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id="toc-Writing_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginning_and_first_major_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_and_first_major_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Beginning and first major works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_and_first_major_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s_and_the_"discovery_of_humor"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s_and_the_"discovery_of_humor""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1970s and the "discovery of humor" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s_and_the_"discovery_of_humor"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Later novels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Political career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turn_to_liberalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turn_to_liberalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Turn to liberalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turn_to_liberalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigatory_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigatory_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Investigatory Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigatory_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_candidacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_candidacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Presidential candidacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_candidacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Later life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Panama_and_Pandora_Papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panama_and_Pandora_Papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Panama and Pandora Papers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panama_and_Pandora_Papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style_of_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style_of_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Style of writing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Style_of_writing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Style of writing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Style_of_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plot,_setting,_and_major_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plot,_setting,_and_major_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Plot, setting, and major themes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plot,_setting,_and_major_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernism_and_postmodernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernism_and_postmodernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Modernism and postmodernism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernism_and_postmodernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interlacing_dialogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interlacing_dialogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Interlacing dialogues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interlacing_dialogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Literary influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Political views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Chile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Peru </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_personal_life_and_interests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_personal_life_and_interests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Later personal life and interests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_personal_life_and_interests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Awards and honors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards and honors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invited_Commencement_Addresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invited_Commencement_Addresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Invited Commencement Addresses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invited_Commencement_Addresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Nobel Prize </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Selected works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Selected works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Non-fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Drama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mario Vargas Llosa</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" > 94 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ماريو فارغاس يوسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماريو فارغاس يوسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Varqas_Lyosa" title="Mario Varqas Lyosa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mario Varqas Lyosa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ماریو بارقاس یوسا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماریو بارقاس یوسا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE" title="মারিও বার্গাস ইয়োসা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মারিও বার্গাস ইয়োসা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%91%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Марыа Варгас Льёса – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марыа Варгас Льёса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Марыё Варгас Льлёса – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Марыё Варгас Льлёса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Марио Варгас Льоса – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марио Варгас Льоса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Варгас Льоса Марио – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Варгас Льоса Марио" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Μάριο Βάργας Λιόσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάριο Βάργας Λιόσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ماریو بارگاس یوسا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماریو بارگاس یوسا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4_%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EA%B0%80%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9A%94%EC%82%AC" title="마리오 바르가스 요사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마리오 바르가스 요사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A1" title="Մարիո Վարգաս Լյոսա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարիո Վարգաս Լյոսա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="मारियो वर्गास लियोसा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मारियो वर्गास लियोसा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A1_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%94" title="מריו ורגס יוסה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מריו ורגס יוסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8A_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8" title="ಮಾರಿಯೊ ವಾರ್ಗಸ್ ಲೋಸ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾರಿಯೊ ವಾರ್ಗಸ್ ಲೋಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" title="მარიო ვარგას ლიოსა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარიო ვარგას ლიოსა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Марио Варгас Льоса – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Марио Варгас Льоса" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Vargas_Llosa" title="Marius Vargas Llosa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Marius Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargass_Ljosa" title="Mario Vargass Ljosa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mario Vargass Ljosa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%89%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Марио Варгас Љоса – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Марио Варгас Љоса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8" title="മാര്യോ വർഹാസ് ല്ലോസ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാര്യോ വർഹാസ് ല്ലോസ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ماريو بارجاس يوسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماريو بارجاس يوسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ماریو بارگاس یوسا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ماریو بارگاس یوسا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A7%E3%82%B5" title="マリオ・バルガス・リョサ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マリオ・バルガス・リョサ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਾਰੀਓ ਵਾਰਗਾਸ ਯੋਸਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰੀਓ ਵਾਰਗਾਸ ਯੋਸਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="ماریو ورگاس لیاوزا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ماریو ورگاس لیاوزا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ماریو پيدرو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ماریو پيدرو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Варгас Льоса, Марио – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Варгас Льоса, Марио" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariu_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mariu Vargas Llosa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mariu Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%89%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Марио Варгас Љоса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марио Варгас Љоса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE" title="மாரியோ பார்க்காசு யோசா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாரியோ பார்க்காசு யோசா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Марио Варгас Льоса – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Марио Варгас Льоса" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Маріо Варгас Льйоса – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маріо Варгас Льйоса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ماریو ورگاس للوسا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماریو ورگاس للوسا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mario Vargas Llosa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Peruvian novelist and writer (born 1936)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is Vargas and the second or maternal family name is Llosa.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Excellent" title="The Most Excellent">The Most Excellent</a></div><div class="fn">The Marquess of Vargas Llosa</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru" title="Order of the Sun of Peru">OSP</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle" title="Order of the Aztec Eagle">OAE</a> <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">LH</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Order of Christopher Columbus">OCC</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mario_Vargas_Llosa_(crop_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_%28crop_2%29.jpg/220px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_%28crop_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_%28crop_2%29.jpg/330px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_%28crop_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_%28crop_2%29.jpg/440px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_%28crop_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1291" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Mario Vargas Llosa in 2016</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa</div> (1936-03-28) 28 March 1936 (age 88) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arequipa_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Arequipa Region">Arequipa</a>, Peru</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><div><ul><li>Peru (1936–present)<a href="#cite_note-peruvian_citizenship-1">[1]</a></li><li>Spain (1993–present)<a href="#cite_note-citizenships-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li><li>Dominican Republic (2023–present)<a href="#cite_note-citizenships-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">Complutense University of Madrid</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data title">Marqués</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberty" title="People's Liberty">People's Liberty</a> (2023–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Libertad" class="mw-redirect" title="Movimiento Libertad">Liberty Movement</a> (1987–1993) <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_(Peru)" title="Democratic Front (Peru)">Democratic Front</a> (1988–1990)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Urquidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia Urquidi">Julia Urquidi</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1955; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1964)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Patricia Llosa</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1965; <a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation"><abbr title="separated">sep.</abbr></a> 2015)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Preysler" title="Isabel Preysler">Isabel Preysler</a> (2015–2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Vargas_Llosa" title="Álvaro Vargas Llosa">Álvaro Vargas Llosa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" title="Miguel de Cervantes Prize">Miguel de Cervantes Prize</a> 1994 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> 2010 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Seat L of the <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office 15 January 1996<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Rof_Carballo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Rof Carballo (page does not exist)">Juan Rof Carballo</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Rof_Carballo" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Rof Carballo">es</a>]</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Seat 18 of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office 9 February 2023<a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Michel Serres</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvargasllosa.com">www.mvargasllosa.com</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Mario_Vargas_Llosa_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_Signature.svg/150px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_Signature.svg/225px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_Signature.svg/300px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="108" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Category:Liberalism in Peru">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD424; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Liberalism in Peru</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Libertarianism_in_Peru_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Libertarianism_in_Peru_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-Libertarianism_in_Peru_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Libertarianism_in_Peru_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-Libertarianism_in_Peru_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Libertarianism_in_Peru_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-Libertarianism_in_Peru_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="291" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-liberalism">Social-liberalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticommunism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticommunism">Anticommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mir%C3%B3_Quesada_Garland" title="Luis Miró Quesada Garland">Miró Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Olavide" title="Pablo de Olavide">de Olavide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Palma" title="Ricardo Palma">Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva-Ag%C3%BCero_y_Osma" title="José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma">Riva-Agüero y Osma</a> (early)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toribio_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Mendoza" title="Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza">Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(economist)" title="Hernando de Soto (economist)">de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Szyszlo" title="Fernando de Szyszlo">de Szyszlo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vargas Llosa (Mario)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Vargas_Llosa" title="Álvaro Vargas Llosa">Vargas Llosa (Álvaro)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Vigil" title="Francisco de Paula González Vigil">Vigil</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Acu%C3%B1a" title="César Acuña">Acuña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Beltr%C3%A1n_Espantoso" title="Pedro Beltrán Espantoso">Beltrán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cateriano" title="Pedro Cateriano">Cateriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla" title="Ramón Castilla">Castilla</a> (until <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1856-1858" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1856-1858">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gino_Costa" title="Gino Costa">Costa</a></li> <li><a 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Ferrero Rebagliati">Ferrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Faustino_S%C3%A1nchez_Carri%C3%B3n" title="José Faustino Sánchez Carrión">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Unanue" title="Hipólito Unanue">Unanue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Martín Vizcarra">Vizcarra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress_(Peru)" title="Alliance for Progress (Peru)">Alliance for Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_on_Country_%E2%80%93_Social_Integration_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Go on Country – Social Integration Party">Go on Country – Social Integration Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberty" title="People's Liberty">People's Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru_First" title="Peru First">Peru First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Action_(Peru)" title="Popular Action (Peru)">Popular Action</a> (factions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_Party" title="Purple Party">Purple Party</a></li></ul> Former <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_for_Peru" title="All for Peru">All for Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilista_Party" title="Civilista Party">Civilista Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contigo_(political_party)" title="Contigo (political party)">Contigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Peru)" title="Liberal Party (Peru)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Movement" title="Liberty Movement">Liberty Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Justice_Party_(Peru)" title="National Justice Party (Peru)">National Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Peru)" title="National Union (Peru)">National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvians_for_Change" title="Peruvians for Change">Peruanos por el Kambio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possible_Peru" title="Possible Peru">Possible Peru</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Coalitions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Bench" title="Liberal Bench">Liberal Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Solidarity_Alliance" title="National Solidarity Alliance">National Solidarity Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FREDEMO" class="mw-redirect" title="FREDEMO">FREDEMO</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid 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class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1854" title="Liberal Revolution of 1854">Liberal Revolution of 1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Latin America">Liberalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Peru" title="Politics of Peru">Politics of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Convictorio_de_San_Carlos" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Convictorio de San Carlos">Real Convictorio de San Carlos</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Template:Liberalism in Peru"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Template talk:Liberalism in Peru"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism in Peru"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa, 1st Marquess of Vargas Llosa (born 28 March 1936), more commonly known as Mario Vargas Llosa (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌvɑːrɡəs ˈjoʊsə/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Spanish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈmaɾjo ˈβaɾɣas ˈʎosa]</a>), is a Peruvian novelist, journalist, essayist and former politician. Vargas Llosa is one of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Language">Spanish Language</a> and Latin America's most significant novelists and essayists and one of the leading writers of his generation. Some critics consider him to have had a larger international impact and worldwide audience than any other writer of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Boom" title="Latin American Boom">Latin American Boom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> In 2010, he won the <a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2010 Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>, "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat."<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> He also won the 1967 <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos_Prize" title="Rómulo Gallegos Prize">Rómulo Gallegos Prize</a>, the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Asturias Award">Prince of Asturias Award</a>, the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" title="Miguel de Cervantes Prize">Miguel de Cervantes Prize</a>, the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Prize" title="Jerusalem Prize">Jerusalem Prize</a>, the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes_International_Prize_for_Literary_Creation_in_the_Spanish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Fuentes International Prize for Literary Creation in the Spanish Language">Carlos Fuentes International Prize</a>, and the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda_Order_of_Artistic_and_Cultural_Merit" title="Pablo Neruda Order of Artistic and Cultural Merit">Pablo Neruda Order of Artistic and Cultural Merit</a>. In 2021, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> Vargas Llosa rose to international fame in the 1960s with novels such as <a href="/wiki/The_Time_of_the_Hero" title="The Time of the Hero">The Time of the Hero</a> (La ciudad y los perros, literally The City and the Dogs, 1963/1966),<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Green_House" title="The Green House">The Green House</a> (La casa verde, 1965/1968), and the monumental <a href="/wiki/Conversation_in_The_Cathedral" title="Conversation in The Cathedral">Conversation in The Cathedral</a> (Conversación en La Catedral, 1969/1975). He writes, prolifically, across an array of <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">literary genres</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> and journalism. His novels include comedies, murder mysteries, historical novels, and political thrillers. Several, such as <a href="/wiki/Captain_Pantoja_and_the_Special_Service" title="Captain Pantoja and the Special Service">Captain Pantoja and the Special Service</a> (1973/1978) and <a href="/wiki/Aunt_Julia_and_the_Scriptwriter" title="Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter">Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter</a> (1977/1982), have been adapted as feature films. Many of Vargas Llosa's works are influenced by the writer's perception of Peruvian society and his own experiences as a native Peruvian. Increasingly, he has expanded his range, and tackled themes that arise from other parts of the world. In his essays, Vargas Llosa has made many criticisms of nationalism in different parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Kordi-11">[9]</a> Like many Latin American writers, Vargas Llosa has been politically active throughout his career. While he initially supported the Cuban revolutionary government of <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, Vargas Llosa later became disenchanted with its policies, particularly after the imprisonment of Cuban poet <a href="/wiki/Heberto_Padilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Heberto Padilla">Heberto Padilla</a> in 1971, and now he identifies as a liberal and holds anti-<a href="/wiki/Left_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left wing">left wing</a> ideas. He ran for the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian presidency">Peruvian presidency</a> in <a href="/wiki/1990_Peruvian_general_election" title="1990 Peruvian general election">1990</a> with the center-right <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_(Peru)" title="Democratic Front (Peru)">Frente Democrático</a> coalition advocating for <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">liberal</a> reforms, but lost the election to <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a>. Since his exit from directly participating in politics in Peru, Vargas Llosa has advocated <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a> activists and candidates internationally. Vargas Llosa is also one of the 25 leading figures on the Information and Democracy Commission launched by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mario_vargas_llosa_tesis_universidad_de_san_marcos_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mario_vargas_llosa_tesis_universidad_de_san_marcos_1.jpg/180px-Mario_vargas_llosa_tesis_universidad_de_san_marcos_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mario_vargas_llosa_tesis_universidad_de_san_marcos_1.jpg/270px-Mario_vargas_llosa_tesis_universidad_de_san_marcos_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mario_vargas_llosa_tesis_universidad_de_san_marcos_1.jpg/360px-Mario_vargas_llosa_tesis_universidad_de_san_marcos_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Mario Vargas Llosa's thesis «Bases para una interpretación de <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo" title="Rubén Darío">Rubén Darío</a>», presented to his alma mater, the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>), in 1958.</figcaption></figure> Mario Vargas Llosa was born to a middle-class family<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> on 28 March 1936, in the southern Peruvian provincial city of <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Williams17-14">[12]</a> He was the only child of Ernesto Vargas Maldonado and Dora Llosa Ureta (the former a radio operator in an aviation company, the latter the daughter of an old <a href="/wiki/Criollo_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Criollo (people)">criollo</a> family), who separated a few months before his birth.<a href="#cite_note-Williams17-14">[12]</a> Shortly after Mario's birth, his father revealed that he was in a relationship with a German woman, from which Mario's two younger half-brothers would be born: Enrique and Ernesto Vargas.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> Vargas Llosa lived with his maternal family in Arequipa until a year after his parents divorced, when his maternal grandfather was named <a href="/wiki/Honorary_consul" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary consul">honorary consul</a> for Peru in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Williams17-14">[12]</a> With his mother and her family, Vargas Llosa then moved to <a href="/wiki/Cochabamba" title="Cochabamba">Cochabamba</a>, Bolivia, where he spent the early years of his childhood.<a href="#cite_note-Williams17-14">[12]</a> His maternal family, the Llosas, were sustained by his grandfather, who managed a cotton farm.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> As a child, Vargas Llosa was led to believe that his father had died—his mother and her family did not want to explain that his parents had separated.