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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pistols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Pistols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pistols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artillery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artillery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Artillery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artillery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mughal_weapons" title="Talk:Mughal weapons">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ain-i_Akbari_Weaponry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ain-i_Akbari_Weaponry.jpg/500px-Ain-i_Akbari_Weaponry.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ain-i_Akbari_Weaponry.jpg/960px-Ain-i_Akbari_Weaponry.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1903" data-file-height="1645" /></a><figcaption>Ain-i Akbari weaponry</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mughal weapons</b> significantly evolved during the ruling periods of its various rulers. During its conquests throughout the centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Army">military</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> used a variety of weapons including swords, bows and arrows, horses, camels, elephants, some of the world's largest cannons, muskets and <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a> <a href="/wiki/Blunderbuss" title="Blunderbuss">blunderbusses</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_weapons&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the Mughals, the most important centers of production of military equipment were <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zulfikarsword.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Zulfikarsword.jpg/100px-Zulfikarsword.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Zulfikarsword.jpg/150px-Zulfikarsword.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Zulfikarsword.jpg/200px-Zulfikarsword.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="3376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulfikar">Zulfikar</a>, a Mughal sword</figcaption></figure> <p>Most cavalrymen mainly depended upon the short arms (kotah-yaraq) for close quarter combat. They are classified into five categories: swords and shields, maces, battle-axes, spears and daggers. Weapons used for long range attacks were the bow and arrow (Kaman & Tir), the matchlock (Banduq or Tufanq) and the pistols. Rockets were also used by the artillerymen (Topkanah). </p><p> Each man had to be supplied with his own weaponry, usually bringing spears, axes or single-edged swords. The great number of weapons that a man carried is graphically described by <a href="/wiki/Fitzclarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitzclarence">Fitzclarence</a>, about an officer of his guards. He was a petty officer of the Nizam's service, who commended his escort: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Two very handsome horses with superb caparisons belong to this <a href="/wiki/Jemadar" title="Jemadar">jamadar</a>, who is himself dressed in a vest of green English broad cloth laced with gold, and very rich embroidered belts. A shield of buffalo hide with gilt bosses is hung over his back. His arms are two swords and a dagger, a brace of English pistols (flintlocks), and he has his matchlock carried before him by a servant."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swords">Swords</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_weapons&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Swords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cummerbund" title="Cummerbund">Swordbelts</a> were generally broad and handsomely <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidered</a>. On horseback they were worn on a belt hanging over the shoulder. Otherwise a man carried his sword by three straps hanging from a <a href="/wiki/Cummerbund" title="Cummerbund">waist-belt</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dara_Shikuh%E2%80%99s_sword_and_scabbard_(number_8),_at_the_V%26A_Museum_in_London..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dara_Shikuh%E2%80%99s_sword_and_scabbard_%28number_8%29%2C_at_the_V%26A_Museum_in_London..jpg/220px-Dara_Shikuh%E2%80%99s_sword_and_scabbard_%28number_8%29%2C_at_the_V%26A_Museum_in_London..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dara_Shikuh%E2%80%99s_sword_and_scabbard_%28number_8%29%2C_at_the_V%26A_Museum_in_London..jpg/330px-Dara_Shikuh%E2%80%99s_sword_and_scabbard_%28number_8%29%2C_at_the_V%26A_Museum_in_London..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dara_Shikuh%E2%80%99s_sword_and_scabbard_%28number_8%29%2C_at_the_V%26A_Museum_in_London..jpg/440px-Dara_Shikuh%E2%80%99s_sword_and_scabbard_%28number_8%29%2C_at_the_V%26A_Museum_in_London..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Prince <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh" title="Dara Shikoh">Dara Shikoh</a>'s sword and scabbard (number 8), at the V&A Museum in London.</figcaption></figure> <p>Types of blades: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talwar" title="Talwar">Talwar</a> was the principle blade of the Mughal infantry. By the 18th century it would later be carried by <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">Sepoy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshir" title="Shamshir">Shamsher</a> - A curved weapon similar to a scimitar. Purely a cutting weapon due to its shape and the small size of the grip.</li> <li>Dhup - A straight sword. It was adopted from the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Dakhin</a>, this straight sword had a broad blade four feet long and a cross hilt. Considered an emblem of sovereignty and high dignity, it was displayed on state occasions carried in a velvet wrapping by a man who held it upright before his master. It also lay on the great man's pillow when he was seated at a <i>darbar</i>, a public transaction of business. This kind of sword was conferred as a distinction on successful soldiers, great nobles, and court favourites. It was made of steel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(sword)" title="Khanda (sword)"><i>Khanda</i></a> - A straight sword. It was apparently identical to the <i>dhup</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirohi_sword" title="Sirohi sword">Sirohi sword</a> - A <a href="/wiki/Scimitar" title="Scimitar">scimitar</a>. This sword had a slightly curved blade, shaped like a Damascus blade, slightly lighter and narrower than the ordinary <i>talwar</i>. They were made in Sirohi with Damascus steel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pata_(sword)" title="Pata (sword)"><i>Pata</i></a> - A narrow-bladed, straight rapier with a gauntlet hilt. Often used in performances.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupti" title="Gupti">Gupti</a> - A straight sword concealed in the sheath of a walking stick . The head or handle and a fakir's crutch was closely allied in appearance with the crutch of dagger length and the weapon appearing like a short crooked staff about three feet long. It was used by persons of rank as an emblem of humility.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulfikar">Zulfikar</a> - It was a very vital sword in Mughal era, specially used by Mughal emperors (After emperor Aurangzeb) and generals in the battlefield to break the opponent fighter's sword or short dagger by its own divided blade during fighting and that made to killing enemy more easier on that weaponless situation. This sword was the personal sword of Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> which was in service for first 10 years of his reign. But it was discontinued around 1670 as part of the emperor's austerity measures.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shields">Shields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_weapons&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhal_(shield),_North_India,_Mughal_period,_17th_century,_steel,_gold,_silk,_leather_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC04543.