese sull'arte" e lo sostituì con l'apprezzamento per la <a href="/wiki/Arte_figurativa" title="Arte figurativa">pittura figurativa</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">fotografia</a> e i nuovi <a href="/wiki/Impaginazione" title="Impaginazione">layout tipografici</a>. Agli scrittori fu esplicitamente imposto di sviluppare il concetto di "eroismo".<sup id="cite_ref-Overy_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All'<a href="/wiki/Expo_1937" title="Expo 1937">Expo 1937</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/L%27operaio_e_la_kolchoziana" title="L'operaio e la kolchoziana">L'operaio e la kolchoziana</a></i> di <a href="/wiki/Vera_Ignat%27evna_Muchina" title="Vera Ignat'evna Muchina">Vera Ignat'evna Muchina</a> ha esemplificato il <a href="/wiki/Nuovo_uomo_sovietico" title="Nuovo uomo sovietico">nuovo uomo sovietico</a>, raffigurando la statua di un uomo e una donna in abiti da lavoro mentre incrociano <a href="/wiki/Falce_e_martello" title="Falce e martello">un martello e una falce</a> tenendo entrambi una gamba in avanti.<sup id="cite_ref-Overy_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quando <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> salì al potere in Germania nel <a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a>, l'arte moderna venne condannata come degenerata e fu in gran parte vietata. I <a href="/wiki/Nazismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazismo">nazisti</a> promossero uno stile d'arte basato su <a href="/wiki/Classicismo_(arte)" title="Classicismo (arte)">modelli classici</a>, destinati a nutrire il <a href="/wiki/Nazionalismo" title="Nazionalismo">nazionalismo</a>. Il realismo eroico doveva promuovere valori di <a href="/wiki/Sacrificio" title="Sacrificio">sacrificio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dovere" title="Dovere">dovere</a> e <a href="/wiki/Devozione" title="Devozione">devozione</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'uomo eroico, che era legato al <a href="/wiki/Blut_und_Boden" title="Blut und Boden">sangue e alla terra</a>, doveva agire più che pensare e sacrificarsi.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ciò favorì particolarmente la morte eroica.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La teoria nazista respingeva esplicitamente il "<a href="/wiki/Materialismo" title="Materialismo">materialismo</a>", e quindi, nonostante il trattamento realistico delle immagini, il "realismo" era un termine usato raramente.<sup id="cite_ref-PA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Un pittore doveva creare un'immagine ideale, per l'eternità.<sup id="cite_ref-PA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le immagini degli uomini, e ancor più delle donne, erano fortemente stereotipate,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e le figure nude dovevano rispettare dei criteri di perfezione.<sup id="cite_ref-SS_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nella pittura, le figure di contadini che riflettevano una vita semplice in armonia con la natura erano piuttosto diffuse.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le possibilità monumentali della scultura hanno dato una migliore espressione delle teorie razziali naziste.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'immagine più comune era quella del maschio nudo, che esprimeva l'ideale della <a href="/wiki/Razza_ariana" title="Razza ariana">razza ariana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'abilità di <a href="/wiki/Arno_Breker" title="Arno Breker">Arno Breker</a> in questo tipo di arte lo rese lo scultore preferito di Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anche le figure femminili nude erano comuni, ed erano meno monumentali.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In entrambi i casi, la forma fisica non mostrava imperfezioni.<sup id="cite_ref-SS_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All'Esposizione di Parigi del 1937, l'opera <i>Kameradschaft</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Camerata_(politica)" title="Camerata (politica)">cameratismo</a>") di <a href="/wiki/Josef_Thorak" title="Josef Thorak">Josef Thorak</a> si trovava fuori dal padiglione tedesco e raffigurava due enormi maschi nudi, che stringevano le mani e stavano fianco a fianco con aria di sfida, in una posizione di difesa e cameratismo razziale.<sup id="cite_ref-Overy_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realismo_eroico&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realismo_eroico&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Overy, pag. 355-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Oleg Sopontsinsky, <span style="font-style:italic;">Art in the Soviet Union: Painting, Sculpture, Graphic Arts</span>, Aurora Art, 1978, p. 6.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Stacy, pag. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Overy-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Overy_4-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Overy_4-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Overy_4-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Overy_4-3">d</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Overy, pag. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Stacy, pag. 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Marcuse, pag. 29-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Mancuse, pag. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eyemagazine.com/feature/article/designing-heroes"><span style="font-style:italic;">Designing heroes</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">eyemagazine.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 15 aprile 2019</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-PA_9-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-PA_9-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam, pag. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Adam, pag. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SS-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-SS_11-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-SS_11-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1975/02/06/fascinating-fascism/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Fascinating Fascism</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">nybooks.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 15 aprile 2019</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Adam, pag. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Adam, pag. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Adam, pag. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-arno-breker-became-hitlers-favorite-sculptor"><span style="font-style:italic;">How Arno Breker Became Hitler's Favorite Sculptor</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">thedailybeast.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 15 aprile 2019</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Adam, pag. 188</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realismo_eroico&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realismo_eroico&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</span></a>, W.W. Norton, 2004.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) R. H. Stacy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianliteraryc0000stac"><span style="font-style:italic;">Russian Literary Criticism</span></a>, Syracuse University, 1974.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Herbert Marcuse, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negationsessaysi00marc"><span style="font-style:italic;">Negations</span></a>, Beacon, 1968.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Peter Adam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofthirdreich00adam"><span style="font-style:italic;">Art of the Third Reich</span></a>, H. N. Abrams, 1992.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Steven Heller, <span style="font-style:italic;">Graphic Style from Victorian to Digital</span>, Harry N. Abrams, 2011, pp. 53-7.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Graphic design: a concise history, <span style="font-style:italic;">R. Hollis</span>, Thames & Hudson, 2011.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realismo_eroico&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realismo_eroico&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arte_degenerata" title="Arte degenerata">Arte degenerata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_nella_Germania_nazista" title="Arte nella Germania nazista">Arte nella Germania nazista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_sovietica" title="Arte sovietica">Arte sovietica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realismo_socialista" title="Realismo socialista">Realismo socialista</a></li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arte"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Arte" title="Portale:Arte">Portale Arte</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle_with_fasces.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fascismo"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/25px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/38px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/50px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="435" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Fascismo" title="Portale:Fascismo">Portale Fascismo</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichsadler_Deutsches_Reich_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nazismo"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Reichsadler_Deutsches_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/25px-Reichsadler_Deutsches_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Reichsadler_Deutsches_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/38px-Reichsadler_Deutsches_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Reichsadler_Deutsches_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/50px-Reichsadler_Deutsches_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="846" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Nazismo" title="Portale:Nazismo">Portale Nazismo</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Socialismo"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/23px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/35px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/46px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Socialismo" title="Portale:Socialismo">Portale Socialismo</a></b></div></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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