<a href="#cite_note-Williams24-17">[15]</a> During the government of Peruvian President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bustamante_y_Rivero" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bustamante y Rivero">José Bustamante y Rivero</a>, Vargas Llosa's maternal grandfather obtained a diplomatic post in the northern Peruvian coastal city of <a href="/wiki/Piura" title="Piura">Piura</a> and the entire family returned to Peru.<a href="#cite_note-Williams24-17">[15]</a> While in Piura, Vargas Llosa attended elementary school at the religious academy Colegio <a href="/wiki/Salesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Salesian">Salesiano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Williams30-18">[16]</a> In 1946, at the age of ten, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> and met his father for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Williams30-18">[16]</a> His parents re-established their relationship and lived in <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_del_Mar" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalena del Mar">Magdalena del Mar</a>, a middle-class Lima suburb, during his teenage years.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> While in Lima, he studied at the Colegio La Salle, a Catholic middle school, from 1947 to 1949.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> When Vargas Llosa was fourteen, his father sent him to the <a href="/wiki/Leoncio_Prado_Military_Academy" title="Leoncio Prado Military Academy">Leoncio Prado Military Academy</a> in Lima.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> At the age of 16, before his graduation, Vargas Llosa began working as a journalist for local newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> He withdrew from the military academy and finished his studies in Piura, where he worked for the local newspaper, La Industria, and witnessed the theatrical performance of his first dramatic work, La huida del Inca.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> In 1953, during the government of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa" title="Manuel A. Odría">Manuel A. Odría</a>, Vargas Llosa enrolled in Lima's <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a>, to study law and literature.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> While at the university, he was a member of a <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> group, embracing the ideology due to corruption and inequality in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-:4-25">[23]</a> He married <a href="/wiki/Julia_Urquidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia Urquidi">Julia Urquidi</a>, his maternal uncle's sister-in-law, in 1955 at the age of 19; she was 10 years older.<a href="#cite_note-Castro9-26">[24]</a> Vargas Llosa began his literary career in earnest, in 1957, with the publication of his first short stories, "The Leaders" ("Los jefes") and "The Grandfather" ("El abuelo"), while working for two Peruvian newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Upon his graduation from the National University of San Marcos in 1958, he received a scholarship to study at the <a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">Complutense University of Madrid</a> in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> In 1960, after his scholarship in Madrid had expired, Vargas Llosa moved to France, under the impression that he would receive a scholarship to study there. However, upon arriving in Paris, he learned that his scholarship request was denied.<a href="#cite_note-Williams45-29">[27]</a> Despite Mario and Julia's unexpected financial status, the couple decided to remain in Paris, where he began to write prolifically, even as a ghostwriter.<a href="#cite_note-Williams45-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> Their marriage lasted only a few more years, ending in divorce in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Williams54-31">[29]</a> A year later, Vargas Llosa <a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">married his first cousin</a>, Patricia Llosa,<a href="#cite_note-:4-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams54-31">[29]</a> with whom he had three children: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Vargas_Llosa" title="Álvaro Vargas Llosa">Álvaro Vargas Llosa</a> (born 1966), a writer and editor; Gonzalo (born 1967), an international civil servant; and Morgana (born 1974), a photographer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_career">Writing career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Writing career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginning_and_first_major_works">Beginning and first major works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beginning and first major works">edit</a>]</div> Vargas Llosa's first novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Time_of_the_Hero" title="The Time of the Hero">The Time of the Hero</a> (La ciudad y los perros), was published in 1963. The book is set among a community of cadets in a Lima military school, and the plot is based on the author's own experiences at Lima's <a href="/wiki/Leoncio_Prado_Military_Academy" title="Leoncio Prado Military Academy">Leoncio Prado Military Academy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kristal32-32">[30]</a> This early piece gained wide public attention and immediate success.<a href="#cite_note-Cevallos273-33">[31]</a> Its vitality and adept use of sophisticated literary techniques immediately impressed critics,<a href="#cite_note-Kristal33-34">[32]</a> and it won the <a href="/wiki/Premio_de_la_Cr%C3%ADtica_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Premio de la Crítica Española">Premio de la Crítica Española</a> award.<a href="#cite_note-Cevallos273-33">[31]</a> Nevertheless, its sharp criticism of the Peruvian military establishment led to controversy in Peru. Several Peruvian generals attacked the novel, claiming that it was the work of a "degenerate mind" and stating that Vargas Llosa was "paid by Ecuador" to undermine the prestige of the Peruvian Army.<a href="#cite_note-Cevallos273-33">[31]</a> In 1965, Vargas Llosa published his second novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Green_House" title="The Green House">The Green House</a> (La casa verde), about a brothel called "The Green House" and how its quasi-mythical presence affects the lives of the characters. The main plot follows Bonifacia, a girl who is about to receive the vows of the church and her transformation into la Selvatica, the best-known prostitute of "The Green House.” The novel was immediately acclaimed, confirming Vargas Llosa as an important voice of Latin American narrative.<a href="#cite_note-Kristal_xi-35">[33]</a> The Green House won the first edition of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos_Prize" title="Rómulo Gallegos Prize">Rómulo Gallegos International Novel Prize</a> in 1967, contending with works by veteran Uruguayan writer <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Onetti" title="Juan Carlos Onetti">Juan Carlos Onetti</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> This novel, alone, accumulated enough awards to place the author among the leading figures of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Boom" title="Latin American Boom">Latin American Boom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Booker6-37">[35]</a> Some critics still consider The Green House to be Vargas Llosa's finest and most important achievement.<a href="#cite_note-Booker6-37">[35]</a> Indeed, Latin American literary critic <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Martin" title="Gerald Martin">Gerald Martin</a> suggests that The Green House is "one of the greatest novels to have emerged from Latin America".<a href="#cite_note-Booker6-37">[35]</a> Vargas Llosa's third novel, <a href="/wiki/Conversation_in_The_Cathedral" title="Conversation in The Cathedral">Conversation in The Cathedral</a> (Conversación en La Catedral), was published in 1969, when he was 33. This ambitious narrative is the story of Santiago Zavala, the son of a government minister, and Ambrosio, his chauffeur.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> A random meeting at a <a href="/wiki/Dog_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog pound">dog pound</a> leads the pair to a riveting conversation at a nearby bar known as "The Cathedral".<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> During the encounter, Zavala searches for the truth about his father's role in the murder of a notorious Peruvian underworld figure, shedding light on the workings of a dictatorship along the way.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Unfortunately for Zavala, his quest results in a dead end with no answers and no sign of a better future.<a href="#cite_note-Castro106-41">[39]</a> The novel attacks the dictatorial government of Odría by showing how a dictatorship controls and destroys lives.<a href="#cite_note-Cevallos273-33">[31]</a> The persistent theme of hopelessness makes Conversation in The Cathedral Vargas Llosa's most bitter novel.<a href="#cite_note-Castro106-41">[39]</a> He lectured on Spanish American Literature at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> from 1969 to 1970.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s_and_the_"discovery_of_humor"">1970s and the "discovery of humor"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1970s and the "discovery of humor"">edit</a>]</div> In 1971, Vargas Llosa published García Márquez: Story of a Deicide (García Márquez: historia de un deicidio), which was his doctoral thesis for the Complutense University of Madrid.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shaw431-44">[42]</a> Although Vargas Llosa wrote this book-length study about his then friend, the Colombian <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel laureate</a> writer Gabriel García Márquez, they did not speak to each other again. In 1976, Vargas Llosa punched García Márquez in the face in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes" title="Palacio de Bellas Artes">Palacio de Bellas Artes</a>, ending the friendship.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Neither writer had publicly stated the underlying reasons for the quarrel.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> A photograph of García Márquez sporting a black eye was published in 2007, reigniting public interest in the feud.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-47">[45]</a> Despite the decades of silence, in 2007, Vargas Llosa agreed to allow part of his book to be used as the introduction to a 40th-anniversary edition of García Márquez's <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitude" title="One Hundred Years of Solitude">One Hundred Years of Solitude</a>, which was re-released in Spain and throughout Latin America that year.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> Historia de un Deicidio was also reissued in that year, as part of Vargas Llosa's complete works. Following the monumental work Conversation in The Cathedral, Vargas Llosa's output shifted away from more serious themes such as politics and problems with society. Latin American literary scholar Raymond L. Williams describes this phase in his writing career as "the discovery of humor".<a href="#cite_note-QC273-49">[47]</a> His first attempt at a satirical novel was Captain Pantoja and the Special Service (Pantaleón y las visitadoras), published in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> This short, comic novel offers vignettes of dialogues and documents about the Peruvian armed forces and a corps of prostitutes assigned to visit military outposts in remote jungle areas.<a href="#cite_note-Booker33-51">[49]</a> These plot elements are similar to Vargas Llosa's earlier novel The Green House, but in a different form. Captain Pantoja and the Special Service is, therefore, essentially a parody of both The Green House and the literary approach that novel represents.<a href="#cite_note-Booker33-51">[49]</a> Vargas Llosa's motivation to write the novel came from actually witnessing prostitutes being hired by the Peruvian Army and brought to serve soldiers in the jungle.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> From 1974 to 1987, Vargas Llosa focused on his writing, but also took the time to pursue other endeavors.<a href="#cite_note-Williams60-53">[51]</a> In 1975, he co-directed an unsuccessful motion-picture adaptation of his novel, Captain Pantoja and the Secret Service.<a href="#cite_note-Williams60-53">[51]</a> In 1976 he was elected President of <a href="/wiki/PEN_International" title="PEN International">PEN International</a>, the worldwide association of writers and oldest human rights organisation, a position he held until 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Williams60-53">[51]</a> During this time, Vargas Llosa frequently traveled to speak at conferences organized by international institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, where he was Simón Bolívar Professor and an Overseas Fellow of <a href="/wiki/Churchill_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill College">Churchill College</a> in 1977–78.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> In 1977, Vargas Llosa was elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Academia_Peruana_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Peruana de la Lengua">Peruvian Academy of Language</a>, a membership he still holds today. That year, he also published <a href="/wiki/Aunt_Julia_and_the_Scriptwriter" title="Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter">Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter</a> (La tía Julia y el escribidor), based in part on his marriage to his first wife, Julia Urquidi, to whom he dedicated the novel.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> She later wrote a memoir, Lo que Varguitas no dijo (What Little Vargas Didn't Say), in which she gives her personal account of their relationship. She states that Vargas Llosa's account exaggerates many negative points in their courtship and marriage while minimizing her role of assisting his literary career.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter is considered one of the most striking examples of how the language and imagery of popular culture can be used in literature.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> The novel was adapted in 1990 into a Hollywood feature film, <a href="/wiki/Tune_in_Tomorrow" title="Tune in Tomorrow">Tune in Tomorrow</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_novels">Later novels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later novels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariovargasllosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mariovargasllosa.jpg/220px-Mariovargasllosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mariovargasllosa.jpg/330px-Mariovargasllosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mariovargasllosa.jpg/440px-Mariovargasllosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Vargas Llosa in 1982</figcaption></figure> Vargas Llosa's fourth major novel, <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_End_of_the_World" title="The War of the End of the World">The War of the End of the World</a> (La guerra del fin del mundo), was published in 1981 and was his first attempt at a historical novel.<a href="#cite_note-Kristal140-60">[58]</a> This work initiated a radical change in Vargas Llosa's style towards themes such as <a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">messianism</a> and irrational human behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> It recreates the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Canudos" title="War of Canudos">War of Canudos</a>, an incident in 19th-century Brazil in which an armed <a href="/wiki/Millenarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Millenarian">millenarian</a> cult held off a siege by the national army for months.<a href="#cite_note-Booker75-62">[60]</a> As in Vargas Llosa's earliest work, this novel carries a sober and serious theme, and its tone is dark.<a href="#cite_note-Booker75-62">[60]</a> Vargas Llosa's bold exploration of humanity's propensity to idealize violence, and his account of a man-made catastrophe brought on by fanaticism on all sides, earned the novel substantial recognition.<a href="#cite_note-Kristal124-63">[61]</a> Because of the book's ambition and execution, critics have argued that this is one of Vargas Llosa's greatest literary pieces.<a href="#cite_note-Kristal124-63">[61]</a> Even though the novel has been acclaimed in Brazil, it was initially poorly received because a foreigner was writing about a Brazilian theme.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> The book was also criticized as revolutionary and anti-socialist.<a href="#cite_note-Setti42-65">[63]</a> Vargas Llosa says that this book is his favorite and was his most difficult accomplishment.<a href="#cite_note-Setti42-65">[63]</a> After completing The War of the End of the World, Vargas Llosa began to write novels that were significantly shorter than many of his earlier books. In 1983, he finished The Real Life of Alejandro Mayta (Historia de Mayta, 1984).<a href="#cite_note-Kristal140-60">[58]</a> The novel focuses on a leftist insurrection that took place on 29 May 1962, in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Jauja" title="Jauja">Jauja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kristal140-60">[58]</a> Later the same year, during the <a href="/wiki/Sendero_Luminoso" class="mw-redirect" title="Sendero Luminoso">Sendero Luminoso</a> uprising, Vargas Llosa was asked by the Peruvian President <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Bela%C3%BAnde_Terry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Belaúnde Terry">Fernando Belaúnde Terry</a> to join the Investigatory Commission, a task force to inquire into the massacre of eight journalists at the hands of the villagers of <a href="/wiki/Uchuraccay" title="Uchuraccay">Uchuraccay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> The commission's main purpose was to investigate the murders in order to provide information regarding the incident to the public.<a href="#cite_note-Kristal151-67">[65]</a> Following his involvement with the Investigatory Commission, Vargas Llosa published a series of articles to defend his position in the affair.<a href="#cite_note-Kristal151-67">[65]</a> In 1986, he completed his next novel, Who Killed Palomino Molero (¿Quién mató a Palomino Molero?), which he began writing shortly after the end of the Uchuraccay investigation.<a href="#cite_note-Kristal151-67">[65]</a> Though the plot of this <a href="/wiki/Mystery_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystery (fiction)">mystery novel</a> is similar to the tragic events at Uchuraccay, literary critic Roy Boland points out that it was not an attempt to reconstruct the murders, but rather a "literary exorcism" of Vargas Llosa's own experiences during the commission.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> The experience also inspired one of Vargas Llosa's later novels, <a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Andes" title="Death in the Andes">Death in the Andes</a> (Lituma en los Andes), originally published in 1993 in Barcelona.<a href="#cite_note-franco56-69">[67]</a> It was almost 20 years before Vargas Llosa wrote another major work: <a href="/wiki/The_Feast_of_the_Goat" title="The Feast of the Goat">The Feast of the Goat</a> (La fiesta del chivo), a <a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">political thriller</a>, was published in 2000 (and in English in 2001). According to Williams, it is Vargas Llosa's most complete and most ambitious novel since The War of the End of the World.<a href="#cite_note-Williams267-70">[68]</a> Critic Sabine Koellmann sees it in the line of his earlier novels such as "Conversación en La Catedral" depicting the effects of authoritarianism, violence and the abuse of power on the individual.<a href="#cite_note-Koellmann239ff-71">[69]</a> Based on the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Rafael Trujillo</a>, who governed the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> from 1930 until his assassination in 1961, the novel has three main strands: one concerns Urania Cabral, the daughter of a former politician and Trujillo loyalist, who returns for the first time since leaving the Dominican Republic after Trujillo's assassination 30 years earlier; the second concentrates on the assassination itself, the conspirators who carry it out, and its consequences; and the third and final strand deals with Trujillo himself in scenes from the end of his regime.<a href="#cite_note-Williams267-70">[68]</a> The book quickly received positive reviews in Spain and Latin America,<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> and has had a significant impact in Latin America, being regarded as one of Vargas Llosa's best works.<a href="#cite_note-Williams267-70">[68]</a> In 2003 he wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Paradise" title="The Way to Paradise">The Way to Paradise</a> in which he studies <a href="/wiki/Flora_Tristan" title="Flora Tristan">Flora Tristan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a>. In 2006, Vargas Llosa wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Bad_Girl" title="The Bad Girl">The Bad Girl</a> (Travesuras de la niña mala), which journalist Kathryn Harrison argues is a rewrite (rather than simply a recycling) of <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary" title="Madame Bovary">Madame Bovary</a> (1856).<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> In Vargas Llosa's version, the plot relates the decades-long obsession of its narrator, a Peruvian expatriate in Paris, with a woman with whom he first fell in love when both were teenagers. In 2019 he published the novel Tiempos recios (<a href="/wiki/Harsh_Times_(novel)" title="Harsh Times (novel)">Harsh Times</a>), about the 1954 coup in Guatemala.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Political career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turn_to_liberalism">Turn to liberalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Turn to liberalism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_y_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_y_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.jpg/220px-Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_y_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_y_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.jpg/330px-Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_y_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_y_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.jpg/440px-Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto_y_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Mario Vargas Llosa with Mexican president <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</a> in 2016</figcaption></figure> Like many other Latin American intellectuals, Vargas Llosa was initially a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban revolutionary</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kristal_xi-35">[33]</a> He studied <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> in depth as a university student and was later persuaded by <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> ideals after the success of the Cuban Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> Gradually, Vargas Llosa came to believe that <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> was incompatible with what he considered to be general liberties and freedoms.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> The official rupture between the writer and the policies of the Cuban government occurred with the so-called 'Padilla Affair', when the Castro regime imprisoned the poet <a href="/wiki/Heberto_Padilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Heberto Padilla">Heberto Padilla</a> for a month in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Vargas Llosa, along with other intellectuals of the time, wrote to Castro protesting the Cuban political system and its imprisonment of the artist.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Vargas Llosa has identified himself with liberalism rather than extreme left-wing political ideologies ever since.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Since he relinquished his earlier leftism, he has opposed both left- and right-wing authoritarian regimes.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investigatory_Commission">Investigatory Commission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Investigatory Commission">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabatovargasllosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sabatovargasllosa.jpg/220px-Sabatovargasllosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sabatovargasllosa.jpg/330px-Sabatovargasllosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sabatovargasllosa.jpg/440px-Sabatovargasllosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Argentine writer <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Sabato" title="Ernesto Sabato">Ernesto Sabato</a> (left) with Mario Vargas Llosa (right) in 1981</figcaption></figure> With his appointment to the Investigatory Commission on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uchuraccay_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uchuraccay massacre (page does not exist)">Uchuraccay massacre</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Uchuraccay" class="extiw" title="es:Masacre de Uchuraccay">es</a>] in 1983, he experienced what literary critic <a href="/wiki/Jean_Franco" title="Jean Franco">Jean Franco</a> calls "the most uncomfortable event in [his] political career".<a href="#cite_note-franco56-69">[67]</a> Unfortunately for Vargas Llosa, his involvement with the Investigatory Commission led to immediate negative reactions and defamation from the Peruvian press; many suggested that the massacre was a conspiracy to keep the journalists from reporting the presence of government paramilitary forces in Uchuraccay.<a href="#cite_note-Kristal151-67">[65]</a> The commission concluded that it was the indigenous villagers who had been responsible for the killings; for Vargas Llosa the incident showed "how vulnerable democracy is in Latin America and how easily it dies under dictatorships of the right and left".<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> These conclusions, and Vargas Llosa personally, came under intense criticism: anthropologist Enrique Mayer, for instance, accused him of "paternalism",<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> while fellow anthropologist Carlos Iván Degregori criticized him for his ignorance of the Andean world.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Vargas Llosa was accused of actively colluding in a government cover-up of army involvement in the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-Kristal151-67">[65]</a> American <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_literature" title="Latin American literature">Latin American literature</a> scholar Misha Kokotovic summarizes that the novelist was charged with seeing "indigenous cultures as a 'primitive' obstacle to the full realization of his Western model of modernity".<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Shocked both by the atrocity itself and then by the reaction his report had provoked, Vargas Llosa responded that his critics were apparently more concerned with his report than with the hundreds of peasants who later died at the hands of the Sendero Luminoso guerrilla organization.