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dhal_%28shield%29%2C_North_India%2C_Mughal_period%2C_17th_century%2C_steel%2C_gold%2C_silk%2C_leather_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC04543.JPG/220px-Dhal_%28shield%29%2C_North_India%2C_Mughal_period%2C_17th_century%2C_steel%2C_gold%2C_silk%2C_leather_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC04543.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dhal_%28shield%29%2C_North_India%2C_Mughal_period%2C_17th_century%2C_steel%2C_gold%2C_silk%2C_leather_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC04543.JPG/330px-Dhal_%28shield%29%2C_North_India%2C_Mughal_period%2C_17th_century%2C_steel%2C_gold%2C_silk%2C_leather_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC04543.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dhal_%28shield%29%2C_North_India%2C_Mughal_period%2C_17th_century%2C_steel%2C_gold%2C_silk%2C_leather_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC04543.JPG/440px-Dhal_%28shield%29%2C_North_India%2C_Mughal_period%2C_17th_century%2C_steel%2C_gold%2C_silk%2C_leather_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC04543.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3501" data-file-height="3540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dhal_(shield)" title="Dhal (shield)">Dhal (shield)</a>, North India, Mughal period, 17th century, steel, gold, silk, leather - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC04543</figcaption></figure> <p>A shield always accompanied a sword as part of the swordsman's equipment. Carried on the left arm, or when out of use, slung over the shoulder, shields were made of steel or hide and were generally from 17 to 24 inches (430 to 610 millimetres) in diameter. If made of steel they were often highly ornamented with patterns in gold <a href="/wiki/Damascening" title="Damascening">damascening</a> while hide shields bore silver or gold bosses, crescents, or stars. Some types of shields were made of <a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">sambar deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bubalina" title="Bubalina">buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">nilgau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">elephant</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a> hide, the last being the most highly prized. Brahman soldiers wore shields made up of forty or fifty folds of silk painted with colors. </p><p>Types of shields </p> <ul><li><b>Chirwah and Tilwah</b>— These shields were carried by the <i>shamsherbaz</i>, or gladiators, groups of whom always surrounded the Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> (1542–1605) on the march.</li> <li><b>Fencing Shields</b>— Small circular shields of cane or bamboo sometimes called <i><a href="/wiki/Dal" title="Dal">dal</a></i> (pronounced <i>dhaal</i>) because their shape resembled a lentil. The quaint <a href="/wiki/Maduvu" title="Maduvu">maru</a> or <i>singauta</i>, was made from a pair of antelope horns tipped with steel and united at the butt-ends. <i>Sainti</i> were classed as <a href="/wiki/Parry_(fencing)" title="Parry (fencing)">parrying</a> shields.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremonial_Mace">Ceremonial Mace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_weapons&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ceremonial Mace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_vanda_Ceremonial_Mace_chob.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/WLA_vanda_Ceremonial_Mace_chob.jpg/220px-WLA_vanda_Ceremonial_Mace_chob.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/WLA_vanda_Ceremonial_Mace_chob.jpg/330px-WLA_vanda_Ceremonial_Mace_chob.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/WLA_vanda_Ceremonial_Mace_chob.jpg/440px-WLA_vanda_Ceremonial_Mace_chob.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Ceremonial Mace chob</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The mace (<i>gurj</i>), a short-handled club with three large round balls at the end, usually formed part of the weaponry of any Mughul warrior of considerable rank.</li> <li>Another variety, the <i>shashbur</i>, or "lung-tearer", had a single round-shaped head while similar weapons included the <i>dhara</i>, <i>gargaj</i> and <i>khandli phansi</i>.</li> <li>The 2 feet (0.61 m) long <i>dhara</i> had a six-bladed head and octagonal steel shaft and came from <a href="/wiki/Kolhapur" title="Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a>.</li> <li>The <i>garguz</i> had eight-bladed heads and basket hilts or was seven-bladed with a basket hilt. Its length varied from 2.4 to 2.10 inches (61 to 53 mm).</li> <li>The <i>khundli phansi</i> was 1 inch (25 mm) long and had a head of open scroll work.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Flail_(weapon)" title="Flail (weapon)">flail</a> was a weapon that may be classed as a mace, along with the <i>pusht-khar</i>, or "back-scratcher", made of steel in the shape of a hand.</li> <li>The <i>khar-i-mahi</i>, or "fish backbone", had steel spikes projecting from each side of a straight head.</li> <li>The weapon called the <i>gujbag</i> was the common <a href="/wiki/Elephant_goad" title="Elephant goad">elephant goad</a> or <i>ankus</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle-axe">Battle-axe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_weapons&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle-axe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumtaz_Mahal_Museum,_Red_Fort19.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mumtaz_Mahal_Museum%2C_Red_Fort19.JPG/220px-Mumtaz_Mahal_Museum%2C_Red_Fort19.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mumtaz_Mahal_Museum%2C_Red_Fort19.JPG/330px-Mumtaz_Mahal_Museum%2C_Red_Fort19.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mumtaz_Mahal_Museum%2C_Red_Fort19.JPG/440px-Mumtaz_Mahal_Museum%2C_Red_Fort19.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>1. Dagger Crutch (fakir's crutch, mendicant's crutch), 2. <a href="/wiki/Tabar_(axe)" title="Tabar (axe)">Tabar</a> (war axe), 3. Eight Bladed flanged mace, 4. Tabar (war axe) and 5. Zaghnal (battle axe) 6.Sword Stick (at the time of Mughals)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>If the head was pointed and had two cutting edges, the axe was called a <i>zaghnol</i>, or "crow's beak".</li> <li>A double headed axe with a broad blade on one side of the handle and a pointed one on the other was styled a <i>tabar zaghnol</i>.</li> <li>An axe with a longer handle, called <i>tarangalah</i>, was also used. The shafts of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tabar_(axe)" title="Tabar (axe)">tabar</a></i> ranged from 17 to 23 inches (430 to 580 mm) in length with a head from 5 to 6 inches (130 to 150 mm) one way and 3 to 5 inches (76 to 127 mm) the other. Some heads were crescent shaped with one of the shafts hollow for storage of a dagger.</li> <li>A 'Basolah' looked like a chisel while highly ornamented silver axes were carried by attendants for display in the audience hall.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spears">Spears</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_weapons&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spears"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gatka" title="Gatka">Gatka</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumtaz_Mahal_Museum,_Red_Fort10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mumtaz_Mahal_Museum%2C_Red_Fort10.JPG/220px-Mumtaz_Mahal_Museum%2C_Red_Fort10.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mumtaz_Mahal_Museum%2C_Red_Fort10.JPG/330px-Mumtaz_Mahal_Museum%2C_Red_Fort10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mumtaz_Mahal_Museum%2C_Red_Fort10.JPG/440px-Mumtaz_Mahal_Museum%2C_Red_Fort10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Rifle, Spear and Inscribed Sabre-Hilt at the time of Mughals</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khan-i_Dauran.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Khan-i_Dauran.png/250px-Khan-i_Dauran.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Khan-i_Dauran.png/330px-Khan-i_Dauran.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Khan-i_Dauran.png/500px-Khan-i_Dauran.