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_candidacy">Presidential candidacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Presidential candidacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1990_Peruvian_general_election" title="1990 Peruvian general election">1990 Peruvian general election</a></div> In 1987, he helped form and soon became a leader of the center-right party <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Movement" title="Liberty Movement">Movimiento Libertad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bolland8-86">[84]</a> The following year his party entered a coalition with the parties of Peru's two principal conservative politicians at the time, ex-president <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Bela%C3%BAnde_Terry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Belaúnde Terry">Fernando Belaúnde Terry</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Action_(Peru)" title="Popular Action (Peru)">Popular Action</a> party) and <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bedoya_Reyes" title="Luis Bedoya Reyes">Luis Bedoya Reyes</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/Partido_Popular_Cristiano_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partido Popular Cristiano (Peru)">Partido Popular Cristiano</a>), to form the tripartite center-right coalition known as <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_(Peru)" title="Democratic Front (Peru)">Frente Democrático</a> (FREDEMO).<a href="#cite_note-Bolland8-86">[84]</a> He ran for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Peru">presidency of Peru</a> in 1990 as the candidate of the FREDEMO coalition with the support of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:112-87">[85]</a> Many of Peru's political elite in the twenty first century would begin their careers in FREDEMO.<a href="#cite_note-:5-88">[86]</a> He proposed neoliberal policies similar to Fujimori that included a drastic economic <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> program that frightened most of the country's poor; this program emphasized the need for privatization, a market economy, free trade, and most importantly, the dissemination of private property.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-emilyparker-90">[88]</a> Vargas Llosa, according to Rospigliosi, inspired some of the objectives drafted by the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Armed_Forces" title="Peruvian Armed Forces">Peruvian Armed Forces</a> in <a href="/wiki/Plan_Verde" title="Plan Verde">Plan Verde</a>, specifically in the volume titled "Driving Peru into the XXI century", which outlined Peru becoming a neoliberal country and called for the extermination of vulnerable populations deemed as economically burdensome.<a href="#cite_note-:16-91">[89]</a> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Armed_Forces" title="Peruvian Armed Forces">Peruvian Armed Forces</a> who drafted <a href="/wiki/Plan_Verde" title="Plan Verde">Plan Verde</a> initially expected Vargas Llosa to win the presidency and support their objectives.<a href="#cite_note-:10-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-91">[89]</a> Although Vargas Llosa won the first round with 34% of the vote, Vargas Llosa was defeated by a then-unknown agricultural engineer, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a>, in the subsequent run-off.<a href="#cite_note-emilyparker-90">[88]</a> Vargas Llosa included an account of his run for the presidency in the memoir <a href="/wiki/A_Fish_in_the_Water" title="A Fish in the Water">A Fish in the Water</a> (El pez en el agua, 1993).<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acto_fundacional_UPD3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Acto_fundacional_UPD3.jpg/220px-Acto_fundacional_UPD3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Acto_fundacional_UPD3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Vargas Llosa at the founding act of the Spanish political party <a href="/wiki/Union,_Progress_and_Democracy" title="Union, Progress and Democracy">UPyD</a>, September 2007</figcaption></figure>Vargas Llosa has mainly lived in Madrid since the 1990s, but spends roughly three months of the year in Peru with his extended family.<a href="#cite_note-emilyparker-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> He also frequently visits London where he occasionally spends long periods. Vargas Llosa acquired Spanish citizenship in 1993, though he still holds <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_nationality_law" title="Peruvian nationality law">Peruvian nationality</a>. The writer often reiterates his love for both countries. In his Nobel speech he observed: "I carry Peru deep inside me because that is where I was born, grew up, was formed, and lived those experiences of childhood and youth that shaped my personality and forged my calling". He then added: "I love Spain as much as Peru, and my debt to her is as great as my gratitude. If not for Spain, I never would have reached this podium or become a known writer".<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Mario Vargas Llosa served as a visiting professor of Latin American studies at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> during the 1992–1993 academic year.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Harvard later recognized Vargas Llosa by conferring upon him an honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters" title="Doctor of Letters">Doctor of Letters</a> degree in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> In 1994 he was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a> (Royal Spanish Academy), he took up seat L on 15 January 1996.<a href="#cite_note-Williams83-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Vargas Llosa joined the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-forbesmontpelerin-100">[98]</a> He is also a member of Washington, D.C.–based think tank, the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Dialogue" title="Inter-American Dialogue">Inter-American Dialogue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panama_and_Pandora_Papers">Panama and Pandora Papers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Panama and Pandora Papers">edit</a>]</div> Vargas Llosa was named in both the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a> (2016) and <a href="/wiki/Pandora_Papers" title="Pandora Papers">Pandora Papers</a> (2021) released by the <a href="/wiki/International_Consortium_of_Investigative_Journalists" title="International Consortium of Investigative Journalists">International Consortium of Investigative Journalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-102">[100]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/IDL-Reporteros" title="IDL-Reporteros">IDL-Reporteros</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a> company Melek Investing Inc. was documented to be owned by Vargas Llosa, and was used for book royalty profits and the sale of real estate in London and <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-102">[100]</a> Following the Panama Papers leak in 2016, Carmen Balcells said on behalf of Vargas Llosa that investments were made "without the consent of Messrs. Vargas Llosa" while in the 2021 Pandora Papers leaks, Javier Martín, a representative of Vargas Llosa, said the writer "was not aware of the ownership of that company".<a href="#cite_note-:0-102">[100]</a> IDL-Reporteros provided a document showing Vargas Llosa's signature on a "Consent to Act as Director" form for Melek Investing Inc. as part of the 2021 leak.<a href="#cite_note-:0-102">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_of_writing">Style of writing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Style of writing">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plot,_setting,_and_major_themes">Plot, setting, and major themes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Plot, setting, and major themes">edit</a>]</div> Vargas Llosa's style encompasses historical material as well as his own personal experiences.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> For example, in his first novel, The Time of the Hero, his own experiences at the Leoncio Prado military school informed his depiction of the corrupt social institution which mocked the moral standards it was supposed to uphold.<a href="#cite_note-Kristal32-32">[30]</a> Furthermore, the corruption of the book's school is a reflection of the corruption of Peruvian society at the time the novel was written.<a href="#cite_note-Kristal33-34">[32]</a> Vargas Llosa frequently uses his writing to challenge the inadequacies of society, such as demoralization and oppression by those in political power towards those who challenge this power. One of the main themes he has explored in his writing is the individual's struggle for freedom within an oppressive reality.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> For example, his two-volume novel Conversation in The Cathedral is based on the tyrannical dictatorship of Peruvian President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa" title="Manuel A. Odría">Manuel A. Odría</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> The protagonist, Santiago, rebels against the suffocating dictatorship by participating in the subversive activities of leftist political groups.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> In addition to themes such as corruption and oppression, Vargas Llosa's second novel, The Green House, explores "a denunciation of Peru's basic institutions", dealing with issues of abuse and exploitation of the workers in the brothel by corrupt military officers.<a href="#cite_note-QC273-49">[47]</a> Many of Vargas Llosa's earlier novels were set in Peru, while in more recent work he has expanded to other regions of Latin America, such as Brazil and the Dominican Republic.<a href="#cite_note-castro-klaren19-107">[105]</a> His responsibilities as a writer and lecturer have allowed him to travel frequently and led to settings for his novels in regions outside of Peru.<a href="#cite_note-Williams60-53">[51]</a> The War of the End of the World was his first major work set outside Peru.<a href="#cite_note-Cevallos273-33">[31]</a> Though the plot deals with historical events of the <a href="/wiki/Canudos" title="Canudos">Canudos</a> revolt against the Brazilian government, the novel is not based directly on historical fact; rather, its main inspiration is the non-fiction account of those events published by Brazilian writer <a href="/wiki/Euclides_da_Cunha" title="Euclides da Cunha">Euclides da Cunha</a> in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-Booker75-62">[60]</a> The Feast of the Goat, based on the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Rafael Trujillo</a>, takes place in the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Williams267-70">[68]</a> in preparation for this novel, Vargas Llosa undertook a comprehensive study of Dominican history.<a href="#cite_note-Williams270-108">[106]</a> The novel was characteristically <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">realist</a>, and Vargas Llosa underscores that he "respected the basic facts, ... I have not exaggerated", but at the same time he points out "It's a novel, not a history book, so I took many, many liberties."<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> One of Vargas Llosa's more recent novels, <a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Paradise" title="The Way to Paradise">The Way to Paradise</a> (El paraíso en la otra esquina), is set largely in <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Based on the biography of former social reformer <a href="/wiki/Flora_Tristan" title="Flora Tristan">Flora Tristan</a>, it demonstrates how Flora and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a> were unable to find paradise, but were still able to inspire followers to keep working towards a socialist <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Unfortunately, Vargas Llosa was not as successful in transforming these historical figures into fiction. Some critics, such as Barbara Mujica, argue that The Way to Paradise lacks the "audacity, energy, political vision, and narrative genius" that was present in his previous works.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernism_and_postmodernism">Modernism and postmodernism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modernism and postmodernism">edit</a>]</div> The works of Mario Vargas Llosa are viewed as both <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postmodernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodernist">postmodernist</a> novels.<a href="#cite_note-Booker32-113">[111]</a> Though there is still much debate over the differences between modernist and postmodernist literature, literary scholar M. Keith Booker claims that the difficulty and technical complexity of Vargas Llosa's early works, such as The Green House and Conversation in The Cathedral, are clearly elements of the modern novel.<a href="#cite_note-Booker6-37">[35]</a> Furthermore, these earlier novels all carry a certain seriousness of attitude—another important defining aspect of modernist art.<a href="#cite_note-Booker32-113">[111]</a> By contrast, his later novels such as Captain Pantoja and the Special Service, Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter, The Real Life of Alejandro Mayta, and <a href="/wiki/The_Storyteller_(Vargas_Llosa_novel)" title="The Storyteller (Vargas Llosa novel)">The Storyteller</a> (El hablador) appear to follow a postmodernist mode of writing.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> These novels have a much lighter, <a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">farcical</a>, and comic tone, characteristics of postmodernism.<a href="#cite_note-Booker33-51">[49]</a> Comparing two of Vargas Llosa's novels, The Green House and Captain Pantoja and the Special Service, Booker discusses the contrast between modernism and postmodernism found in the writer's works: while both novels explore the theme of prostitution as well as the workings of the Peruvian military, Booker points out that the former is gravely serious whereas the latter is ridiculously comic.<a href="#cite_note-Booker33-51">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interlacing_dialogues">Interlacing dialogues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Interlacing dialogues">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarioVargasLlosaAitanaSanchezGijon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/MarioVargasLlosaAitanaSanchezGijon.jpg/220px-MarioVargasLlosaAitanaSanchezGijon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/MarioVargasLlosaAitanaSanchezGijon.jpg/330px-MarioVargasLlosaAitanaSanchezGijon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/MarioVargasLlosaAitanaSanchezGijon.jpg/440px-MarioVargasLlosaAitanaSanchezGijon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>Mario Vargas Llosa, actor in his play Los cuentos de la peste, with <a href="/wiki/Aitana_S%C3%A1nchez-Gij%C3%B3n" title="Aitana Sánchez-Gijón">Aitana Sánchez-Gijón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Espa%C3%B1ol_(Madrid)" title="Teatro Español (Madrid)">Teatro Español</a>, Madrid (2015).</figcaption></figure> Literary scholar M. Keith Booker argues that Vargas Llosa perfects the technique of interlacing dialogues in his novel The Green House.<a href="#cite_note-Booker33-51">[49]</a> By combining two conversations that occur at different times, he creates the illusion of a <a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">flashback</a>. Vargas Llosa also sometimes uses this technique as a means of shifting location by weaving together two concurrent conversations happening in different places.<a href="#cite_note-Booker14-115">[113]</a> This technique is a staple of his repertoire, which he began using near the end of his first novel, The Time of the Hero.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> However, he does not use interlacing dialogues in the same way in all of his novels. For example, in The Green House the technique is used in a serious fashion to achieve a sober tone and to focus on the interrelatedness of important events separated in time or space.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> In contrast, Captain Pantoja and the Special Service employs this strategy for comic effects and uses simpler spatial shifts.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> This device is similar to both <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>'s mixing of different characters' soliloquies and Gustave Flaubert's <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a> technique in which he blends together conversation with other events, such as speeches.<a href="#cite_note-Booker14-115">[113]</a> This was seen to occur yet again in Vargas Llosa's most current work, "Tiempos Recios," as two dialogues, one between Trujillo and Castillo Armas, and another between Trujillo and Abbes García, are juxtaposed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_influences">Literary influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literary influences">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mario_Vargas_Llosa090.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mario_Vargas_Llosa090.JPG/220px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa090.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mario_Vargas_Llosa090.JPG/330px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa090.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mario_Vargas_Llosa090.JPG/440px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa090.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Mario Vargas Llosa (2012)</figcaption></figure> Vargas Llosa's first literary influences were relatively obscure Peruvian writers such as <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Ad%C3%A1n" title="Martín Adán">Martín Adán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Oquendo_de_Amat" title="Carlos Oquendo de Amat">Carlos Oquendo de Amat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Moro" title="César Moro">César Moro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Castro3-119">[117]</a> As a young writer, he looked to these revolutionary novelists in search of new narrative structures and techniques in order to delineate a more contemporary, multifaceted experience of urban Peru. He was looking for a style different from the traditional descriptions of land and rural life made famous by Peru's foremost novelist at the time, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arguedas" title="José María Arguedas">José María Arguedas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> Vargas Llosa wrote of Arguedas's work that it was "an example of old-fashioned regionalism that had already exhausted its imaginary possibilities".<a href="#cite_note-Castro3-119">[117]</a> Although he did not share Arguedas's passion for indigenous reality, Vargas Llosa admired and respected the novelist for his contributions to Peruvian literature.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Indeed, he has published a book-length study on his work, La utopía arcaica (1996). Rather than restrict himself to Peruvian literature, Vargas Llosa also looked abroad for literary inspiration. Two French figures, <a href="/wiki/Existentialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Existentialist">existentialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> and novelist <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a>, influenced both his technique and style.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Sartre's influence is most prevalent in Vargas Llosa's extensive use of conversation.<a href="#cite_note-Castro6-123">[121]</a> The epigraph of The Time of the Hero, his first novel, is also taken directly from Sartre's work.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Flaubert's artistic independence—his novels' disregard of reality and morals—has always been admired by Vargas Llosa,<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> who wrote a book-length study of Flaubert's <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Perpetual_Orgy" title="The Perpetual Orgy">The Perpetual Orgy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> In his analysis of Flaubert, Vargas Llosa questions the revolutionary power of literature in a political setting; this is in contrast to his earlier view that "literature is an act of rebellion", thus marking a transition in Vargas Llosa's aesthetic beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Kristal81-127">[125]</a> Other critics such as Sabine Köllmann argue that his belief in the transforming power of literature is one of the great continuities that characterize his fictional and non-fictional work, and link his early statement that 'Literature is Fire' with his Nobel Prize Speech 'In Praise of Reading and Writing'.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> One of Vargas Llosa's favourite novelists, and arguably the most influential on his writing career, is the American <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Vargas Llosa considers Faulkner "the writer who perfected the methods of the modern novel".<a href="#cite_note-Kristal26-130">[128]</a> Both writers' styles include intricate changes in time and narration.<a href="#cite_note-Castro6-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kristal26-130">[128]</a> In The Time of the Hero, for example, aspects of Vargas Llosa's plot, his main character's development and his use of narrative time are influenced by his favourite Faulkner novel, <a href="/wiki/Light_in_August" title="Light in August">Light in August</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> In addition to the studies of Arguedas and Flaubert, Vargas Llosa has written literary criticisms of other authors that he has admired, such as Gabriel García Márquez, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Castro116-132">[130]</a> The main goals of his non-fiction works are to acknowledge the influence of these authors on his writing, and to recognize a connection between himself and the other writers;<a href="#cite_note-Castro116-132">[130]</a> critic Sara Castro-Klarén argues that he offers little systematic analysis of these authors' literary techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Castro116-132">[130]</a> In The Perpetual Orgy, for example, he discusses the relationship between his own aesthetics and Flaubert's, rather than focusing on Flaubert's alone.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Political views">edit</a>]</div> Since distancing himself from <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing politics</a>, he has embraced <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:32-134">[132]</a> In 1989, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> would write that though Vargas Llosa's party appeared <a href="/wiki/Center-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Center-right">center-right</a>, "he has ties with far-right politicians in other countries".<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> Vargas Llosa has continued to be criticized due to his association with <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> groups and politicians.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a> would call Vargas Llosa "a right-wing maverick"<a href="#cite_note-:5-88">[86]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a> would plainly describe him as a "far-right novelist".<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> Vargas Llosa has described himself as a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and said that the individuals who have had most impact on his political thought have included <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:32-134">[132]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>, Vargas Llosa would condemn leftist groups entirely due to the controversies of some while minimizing similar actions by <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> governments.<a href="#cite_note-:32-134">[132]</a> He supported right-wing libertarian candidate <a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2023_Argentine_general_election" title="2023 Argentine general election">2023 Argentine general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chile">edit</a>]</div> Following the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> for crimes against humanity in 1999, Vargas Llosa would write an op-ed in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> asking why left wing dictators were also not being arrested.<a href="#cite_note-:2-143">[141]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2021_Chilean_general_election" title="2021 Chilean general election">2021 Chilean general elections</a>, Vargas Llosa expressed support for conservative presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Kast" title="José Antonio Kast">José Antonio Kast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/2022_Brazilian_general_election" title="2022 Brazilian general election">2022 Brazilian general election</a>, Vargas Llosa expressed his endorsement for conservative leader <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> "The case of Bolsonaro it's a hard question. His jokes are very hard to endorse, for a liberal [...] Now, between Bolsonaro and <a href="/wiki/Lula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula">Lula</a>, I prefer Bolsonaro. Even with jokes from Bolsonaro, Lula no." said Vargas Llosa at a conference.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> A month after losing the election, at the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a>, Vargas Llosa attended a conference in Mexico entitled, "The 20th Century: The Experience of Freedom". Focused on the collapse of communist rule in central and eastern Europe, it was broadcast on Mexican television from 27 August to 2 September. Addressing the conference on 30 August 1990, Vargas Llosa embarrassed his hosts by condemning the Mexican system of power based on the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a> (PRI), which had been in power for 61 years. Criticizing the PRI by name, he commented, "I don't believe that there has been in Latin America any case of a system of dictatorship which has so efficiently recruited the intellectual milieu, bribing it with great subtlety." He declared, "Mexico is the perfect dictatorship. The perfect dictatorship is not communism, not the USSR, not Fidel Castro; the perfect dictatorship is Mexico. Because it is a camouflaged dictatorship."<a href="#cite_note-terra-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> The statement, "Mexico is the perfect dictatorship" became a cliché in Mexico<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReding1991257-148">[146]</a> and internationally, until the PRI fell from power in 2000. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peru">Peru</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Peru">edit</a>]</div> In April 2011, the writer took part in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Peruvian_general_election" title="2011 Peruvian general election">2011 Peruvian general election</a> by saying he was going to vote for <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo">Alejandro Toledo</a> (Peruvian former president 2001–2006). After casting his vote, he said his country should stay in the path of legality and freedom.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> Since her introduction into politics, Vargas Llosa has had a complex opinion on conservative politician <a href="/wiki/Keiko_Fujimori" title="Keiko Fujimori">Keiko Fujimori</a>, daughter of president of Peru <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a>. During her candidacy in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Peruvian_general_election" title="2011 Peruvian general election">2011 Peruvian general election</a>, Vargas Llosa said "the worst option is that of Keiko Fujimori because it means the legitimation of one of the worst dictatorships that Peru has had in its history”, endorsing and calling for Peruvian voters to consider <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Ollanta Humala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> After Fujimori announced her candidacy for the <a href="/wiki/2016_Peruvian_general_election" title="2016 Peruvian general election">2016 Peruvian general election</a>, Vargas Llosa said in 2014 "Keiko is the daughter of a murderer and a thief who is imprisoned, tried by civil courts with international observers, sentenced to 25 years in prison for murder and theft. I do not want her to win the elections".<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> However, in the second round of the <a href="/wiki/2021_Peruvian_general_election" title="2021 Peruvian general election">2021 Peruvian general election</a>, Vargas Llosa expressed support for Keiko, sharing opposition to far-left candidate <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a> and describing Fujimori as the "lesser of two evils".<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> French intellectuals, who criticized his addition to the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a>, said that Vargas Llosa contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_political_crisis_(2017%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian political crisis (2017–present)">Peruvian political crisis</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2021_Peruvian_general_election" title="2021 Peruvian general election">2021 Peruvian general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-139">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> In February 2008 he ended his support for the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a> in favor of the recently created <a href="/wiki/Union,_Progress_and_Democracy" title="Union, Progress and Democracy">Union, Progress and Democracy</a>, claiming that certain conservative views held by the former party are at odds with his classical liberal beliefs. His political ideologies appear in the book <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pol%C3%ADtica_razonable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Política razonable (page does not exist)">Política razonable</a>, written with <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Savater" title="Fernando Savater">Fernando Savater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_D%C3%ADez" title="Rosa Díez">Rosa Díez</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Pombo" title="Álvaro Pombo">Álvaro Pombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Boadella" title="Albert Boadella">Albert Boadella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mart%C3%ADnez_Gorriar%C3%A1n" title="Carlos Martínez Gorriarán">Carlos Martínez Gorriarán</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> He continued to write, both journalism and fiction, and to travel extensively. He also taught as a visiting professor at a number of prominent universities.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> Vargas Llosa is opposed to <a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence</a> from Spain. Attending an anti-independence rally in October 2017, he said: "Spanish democracy is here to stay. No separatist conspiracy can destroy it."<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> In 2021 he attended a rally against the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Catalonia_independence_leaders" title="Trial of Catalonia independence leaders">pardon of the Catalan independence leaders</a> in Madrid.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_personal_life_and_interests">Later personal life and interests</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Later personal life and interests">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vargas_Llosa_con_gorra_de_Universitario_de_Deportes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vargas_Llosa_con_gorra_de_Universitario_de_Deportes.jpg/180px-Vargas_Llosa_con_gorra_de_Universitario_de_Deportes.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vargas_Llosa_con_gorra_de_Universitario_de_Deportes.jpg/270px-Vargas_Llosa_con_gorra_de_Universitario_de_Deportes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vargas_Llosa_con_gorra_de_Universitario_de_Deportes.jpg/360px-Vargas_Llosa_con_gorra_de_Universitario_de_Deportes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Vargas Llosa wearing a cap from <a href="/wiki/Club_Universitario_de_Deportes" title="Club Universitario de Deportes">Universitario de Deportes</a>, the peruvian soccer team he has been a fan since his youth.</figcaption></figure> He has declared himself a music lover, ensuring that feels a special fondness for Gustav Mahler.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> Vargas Llosa is an agnostic, "I was not a believer, nor was I an atheist either, but, rather, an agnostic".<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> As for hobbies, he is fond of association football and is a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Universitario_de_Deportes" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitario de Deportes">Universitario de Deportes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> The writer himself has confessed in his book <a href="/wiki/A_Fish_in_the_Water" title="A Fish in the Water">A Fish in the Water</a> since childhood he has been a fan of the 'cream colored' team from <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, which was first seen in the field one day in 1946 when he was only 10 years old.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> In February 2011, Vargas Llosa was awarded an honorary life membership of this football club, in a ceremony which took place in the <a href="/wiki/Estadio_Monumental_%22U%22" title="Estadio Monumental "U"">Monumental Stadium</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> Starting in 2015, Vargas Llosa was in a relationship with Filipina Spanish socialite and TV personality <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Preysler" title="Isabel Preysler">Isabel Preysler</a> and divorced his first cousin Patricia Llosa.<a href="#cite_note-:4-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-elpais17nov-168">[166]</a> In December 2022, it was announced Vargas Llosa and Preysler had split up.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> He was infected with COVID-19 and was hospitalized in April 2022.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> Mario Vargas Llosa is considered a major Latin American writer, alongside other authors such as <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar" title="Julio Cortázar">Julio Cortázar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Allende" title="Isabel Allende">Isabel Allende</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Castro1-171">[169]</a> In his book The New Novel in Latin America (La Nueva Novela), Fuentes offers an in-depth literary criticism of the positive influence Vargas Llosa's work has had on Latin American literature.<a href="#cite_note-Lamb102-172">[170]</a> Indeed, for the literary critic <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Martin" title="Gerald Martin">Gerald Martin</a>, writing in 1987, Vargas Llosa was "perhaps the most successful ... certainly the most controversial Latin American novelist of the past twenty-five years".<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> Most of Vargas Llosa's narratives have been translated into multiple languages, marking his international critical success.<a href="#cite_note-Castro1-171">[169]</a> Vargas Llosa is also noted for his substantial contribution to journalism, an accomplishment characteristic of few other Latin American writers.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> He is recognized among those who have most consciously promoted literature in general, and more specifically the novel itself, as avenues for meaningful commentary about life.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> During his career, he has written more than a dozen novels and many other books and stories, and, for decades, he has been a voice for Latin American literature.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> A number of Vargas Llosa's works have been adapted for the screen, including The Time of the Hero and Captain Pantoja and the Special Service (both by the Peruvian director <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Lombardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Lombardi">Francisco Lombardi</a>) and The Feast of the Goat (by Vargas Llosa's cousin, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Llosa" title="Luis Llosa">Luis Llosa</a>).<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aunt_Julia_and_the_Scriptwriter" title="Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter">Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter</a> was turned into the English-language film, <a href="/wiki/Tune_in_Tomorrow" title="Tune in Tomorrow">Tune in Tomorrow</a>. The Feast of the Goat has also been adapted as a theatrical play by <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Al%C3%AD_Triana" title="Jorge Alí Triana">Jorge Alí Triana</a>, a Colombian playwright and director.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Awards and honors">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Harvard_University_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Harvard_University_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg/182px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Harvard_University_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Harvard_University_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg/273px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Harvard_University_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Harvard_University_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg/364px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Harvard_University_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1458" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_University_of_Cambridge_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_University_of_Cambridge_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg/102px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_University_of_Cambridge_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_University_of_Cambridge_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg/153px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_University_of_Cambridge_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_University_of_Cambridge_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg/204px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_University_of_Cambridge_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_National_University_of_San_Marcos_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_National_University_of_San_Marcos_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg/142px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_National_University_of_San_Marcos_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_National_University_of_San_Marcos_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg/213px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_National_University_of_San_Marcos_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_National_University_of_San_Marcos_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg/284px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_National_University_of_San_Marcos_Honoris_Causa_Doctorate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1458" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_National_University_of_San_Marcos_Bachelor%27s_Degree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_National_University_of_San_Marcos_Bachelor%27s_Degree.jpg/142px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_National_University_of_San_Marcos_Bachelor%27s_Degree.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_National_University_of_San_Marcos_Bachelor%27s_Degree.jpg/213px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_National_University_of_San_Marcos_Bachelor%27s_Degree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_National_University_of_San_Marcos_Bachelor%27s_Degree.jpg/284px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_National_University_of_San_Marcos_Bachelor%27s_Degree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1458" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Nobel_Prize_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Nobel_Prize_A.jpg/182px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Nobel_Prize_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Nobel_Prize_A.jpg/273px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Nobel_Prize_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Nobel_Prize_A.jpg/364px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Nobel_Prize_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1458" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Nobel_Prize_C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Nobel_Prize_C.jpg/102px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Nobel_Prize_C.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Nobel_Prize_C.jpg/153px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Nobel_Prize_C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Nobel_Prize_C.jpg/204px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_-_Nobel_Prize_C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Mario Vargas Llosa awards and honors. From upper left: Honoris Causa Doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>; Honoris Causa Doctorate from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>; Honoris Causa Doctorate and Bachelor's degree from <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a>, his alma mater; <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> Medal and Diploma.</div></div></div></div> Vargas Llosa has won numerous awards for his writing, from the 1959 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Premio_Leopoldo_Alas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Premio Leopoldo Alas (page does not exist)">Premio Leopoldo Alas</a> and the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Premio_Biblioteca_Breve" title="Premio Biblioteca Breve">Premio Biblioteca Breve</a> to the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Premio_Planeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Premio Planeta">Premio Planeta</a> (for Death in the Andes) and the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Prize" title="Jerusalem Prize">Jerusalem Prize</a> in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> The literary critic <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> has included his novel <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_End_of_the_World" title="The War of the End of the World">The War of the End of the World</a> in his list of essential literary works in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Canon">Western Canon</a>. An important distinction he has received is the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" title="Miguel de Cervantes Prize">Miguel de Cervantes Prize</a>, considered the most important accolade in Spanish-language literature and awarded to authors whose "work has contributed to enrich, in a notable way, the literary patrimony of the Spanish language".<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> In 2002, Vargas was the recipient of the <a href="/wiki/PEN/Nabokov_Award" title="PEN/Nabokov Award">PEN/Nabokov Award</a>. Vargas Llosa also received the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol_Award" title="Irving Kristol Award">Irving Kristol Award</a> from the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a> and was the 2008 recipient of the Harold and Ethel L. Stellfox Visiting Scholar and Writers Award at <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_College" title="Dickinson College">Dickinson College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> On 7 October 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a> announced that the <a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2010 Nobel Prize in Literature">2010 Nobel Prize in Literature</a> was awarded to Vargas Llosa "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat."<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> The decision to award Vargas Llosa the Nobel Prize in Literature was well received around the world.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> On 18 November 2010, Vargas Llosa received the honorary degree Degree of Letters from the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a> of the <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a>, where he also delivered the President's Lecture.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> On 4 February 2011, Vargas Llosa was raised into the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nobility" title="Spanish nobility">Spanish nobility</a> by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">King Juan Carlos I</a> with the hereditary title of <a href="/wiki/Marquessate_of_Vargas_Llosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquessate of Vargas Llosa">Marqués de Vargas Llosa</a> (Marquess of Vargas Llosa).<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> On 25 November 2021, Vargas Llosa was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Honours">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pi%C3%B1era_condecora_a_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pi%C3%B1era_condecora_a_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.jpg/220px-Pi%C3%B1era_condecora_a_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pi%C3%B1era_condecora_a_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.jpg/330px-Pi%C3%B1era_condecora_a_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pi%C3%B1era_condecora_a_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.jpg/440px-Pi%C3%B1era_condecora_a_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1441" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption>Mario Vargas Llosa receiving the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Educational_and_Cultural_Merit_Gabriela_Mistral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Educational and Cultural Merit Gabriela Mistral (page does not exist)">Order of Educational and Cultural Merit Gabriela Mistral</a> of Chile in 2010</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Honour_for_Science_and_Art_Rib.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Honour_for_Science_and_Art_Rib.png/60px-Order_of_Honour_for_Science_and_Art_Rib.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Honour_for_Science_and_Art_Rib.png/90px-Order_of_Honour_for_Science_and_Art_Rib.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Order_of_Honour_for_Science_and_Art_Rib.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Cross_of_Honour_for_Science_and_Art,_1st_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class">Cross of Honour for Science and Art</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Orden_al_M%C3%A9rito_Docente_y_Cultural_Gabriela_Mistral_(Chile).gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Orden al Mérito Docente y Cultural Gabriela Mistral (Chile)"><img alt="Orden al Mérito Docente y Cultural Gabriela Mistral (Chile)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Orden_al_M%C3%A9rito_Docente_y_Cultural_Gabriela_Mistral_%28Chile%29.gif/60px-Orden_al_M%C3%A9rito_Docente_y_Cultural_Gabriela_Mistral_%28Chile%29.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Orden_al_M%C3%A9rito_Docente_y_Cultural_Gabriela_Mistral_%28Chile%29.gif/90px-Orden_al_M%C3%A9rito_Docente_y_Cultural_Gabriela_Mistral_%28Chile%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Orden_al_M%C3%A9rito_Docente_y_Cultural_Gabriela_Mistral_%28Chile%29.gif/120px-Orden_al_M%C3%A9rito_Docente_y_Cultural_Gabriela_Mistral_%28Chile%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> First Class of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Educational_and_Cultural_Merit_Gabriela_Mistral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Educational and Cultural Merit Gabriela Mistral (page does not exist)">Order of Educational and Cultural Merit Gabriela Mistral</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:DOM_Order_of_Christopher_Columbus_ribbon_bar.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/DOM_Order_of_Christopher_Columbus_ribbon_bar.PNG/60px-DOM_Order_of_Christopher_Columbus_ribbon_bar.PNG" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/DOM_Order_of_Christopher_Columbus_ribbon_bar.PNG/90px-DOM_Order_of_Christopher_Columbus_ribbon_bar.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/DOM_Order_of_Christopher_Columbus_ribbon_bar.PNG/120px-DOM_Order_of_Christopher_Columbus_ribbon_bar.PNG 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cross with Silver Star of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Order of Christopher Columbus">Order of Christopher Columbus</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/90px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Chevalier of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Commandeur_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/60px-Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/90px-Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/120px-Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (1993)<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Officier_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Officier_ribbon.svg/60px-Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Officier_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Officier_ribbon.svg/90px-Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Officier_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Officier_ribbon.svg/120px-Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Officier_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">Ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:MEX_Orden_del_Aguila_Azteca_2011_Placa_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="MEX Orden del Aguila Azteca 2011 Placa BAR"><img alt="MEX Orden del Aguila Azteca 2011 Placa BAR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MEX_Orden_del_Aguila_Azteca_2011_Placa_BAR.svg/60px-MEX_Orden_del_Aguila_Azteca_2011_Placa_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MEX_Orden_del_Aguila_Azteca_2011_Placa_BAR.svg/90px-MEX_Orden_del_Aguila_Azteca_2011_Placa_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MEX_Orden_del_Aguila_Azteca_2011_Placa_BAR.svg/120px-MEX_Orden_del_Aguila_Azteca_2011_Placa_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Commander (Placa) of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle" title="Order of the Aztec Eagle">Order of the Aztec Eagle</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:NI_Ribbon_bar_of_the_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Rub%C3%A9n_Dario.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NI_Ribbon_bar_of_the_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Rub%C3%A9n_Dario.png/60px-NI_Ribbon_bar_of_the_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Rub%C3%A9n_Dario.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NI_Ribbon_bar_of_the_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Rub%C3%A9n_Dario.png/90px-NI_Ribbon_bar_of_the_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Rub%C3%A9n_Dario.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NI_Ribbon_bar_of_the_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Rub%C3%A9n_Dario.png/120px-NI_Ribbon_bar_of_the_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Rub%C3%A9n_Dario.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cross with Silver Star of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo" title="Order of Rubén Darío">Order of Rubén Darío</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Academy_of_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Academy of Language">Peruvian Academy of Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/60px-PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/90px-PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/120px-PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cross with Diamonds of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru" title="Order of the Sun of Peru">Order of the Sun of Peru</a></li> <li>2011 – Grand Cross of the Medal of Honor of the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a>, his alma mater.</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:PAN_Order_of_Vasco_Nunez_de_Balboa_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PAN_Order_of_Vasco_Nunez_de_Balboa_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/60px-PAN_Order_of_Vasco_Nunez_de_Balboa_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PAN_Order_of_Vasco_Nunez_de_Balboa_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/90px-PAN_Order_of_Vasco_Nunez_de_Balboa_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PAN_Order_of_Vasco_Nunez_de_Balboa_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/120px-PAN_Order_of_Vasco_Nunez_de_Balboa_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Gran Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Order of Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Order of Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> <ul><li>Honorary Professor, bestowed by the University of Santo Tomas, Espana, Manila</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li>Hereditary <a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Vargas_Llosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquisate of Vargas Llosa">Marquessate of Vargas Llosa</a>, bestowed by King <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">Juan Carlos I of Spain</a></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Orden_del_Dos_de_Mayo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Orden_del_Dos_de_Mayo.gif/60px-Orden_del_Dos_de_Mayo.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Orden_del_Dos_de_Mayo.gif/90px-Orden_del_Dos_de_Mayo.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Orden_del_Dos_de_Mayo.gif/120px-Orden_del_Dos_de_Mayo.gif 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="57" /></a> Gold Medal of the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Madrid" title="Community of Madrid">Community of Madrid</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verleihung_des_Freiheitspreises_2008_0411.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Verleihung_des_Freiheitspreises_2008_0411.jpg/220px-Verleihung_des_Freiheitspreises_2008_0411.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Verleihung_des_Freiheitspreises_2008_0411.jpg/330px-Verleihung_des_Freiheitspreises_2008_0411.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Verleihung_des_Freiheitspreises_2008_0411.jpg/440px-Verleihung_des_Freiheitspreises_2008_0411.