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Khan-i Dauran, the Mughal Commander-in-Chief wielding a spear</figcaption></figure> <p>There were several varieties of this class of weapon. <a href="/wiki/Sowar" title="Sowar">Cavalry</a> troops generally used a <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lance</a> with other types of <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spears</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">foot soldiers</a> and guards surrounding the emperor's audience hall. There is also some evidence, particularly among the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha empire">Marathas</a>, for the use of a javelin or short spear, which was thrown.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Nezah</i> - A cavalry lance with a small steel head and a long bamboo shaft carried by <i>nezah-bazan</i> (lance-wielders). In normal use, a man on horseback held his spear above his head at the full length of his arm. Made up of Bamboo and steel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcha" title="Barcha">Barchhah</a> - a Mughal weapon also used by the Marathas. With a head and shaft made wholly of iron or steel, use of this heavy spear was confined to infantry as it would prove too heavy for men on horseback.</li> <li><i>Sang</i> - Made up entirely of iron, this spear was much shorter than the <i>barchhah</i> although some exist that are 7.11 feet (2.17 m) long, of which the head accounting for 2.6 feet (0.79 m). The weapon possessed long, slender, three or four-sided heads, steel shafts, and had a grip covered with velvet.</li> <li>Sainthi - The shaft was shorter than that of the <i>sang</i>.</li> <li>Selarah - A spear with a head and shaft longer than those of the <i>sainthi</i> but not so long as those of the <i>sang</i>.</li> <li><i>Ballam</i> - A spear, pike, or lance with barbed heads and wooden shafts and a total length of 5.11 feet (1.56 m), of which the blade took up 18 inches (460 mm). The <i>Ballam</i> was a short spear with a broad head used by infantry. || Infantry</li> <li>Pandi-ballam - A hog-spear with an iron leaf-shaped blade at the end of a bamboo shaft with a total length of 8.3 feet (2.5 m), of which the blade accounted for 2.3 feet (0.70 m).</li> <li><i>Panjmukh</i> - Five-headed spear used by the people of Gujarat.</li> <li><i>Lange</i> - A Mughal lance with a four-cornered iron head and a hollow shaft.</li> <li><i>Garhiya</i> - May be pike, javelin or spear</li> <li><i>Alam</i> - A spear (properly a standard or banner)</li> <li><i>Kont</i> - One type of spear</li> <li><i>Gandasa</i> - A kind of bill-hook or pole-axe with a steel chopper attached to a long pole. Used by the <i>chaukidar</i> or village watchmen</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daggers_and_knives">Daggers and knives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_weapons&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Daggers and knives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dagger,_Mughal_dynasty,_late_17th_century,_watered_steel_blade,_hilt_of_nephrite_inlaid_with_gold,_rubies,_and_emeralds_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05186.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dagger%2C_Mughal_dynasty%2C_late_17th_century%2C_watered_steel_blade%2C_hilt_of_nephrite_inlaid_with_gold%2C_rubies%2C_and_emeralds_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05186.JPG/220px-Dagger%2C_Mughal_dynasty%2C_late_17th_century%2C_watered_steel_blade%2C_hilt_of_nephrite_inlaid_with_gold%2C_rubies%2C_and_emeralds_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05186.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dagger%2C_Mughal_dynasty%2C_late_17th_century%2C_watered_steel_blade%2C_hilt_of_nephrite_inlaid_with_gold%2C_rubies%2C_and_emeralds_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05186.JPG/330px-Dagger%2C_Mughal_dynasty%2C_late_17th_century%2C_watered_steel_blade%2C_hilt_of_nephrite_inlaid_with_gold%2C_rubies%2C_and_emeralds_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05186.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dagger%2C_Mughal_dynasty%2C_late_17th_century%2C_watered_steel_blade%2C_hilt_of_nephrite_inlaid_with_gold%2C_rubies%2C_and_emeralds_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05186.JPG/440px-Dagger%2C_Mughal_dynasty%2C_late_17th_century%2C_watered_steel_blade%2C_hilt_of_nephrite_inlaid_with_gold%2C_rubies%2C_and_emeralds_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05186.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Dagger, Mughal dynasty, late 17th century, watered steel blade, hilt of <a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">nephrite</a> <a href="/wiki/Inlay" title="Inlay">inlaid</a> with gold, <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">rubies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emeralds</a> - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC05186</figcaption></figure> <p>These were of various shapes and kinds, each with a separate name (a dagger would also indicate the ethnicity of the warrior). </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katar_(dagger)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katar (dagger)"><i>Katara</i> or <i>Katari</i></a> - A lightweight <a href="/wiki/Push_dagger" title="Push dagger">push dagger</a> similar to a <a href="/wiki/Poignard" title="Poignard">poignard</a> and peculiar to India. Made with a hilt whose two branches extended along the arm so as to protect the hand and part of the arm, this weapon had a thick blade with two cutting edges having a breadth of 3 inches (76 millimetres) at the hilt and a solid point 1 inch (25 millimetres) wide. The blade could not be bent and was so stiff that nothing but a cuirass could stop it. A katara's total length extended to 22 inches (560 mm), one half of this being the blade. The hilt had a cross-bar at right angles to the blade, by which the weapon was grasped such that it could only be used for a forward thrust. Some were slightly curved whilst others resembled a fork or were two-bladed. Blades were of various patterns with a length that varied from 9 to 17.5 inches (230 to 440 mm).</li> <li><i>Jamadhar</i> - This had the same handle as a katara but with a broad and straight blade, while the katara blade could be either straight or curved. The <i>jamadhar katari</i> - Had a straight blade and a handle held in the same way as a table-knife or sword.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khanjar" title="Khanjar">Khanjar</a></i> - A poignard type dagger with a hilt like a sword of which most had doubly curved blades and were about 12 inches (300 mm) long. The weapon originated among the Turks, who carried it upright and on the right side, but it was occasionally worn by both Persians and Indians, the latter wearing it inclined on the left side. They were four types: <i>jamhak</i>, <i>jhambwah</i>, <i>bank</i>, and <i>narsingh moth</i>. All four of these weapons appear to be of the same class as the <i>khanjar</i>, although they varied slightly in form. Mainly used by Turks, occasionally by both Persians and Indians</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bichuwa" title="Bichuwa">Bichuwa</a></i> and <i>Khapwah</i>. Literally "scorpion", this type of knife had a wavy blade while the <i>khapwah</i> was also a type of dagger. It was almost identical with the <i>jambwah</i>and used by mainly Marathas.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pesh-kabz" title="Pesh-kabz">Peshkaj</a></i> - A pointed Persian dagger generally with a thick straight back to the blade and a straight handle without a guard, though at times the blade was curved, or even double-curved. Some of the hilts had guards.</li> <li><i>Karud</i> is Introduced by Afghans, this resembled a butcher's knife and was kept in a sheath. Karuds had a total length of 2.6 feet (0.79 m) with a blade 2 feet (0.61 m). The <i>gupti-karud</i> was inserted into a stick while the <i>qamchi-karud</i> was a whip-shaped knife. The <i>chaqu</i> was a clasp-knife. It is a combat knife used by Panjabis.