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Mario Vargas Llosa (2008)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li>Honorable Visitor of <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> <ul><li>2018 – Emeritus Professor at <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_University" title="Adolfo Ibáñez University">Adolfo Ibáñez University</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda_Order_of_Artistic_and_Cultural_Merit" title="Pablo Neruda Order of Artistic and Cultural Merit">Pablo Neruda Order of Artistic and Cultural Merit</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <ul><li>2011 – Honorary Senior Research Fellow from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Foreign_Literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Foreign Literature (page does not exist)">Institute of Foreign Literature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Social Sciences">Chinese Academy of Social Sciences</a></li> <li>2011 – Honorary Senior Research Fellow from the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Studies_University" title="Shanghai International Studies University">Shanghai International Studies University</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> <ul><li>2016 – Premio Internacional <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Henr%C3%ADquez_Ure%C3%B1a" title="Pedro Henríquez Ureña">Pedro Henríquez Ureña</a> from the Ministry of Culture and Presidency of the Republic</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li>1985 – Prix Ritz-Paris-Hemingway for his novel La guerra del fin del mundo</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li>1982 – Istituto italo-latino americano Prize</li> <li>1989 – Scanno Prize for his novel El hablador</li> <li>1990 – Castiglione de Sicilia Prize</li> <li>1986 – <a href="/wiki/Grinzane_Cavour_Prize" title="Grinzane Cavour Prize">Grinzane Cavour Prize</a> for Fiction foreign</li> <li>2004 – Grinzane Cavour Prize</li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Viareggio_Prize" title="Viareggio Prize">International Award Viareggio-Versilia</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Viareggio_Prize" title="Viareggio Prize">International Award Viareggio-Versilia</a></li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Leoni_Institute" title="Bruno Leoni Institute">Bruno Leoni Award</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Prize" title="Jerusalem Prize">Jerusalem Prize</a></li> <li>Honoris Causa Doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li>2011 – Honoris Causa Doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a></li> <li>2011 – Honoris Causa Doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_University_of_Foreign_Studies" title="Tokyo University of Foreign Studies">Tokyo University of Foreign Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li>1996 – <a href="/wiki/Peace_Prize_of_the_German_Book_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Prize of the German Book Trade">Peace Prize of the German Book Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> <ul><li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes_International_Prize_for_Literary_Creation_in_the_Spanish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Fuentes International Prize for Literary Creation in the Spanish Language">Carlos Fuentes International Prize for Literary Creation in the Spanish Language</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Henr%C3%ADquez_Ure%C3%B1a_International_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Henríquez Ureña International Prize (page does not exist)">Pedro Henríquez Ureña International Prize</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li>1967 – Premio Nacional de Novela del Perú for his novel La casa verde</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honoris_causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Honoris causa">Honoris Causa</a> Doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Saint Augustine">National University of Saint Augustine</a></li> <li>Honoris Causa Doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lima" title="University of Lima">University of Lima</a></li> <li>Medal and Honorary Diploma from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Catholic University of Santa María">Catholic University of Santa María</a></li> <li>2001 – <a href="/wiki/Honoris_causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Honoris causa">Honoris Causa</a> Doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a>, his alma mater.</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li>1958 – Premio Leopoldo Alas for his work Los jefes</li> <li>1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Biblioteca_Breve" title="Premio Biblioteca Breve">Premio Biblioteca Breve</a> for his work La ciudad y los perros</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></li> <li>1967 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Formentor" title="Prix Formentor">Prix Formentor</a> for his work La ciudad y los perros</li> <li>Premio de la Crítica Española for his novel La casa verde</li> <li>Rómulo Gallegos Prize for his novel La casa verde</li></ul></li> <li>1986 – <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Asturias Award">Prince of Asturias Award</a> for Literature</li> <li>1993 – <a href="/wiki/Planeta_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Planeta Prize">Planeta Prize</a> for Death in the Andes, a thriller starring one of the characters in Who Killed Palomino Molero?</li> <li>1994 <ul><li>Archbishop Saint Clemente Literary Prize, for his work Lituma en los Andes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" title="Miguel de Cervantes Prize">Miguel de Cervantes Prize</a>, after taking Spanish citizenship</li></ul></li> <li>1997 – Mariano de Cavia Prize from <a href="/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)" title="ABC (newspaper)">ABC</a></li> <li>1999 – <a href="/wiki/Men%C3%A9ndez_Pelayo_International_Prize" title="Menéndez Pelayo International Prize">Menéndez Pelayo International Prize</a></li> <li>2009 – Premio ABC Cultural & Ámbito Cultural from <a href="/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)" title="ABC (newspaper)">ABC</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Corte_Ingl%C3%A9s" title="El Corte Inglés">El Corte Inglés</a></li> <li>2013 – Convivencia Prize from <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>.</li> <li>2015 – Honoris Causa Doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Burgos" title="University of Burgos">University of Burgos</a></li> <li>Pluma de Oro from the Spanish Writers Club</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <ul><li>1988 – <a href="/wiki/Max_Schmidheiny_Freedom_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Schmidheiny Freedom Prize">Freedom Prize</a> from <a href="/wiki/Max_Schmidheiny" title="Max Schmidheiny">Max Schmidheiny</a> Foundation</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> <ul><li>1977 – "Simón Bolívar" Cathedratic Professor at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge University</a></li> <li>1988 – Honorary Fellow <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">Queen Mary College</a></li> <li>2004 – Independent Foreign Fiction Prize</li> <li>2013 – Honoris Causa Doctorate from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a> <ul><li>1987 – Honorary Fellow from <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Language Association of America">Modern Language Association of America</a></li> <li>1987 – Honorary Fellow from <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_and_Institute_of_Arts_and_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters">American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters</a></li> <li>1990 – Honoris Causa Doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Florida_International_University" title="Florida International University">Florida International University</a></li> <li>1991 – T.S. Eliot Award for Creative Writing from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingersoll_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingersoll Foundation (page does not exist)">Ingersoll Foundation</a></li> <li>1991 – Doctor in Humane Letters from <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_College" title="Connecticut College">Connecticut College</a></li> <li>1992 – Honoris Causa Doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a></li> <li>1993 – Honoris Causa Doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Dowling_College" title="Dowling College">Dowling College</a></li> <li>1994 – Honoris Causa Doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a></li> <li>1994 – Honoris Causa Doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a></li> <li>1999 – Honoris Causa Doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li> <li>1999 – UCLA Medal from <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a></li> <li>2002 – PEN/Nabokov Award for Achievement in International Literature from <a href="/wiki/PEN_America" title="PEN America">PEN America</a></li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Maria_Moors_Cabot_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Moors Cabot prize">Maria Moors Cabot prize</a></li> <li>2008 – Medal for Distinguished Contributions to the Arts and Humanities from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a></li> <li>2001 – Dr. Honoris Causa en la Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo</li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Literary_Award" title="St. Louis Literary Award">St. Louis Literary Award</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_University" title="Saint Louis University">Saint Louis University</a> Library Associates<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a></li> <li>2012 – "10 Most Influential Ibero American Intellectuals" of the year – Foreign Policy magazine Mario Vargas Llosa Papers<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a></li> <li>2020 – <a href="/wiki/America_Award_in_Literature" title="America Award in Literature">America Award in Literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <ul><li>1967 – <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos_Prize" title="Rómulo Gallegos Prize">Rómulo Gallegos Prize</a></li> <li>2008 – Honoris Causa Doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_University_(Venezuela)" title="Simón Bolívar University (Venezuela)">Simón Bolívar University</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invited_Commencement_Addresses">Invited Commencement Addresses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Invited Commencement Addresses">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1992 – Boston University<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Prize">Nobel Prize</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Nobel Prize">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Arms">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Heraldry of Mario Vargas Llosa</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px; height: 155px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms as Marquess of Vargas Llosa (2011–present)"><img alt="Coat of Arms as Marquess of Vargas Llosa (2011–present)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.svg/121px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.svg/161px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mario_Vargas_Llosa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="524" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of Arms as <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Vargas_Llosa" title="Marquess of Vargas Llosa">Marquess of Vargas Llosa</a> (2011–present)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Selected works">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Fiction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1959 – Los jefes (The Cubs and Other Stories, 1979)</li> <li>1963 – La ciudad y los perros (<a href="/wiki/The_Time_of_the_Hero" title="The Time of the Hero">The Time of the Hero</a>, 1966)</li> <li>1966 – La casa verde (<a href="/wiki/The_Green_House" title="The Green House">The Green House</a>, 1968)</li> <li>1969 – Conversación en La Catedral (<a href="/wiki/Conversation_in_The_Cathedral" title="Conversation in The Cathedral">Conversation in The Cathedral</a>, 1975)</li> <li>1973 – Pantaleón y las visitadoras (<a href="/wiki/Captain_Pantoja_and_the_Special_Service" title="Captain Pantoja and the Special Service">Captain Pantoja and the Special Service</a>, 1978)</li> <li>1977 – La tía Julia y el escribidor (<a href="/wiki/Aunt_Julia_and_the_Scriptwriter" title="Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter">Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter</a>, 1982)</li> <li>1981 – La guerra del fin del mundo (<a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_End_of_the_World" title="The War of the End of the World">The War of the End of the World</a>, 1984)</li> <li>1984 – Historia de Mayta (The Real Life of Alejandro Mayta, 1985)</li> <li>1986 – ¿Quién mató a Palomino Molero? (<a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_Palomino_Molero%3F" title="Who Killed Palomino Molero?">Who Killed Palomino Molero?</a>, 1987)</li> <li>1987 – El hablador (<a href="/wiki/The_Storyteller_(Vargas_Llosa_novel)" title="The Storyteller (Vargas Llosa novel)">The Storyteller</a>, 1989)</li> <li>1988 – Elogio de la madrastra (<a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_the_Stepmother" title="In Praise of the Stepmother">In Praise of the Stepmother</a>, 1990)</li> <li>1993 – Lituma en los Andes (<a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Andes" title="Death in the Andes">Death in the Andes</a>, 1996)</li> <li>1997 – Los cuadernos de don Rigoberto (The Notebooks of Don Rigoberto, 1998)</li> <li>2000 – La fiesta del chivo (<a href="/wiki/The_Feast_of_the_Goat" title="The Feast of the Goat">The Feast of the Goat</a>, 2001)</li> <li>2003 – El paraíso en la otra esquina (<a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Paradise" title="The Way to Paradise">The Way to Paradise</a>, 2003)</li> <li>2006 – Travesuras de la niña mala (<a href="/wiki/The_Bad_Girl" title="The Bad Girl">The Bad Girl</a>, 2007)</li> <li>2010 – El sueño del celta (<a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_the_Celt" title="The Dream of the Celt">The Dream of the Celt</a>, 2010)</li> <li>2013 – El héroe discreto (The Discreet Hero, 2015)</li> <li>2016 – Cinco esquinas (<a href="/wiki/The_Neighborhood_(novel)" title="The Neighborhood (novel)">The Neighborhood</a>, 2018)</li> <li>2019 – Tiempos Recios (Harsh Times, 2021)</li> <li>2023 – Le dedico mi silencio</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Non-fiction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1958 – Bases para una interpretación de Rubén Darío (<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_basis_for_interpretation_of_Ruben_Dario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The basis for interpretation of Ruben Dario (page does not exist)">The basis for interpretation of Ruben Dario</a>)</li> <li>1971 – García Márquez: historia de un deicidio (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez:_Story_of_a_Deicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="García Márquez: Story of a Deicide (page does not exist)">García Márquez: Story of a Deicide</a>)</li> <li>1975 – La orgía perpetua: Flaubert y "Madame Bovary" (<a href="/wiki/The_Perpetual_Orgy" title="The Perpetual Orgy">The Perpetual Orgy</a>)</li> <li>1983 – Contra viento y marea vol. 1 (Making Waves) – the English translation has selections from all three volumes of Contra viento y marea</li> <li>1986 – Contra viento y marea vol. 2</li> <li>1990 – Contra viento y marea vol. 3</li> <li>1990 – La verdad de las mentiras: ensayos sobre la novela moderna (<a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Writer%27s_Reality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Writer's Reality (page does not exist)">A Writer's Reality</a>)</li> <li>1993 – El pez en el agua. Memorias (<a href="/wiki/A_Fish_in_the_Water" title="A Fish in the Water">A Fish in the Water</a>)</li> <li>1996 – La utopía arcaica: José María Arguedas y las ficciones del indigenismo (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaic_utopia:_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arguedas_and_the_fictions_of_indigenismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaic utopia: José María Arguedas and the fictions of indigenismo (page does not exist)">Archaic utopia: José María Arguedas and the fictions of indigenismo</a>)</li> <li>1997 – Cartas a un joven novelista (<a href="/wiki/Letters_to_a_Young_Novelist" title="Letters to a Young Novelist">Letters to a Young Novelist</a>)</li> <li>2000 – Nationalismus als neue Bedrohung (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism_as_a_new_threat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nationalism as a new threat (page does not exist)">Nationalism as a new threat</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Kordi-11">[9]</a></li> <li>2001 – El lenguaje de la pasión (<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Language_of_Passion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Language of Passion (page does not exist)">The Language of Passion</a>)</li> <li>2004 – La tentación de lo imposible (<a href="/wiki/The_Temptation_of_the_Impossible" title="The Temptation of the Impossible">The Temptation of the Impossible</a>)</li> <li>2007 – El Pregón de Sevilla (as Introduction for LOS TOROS)</li> <li>2008 – Wellsprings<a href="#cite_note-wellsprings-195">[193]</a></li> <li>2009 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_viaje_a_la_ficci%C3%B3n:_El_mundo_de_Juan_Carlos_Onetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El viaje a la ficción: El mundo de Juan Carlos Onetti (page does not exist)">El viaje a la ficción: El mundo de Juan Carlos Onetti</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Touchstones:_Essays_on_Literature,_Art,_and_Politics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Touchstones: Essays on Literature, Art, and Politics (page does not exist)">Touchstones: Essays on Literature, Art, and Politics</a></li> <li>2012 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_civilizaci%C3%B3n_del_espect%C3%A1culo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La civilización del espectáculo (page does not exist)">La civilización del espectáculo</a></li> <li>2012 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Praise_of_Reading_and_Fiction:_The_Nobel_Lecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In Praise of Reading and Fiction: The Nobel Lecture (page does not exist)">In Praise of Reading and Fiction: The Nobel Lecture</a></li> <li>2014 – Mi trayectora intelectual (<a href="/w/index.php?title=My_Intellectual_Journey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="My Intellectual Journey (page does not exist)">My Intellectual Journey</a>)</li> <li>2015 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Notes_on_the_Death_of_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notes on the Death of Culture (page does not exist)">Notes on the Death of Culture</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabers_and_Utopias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabers and Utopias (page does not exist)">Sabers and Utopias</a></li> <li>2018 – La llamada de la tribu (<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Call_of_the_Tribe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Call of the Tribe (page does not exist)">The Call of the Tribe</a>)</li> <li>2022 – La mirada quieta (de Pérez Galdós)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drama">Drama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Drama">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1952 – La huida del inca</li> <li>1981 – La señorita de Tacna</li> <li>1983 – Kathie y el hipopótamo</li> <li>1986 – La Chunga</li> <li>1993 – El loco de los balcones</li> <li>1996 – Ojos bonitos, cuadros feos</li> <li>2007 – Odiseo y Penélope</li> <li>2008 – Al pie del Támesis</li> <li>2010 – Las mil y una noches</li></ul> Vargas Llosa's essays and journalism have been collected as Contra viento y marea, issued in three volumes (1983, 1986, and 1990). A selection has been edited by John King and translated and published as Making Waves. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Boom" title="Latin American Boom">Latin American Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American Literature">Latin American Literature</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Elected on 24 March 1994 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Elected on 25 November 2021 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-peruvian_citizenship-1"><a href="#cite_ref-peruvian_citizenship_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larepublica.pe/espectaculos/farandula/2023/02/17/mario-vargas-llosa-por-que-el-escritor-estuvo-a-punto-de-perder-la-nacionalidad-peruana-biografia-nacionalidades-de-mario-vargas-llosa-espana-gobierno-de-alberto-fujimori-shfm-452030">"¿Por qué Mario Vargas Llosa estuvo a punto de perder la nacionalidad peruana?"</a> (in Spanish). La República. 17 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%C2%BFPor+qu%C3%A9+Mario+Vargas+Llosa+estuvo+a+punto+de+perder+la+nacionalidad+peruana%3F&rft.date=2023-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flarepublica.pe%2Fespectaculos%2Ffarandula%2F2023%2F02%2F17%2Fmario-vargas-llosa-por-que-el-escritor-estuvo-a-punto-de-perder-la-nacionalidad-peruana-biografia-nacionalidades-de-mario-vargas-llosa-espana-gobierno-de-alberto-fujimori-shfm-452030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-citizenships-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-citizenships_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-citizenships_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infobae.com/leamos/2023/06/01/mario-vargas-llosa-acepto-la-nacionalidad-dominicana-es-un-ejemplo-para-america-latina/">"Mario Vargas Llosa aceptó la nacionalidad dominicana: "Es un ejemplo para América Latina""</a> (in Spanish). Infobae. 1 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mario+Vargas+Llosa+acept%C3%B3+la+nacionalidad+dominicana%3A+%22Es+un+ejemplo+para+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina%22&rft.date=2023-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infobae.com%2Fleamos%2F2023%2F06%2F01%2Fmario-vargas-llosa-acepto-la-nacionalidad-dominicana-es-un-ejemplo-para-america-latina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/20/magazine/the-elder-statesman-of-latin-american-literature-and-a-writer-of-our-moment.html">"The Elder Statesman of Latin American Literature — and a Writer of Our Moment"</a>. The New York Times. 20 February 2018. <q>But when Fujimori shut down Congress, Vargas Llosa became his enemy. He asked the international community to cut off aid to Fujimori and noted (correctly) that Latin American militaries often favor coups d'état. In response, Fujimori's head of the armed forces, Nicolás de Bari Hermoza, suggested that Vargas Llosa was deliberately harming Peruvians. Álvaro Vargas Llosa told me that they learned of a plan to strip the entire Vargas Llosa family of its Peruvian citizenship. Mario appealed to Spain, and in 1993 it granted him citizenship. In Peru, this event was widely perceived as the petulant betrayal of a sore loser.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Elder+Statesman+of+Latin+American+Literature+%E2%80%94+and+a+Writer+of+Our+Moment&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F02%2F20%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-elder-statesman-of-latin-american-literature-and-a-writer-of-our-moment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mario+vargas+llosa">"Vargas Llosa"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231151539/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mario%2Bvargas%2Bllosa">Archived</a> 31 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolandHarvey1988">Boland & Harvey 1988</a>, p. 7 and <a href="#CITEREFCevallos1991">Cevallos 1991</a>, p. 272 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2010/">"The Nobel Prize in Literature 2010"</a>. Nobelprize. 7 October 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+2010&rft.pub=Nobelprize&rft.date=2010-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F2010%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/mario-vargas-llosa?fauteuil=18&election=25-11-2021">"Mario VARGAS LLOSA | Académie française"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mario+VARGAS+LLOSA+%26%23124%3B+Acad%C3%A9mie+fran%C3%A7aise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academie-francaise.fr%2Fles-immortels%2Fmario-vargas-llosa%3Ffauteuil%3D18%26election%3D25-11-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> The first year given is the original publication date; the second is the year of English publication. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kordi-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kordi_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kordi_11-1">b</a> <a href="#refKordicRev2005">Kordić 2005</a>, pp. 265–268. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/mario-vargas-llosa">"Mario Vargas Llosa | Reporters without borders"</a>. RSF. 9 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RSF&rft.atitle=Mario+Vargas+Llosa+%26%23124%3B+Reporters+without+borders&rft.date=2018-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fmario-vargas-llosa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, pp. 15–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams17-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams17_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams17_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams17_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams17_14-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorote1998">Morote 1998</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorote1998">Morote 1998</a>, pp. 6–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams24-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams24_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams24_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams30-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams30_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams30_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVincent2007">Vincent 2007</a>, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVargas_Llosa1994" class="citation book cs1">Vargas Llosa, Mario (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/fishinwaterm00varg">A fish in the water: a memoir</a>. New York : Farrar, Straus, Giroux. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-15509-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-15509-4"><bdi>978-0-374-15509-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+fish+in+the+water%3A+a+memoir&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Farrar%2C+Straus%2C+Giroux&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-374-15509-4&rft.aulast=Vargas+Llosa&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffishinwaterm00varg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIber2019" class="citation news cs1">Iber, Patrick (15 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/mario-vargas-llosa-sabres-and-utopias-book-review/">"The Political Lives of Mario Vargas Llosa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8378">0027-8378</a>. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=The+Political+Lives+of+Mario+Vargas+Llosa&rft.date=2019-04-15&rft.issn=0027-8378&rft.aulast=Iber&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Farchive%2Fmario-vargas-llosa-sabres-and-utopias-book-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castro9-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Castro9_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastro-Klarén1990">Castro-Klarén 1990</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> The newspapers were El Mercurio Peruano and El Comercio. <a href="#CITEREFCastro-Klarén1990">Castro-Klarén 1990</a>, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams45-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams45_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams45_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lavanguardia.com/escenarios/20131113/54394062823/vargas-llosa-negro.html">"De cuando Vargas Llosa fue "negro" de una millonaria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Vanguardia" title="La Vanguardia">La Vanguardia</a> (in Spanish). Barcelona. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2022. <q>El escritor refleja su propia experiencia en la obra teatral 'Kathie y el hipopótamo'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Vanguardia&rft.atitle=De+cuando+Vargas+Llosa+fue+%22negro%22+de+una+millonaria&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavanguardia.com%2Fescenarios%2F20131113%2F54394062823%2Fvargas-llosa-negro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams54-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams54_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams54_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kristal32-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kristal32_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kristal32_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKristal1998">Kristal 1998</a>, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cevallos273-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cevallos273_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cevallos273_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cevallos273_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cevallos273_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cevallos273_33-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCevallos1991">Cevallos 1991</a>, p. 273 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kristal33-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kristal33_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kristal33_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKristal1998">Kristal 1998</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kristal_xi-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kristal_xi_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kristal_xi_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKristal1998">Kristal 1998</a>, p. xi </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmas_Marcelo2002">Armas Marcelo 2002</a>, p. 102. See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716052005/http://www.celarg.org.ve/Ingles/Premio%20Romulo%20Gallegos%201%20Edicion.htm">I Edition of the International Novel Prize Rómulo Gallegos</a>, Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela Ministerio del Poder Popular para La Cultura, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celarg.org.ve/Ingles/Premio%20Romulo%20Gallegos%201%20Edicion.htm">the original</a> on 16 July 2011, retrieved 16 April 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Edition+of+the+International+Novel+Prize+R%C3%B3mulo+Gallegos&rft.pub=Gobierno+Bolivariano+de+Venezuela+Ministerio+del+Poder+Popular+para+La+Cultura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celarg.org.ve%2FIngles%2FPremio%2520Romulo%2520Gallegos%25201%2520Edicion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Booker6-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Booker6_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booker6_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booker6_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booker6_37-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBooker1994">Booker 1994</a>, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKristal1998">Kristal 1998</a>, p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastro-Klarén1990">Castro-Klarén 1990</a>, p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarroso_Sacoman,_Mateus2016" class="citation book cs1">Barroso Sacoman, Mateus (13 October 2016). 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Centre of Latin American Studies, University of Cambridge. 1 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latin-american.cam.ac.uk/staff/bolivar.html">the original</a> on 28 January 2012. 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Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ojo+P%C3%BAblico&rft.atitle=Kast%3A+el+candidato+chileno+que+quiere+construir+zanjas+en+las+fronteras+con+Per%C3%BA+y+Bolivia&rft.date=2021-12-05&rft.aulast=Jara&rft.aufirst=Matias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojo-publico.com%2F3215%2Fkast-el-candidato-chileno-que-quiere-construir-zanjas-en-la-frontera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/mario-vargas-llosa-ganhador-do-nobel-de-literatura-diz-que-prefere-bolsonaro-lula-25507677">"Mario Vargas Llosa, ganhador do Nobel de Literatura, diz que prefere Bolsonaro a Lula"</a>. 12 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mario+Vargas+Llosa%2C+ganhador+do+Nobel+de+Literatura%2C+diz+que+prefere+Bolsonaro+a+Lula&rft.date=2022-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foglobo.globo.com%2Fpolitica%2Fmario-vargas-llosa-ganhador-do-nobel-de-literatura-diz-que-prefere-bolsonaro-lula-25507677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/nobel-de-literatura-vargas-llosa-diz-que-prefere-bolsonaro-a-lula/">"Nobel de Literatura, Vargas Llosa diz que prefere Bolsonaro a Lula"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+de+Literatura%2C+Vargas+Llosa+diz+que+prefere+Bolsonaro+a+Lula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnbrasil.com.br%2Fpolitica%2Fnobel-de-literatura-vargas-llosa-diz-que-prefere-bolsonaro-a-lula%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-terra-146"><a href="#cite_ref-terra_146-0">^</a> Terra. 7 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130112184033/http://www.terra.com.mx/noticias/articulo/973216/Vargas+Llosa+a+20+anos+de+Mexico+es+una+dictadura+perfecta.htm">Vargas Llosa a 20 años de "México es una dictadura perfecta"</a> (Vargas Llosa, 20 years after "Mexico is a perfect dictatorship"). </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> El País (Madrid). 1990 September 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/AZUA/_FELIX_DE/TRIAS/_EUGENIO/VARGAS_LLOSA/_MARIO/MARSE/_JUAN_/ESCRITOR/PAZ/_OCTAVIO/SARAMAGO/elpepicul/19900901elpepicul_1/Tes">Vargas Llosa: "México es la dictadura perfecta"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111024235439/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/AZUA/_FELIX_DE/TRIAS/_EUGENIO/VARGAS_LLOSA/_MARIO/MARSE/_JUAN_/ESCRITOR/PAZ/_OCTAVIO/SARAMAGO/elpepicul/19900901elpepicul_1/Tes">Archived</a> 24 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReding1991257-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReding1991257_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReding1991">Reding 1991</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110410010859/http://elcomercio.pe/politica/739288/noticia-mario-vargas-llosa-votare-alejandro-toledo">"Vargas Llosa votará por Alejandro Toledo en elecciones peruanas"</a>. Elcomercio.pe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elcomercio.pe/politica/739288/noticia-mario-vargas-llosa-votare-alejandro-toledo">the original</a> on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vargas+Llosa+votar%C3%A1+por+Alejandro+Toledo+en+elecciones+peruanas&rft.pub=Elcomercio.pe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felcomercio.pe%2Fpolitica%2F739288%2Fnoticia-mario-vargas-llosa-votare-alejandro-toledo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> | Source in Spanish: "Vargas Llosa will vote for Alejandro Toledo in Peruvian elections" </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120005915/http://www.andina.com.pe/ingles/Noticia.aspx?id=zsdtuw6005M%3D">"Vargas Llosa: Peru should maintain legality, freedom and economic development"</a>. andina. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andina.com.pe/ingles/Noticia.aspx?id=zsdtuw6005M=">the original</a> on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vargas+Llosa%3A+Peru+should+maintain+legality%2C+freedom+and+economic+development&rft.pub=andina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andina.com.pe%2Fingles%2FNoticia.aspx%3Fid%3Dzsdtuw6005M%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscalante2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Escalante, Claudia (22 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rpp.pe/politica/actualidad/mario-vargas-llosa-la-peor-opcion-es-la-de-keiko-fujimori-noticia-367976">"Mario Vargas Llosa: La peor opción es la de Keiko Fujimori"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RPP_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="RPP (Peru)">RPP</a> (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RPP&rft.atitle=Mario+Vargas+Llosa%3A+La+peor+opci%C3%B3n+es+la+de+Keiko+Fujimori&rft.date=2011-05-22&rft.aulast=Escalante&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frpp.pe%2Fpolitica%2Factualidad%2Fmario-vargas-llosa-la-peor-opcion-es-la-de-keiko-fujimori-noticia-367976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peru21.pe/politica/vargas-llosa-keiko-quiero-sea-presidenta-hija-asesino-187128-noticia/">"Vargas Llosa sobre Keiko: 'No quiero que sea presidenta la hija de un asesino' | POLITICA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peru21" class="mw-redirect" title="Peru21">Peru21</a> (in Spanish). 24 September 2014. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.trust.org/item/20210418082750-32reb/">the original</a> on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.trust.org&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+Vargas+Llosa+backs+Keiko+Fujimori+ahead+of+June+run-off&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.trust.org%2Fitem%2F20210418082750-32reb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://istoe.com.br/vargas-llosa-manifesta-apoio-a-keiko-fujimori-no-segundo-turno-no-peru/">"Vargas Llosa manifesta apoio a Keiko Fujimori no segundo turno no Peru"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISTO%C3%89+Independente&rft.atitle=Vargas+Llosa+manifesta+apoio+a+Keiko+Fujimori+no+segundo+turno+no+Peru&rft.date=2021-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fistoe.com.br%2Fvargas-llosa-manifesta-apoio-a-keiko-fujimori-no-segundo-turno-no-peru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203031829/http://actualidad.terra.es/articulo/escritor_mario_vargas_llosa_pp_2277630.htm">"Escritor Mario Vargas Llosa retira su apoyo al PP y pide el voto para UPyD"</a>, Terra Actualidad, 25 February 2008, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://actualidad.terra.es/articulo/escritor_mario_vargas_llosa_pp_2277630.htm">the original</a> on 3 December 2008, retrieved 22 March 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terra+Actualidad&rft.atitle=Escritor+Mario+Vargas+Llosa+retira+su+apoyo+al+PP+y+pide+el+voto+para+UPyD&rft.date=2008-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Factualidad.terra.es%2Farticulo%2Fescritor_mario_vargas_llosa_pp_2277630.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988">. (in Spanish) </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary,_University_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Mary, University of London">Queen Mary, University of London</a> and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>, both part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>, the Pullman campus of <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_University" title="Washington State University">Washington State University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Puerto_Rico" title="University of Puerto Rico">University of Puerto Rico</a> at <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Piedras" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Piedras">Río Piedras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a>. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702194227/http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/llosa/">"Biographical Sketch"</a>. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biographical+Sketch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibweb.princeton.edu%2Flibraries%2Ffirestone%2Frbsc%2Faids%2Fllosa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>). Mario Vargas Llosa Papers. Princeton University Library. Retrieved on 14 April 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-41544565/catalonia-independence-peruvian-nobel-laureate-calls-for-unity-in-spain">Catalonia independence: Peruvian Nobel laureate calls for 'unity' in Spain</a>". BBC News. 8 October 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/elpais/2021/06/13/album/1623578204_036328.html">"Fotos: La manifestación en Colón para protestar contra los indultos del 'procés', en imágenes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a> (in Spanish). 13 June 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582">1134-6582</a>. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Fotos%3A+La+manifestaci%C3%B3n+en+Col%C3%B3n+para+protestar+contra+los+indultos+del+%27proc%C3%A9s%27%2C+en+im%C3%A1genes&rft.date=2021-06-13&rft.issn=1134-6582&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Felpais%2F2021%2F06%2F13%2Falbum%2F1623578204_036328.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elespanol.com/espana/politica/20210613/rostros-conocidos-plaza-colon-indultos/588721127_3.html">"Los rostros más conocidos en la plaza de Colón contra los indultos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="El Español">El Español</a> (in Spanish). 13 June 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Espa%C3%B1ol&rft.atitle=Los+rostros+m%C3%A1s+conocidos+en+la+plaza+de+Col%C3%B3n+contra+los+indultos&rft.date=2021-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elespanol.com%2Fespana%2Fpolitica%2F20210613%2Frostros-conocidos-plaza-colon-indultos%2F588721127_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cultura.gob.mx/dgai/noticias-detalle/?id=45228&orden=1&ln=en">"Mario Vargas Llosa gathers a polished style, conciseness, imaginative structures and revealing dialogues: David Martín del Campo"</a>. cultura.gob.mx. 26 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mario+Vargas+Llosa+gathers+a+polished+style%2C+conciseness%2C+imaginative+structures+and+revealing+dialogues%3A+David+Mart%C3%ADn+del+Campo&rft.pub=cultura.gob.mx&rft.date=2016-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cultura.gob.mx%2Fdgai%2Fnoticias-detalle%2F%3Fid%3D45228%26orden%3D1%26ln%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVargas_Llosa2011" class="citation book cs1">Vargas Llosa, Mario (2011) [1994]. A fish in the water : a memoir. Lane, Helen R. New York: Picador. p. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-00577-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-00577-9"><bdi>978-1-250-00577-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/719428763">719428763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+fish+in+the+water+%3A+a+memoir&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2011&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F719428763&rft.isbn=978-1-250-00577-9&rft.aulast=Vargas+Llosa&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conmebol.com/conmebol/mainMedia.html?id=16969&viewpage='full'">"Mario Vargas Llosa a Nobel football fan and supporter of Universitario de Deportes"</a>, South American Football Confederation, 7 October 2010, retrieved 30 December 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+American+Football+Confederation&rft.atitle=Mario+Vargas+Llosa+a+Nobel+football+fan+and+supporter+of+Universitario+de+Deportes&rft.date=2010-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conmebol.com%2Fconmebol%2FmainMedia.html%3Fid%3D16969%26viewpage%3D%27full%27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525234615/http://depor.pe/noticia/650743/como-pez-agua-dia-que-vargas-llosa-debuto%3D">"Como pez en el agua: El dia en que Vargas Llosa debutó con la U"</a>. Depor.pe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depor.pe/noticia/650743/como-pez-agua-dia-que-vargas-llosa-debuto=">the original</a> on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Como+pez+en+el+agua%3A+El+dia+en+que+Vargas+Llosa+debut%C3%B3+con+la+U&rft.pub=Depor.pe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepor.pe%2Fnoticia%2F650743%2Fcomo-pez-agua-dia-que-vargas-llosa-debuto%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> | Source in Spanish: "As a fish in the water: The day Vargas Llosa played with Universitario" </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/america/2011/02/03/deportes/1296773898.html">"Vargas Llosa protagonista de la 'noche crema' de Universitario de Deportes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elmundo.es" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmundo.es">Elmundo.es</a>. Retrieved 14 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vargas+Llosa+protagonista+de+la+%27noche+crema%27+de+Universitario+de+Deportes&rft.pub=Elmundo.es&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Famerica%2F2011%2F02%2F03%2Fdeportes%2F1296773898.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> | Source in Spanish: "Vargas Llosa in 'cream night' of Universitario" </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206235802/http://elcomercio.pe/deportes/707923/noticia-mario-vargas-llosa-u-mito-leyenda">"Vargas Llosa: La 'U' es un mito, una leyenda, una tradición"</a>. elcomercio.pe. 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Retrieved 14 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vargas+Llosa%3A+La+%27U%27+es+un+mito%2C+una+leyenda%2C+una+tradici%C3%B3n&rft.pub=elcomercio.pe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felcomercio.pe%2Fdeportes%2F707923%2Fnoticia-mario-vargas-llosa-u-mito-leyenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> | Source in Spanish: "Vargas Llosa: La 'U' is a myth, a legend, a tradition" </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617150939/http://larepublica.pe/espectaculos/6986-mario-vargas-llosa-confirma-separacion-con-patricia-llosa">"Mario Vargas Llosa confirma separacion con Patricia Llosa"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pais&rft.atitle=Mario+Vargas+Llosa+confirma+que+ha+pedido+el+divorcio+a+su+esposa&rft.date=2015-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Felpais%2F2015%2F11%2F17%2Festilo%2F1447763049_321018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Isabel Preysler and Mario Vargas Llosa split up after eight years together. El Pais, 28 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://english.elpais.com/society/2022-12-28/isabel-preysler-and-mario-vargas-llosa-split-up-after-eight-years-together.html">https://english.elpais.com/society/2022-12-28/isabel-preysler-and-mario-vargas-llosa-split-up-after-eight-years-together.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/news-columns-blogs/andres-oppenheimer/article263980186.html">"Nobel laureate Vargas Llosa nearly died of COVID, but he's back and vocal as ever"</a>. 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RPP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rpp.pe/cultura/literatura/mario-vargas-llosa-jamas-imagine-que-me-harian-marques-noticia-333516">the original</a> on 5 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RPP&rft.atitle=Mario+Vargas+Llosa%3A+Jam%C3%A1s+imagin%C3%A9+que+me+har%C3%ADan+marqu%C3%A9s&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft.aulast=Alcantara&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frpp.pe%2Fcultura%2Fliteratura%2Fmario-vargas-llosa-jamas-imagine-que-me-harian-marques-noticia-333516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academie-francaise.fr/actualites/election-de-m-mario-vargas-llosa-f18">"Élection de M. Mario Vargas Llosa (F18)"</a>. 25 November 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89lection+de+M.+Mario+Vargas+Llosa+%28F18%29&rft.date=2021-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academie-francaise.fr%2Factualites%2Felection-de-m-mario-vargas-llosa-f18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/rechercheconsultation/consultation/ir/pdfIR.action?irId=FRAN_IR_026438">"Archives of the ordre des Arts et des Lettres"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministerio+de+las+Culturas+entreg%C3%B3+Orden+al+M%C3%A9rito+Pablo+Neruda+a+Mario+Vargas+Llosa&rft.pub=Radio+Cooperativa&rft.date=2018-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cooperativa.cl%2Fnoticias%2Fcultura%2Fpremios%2Fministerio-de-las-culturas-entrego-orden-al-merito-pablo-neruda-a-mario%2F2018-05-02%2F182415.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018171958/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/entertainment/2012/10/15/mario-vargas-llosa-wins-inaugural-carlos-fuentes-prize/">"Mario Vargas Llosa wins Inaugural Carlos Fuentes Prize"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Latino Fox News</a>. 15 October 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/entertainment/2012/10/15/mario-vargas-llosa-wins-inaugural-carlos-fuentes-prize/">the original</a> on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mario+Vargas+Llosa+wins+Inaugural+Carlos+Fuentes+Prize&rft.pub=Latino+Fox+News&rft.date=2012-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatino.foxnews.com%2Flatino%2Fentertainment%2F2012%2F10%2F15%2Fmario-vargas-llosa-wins-inaugural-carlos-fuentes-prize%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318003848/http://cultura.gob.do/escritor-mario-vargas-llosa-acepta-recibir-premio-internacional-pedro-henriquez-urena-2016/">"Escritor Mario Vargas Llosa acepta recibir Premio Internacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña 2016"</a>. Ministerio de Cultura. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cultura.gob.do/escritor-mario-vargas-llosa-acepta-recibir-premio-internacional-pedro-henriquez-urena-2016/">the original</a> on 18 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Escritor+Mario+Vargas+Llosa+acepta+recibir+Premio+Internacional+Pedro+Henr%C3%ADquez+Ure%C3%B1a+2016&rft.pub=Ministerio+de+Cultura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcultura.gob.do%2Fescritor-mario-vargas-llosa-acepta-recibir-premio-internacional-pedro-henriquez-urena-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823003924/http://www.slu.edu/libraries/associates/award.html">"Website of St. Louis Literary Award"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slu.edu/libraries/associates/award.html">the original</a> on 23 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Website+of+St.+Louis+Literary+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slu.edu%2Flibraries%2Fassociates%2Faward.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702194227/http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/llosa/">"Mario Vargas Llosa Papers"</a>. 2 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/llosa/">the original</a> on 2 July 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mario+Vargas+Llosa+Papers&rft.date=2007-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibweb.princeton.edu%2Flibraries%2Ffirestone%2Frbsc%2Faids%2Fllosa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bu.edu/timeline/category/commencement/page/4/">"Commencement » Timeline | Boston University"</a>. www.bu.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bu.edu&rft.atitle=Commencement+%C2%BB+Timeline+%26%23124%3B+Boston+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Ftimeline%2Fcategory%2Fcommencement%2Fpage%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wellsprings-195"><a href="#cite_ref-wellsprings_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVargas_Llosa2008" class="citation book cs1">Vargas Llosa, Mario (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wellsprings00varg">Wellsprings</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02836-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02836-4"><bdi>978-0-674-02836-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellsprings&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008-05&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02836-4&rft.aulast=Vargas+Llosa&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwellsprings00varg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmas_Marcelo2002" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Armas Marcelo, J. J. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vargasllosaelvic0000arma">Vargas Llosa, el vicio de escribir</a> (in Spanish), Madrid: Alfaguara, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-204-4286-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-204-4286-0"><bdi>978-84-204-4286-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vargas+Llosa%2C+el+vicio+de+escribir&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Alfaguara&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-84-204-4286-0&rft.aulast=Armas+Marcelo&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvargasllosaelvic0000arma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolandHarvey1988" class="citation cs2">Boland, Roy; Harvey, Sally (1988), Mario Vargas Llosa: From Pantaleón y las visitadoras to Elogio de la madrastra, Auckland: Antipodas, the Journal of Hispanic Studies of the University of Auckland / VOX/AHS, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9597858-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9597858-1-4"><bdi>978-0-9597858-1-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mario+Vargas+Llosa%3A+From+Pantale%C3%B3n+y+las+visitadoras+to+Elogio+de+la+madrastra&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Antipodas%2C+the+Journal+of+Hispanic+Studies+of+the+University+of+Auckland+%2F+VOX%2FAHS&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-9597858-1-4&rft.aulast=Boland&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooker1994" class="citation cs2">Booker, M. Keith (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vargasllosaamong00book">Vargas Llosa Among the Postmodernists</a>, Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1248-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1248-3"><bdi>978-0-8130-1248-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vargas+Llosa+Among+the+Postmodernists&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+FL&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-1248-3&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=M.+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvargasllosaamong00book&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamposOviedo1981" 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href="https://archive.org/details/understandingmar0000cast">Understanding Mario Vargas Llosa</a>, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-668-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-668-2"><bdi>978-0-87249-668-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Mario+Vargas+Llosa&rft.place=Columbia%2C+SC&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87249-668-2&rft.aulast=Castro-Klar%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingmar0000cast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCevallos1991" class="citation cs2">Cevallos, Francisco Javier (1991), 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(1989), Dialogos y Conferencias de Vargas Llosa, Madrid, Spain: Editora Inter Mundo., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-86663-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-86663-01-8"><bdi>978-84-86663-01-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialogos+y+Conferencias+de+Vargas+Llosa&rft.place=Madrid%2C+Spain&rft.pub=Editora+Inter+Mundo.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-84-86663-01-8&rft.aulast=Setti&rft.aufirst=Ricardo+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1973" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Shaw_(writer_and_professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Shaw (writer and professor)">Shaw, D.L.</a> (1973), "Review of Vargas Llosa, García Márquez: historia de un deicidio", The Modern Language Review, 68 (2), Glasgow: The Modern Language Review, Vol. 68, No. 2: 430–431, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3725901">10.2307/3725901</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3725901">3725901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Language+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Vargas+Llosa%2C+Garc%C3%ADa+M%C3%A1rquez%3A+historia+de+un+deicidio&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E431&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3725901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3725901%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=D.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVargas_Llosa2003" class="citation cs2">Vargas Llosa, Mario (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waytoparadise00varg">The Way to Paradise</a>, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-22803-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-22803-3"><bdi>978-0-374-22803-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+to+Paradise&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-374-22803-3&rft.aulast=Vargas+Llosa&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaytoparadise00varg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> Trans. <a href="/wiki/Natasha_Wimmer" title="Natasha Wimmer">Natasha Wimmer</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_DeldenGrenier2009" class="citation cs2">Van Delden, Maarten; Grenier, Yvon (2009), Gunshots at the fiesta, Literature and Politics in Latin America (see chap on Vargas Llosa), Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Press / VOX/AHS, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1633-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1633-6"><bdi>978-0-8265-1633-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunshots+at+the+fiesta%2C+Literature+and+Politics+in+Latin+America+%28see+chap+on+Vargas+Llosa%29&rft.place=Tennessee&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press+%2F+VOX%2FAHS&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8265-1633-6&rft.aulast=Van+Delden&rft.aufirst=Maarten&rft.au=Grenier%2C+Yvon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2007" class="citation cs2">Vincent, Elizabeth (27 August 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080206001401/http://www.macleans.ca/culture/media/article.jsp?content=20070827_108283_108283">"Interview with Mario Vargas Llosa"</a>, Maclean's, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/culture/media/article.jsp?content=20070827_108283_108283">the original</a> on 6 February 2008, retrieved 22 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Mario+Vargas+Llosa&rft.date=2007-08-27&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fculture%2Fmedia%2Farticle.jsp%3Fcontent%3D20070827_108283_108283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation cs2">Williams, Raymond L. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vargasllosaotrah0000will">Vargas Llosa: otra historia de un deicidio</a>, Mexico: Taurus, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-19-0814-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-968-19-0814-0"><bdi>978-968-19-0814-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vargas+Llosa%3A+otra+historia+de+un+deicidio&rft.place=Mexico&rft.pub=Taurus&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-968-19-0814-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvargasllosaotrah0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Vargas_Llosa&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mario_Vargas_Llosa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvargasllosa.com/">Official website</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702194227/http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/llosa/">"Mario Vargas Llosa papers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/llosa/">the original</a> on 2 July 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mario+Vargas+Llosa+papers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibweb.princeton.edu%2Flibraries%2Ffirestone%2Frbsc%2Faids%2Fllosa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"> at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noblib.internet-box.ch/NLEW.php?authorid=131">List of Works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/mario-vargas-llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39803#P3106" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/v/mario_vargas_llosa/index.html">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/06/28/specials/llosa.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">Featured author: Mario Vargas Llosa</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 28 June 1998</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusannah_Hunnewell,_Ricardo_Augusto_Setti1990" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Susannah_Hunnewell" title="Susannah Hunnewell">Susannah Hunnewell</a>, Ricardo Augusto Setti (Fall 1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/2280/the-art-of-fiction-no-120-mario-vargas-llosa">"Mario Vargas Llosa, The Art of Fiction No. 120"</a>, The Paris Review, vol. Fall 1990, no. 116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=Mario+Vargas+Llosa%2C+The+Art+of+Fiction+No.+120&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=Fall+1990&rft.issue=116&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Susannah+Hunnewell%2C+Ricardo+Augusto+Setti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F2280%2Fthe-art-of-fiction-no-120-mario-vargas-llosa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/rn/arts/bwriting/stories/s1014609.htm">Interview transcript</a> with Ramona Koval, ABC Radio National, Edinburgh International Book Festival, August 2003¨</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/peru/mario-vargas-llosa-and-the-relationship-between-politics-and-journalism/">Mario Vargas Llosa and the Relationship Between Politics and Journalism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203163014/http://www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/peru/mario-vargas-llosa-and-the-relationship-between-politics-and-journalism/">Archived</a> 3 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Andrew Wiles, 10 September 2010</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Vargas_Llosa_MEI" class="citation web cs1">Vargas Llosa, Mario (13 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iedm.org/46367-mario-vargas-llosa">"A Personal Journey: From Marxism to Liberalism"</a>. Montreal Economic Institute. Retrieved 2 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Personal+Journey%3A+From+Marxism+to+Liberalism&rft.pub=Montreal+Economic+Institute&rft.date=2013-10-13&rft.aulast=Vargas+Llosa&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iedm.org%2F46367-mario-vargas-llosa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMario+Vargas+Llosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1014049">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/854">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39803#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.literaturfestival.com/medien/texte/eroeffnungsreden/vargas_llosa_en">Mario Vargas Llosa's speech for the opening of the 20th international literature festival berlin.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Template:Mario Vargas Llosa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Template talk:Mario Vargas Llosa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mario Vargas Llosa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_Mario_Vargas_Llosa106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mario Vargas Llosa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Time_of_the_Hero" title="The Time of the Hero">The Time of the Hero</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_House" title="The Green House">The Green House</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_in_The_Cathedral" title="Conversation in The Cathedral">Conversation in The Cathedral</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pantoja_and_the_Special_Service" title="Captain Pantoja and the Special Service">Captain Pantoja and the Special Service</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Julia_and_the_Scriptwriter" title="Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter">Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_End_of_the_World" title="The War of the End of the World">The War of the End of the World</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Real_Life_of_Alejandro_Mayta" class="mw-redirect" title="The Real Life of Alejandro Mayta">The Real Life of Alejandro Mayta</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_Palomino_Molero%3F" title="Who Killed Palomino Molero?">Who Killed Palomino Molero?</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Storyteller_(Vargas_Llosa_novel)" title="The Storyteller (Vargas Llosa novel)">The Storyteller</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_the_Stepmother" title="In Praise of the Stepmother">In Praise of the Stepmother</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Andes" title="Death in the Andes">Death in the Andes</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Notebooks_of_Don_Rigoberto" class="mw-redirect" title="The Notebooks of Don Rigoberto">The Notebooks of Don Rigoberto</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Feast_of_the_Goat" title="The Feast of the Goat">The Feast of the Goat</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Paradise" title="The Way to Paradise">The Way to Paradise</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bad_Girl" title="The Bad Girl">The Bad Girl</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_the_Celt" title="The Dream of the Celt">The Dream of the Celt</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Discreet_Hero" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discreet Hero">The Discreet Hero</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Neighborhood_(novel)" title="The Neighborhood (novel)">The Neighborhood</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsh_Times_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harsh Times (book)">Harsh Times</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short story collection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cubs_and_Other_Stories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Cubs and Other Stories (page does not exist)">The Cubs and Other Stories</a> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Basis_for_Interpretation_of_Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Basis for Interpretation of Rubén Darío (page does not exist)">The Basis for Interpretation of Rubén Darío</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Perpetual_Orgy" title="The Perpetual Orgy">The Perpetual Orgy</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Temptation_of_the_Impossible" title="The Temptation of the Impossible">The Temptation of the Impossible</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essay collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Writer%27s_Reality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Writer's Reality (page does not exist)">A Writer's Reality</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Fish_in_the_Water" title="A Fish in the Water">A Fish in the Water</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitos_y_Mitos_Literarios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitos y Mitos Literarios (page does not exist)">The Milestones and the Stories of Greatest Literary Works</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Making_Waves_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Making Waves (book) (page does not exist)">Making Waves</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_to_a_Young_Novelist" title="Letters to a Young Novelist">Letters to a Young Novelist</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Language_of_Passion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Language of Passion (page does not exist)">The Language of Passion</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tune_in_Tomorrow" title="Tune in Tomorrow">Tune in Tomorrow</a> (film; 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Feast_of_the_Goat_(film)" title="The Feast of the Goat (film)">The Feast of the Goat</a> (film; 2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films written</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattoos_in_Memory" title="Tattoos in Memory">Tattoos in Memory</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Mu%C3%B1iz" title="Ángel González Muñiz">Ángel González</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Asturias Award for Literature">Prince of Asturias Award for Literature</a> 1986 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Delibes" title="Miguel Delibes">Miguel Delibes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" title="Miguel de Cervantes Prize">Miguel de Cervantes Prize</a> 1994 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a> 2010 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nobility" title="Spanish nobility">Spanish nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Marquessate_of_Vargas_Llosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquessate of Vargas Llosa">Marquess of Vargas Llosa</a> 2011 – present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Incumbent Heir: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Vargas_Llosa" title="Álvaro Vargas Llosa">Álvaro Vargas Llosa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Non-profit organization positions </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/V._S._Pritchett" title="V. S. Pritchett">V. S. Pritchett</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> International President of <a href="/wiki/PEN_International" title="PEN International">PEN International</a> 1976–1979 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Per_W%C3%A4stberg" title="Per Wästberg">Per Wästberg</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature168" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature168" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1920</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1901 Nobel Prize in Literature">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sully_Prudhomme" title="Sully Prudhomme">Sully Prudhomme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1902 Nobel Prize in Literature">1902</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1903 Nobel Prize in Literature">1903</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1904 Nobel Prize in Literature">1904</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mistral" title="Frédéric Mistral">Frédéric Mistral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Echegaray" title="José Echegaray">José Echegaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1905 Nobel Prize in Literature">1905</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1906 Nobel Prize in Literature">1906</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1907 Nobel Prize in Literature">1907</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1908 Nobel Prize in Literature">1908</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Eucken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1909 Nobel Prize in Literature">1909</a>: <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1910 Nobel Prize in Literature">1910</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1911 Nobel Prize in Literature">1911</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1912 Nobel Prize in Literature">1912</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1913 Nobel Prize in Literature">1913</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1914 Nobel Prize in Literature">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1915 Nobel Prize in Literature">1915</a>: <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1916 Nobel Prize in Literature">1916</a>: <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Verner von Heidenstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1917 Nobel Prize in Literature">1917</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Adolph_Gjellerup" title="Karl Adolph Gjellerup">Karl Gjellerup</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Pontoppidan" title="Henrik Pontoppidan">Henrik Pontoppidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1918 Nobel Prize in Literature">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1919 Nobel Prize in Literature">1919</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1920 Nobel Prize in Literature">1920</a>: <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1921–1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1921_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1921 Nobel Prize in Literature">1921</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1922 Nobel Prize in Literature">1922</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Benavente" title="Jacinto Benavente">Jacinto Benavente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1923</a>: <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1924</a>: <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont" title="Władysław Reymont">Władysław Reymont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1925 Nobel Prize in Literature">1925</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1926 Nobel Prize in Literature">1926</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1927 Nobel Prize in Literature">1927</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1928 Nobel Prize in Literature">1928</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Undset" title="Sigrid Undset">Sigrid Undset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1929 Nobel Prize in Literature">1929</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1930 Nobel Prize in Literature">1930</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1931 Nobel Prize in Literature">1931</a>: <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a> (posthumously)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1932 Nobel Prize in Literature">1932</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1933 Nobel Prize in Literature">1933</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1934 Nobel Prize in Literature">1934</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1935 Nobel Prize in Literature">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1936 Nobel Prize in Literature">1936</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1937 Nobel Prize in Literature">1937</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Martin_du_Gard" title="Roger Martin du Gard">Roger Martin du Gard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1938 Nobel Prize in Literature">1938</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1939 Nobel Prize in Literature">1939</a>: <a href="/wiki/Frans_Eemil_Sillanp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Frans Eemil Sillanpää">Frans Eemil Sillanpää</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1940 Nobel Prize in Literature">1940</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1941–1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1941 Nobel Prize in Literature">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1942 Nobel Prize in Literature">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1943 Nobel Prize in Literature">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1944 Nobel Prize in Literature">1944</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_V._Jensen" title="Johannes V. Jensen">Johannes V. Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1945 Nobel Prize in Literature">1945</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral" title="Gabriela Mistral">Gabriela Mistral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1946 Nobel Prize in Literature">1946</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1947 Nobel Prize in Literature">1947</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1948 Nobel Prize in Literature">1948</a>: <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1949 Nobel Prize in Literature">1949</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1950 Nobel Prize in Literature">1950</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1951 Nobel Prize in Literature">1951</a>: <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist" title="Pär Lagerkvist">Pär Lagerkvist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1952 Nobel Prize in Literature">1952</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mauriac" title="François Mauriac">François Mauriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1953 Nobel Prize in Literature">1953</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1954 Nobel Prize in Literature">1954</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1955 Nobel Prize in Literature">1955</a>: <a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1956 Nobel Prize in Literature">1956</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1957 Nobel Prize in Literature">1957</a>: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1958 Nobel Prize in Literature">1958</a>: <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1959 Nobel Prize in Literature">1959</a>: <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1960 Nobel Prize in Literature">1960</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint-John_Perse" title="Saint-John Perse">Saint-John Perse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1961_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1961 Nobel Prize in Literature">1961</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1962 Nobel Prize in Literature">1962</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1963 Nobel Prize in Literature">1963</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Giorgos Seferis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1964 Nobel Prize in Literature">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (declined award)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1965 Nobel Prize in Literature">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Sholokhov" title="Mikhail Sholokhov">Mikhail Sholokhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1966 Nobel Prize in Literature">1966</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon" title="Shmuel Yosef Agnon">Shmuel Yosef Agnon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1967 Nobel Prize in Literature">1967</a>: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1968 Nobel Prize in Literature">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata" title="Yasunari Kawabata">Yasunari Kawabata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1969 Nobel Prize in Literature">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1970 Nobel Prize in Literature">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1971 Nobel Prize in Literature">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1972 Nobel Prize in Literature">1972</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1973 Nobel Prize in Literature">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1974 Nobel Prize in Literature">1974</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Martinson" title="Harry Martinson">Harry Martinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1975 Nobel Prize in Literature">1975</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1976 Nobel Prize in Literature">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1977 Nobel Prize in Literature">1977</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Aleixandre" title="Vicente Aleixandre">Vicente Aleixandre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1978 Nobel Prize in Literature">1978</a>: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1979 Nobel Prize in Literature">1979</a>: <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Odysseas Elytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1980 Nobel Prize in Literature">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1981_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1981 Nobel Prize in Literature">1981</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1982 Nobel Prize in Literature">1982</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1983 Nobel Prize in Literature">1983</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1984 Nobel Prize in Literature">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Seifert" title="Jaroslav Seifert">Jaroslav Seifert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1985 Nobel Prize in Literature">1985</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Simon" title="Claude Simon">Claude Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1986 Nobel Prize in Literature">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1987 Nobel Prize in Literature">1987</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1988 Nobel Prize in Literature">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1989 Nobel Prize in Literature">1989</a>: <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1990 Nobel Prize in Literature">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1991 Nobel Prize in Literature">1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1992 Nobel Prize in Literature">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1993 Nobel Prize in Literature">1993</a>: <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1994 Nobel Prize in Literature">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1995 Nobel Prize in Literature">1995</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1996 Nobel Prize in Literature">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1997 Nobel Prize in Literature">1997</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1998 Nobel Prize in Literature">1998</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1999 Nobel Prize in Literature">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2000 Nobel Prize in Literature">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2001 Nobel Prize in Literature">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2002 Nobel Prize in Literature">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="Imre Kertész">Imre Kertész</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2003 Nobel Prize in Literature">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2004 Nobel Prize in Literature">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2005 Nobel Prize in Literature">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2006 Nobel Prize in Literature">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2007 Nobel Prize in Literature">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2008 Nobel Prize in Literature">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._G._Le_Cl%C3%A9zio" title="J. M. G. Le Clézio">J. M. G. Le Clézio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2009 Nobel Prize in Literature">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2010 Nobel Prize in Literature">2010</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mario Vargas Llosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2011 Nobel Prize in Literature">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2012 Nobel Prize in Literature">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mo_Yan" title="Mo Yan">Mo Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2013 Nobel Prize in Literature">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2014 Nobel Prize in Literature">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Modiano" title="Patrick Modiano">Patrick Modiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2015 Nobel Prize in Literature">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2016 Nobel Prize in Literature">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2017 Nobel Prize in Literature">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Kazuo Ishiguro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2018 Nobel Prize in Literature">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2019 Nobel Prize in Literature">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Literature">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louise_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Louise Glück">Louise Glück</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Literature">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abdulrazak_Gurnah" title="Abdulrazak Gurnah">Abdulrazak Gurnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Literature">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Ernaux" title="Annie Ernaux">Annie Ernaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Literature">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jon_Fosse" title="Jon Fosse">Jon Fosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2024 Nobel Prize in Literature">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Han_Kang" title="Han Kang">Han Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2025 Nobel Prize in Literature">2025</a>: to be determined</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2010_Nobel_Prize_laureates787" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Heck" title="Richard F. Heck">Richard F. Heck</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Ei-ichi Negishi</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki" title="Akira Suzuki">Akira Suzuki</a> (Japan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2010 Nobel Prize in Literature">2010</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> (Peru/Spain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a> (China)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a> (Russia/Netherlands/United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Konstantin Novoselov</a> (Russia/United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(physiologist)" title="Robert Edwards (physiologist)">Robert G. Edwards</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter Diamond</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_T._Mortensen" title="Dale T. Mortensen">Dale T. Mortensen</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Pissarides" title="Christopher A. Pissarides">Christopher A. Pissarides</a> (Cyprus/United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Prizes" title="2005 Nobel Prizes">2005</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Prizes" title="2006 Nobel Prizes">2006</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Prizes" title="2007 Nobel Prizes">2007</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Prizes" title="2008 Nobel Prizes">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Prizes" title="2009 Nobel Prizes">2009</a></dd> <dd>2010 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Prizes" title="2011 Nobel Prizes">2011</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Prizes" title="2012 Nobel Prizes">2012</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Prizes" title="2013 Nobel