</li> <li><i>Sailabah-i-Qalmaqi</i> - The name for a knife used by men from <a href="/wiki/Kashghar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashghar">Kashghar</a>. As long as a sword and with a handle made of fish-bone called <i>sher-mahi</i> (lion-fish), it was worn slung from an <i>ashob</i> or <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_belt_(military)" title="Shoulder belt (military)">shoulder belt</a>.This Combat Knife is Used by the men from Kashghar.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missiles">Missiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_weapons&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Missiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bows and arrows, matchlocks, pistols and cannons made up the four categories of missile weapons. Cavalry were mainly equipped with the bow with Mughal horsemen noted for their archery. Legend told that the bow and arrow were brought down straight from Heaven and given to <a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam</a> by the archangel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel in Islam">Gabriel</a>. Personal weapons were ranked in the following order: the dagger, the sword, the spear and the soldier's with the top weapon the bow and arrow. </p><p>Despite the spread of firearms, use of the bow persisted throughout the 18th century due to its superior build quality and ease of handling. Bows were widely used by the rebels during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_rebellion_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian rebellion of 1857">Indian rebellion of 1857</a>. </p><p>The matchlock, a cumbrous and no doubt ineffective weapon, was left mainly to the infantry while pistols seem to have been rare. </p><p>Mughal <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">field artillery</a>, although expensive, proved an effective tool against hostile <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a> and its use led to several decisive victories. After <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>'s artillery defeated the armies of <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a> in the 16th century, subsequent Mughal emperors considered field artillery the most important and prestigious type of weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothermund_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothermund-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rocket">Rocket</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_weapons&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rocket"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> are given credit for the creation of the rocket. However it is very possible that the idea originated in Mughal era India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bows">Bows</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_weapons&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_standing_portrait_of_Muhammad_Shah_holding_a_bow_and_arrow,_as_well_as_a_huqqa_pipe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/A_standing_portrait_of_Muhammad_Shah_holding_a_bow_and_arrow%2C_as_well_as_a_huqqa_pipe.jpg/220px-A_standing_portrait_of_Muhammad_Shah_holding_a_bow_and_arrow%2C_as_well_as_a_huqqa_pipe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/A_standing_portrait_of_Muhammad_Shah_holding_a_bow_and_arrow%2C_as_well_as_a_huqqa_pipe.jpg/330px-A_standing_portrait_of_Muhammad_Shah_holding_a_bow_and_arrow%2C_as_well_as_a_huqqa_pipe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/A_standing_portrait_of_Muhammad_Shah_holding_a_bow_and_arrow%2C_as_well_as_a_huqqa_pipe.jpg/440px-A_standing_portrait_of_Muhammad_Shah_holding_a_bow_and_arrow%2C_as_well_as_a_huqqa_pipe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>A standing portrait of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a> holding a bow and arrow, as well as a huqqa pipe</figcaption></figure> <p>Considered especially expert in the use of their weapons, Mughal horsemen armed with bows could shoot three times faster than musketeers. </p><p>The standard Mughal <i>kaman</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow</a>) was about 4 feet (1.2 metres) long and generally shaped in a double curve with a grip covered in velvet. Made of horn, wood, bamboo, ivory, and sometimes of steel, two of these steel bows. </p><p>Several strings of thick <a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">catgut</a> lined the Mughal bow on its concave side (convex when strung) to give it elasticity and force. The belly was made of finely polished buffalo or wild goats' horn in jet black. Glued to this was a thin slip of hard, tough wood. The ends were fashioned to represent snakes' heads with the horn left plain, while the wooden back was decorated with rich intermingled arabesques of gilded birds, flowers or fruit. Indian bows carried by travellers also served for show or amusement. These types were made of buffalo horn in two identically curved pieces curved, each with a wooden tip for receipt of the string. Their other ends were brought together and fastened to a strong piece of wood that served as a centre and was gripped in the left hand. After construction, they were covered with a <a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">size</a> made of animal fibres then wrapped in a thin layer of fine <a href="/wiki/Tow_(fibre)" title="Tow (fibre)">tow</a> before the application of a final coat of paint and varnish. </p><p>Bow strings were sometimes made of strong threads of white silk laid together to form a cylinder about 1.25 centimetres (0.49 in) in diameter. Whipping of the same material was then bound firmly round for a length of three or four inches at the centre, and to this middle piece large loops of scarlet or other coloured material attached by a complicated knot. These gaudy loops then formed a striking contrast to the white silk. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Bow_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow string">Bow string</a> holder consists of a broad ring made of precious stone, crystal, jade, ivory, horn, fishbone, gold or iron in accordance with an individual's rank. </p><p><b>Special bows</b> </p> <ul><li>Charkh - A <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbow</a> used by Afghan men from <a href="/wiki/Charkh_District" title="Charkh District">Charkh</a></li> <li><i>Takhsh kaman</i> - A type of small bow.</li> <li><i>Kaman-i-gurohah</i> - A pellet-bow, identical to the modern <i><a href="/wiki/Gulel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulel">gulel</a></i>, used by boys to scare birds away from ripening crops.</li> <li><i>Gobhan</i> are <a href="/wiki/Slingshot" title="Slingshot">Slings</a> such as these were brought by the villagers who assembled in 1710 to aid in the defence of Jalalabad town <a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Fauj" title="Khalsa Fauj">against the Sikhs</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Banda_Singh_Bahadur" title="Banda Singh Bahadur">Banda Singh Bahadur</a>.</li> <li><i>Kamthah</i> - The long bow of the <a href="/wiki/Bhil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhil people">Bhils</a> of Central India. This group held the bow with their feet, drawing the string (<i>chillah</i>) with the hands and able to shoot with enough power for their arrow to penetrate elephant's hide. The principal weapon of the Bhils was the <i>kampti</i> or bamboo bow, with a string made of a thin strip from the elastic bark of the bamboo. Bhils carried sixty barbed arrows each a yard long in their quiver, those intended for striking fish having heads which came off the shaft on striking the fish. A long line connected the head and the shaft, so that the shaft remained on the water's surface as a <a href="/wiki/Fishing_float" title="Fishing float">float</a>.</li> <li><i>Nawak</i> - A pipe through which an arrow was shot, the <i>nawak</i> was used for shooting birds. This was either a cross-bow, or formed in some way as part of an ordinary bow. It was not a blow-pipe like those used by the Malays for their poisoned arrows. Specimens of the pipe are 6.6 to 7.6 feet (2.0 to 2.3 m) long and use foot-long arrows.</li> <li>Tufak-i-dahan - A blow-pipe used as a tube for shooting clay balls by force of the breath.</li></ul> <p>Arrows were of two types: those in common use relied on <a href="/wiki/Reed_(plant)" title="Reed (plant)">reeds</a> for their fabrication and used against tigers had wooden shafts. Reed-based arrows used resin to attach the head while those of wood had a hole bored into their shaft into which a red-hot head was forced.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some arrows in the <a href="/wiki/India_Museum" title="India Museum">India Museum</a> were 2.4 feet (0.73 m) long; one example, obtained at <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> in 1857, extended to 6 feet (1.8 metres)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would have required the use of a larger than average bow. Feathers used for arrows were frequently mixed black and white (<i>ablaq</i>) while the arrowhead was ordinarily of steel although the Bhils used bone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Matchlock">Matchlock</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_weapons&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Matchlock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Officer_of_the_Mughal_Army,_c.1585_(colour_litho).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Officer_of_the_Mughal_Army%2C_c.1585_%28colour_litho%29.jpg/250px-Officer_of_the_Mughal_Army%2C_c.1585_%28colour_litho%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Officer_of_the_Mughal_Army%2C_c.1585_%28colour_litho%29.jpg/330px-Officer_of_the_Mughal_Army%2C_c.1585_%28colour_litho%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Officer_of_the_Mughal_Army%2C_c.1585_%28colour_litho%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Officer of the Mughal Army with large Matchlock</figcaption></figure> <p>Known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">tufang</a></i>, Mughal emperor Akbar introduced many improvements in the manufacture of the matchlock, like the <a href="/wiki/Toradar" title="Toradar">toradar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1995288_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1995288-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relatively small bore and thick barrel often made of <a href="/wiki/Wootz_steel" title="Wootz steel">wootz steel</a> allowed Indian firearms to be used with proportionate larger powder charge, likely providing greater range and precision than European barrels at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Tavernier" title="Jean-Baptiste Tavernier">Jean-Baptiste Tavernier</a> observed that "the barrels of their muskets are stronger than ours, and the iron is better and purer, this makes them not liable to burst". Nevertheless, during most of the Mughal period up to the middle of the 18th century, the weapon was looked on with less favour than the bow and arrow and blanches. The matchlock was left chiefly to the infantry, who occupied a much inferior position to that of the cavalry in the opinion of Mughal commanders. In the mid-19th century the Mughal cavalry continued to use matchlocks compared to the invading Iranian and Afghan armies using firelock. A critical point of failure was not adopting an efficient trigger and lock, such as the European <a href="/wiki/Wheellock" title="Wheellock">wheellock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snaplock" title="Snaplock">snaplock</a> or the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Miquelet_lock" title="Miquelet lock">miquelet lock</a>. During the mid-18th century Indian rulers began using flintlock (tufang-i chaqmaq) and were increasingly being trained in European style and formation by foreign companies.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The barrels of Akbar's matchlocks were of two lengths: 66 inches (1,700 mm) and 41 inches (1,000 mm). They were made of rolled strips of steel with the two edges welded together. In the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a> weapon, owing to intercourse with the French and English, may have been somewhat earlier. </p><p>Matchlock barrels, covered with elaborate damascened work, had their stocks adorned with embossed metal work or with various designs either in <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquer</a>, paint, or inlays of different materials. The stocks were at times decorated with embossed and <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraved</a> mounts in gold, or the butt had an <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a> cap. The barrel was generally attached to the stock by broad bands of metal or by a wire made of steel, brass, silver or gold. The broad bands were sometimes of perforated design and chased. The stocks were of two designs, the first narrow, slightly sloped, and of the same width throughout and the second sharply curved and narrow at the grip, expanding to some breadth at the butt. When not in use, matchlocks were kept and carried about in covers made of scarlet or green. </p><p>The set consisted of a <a href="/wiki/Powder_flask" title="Powder flask">powder flask</a>, bullet pouches, <a href="/wiki/Tubes_and_primers_for_ammunition" title="Tubes and primers for ammunition">priming horn</a> (<i>singra</i>), matchcord, <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> and steel with the whole ensemble attached to a belt often made of velvet embroidered in gold. The receptacles which contained powder and musket balls were unwieldy, and as the Mughal troops never used cartridges for their pieces, they were slow to load. Some soldiers carried more than twenty yards of match about their person, similar in appearance to a large ball of pack-thread. </p><p>Mughal infantryman armed with musket would be placed upon an <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a> making them mobile, and sharpshooter in their task. </p><p>Special type of guns </p> <ul><li><b>Cailletoque</b> - A strange very long and heavy matchlock. This musket was often carried under the arm.</li> <li><b>Jazail or Jazair</b> - A wall-piece or <a href="/wiki/Swivel_gun" title="Swivel gun">swivel gun</a> falling somewhere between a firearm as carried by combatants and a piece of artillery and having features of both.</li> <li><b>Ghor-Dahan</b> was a kind of <i>jezail</i>. The allusion in the name seems to be to the everted or widened mouth of the barrel.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pistols">Pistols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_weapons&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pistols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pistols were called as <i>tamanchah</i>. The pistol was in use in India, to some extent at any rate, early in the 18th century. For instance, it was with a shot from a pistol that in October 1720 a young Sayyad, related to <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Hussain_Ali_Khan_Barha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha">Husain Ali Khan</a>, killed that nobleman's assassin. The pistol was confined to the higher ranks of the nobles, very few soldiers having European pistols and <i>tabanchah</i>. </p> <ul><li><b>Sherbachah</b> - This <a href="/wiki/Musketoon" title="Musketoon">musketoon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blunderbuss" title="Blunderbuss">blunderbuss</a> seems to have been of a still later introduction than the pistol. Probably the weapon came into India with Nadir Shah's army (1738) or that of Ahmad Shah, Abdali, (1748–1761). In the last quarter of the 18th century there was a regiment of Persian horse in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nawab_of_lucknow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nawab of lucknow (page does not exist)">Lucknow service</a> known as the Sher-bachah.