Prizes">2013</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Prizes" title="2014 Nobel Prizes">2014</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Prizes" title="2015 Nobel Prizes">2015</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Literature100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Literature" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Literature" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Literature100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for Literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_Literature39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for Literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hierro" title="José Hierro">José Hierro</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Delibes" title="Miguel Delibes">Miguel Delibes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Gonzalo Torrente Ballester</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rulfo" title="Juan Rulfo">Juan Rulfo</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Garc%C3%ADa_Baena" title="Pablo García Baena">Pablo García Baena</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Mu%C3%B1iz" title="Ángel González Muñiz">Ángel González</a></li> <li>1986: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Lapesa" title="Rafael Lapesa">Rafael Lapesa</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Mart%C3%ADn_Gaite" title="Carmen Martín Gaite">Carmen Martín Gaite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_%C3%81ngel_Valente" title="José Ángel Valente">José Ángel Valente</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Gull%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Gullón">Ricardo Gullón</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Uslar_Pietri" title="Arturo Uslar Pietri">Arturo Uslar Pietri</a></li> <li>1991: The people of Puerto Rico</li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Nieva" title="Francisco Nieva">Francisco Nieva</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(poet)" title="Claudio Rodríguez (poet)">Claudio Rodríguez</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Bouso%C3%B1o" title="Carlos Bousoño">Carlos Bousoño</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Umbral" title="Francisco Umbral">Francisco Umbral</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Mutis" title="Álvaro Mutis">Álvaro Mutis</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ayala_(novelist)" title="Francisco Ayala (novelist)">Francisco Ayala</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Monterroso" title="Augusto Monterroso">Augusto Monterroso</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Fatema_Mernissi" title="Fatema Mernissi">Fatema Mernissi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Susan Sontag</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Magris" title="Claudio Magris">Claudio Magris</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9lida_Pi%C3%B1on" title="Nélida Piñon">Nélida Piñon</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Auster" title="Paul Auster">Paul Auster</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Amos_Oz" title="Amos Oz">Amos Oz</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Kadare" title="Ismail Kadare">Ismail Kadare</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Amin_Maalouf" title="Amin Maalouf">Amin Maalouf</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mu%C3%B1oz_Molina" title="Antonio Muñoz Molina">Antonio Muñoz Molina</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/John_Banville" title="John Banville">John Banville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Literature41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for Literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Padura_Fuentes" title="Leonardo Padura Fuentes">Leonardo Padura</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ford" title="Richard Ford">Richard Ford</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Adam_Zagajewski" title="Adam Zagajewski">Adam Zagajewski</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Vargas" title="Fred Vargas">Fred Vargas</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Siri_Hustvedt" title="Siri Hustvedt">Siri Hustvedt</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Anne_Carson" title="Anne Carson">Anne Carson</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Carr%C3%A8re" title="Emmanuel Carrère">Emmanuel Carrère</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mayorga" title="Juan Mayorga">Juan Mayorga</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Haruki_Murakami" title="Haruki Murakami">Haruki Murakami</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Ana_Blandiana" title="Ana Blandiana">Ana Blandiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize46" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" title="Template:Miguel de Cervantes Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" title="Template talk:Miguel de Cervantes Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Miguel de Cervantes Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize46" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" title="Miguel de Cervantes Prize">Miguel de Cervantes Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Jorge Guillén">Jorge Guillén</a> </li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Alejo_Carpentier" title="Alejo Carpentier">Alejo Carpentier</a> </li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Alonso" title="Dámaso Alonso">Dámaso Alonso</a> </li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Diego" title="Gerardo Diego">Gerardo Diego</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Onetti" title="Juan Carlos Onetti">Juan Carlos Onetti</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> </li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Rosales" title="Luis Rosales">Luis Rosales</a> </li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Alberti" title="Rafael Alberti">Rafael Alberti</a> </li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Sabato" title="Ernesto Sabato">Ernesto Sabato</a> </li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Gonzalo Torrente Ballester</a> </li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Buero_Vallejo" title="Antonio Buero Vallejo">Antonio Buero Vallejo</a> </li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a> </li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Zambrano" title="María Zambrano">María Zambrano</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos">Augusto Roa Bastos</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Bioy_Casares" title="Adolfo Bioy Casares">Adolfo Bioy Casares</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ayala_(novelist)" title="Francisco Ayala (novelist)">Francisco Ayala</a> </li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Dulce_Mar%C3%ADa_Loynaz" title="Dulce María Loynaz">Dulce María Loynaz</a> </li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Delibes" title="Miguel Delibes">Miguel Delibes</a> </li> <li>1994: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mario Vargas Llosa</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a> </li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Garc%C3%ADa_Nieto" title="José García Nieto">José García Nieto</a> </li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Cabrera_Infante" title="Guillermo Cabrera Infante">Guillermo Cabrera Infante</a> </li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hierro" title="José Hierro">José Hierro</a> </li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Edwards" title="Jorge Edwards">Jorge Edwards</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Umbral" title="Francisco Umbral">Francisco Umbral</a> </li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Mutis" title="Álvaro Mutis">Álvaro Mutis</a> </li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Jim%C3%A9nez_Lozano" title="José Jiménez Lozano">José Jiménez Lozano</a> </li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Rojas" title="Gonzalo Rojas">Gonzalo Rojas</a> </li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez_Ferlosio" title="Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio">Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio</a> </li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Pitol" title="Sergio Pitol">Sergio Pitol</a> </li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gamoneda" title="Antonio Gamoneda">Antonio Gamoneda</a> </li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gelman" title="Juan Gelman">Juan Gelman</a> </li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mars%C3%A9" title="Juan Marsé">Juan Marsé</a> </li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Emilio_Pacheco" title="José Emilio Pacheco">José Emilio Pacheco</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Ana_Mar%C3%ADa_Matute" title="Ana María Matute">Ana María Matute</a> </li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Nicanor_Parra" title="Nicanor Parra">Nicanor Parra</a> </li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Caballero_Bonald" title="José Manuel Caballero Bonald">José Manuel Caballero Bonald</a> </li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Elena_Poniatowska" title="Elena Poniatowska">Elena Poniatowska</a> </li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Goytisolo" title="Juan Goytisolo">Juan Goytisolo</a> </li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Fernando_del_Paso" title="Fernando del Paso">Fernando del Paso</a> </li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Mendoza_Garriga" title="Eduardo Mendoza Garriga">Eduardo Mendoza</a> </li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Sergio Ramírez">Sergio Ramírez</a> </li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Ida_Vitale" title="Ida Vitale">Ida Vitale</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Joan_Margarit" title="Joan Margarit">Joan Margarit</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Brines" title="Francisco Brines">Francisco Brines</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Peri_Rossi" title="Cristina Peri Rossi">Cristina Peri Rossi</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Cadenas" title="Rafael Cadenas">Rafael Cadenas</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mateo_D%C3%ADez" title="Luis Mateo Díez">Luis Mateo Díez</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Pombo" title="Álvaro Pombo">Álvaro Pombo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_Rómulo_Gallegos_Prize_winners42" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos_Prize_winners" title="Template:Rómulo Gallegos Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:Rómulo Gallegos Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rómulo Gallegos Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_Rómulo_Gallegos_Prize_winners42" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">List of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos_Prize" title="Rómulo Gallegos Prize">Rómulo Gallegos Prize</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1967: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> (Peru)</li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a> (Colombia) </li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a> (Mexico)</li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Fernando_del_Paso" title="Fernando del Paso">Fernando del Paso</a> (Mexico)</li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Abel_Posse" title="Abel Posse">Abel Posse</a> (Argentina)</li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mej%C3%ADa_Vallejo" title="Manuel Mejía Vallejo">Manuel Mejía Vallejo</a> (Colombia)</li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Uslar_Pietri" title="Arturo Uslar Pietri">Arturo Uslar Pietri</a> (Venezuela)</li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Mempo_Giardinelli" title="Mempo Giardinelli">Mempo Giardinelli</a> (Argentina)</li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Javier_Mar%C3%ADas" title="Javier Marías">Javier Marías</a> (Spain)</li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngeles_Mastretta" title="Ángeles Mastretta">Ángeles Mastretta</a> (Mexico)</li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Bola%C3%B1o" title="Roberto Bolaño">Roberto Bolaño</a> (Chile)</li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Vila-Matas" title="Enrique Vila-Matas">Enrique Vila-Matas</a> (Spain)</li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Vallejo" title="Fernando Vallejo">Fernando Vallejo</a> (Colombia)</li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Rosa" title="Isaac Rosa">Isaac Rosa</a> (Spain)</li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Elena_Poniatowska" title="Elena Poniatowska">Elena Poniatowska</a> (Mexico)</li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/William_Ospina" title="William Ospina">William Ospina</a> (Colombia)</li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Piglia" title="Ricardo Piglia">Ricardo Piglia</a> (Argentina)</li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Lalo" title="Eduardo Lalo">Eduardo Lalo</a> (Puerto Rico)</li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Montoya_(author)" title="Pablo Montoya (author)">Pablo Montoya</a> (Colombia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Real_Academia_Española_seat_L150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:RAE_seat_uppercase_L" title="Template:RAE seat uppercase L"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:RAE_seat_uppercase_L" title="Template talk:RAE seat uppercase L"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RAE_seat_uppercase_L" title="Special:EditPage/Template:RAE seat uppercase L"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Real_Academia_Española_seat_L150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="List of members of the Real Academia Española">seat L</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adrián Conink (1713)</li> <li>Diego Suárez de Figueroa (1728)</li> <li>Manuel Villegas y Oyarvide (1743)</li> <li>Francisco de la Huerta y Vega (1746)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara_Alonso_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_14th_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia" title="Pedro de Alcántara Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, 14th Duke of Medina Sidonia">Pedro de Guzmán</a> (1752)</li> <li>José Guevara Vasconcelos (1779)</li> <li>Vicente González Arnao (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gabriel_de_Silva-Baz%C3%A1n,_10th_Marquess_of_Santa_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="José Gabriel de Silva-Bazán, 10th Marquess of Santa Cruz">José Gabriel de Silva-Bazán</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Velasco,_14th_Duke_of_Fr%C3%ADas" title="Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 14th Duke of Frías">Bernardino Fernández de Velasco</a> (1839)</li> <li>José Caveda y Nava (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">José Zorrilla</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeferino_Gonz%C3%A1lez_y_D%C3%ADaz_Tu%C3%B1%C3%B3n" title="Zeferino González y Díaz Tuñón">Zeferino González y Díaz Tuñón</a>[1]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipriano_Mu%C3%B1oz,_2nd_Count_of_la_Vi%C3%B1aza" title="Cipriano Muñoz, 2nd Count of la Viñaza">Cipriano Muñoz</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_de_Maeztu" title="Ramiro de Maeztu">Ramiro de Maeztu</a> (1935)</li> <li>Eugenio Montes (1978)</li> <li>Juan Rof Carballo (1984)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>[1] He was elected in 1893 but never took the seat</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_members_of_the_Real_Academia_Española162" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:RAE_current_members" title="Template:RAE current members"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:RAE_current_members" title="Template talk:RAE current members"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RAE_current_members" title="Special:EditPage/Template:RAE current members"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_members_of_the_Real_Academia_Española162" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="List of members of the Real Academia Española">members of the Real Academia Española</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>a: Pedro García Barreno</li> <li>A: Pedro Cátedra García</li> <li>b: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_S%C3%A1enz" title="Miguel Sáenz">Miguel Sáenz</a></li> <li>B: Aurora Egido</li> <li>c: <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Garc%C3%ADa_de_la_Concha" title="Víctor García de la Concha">Víctor García de la Concha</a></li> <li>C: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Goytisolo" title="Luis Goytisolo">Luis Goytisolo</a></li> <li>d: Dolores Corbella</li> <li>D: <a href="/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_Villanueva" title="Darío Villanueva">Darío Villanueva</a></li> <li>e: Juan Gil Fernández</li> <li>E: <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Iglesias" title="Carmen Iglesias">Carmen Iglesias</a></li> <li>f: José B. Terceiro</li> <li>F: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón">Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón</a></li> <li>g: <a href="/wiki/Soledad_Pu%C3%A9rtolas" title="Soledad Puértolas">Soledad Puértolas</a></li> <li>G: José Manuel Sánchez Ron</li> <li>h: José Manuel Blecua Perdices</li> <li>H: <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_de_Az%C3%BAa" title="Félix de Azúa">Félix de Azúa</a></li> <li>i: <a href="/wiki/Paloma_D%C3%ADaz-Mas" title="Paloma Díaz-Mas">Paloma Díaz-Mas</a></li> <li>I: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mateo_D%C3%ADez" title="Luis Mateo Díez">Luis Mateo Díez</a></li> <li>j: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Pombo" title="Álvaro Pombo">Álvaro Pombo</a></li> <li>J: Carlos García Gual</li> <li>k: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Pascual" title="José Antonio Pascual">José Antonio Pascual</a></li> <li>K: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Berm%C3%BAdez_de_Castro" title="José María Bermúdez de Castro">José María Bermúdez de Castro</a></li> <li>l: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Lled%C3%B3" title="Emilio Lledó">Emilio Lledó</a></li> <li>L: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mario Vargas Llosa</a></li> <li>m: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Merino" title="José María Merino">José María Merino</a></li> <li>M: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mayorga" title="Juan Mayorga">Juan Mayorga</a></li> <li>n: <a href="/wiki/Carme_Riera" title="Carme Riera">Carme Riera</a></li> <li>N: Guillermo Rojo</li> <li>ñ: Luis María Anson</li> <li>o: vacant</li> <li>O: <a href="/wiki/Pere_Gimferrer" title="Pere Gimferrer">Pere Gimferrer</a></li> <li>p: vacant</li> <li>P: Inés Fernández-Ordóñez</li> <li>q: <a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n_G%C3%B3mez_P%C3%A9rez" title="Asunción Gómez Pérez">Asunción Gómez Pérez</a></li> <li>Q: Pedro Álvarez de Miranda</li> <li>r: <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Mu%C3%B1oz_Machado" title="Santiago Muñoz Machado">Santiago Muñoz Machado</a></li> <li>R: <a href="/wiki/Javier_Cercas" title="Javier Cercas">Javier Cercas</a></li> <li>s: <a href="/wiki/Paz_Battaner" title="Paz Battaner">Paz Battaner</a></li> <li>S: Salvador Gutiérrez Ordóñez</li> <li>t: <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Bosque" title="Ignacio Bosque">Ignacio Bosque</a></li> <li>T: <a href="/wiki/Arturo_P%C3%A9rez-Reverte" title="Arturo Pérez-Reverte">Arturo Pérez-Reverte</a></li> <li>u: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mu%C3%B1oz_Molina" title="Antonio Muñoz Molina">Antonio Muñoz Molina</a></li> <li>U: <a href="/wiki/Clara_Jan%C3%A9s" title="Clara Janés">Clara Janés</a></li> <li>V: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Cebri%C3%A1n" title="Juan Luis Cebrián">Juan Luis Cebrián</a></li> <li>X: <a href="/wiki/Clara_S%C3%A1nchez_(writer)" title="Clara Sánchez (writer)">Clara Sánchez</a></li> <li>Z: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_G%C3%B3mez_(actor)" title="José Luis Gómez (actor)">José Luis Gómez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>[1] He/she was elected but is pending to take the seat</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Académie_française_seat_1880" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_18" title="Template:Académie française Seat 18"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_18" title="Template talk:Académie française Seat 18"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_18" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Académie française Seat 18"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Académie_française_seat_1880" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="List of members of the Académie française">seat 18</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudoin_(translator)" title="Jean Baudoin (translator)">Jean Baudoin</a> (1634)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Charpentier" title="François Charpentier">François Charpentier</a> (1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Chamillart" title="Jean-François de Chamillart">Jean François de Chamillart</a> (1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Louis_Hector_de_Villars,_1st_Duke_of_Villars" title="Claude Louis Hector de Villars, 1st Duke of Villars">Claude Louis Hector de Villars, Marshal-Duke of Villars</a> (1714)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Armand_de_Villars,_2nd_Duke_of_Villars" title="Honoré Armand de Villars, 2nd Duke of Villars">Honoré Armand de Villars, Duke of Villars</a> (1734)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">"Cardinal Loménie de Brienne"</a> (1770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-G%C3%A9rard_Lacu%C3%A9e,_count_of_Cessac" title="Jean-Gérard Lacuée, count of Cessac">Jean-Gérard Lacuée, count of Cessac</a> (1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Jean Baptiste Henri Lacordaire</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_de_Broglie,_4th_Duke_of_Broglie" title="Albert de Broglie, 4th Duke of Broglie">Albert de Broglie, Duke of Broglie</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_de_Vog%C3%BC%C3%A9" title="Melchior de Vogüé">Melchior de Vogüé</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch">Ferdinand Foch</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7ois-Poncet" title="André François-Poncet">André François-Poncet</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Edgar Faure</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Michel Serres</a> (1990)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_members_of_the_Académie_française91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_current_members" title="Template:Académie française current members"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_current_members" title="Template talk:Académie française current members"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_current_members" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Académie française current members"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_members_of_the_Académie_française91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="List of members of the Académie française">members of the Académie française</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Dagens" title="Claude Dagens">Dagens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dany_Laferri%C3%A8re" title="Dany Laferrière">Laferrière</a></li> <li>vacant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre%C3%AF_Makine" title="Andreï Makine">Makine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Jambet" title="Christian Jambet">Jambet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann" title="Jules A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rondeau" title="Daniel Rondeau">Rondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Grainville" title="Patrick Grainville">Grainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Delay" title="Florence Delay">Delay</a></li> <li>vacant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Thomas" title="Chantal Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Serra" title="Maurizio Serra">Serra</a></li> <li>vacant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Vitoux_(writer)" title="Frédéric Vitoux (writer)">Vitoux</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapha%C3%ABl_Gaillard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raphaël Gaillard (page does not exist)">Gaillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89rik_Orsenna" title="Érik Orsenna">Orsenna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vargas Llosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylviane_Agacinski" title="Sylviane Agacinski">Agacinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Rinaldi" title="Angelo Rinaldi">Rinaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Finkielkraut" title="Alain Finkielkraut">Finkielkraut</a></li> <li>vacant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rosenberg" title="Pierre Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Sureau" title="François Sureau">Sureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Fernandez" title="Dominique Fernandez">Fernandez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Rouart" title="Jean-Marie Rouart">Rouart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Nora" title="Pierre Nora">Nora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Rufin" title="Jean-Christophe Rufin">Rufin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_Maalouf" title="Amin Maalouf">Maalouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%A8le_Sallenave" title="Danièle Sallenave">Sallenave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Edwards_(literary_scholar)" title="Michael Edwards (literary scholar)">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Ory" title="Pascal Ory">Ory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Bona" title="Dominique Bona">Bona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Cheng" title="François Cheng">Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Compagnon" title="Antoine Compagnon">Compagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Cassin" title="Barbara Cassin">Cassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Zink" title="Michel Zink">Zink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lambron" title="Marc Lambron">Lambron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Clair" title="Jean Clair">Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Darcos" title="Xavier Darcos">Darcos</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012278019X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/32003942">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/39299/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvmGRBd8rPD3mWHvfVwG3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118803964">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79079153">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11927697t">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11927697t">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00459580">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV010589">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35577956">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990008739&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000083043&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1064943">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/51635">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068728506">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00048051?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=37003166400">Scopus</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118803964">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1001972">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118803964.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118803964">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027177610">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hx2g3p">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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