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artillery">Artillery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_weapons&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Artillery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg/220px-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg/330px-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg/440px-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mughal_artillery" title="Mughal artillery">Mughal artillery</a></div> <p>The Mughal military employed a broad array of gunpowder weapons larger than personal firearms, from <a href="/wiki/Rocket_(weapon)" title="Rocket (weapon)">rockets</a> and mobile guns to an enormous <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a>, over 14 feet (4.3 m) long, once described as the "largest piece of ordnance in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This array of weapons was divided into heavy and light artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-Gommans2002_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gommans2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Possession of mobile field artillery is seen by some historians as the central military power of the Mughal Empire and distinguished its troops from most of their enemies. A status symbol for the emperor, pieces of artillery would always accompany the Mughal ruler on his journeys through the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothermund_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothermund-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In battle the Mughals mainly used their artillery to counter hostile war elephants, which made frequent appearances in warfare on the Indian subcontinent. However, although emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> personally designed gun carriages to improve the accuracy of his cannons, Mughal artillery proved most effective in frightening the other side's elephants on the battlefield. The chaos that ensued in the opposing army's ranks allowed Mughal forces to overcome their enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothermund_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothermund-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal-borne <a href="/wiki/Swivel_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Swivel guns">swivel guns</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Zamburak" title="Zamburak">zamburak</a> became a feature of Mughal warfare with stocks often more than 6.7 feet (2.0 metres) in length, which fired a projectile 3.9 to 4.7 inches (99 to 119 mm) in diameter<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1995288_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1995288-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a widely held belief that smaller pieces of Mughal artillery were even placed upon the elephant. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengali</a> forces that fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> owed a degree of loyalty to the "Great Moghul" they owned metallic silver lustre cannons which were placed upon specially designed bullock. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_weapons&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mughal battle scene, 16th century."><img alt="Mughal battle scene, 16th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg/73px-1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg/109px-1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg/145px-1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2033" data-file-height="3353" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mughal battle scene, 16th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_Chuprasi,_Delhi.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Police in Delhi, 19th century"><img alt="Police in Delhi, 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Police_Chuprasi%2C_Delhi.png/120px-Police_Chuprasi%2C_Delhi.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Police_Chuprasi%2C_Delhi.png/250px-Police_Chuprasi%2C_Delhi.png 1.5x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="865" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Police in Delhi, 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Mughal_Infantryman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mughal soldier, 19th century."><img alt="Mughal soldier, 19th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/A_Mughal_Infantryman.jpg/120px-A_Mughal_Infantryman.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/A_Mughal_Infantryman.jpg/250px-A_Mughal_Infantryman.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="1998" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mughal soldier, 19th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanding_figure_of_an_officer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mughal officer, 17th century."><img alt="Mughal officer, 17th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tanding_figure_of_an_officer.jpg/120px-Tanding_figure_of_an_officer.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tanding_figure_of_an_officer.jpg/250px-Tanding_figure_of_an_officer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="1456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mughal officer, 17th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephants_pushing_cannons_drawn_by_bullocks.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elephants pushing cannons drawn by bullocks, Kota, mid-18th century."><img alt="Elephants pushing cannons drawn by bullocks, Kota, mid-18th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Elephants_pushing_cannons_drawn_by_bullocks.jpg/120px-Elephants_pushing_cannons_drawn_by_bullocks.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Elephants_pushing_cannons_drawn_by_bullocks.jpg/250px-Elephants_pushing_cannons_drawn_by_bullocks.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elephants pushing cannons drawn by bullocks, Kota, mid-18th century.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_weapons&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_weapons&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from </i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armyofindianmogh00irvirich"><i>The army of the Indian Moghuls: its organization and administration</i></a><i>, by <a href="/wiki/William_Irvine_(historian)" title="William Irvine (historian)">William Irvine</a>, a publication from 1903, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_weapons&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Clifford1983" class="citation book cs1">Timothy Clifford (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T7HpAAAAMAAJ&q=mughals"><i>A Century of Collecting, 1882–1982: A Guide to the Manchester City Art Galleries</i></a>. Manchester City Art Gallery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780901673206" title="Special:BookSources/9780901673206"><bdi>9780901673206</bdi></a>. <q>Under the Mughals, Delhi and Lahore had been the most important centres for the production of military equipment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Collecting%2C+1882%E2%80%931982%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Manchester+City+Art+Galleries&rft.pub=Manchester+City+Art+Gallery&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780901673206&rft.au=Timothy+Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT7HpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmughals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothermund-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothermund_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothermund_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothermund_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRothermund2014" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Dietmar_Rothermund" title="Dietmar Rothermund">Rothermund, Dietmar</a> (2014). "Akbar 'Der Große'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>" [Akbar 'The Great']. <i><a href="/wiki/Damals" title="Damals">Damals</a></i> (in German). Vol. 46, no. 1. pp. <span class="nowrap">24–</span>29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Damals&rft.atitle=Akbar+%27Der+Gro%C3%9Fe%27&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Rothermund&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEgerton1880" class="citation book cs1">Egerton, Wilbraham (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indian-arms/page/n170/mode/1up?q=group"><i>An Illustrated Handbook of Indian Arms; Being a Classified and Descriptive Catalogue of the Arms Exhibited at the India Museum</i></a>. London: William H. Allen & Co. p. 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+Handbook+of+Indian+Arms%3B+Being+a+Classified+and+Descriptive+Catalogue+of+the+Arms+Exhibited+at+the+India+Museum&rft.place=London&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=William+H.+Allen+%26+Co.&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Egerton&rft.aufirst=Wilbraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findian-arms%2Fpage%2Fn170%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3Dgroup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1995288-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1995288_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1995288_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1995">Richards 1995</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKolb2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kolb, Charles C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.40.1.158">"<i>Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500-1700</i>, by Jos Gommans"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of History</i>. <b>40</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">158–</span>160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcjh.40.1.158">10.3138/cjh.40.1.158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4107">0008-4107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EMughal+Warfare%3A+Indian+Frontiers+and+Highroads+to+Empire+1500-1700%3C%2Fi%3E%2C+by+Jos+Gommans&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fcjh.40.1.158&rft.issn=0008-4107&rft.aulast=Kolb&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3138%2Fcjh.40.1.158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGommans2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gommans, Jos J.L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.40.1.158">"<i>Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500-1700</i>, by Jos Gommans"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of History</i>. <b>40</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">158–</span>160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcjh.40.1.158">10.3138/cjh.40.1.158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4107">0008-4107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EMughal+Warfare%3A+Indian+Frontiers+and+Highroads+to+Empire+1500-1700%3C%2Fi%3E%2C+by+Jos+Gommans&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fcjh.40.1.158&rft.issn=0008-4107&rft.aulast=Gommans&rft.aufirst=Jos+J.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3138%2Fcjh.40.1.158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnknown1590–95" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Unknown (1590–95). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140519132308/http://warfare2.likamva.in/Moghul/Akbar/1568-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.htm">"Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort"</a>. <i>the Akbarnama</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfare2.likamva.in/Moghul/Akbar/1568-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.htm">the original</a> on 2014-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Akbarnama&rft.atitle=Bullocks+dragging+siege-guns+up+hill+during+Akbar%27s+attack+on+Ranthambhor+Fort&rft.date=1590%2F1595&rft.au=Unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarfare2.likamva.in%2FMoghul%2FAkbar%2F1568-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irvine (1903): <i>The army of the Indian Moghuls</i>, 113–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gommans2002-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gommans2002_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGommans2002" class="citation book cs1">Gommans, Jos (2002). <i>Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500–1700</i>. Routledge. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23988-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23988-2"><bdi>978-0-415-23988-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughal+Warfare%3A+Indian+Frontiers+and+High+Roads+to+Empire%2C+1500%E2%80%931700&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23988-2&rft.aulast=Gommans&rft.aufirst=Jos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_2">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_weapons&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichards1995" class="citation book cs1">Richards, J.F. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC"><i>The Mughal Empire</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521566032" title="Special:BookSources/9780521566032"><bdi>9780521566032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780521566032&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHyVh29gy4QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%28triangular%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%28triangular%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Emperors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahryar_Mirza" title="Shahryar Mirza">Shahryar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Azam_Shah" title="Muhammad Azam Shah">Muhammad Azam Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahandar_Shah" title="Jahandar Shah">Jahandar Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukhsiyar" title="Farrukhsiyar">Farrukhsiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_ud-Darajat" title="Rafi ud-Darajat">Rafi ud-Darajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_II" title="Shah Jahan II">Shah Jahan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Ahmad Shah Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II">Alamgir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_III" title="Shah Jahan III">Shah Jahan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shah Bahadur">Shah Jahan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_II" title="Akbar II">Akbar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_family_tree" title="Timurid family tree">family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Economy of the Mughal Empire">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Mughal Empire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Government of the Mughal Empire">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Army of the Mughal Empire">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_artillery" title="Mughal artillery">Mughal artillery</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Provinces25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Provinces</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Subah" title="Agra Subah">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmer_Subah" title="Ajmer Subah">Ajmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awadh_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Awadh Subah">Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar_Subah" title="Berar Subah">Berar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Subah" title="Bihar Subah">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Subah" title="Gujarat Subah">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi Subah">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Subah" title="Hyderabad Subah">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Subah">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_Subah" title="Malwa Subah">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subah_of_Multan" title="Subah of Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sira_Subah" title="Sira Subah">Sira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Rajput_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Rajput wars">Mughal-Rajput wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Malwa" title="Mughal conquest of Malwa">Mughal conquest of Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar%27s_conquest_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar's conquest of Gujarat">Gujarat conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1622%E2%80%931623)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)">Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1649%E2%80%931653)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)">Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula#Battle_of_Tilpat" title="Gokula">Suppression of Tilpat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom%E2%80%93Mughal_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahom–Mughal conflicts">Ahom–Mughal conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Maratha_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal–Maratha wars">Mughal–Maratha wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child%27s_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Child's war">Child's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_wars" title="Carnatic wars">Carnatic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal war">Bengal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Mughal–Portuguese conflicts">Mughal–Portuguese conflicts</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agra" title="Battle of Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badli-ki-Serai" title="Battle of Badli-ki-Serai">Badli-ki-Serai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhuchar_Mori" title="Battle of Bhuchar Mori">Bhuchar Mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chanderi" title="Battle of Chanderi">Chanderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Chausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghaghra" title="Battle of Ghaghra">Ghagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haldighati" title="Battle of Haldighati">Haldighati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal" title="Battle of Karnal">Karnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khajwa" title="Battle of Khajwa">Khajwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khanwa" title="Battle of Khanwa">Khanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najafgarh" title="Battle of Najafgarh">Najafgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1526)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Second Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1556)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1761)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raj_Mahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raj Mahal">Raj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samugarh" title="Battle of Samugarh">Samugarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirhind_(1555)" title="Battle of Sirhind (1555)">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1567)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1567)">Thanesar (1567)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1710)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1710)">Thanesar (1710)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tukaroi" title="Battle of Tukaroi">Tukaroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bakla" title="Conquest of Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bhulua" title="Conquest of Bhulua">Bhulua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sieges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bijapur" title="Siege of Bijapur">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568)" title="Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)">Chittorgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi" title="Siege of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1638%E2%80%931639)" title="Siege of Daman (1638–1639)">Daman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daulatabad" title="Siege of Daulatabad">Daulatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Golconda" title="Siege of Golconda">Golconda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hooghly" title="Siege of Hooghly">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jinji" title="Siege of Jinji">Jinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar_(1605%E2%80%931606)" title="Siege of Kandahar (1605–1606)">Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Purandhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Purandhar">Purandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ranthambore_(1568)" title="Siege of Ranthambore (1568)">Ranthambore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sambhal" title="Siege of Sambhal">Sambhal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan#Baro-Bhuiyans_of_Bengal" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa Khan">Isa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Usman" title="Khwaja Usman">Khwaja Usman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayazid_of_Sylhet" title="Bayazid of Sylhet">Bayazid of Sylhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Khan_of_Bengal" title="Musa Khan of Bengal">Musa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapaditya" title="Pratapaditya">Pratapaditya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga" title="Rana Sanga">Rana Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu" title="Hemu">Hemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap" title="Maharana Pratap">Maharana Pratap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ambar" title="Malik Ambar">Malik Ambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula" title="Gokula">Gokula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachit_Borphukan" title="Lachit Borphukan">Lachit Borphukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Child,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Child, 1st Baronet">Josiah Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajirao_I" title="Bajirao I">Bajirao I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Munro,_8th_laird_of_Novar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar">Hector Munro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort" title="Lalbagh Fort">Lalbagh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Mahal,_Orchha" title="Jahangir Mahal, Orchha">Jahangir Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheesh_Mahal_(Lahore_Fort)" title="Sheesh Mahal (Lahore Fort)">Sheesh Mahal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_mosques" title="Category:Mughal mosques">Mosques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_Mosque,_Aurangabad" title="Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad">Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid (Delhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawk_Mosque,_Dhaka" title="Chawk Mosque, Dhaka">Chawk Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta">Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunehri_Masjid,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunehri Masjid, Lahore">Sunehri Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_tombs" title="Category:Mughal tombs">Tombs and mausoleums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Akbar the Great">Akbar's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara" title="Bibi Ka Maqbara">Bibi Ka Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Babur" title="Gardens of Babur">Gardens of Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir" title="Tomb of Jahangir">Jahangir's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Salim_Chishti" title="Tomb of Salim Chishti">Tomb of Salim Chishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Aurangzeb" title="Tomb of Aurangzeb">Tomb of Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Nur_Jahan" title="Tomb of Nur Jahan">Tomb of Nur Jahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tombs_of_Mughal_Empire" title="List of tombs of Mughal Empire">List of tombs of Mughal Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalimar Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achabal_Gardens" title="Achabal Gardens">Achabal Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_Bridge,_Jaunpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur">Shahi Bridge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_clothing" title="Mughal clothing">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian language in South Asia">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians_in_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Persians in the Mughal Empire">Persian Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a> (<i>interrupted</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajput states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal_and_Murshidabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Nawabs of Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Nizam of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic state">Carnatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a 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