Enhancing Power Grid Reliability with AGC and PSO: Insights from the Timimoun Photovoltaic Park

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title> Enhancing Power Grid Reliability with AGC and PSO: Insights from the Timimoun Photovoltaic Park | EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web </title> <link rel="icon" href="https://publications.eai.eu/public/journals/2/favicon_en_US.png"> <meta name="generator" content="Open Journal Systems 3.3.0.18"> <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Ali Abderrazak Tadjeddine"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Iliace Arbaoui"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Ridha Ilyas Bendjillali"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Abdelkader Chaker"/> <meta name="DC.Date.created" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-11-22"/> <meta name="DC.Date.dateSubmitted" scheme="ISO8601" content="2023-08-02"/> <meta name="DC.Date.issued" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-11-04"/> <meta name="DC.Date.modified" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-11-22"/> <meta name="DC.Description" xml:lang="en" content="This article investigates the impact of integrating Variable Renewable Energy (VRE), specifically solar energy from the Timimoun Photovoltaic Park, on the PIAT electrical grid stability in southern Algeria. The study focuses on how fluctuations in power demand and changes in weather conditions can affect grid frequency control, potentially leading to transient stability issues. To address these challenges, the research proposes the implementation of an Automatic Generation Control (AGC) system combined with the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize solar energy distribution. This approach effectively regulates real-time frequency deviations resulting from VRE integration, ensuring balanced supply and demand, and controllable power factor injection. The findings demonstrate that the integration of AGC and PSO stabilizes the frequency at the Timimoun Photovoltaic Park and reduces total active losses in the PIAT network by 13.88%. Additionally, strategic power factor control at the injection buses ensures optimal power quality and maximizes the utilization of the photovoltaic park, leading to a 4.84% reduction in the PIAT grid's reliance on gas turbines. This approach contributes to lowering operational costs, reducing carbon emissions, and supporting a transition to greener energy."/> <meta name="DC.Format" scheme="IMT" content="application/pdf"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="3669"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.DOI" content="10.4108/ew.3669"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.URI" content="https://publications.eai.eu/index.php/ew/article/view/3669"/> <meta name="DC.Language" scheme="ISO639-1" content="en"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright (c) 2024 EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"/> <meta name="DC.Source" content="EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web"/> <meta name="DC.Source.ISSN" content="2032-944X"/> <meta name="DC.Source.Volume" content="12"/> <meta name="DC.Source.URI" content="https://publications.eai.eu/index.php/ew"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="PIAT electrical grid"/> <meta name="DC.Title" content="Enhancing Power Grid Reliability with AGC and PSO: Insights from the Timimoun Photovoltaic Park"/> <meta name="DC.Type" content="Text.Serial.Journal"/> <meta name="DC.Type.articleType" content="Research articles"/> <meta name="gs_meta_revision" content="1.1"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="EAI Endorsed Trans Energy Web"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2032-944X"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ali Abderrazak Tadjeddine"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="École Nationale Polytechnique d'Oran "/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Iliace Arbaoui"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Ahmed Draia University "/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ridha Ilyas Bendjillali"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Centre Universitaire Nour Bachir El Bayadh "/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Abdelkader Chaker"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="École Nationale Polytechnique d'Oran"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Enhancing Power Grid Reliability with AGC and PSO: Insights from the Timimoun Photovoltaic Park"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="citation_date" content="2025"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="12"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.4108/ew.3669"/> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://publications.eai.eu/index.php/ew/article/view/3669"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Renewable Energy Integration"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Automatic Generation Control"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Particle Swarm Optimization"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Electrical Network Stability"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Dynamic ZIP loads"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Photovoltaic park"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="PIAT electrical grid"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://publications.eai.eu/index.php/ew/article/download/3669/3466"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="[1] A. 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Boucher, “Impact of renewable energy generation on Power Reserve Energy Demand,” Energy Economics, vol. 128, p. 107173, Dec. 2023. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2023.107173"/> <meta name="og:site_name" content="EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web"/> <meta name="og:type" content="article"/> <meta name="og:title" content="Enhancing Power Grid Reliability with AGC and PSO: Insights from the Timimoun Photovoltaic Park"/> <meta name="og:description" content=" This article investigates the impact of integrating Variable Renewable Energy (VRE), specifically solar energy from the Timimoun Photovoltaic Park, on the PIAT electrical grid stability in southern Algeria. The study focuses on how fluctuations in power demand and changes in weather conditions can affect grid frequency control, potentially leading to transient stability issues. To address these challenges, the research proposes the implementation of an Automatic Generation Control (AGC) system combined with the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize solar energy distribution. This approach effectively regulates real-time frequency deviations resulting from VRE integration, ensuring balanced supply and demand, and controllable power factor injection. The findings demonstrate that the integration of AGC and PSO stabilizes the frequency at the Timimoun Photovoltaic Park and reduces total active losses in the PIAT network by 13.88%. Additionally, strategic power factor control at the injection buses ensures optimal power quality and maximizes the utilization of the photovoltaic park, leading to a 4.84% reduction in the PIAT grid's reliance on gas turbines. This approach contributes to lowering operational costs, reducing carbon emissions, and supporting a transition to greener energy. 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</header> <div class="pkp_structure_content has_sidebar"> <div class="pkp_structure_main" role="main"> <a id="pkp_content_main"></a> <div class="page page_article"> <nav class="cmp_breadcrumbs" role="navigation" aria-label="You are here:"> <ol> <li> <a href="https://publications.eai.eu/index.php/ew/index"> Home </a> <span class="separator">/</span> </li> <li> <a href="https://publications.eai.eu/index.php/ew/issue/archive"> Archives </a> <span class="separator">/</span> </li> <li> <a href="https://publications.eai.eu/index.php/ew/issue/view/438"> Vol. 12 (2025): EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web </a> <span class="separator">/</span> </li> <li class="current" aria-current="page"> <span aria-current="page"> Research articles </span> </li> </ol> </nav> <article class="obj_article_details"> <h1 class="page_title"> Enhancing Power Grid Reliability with AGC and PSO: Insights from the Timimoun Photovoltaic Park </h1> <div class="row"> <div class="main_entry"> <section class="item authors"> <h2 class="pkp_screen_reader">Authors</h2> <ul class="authors"> <li> <span class="name"> Ali Abderrazak Tadjeddine </span> <span class="affiliation"> École Nationale Polytechnique d'Oran <a href="https://ror.org/02p97w646"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>  <svg xmlns:i="&ns_ai;" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:sodipodi="http://sodipodi.sourceforge.net/DTD/sodipodi-0.dtd" xmlns:inkscape="http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 23.4225 16.696501" xml:space="preserve" sodipodi:docname="rorId.svg" inkscape:version="0.92.5 (2060ec1f9f, 2020-04-08)" width="23.422501" height="16.696501"><metadata id="metadata93"><rdf:RDF><cc:Work rdf:about=""><dc:format>image/svg+xml</dc:format><dc:type 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<section class="item keywords"> <h2 class="label"> Keywords: </h2> <span class="value"> Renewable Energy Integration, Automatic Generation Control, Particle Swarm Optimization, Electrical Network Stability, Dynamic ZIP loads, Photovoltaic park, PIAT electrical grid </span> </section> <section class="item abstract"> <h2 class="label">Abstract</h2> <p>This article investigates the impact of integrating Variable Renewable Energy (VRE), specifically solar energy from the Timimoun Photovoltaic Park, on the PIAT electrical grid stability in southern Algeria. The study focuses on how fluctuations in power demand and changes in weather conditions can affect grid frequency control, potentially leading to transient stability issues. To address these challenges, the research proposes the implementation of an Automatic Generation Control (AGC) system combined with the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize solar energy distribution. This approach effectively regulates real-time frequency deviations resulting from VRE integration, ensuring balanced supply and demand, and controllable power factor injection. The findings demonstrate that the integration of AGC and PSO stabilizes the frequency at the Timimoun Photovoltaic Park and reduces total active losses in the PIAT network by 13.88%. Additionally, strategic power factor control at the injection buses ensures optimal power quality and maximizes the utilization of the photovoltaic park, leading to a 4.84% reduction in the PIAT grid's reliance on gas turbines. This approach contributes to lowering operational costs, reducing carbon emissions, and supporting a transition to greener energy.</p> </section> <div class="item downloads_chart"> <h3 class="label"> Downloads </h3> <div class="value"> <canvas class="usageStatsGraph" data-object-type="Submission" data-object-id="3669"></canvas> <div class="usageStatsUnavailable" data-object-type="Submission" data-object-id="3669"> Download data is not yet available. </div> </div> </div>  <a href="https://plu.mx/plum/a/?doi=10.4108/ew.3669" class="plumx-summary" data-hide-when-empty="true" data-orientation="vertical" ></a>  <section class="item author_bios"> <h2 class="label"> Author Biographies </h2> <section class="sub_item"> <h3 class="label"> Ali Abderrazak Tadjeddine, <span class="affiliation">École Nationale Polytechnique d'Oran </span> </h3> <div class="value"> <p>Ph.D in Electrical Engineering Professor (Associate) at Nour Bachir University, El Bayadh - Algeria</p> <p>Head of technology department at Nour Bachir University, El Bayadh - Algeria</p> <p>Founder of the Association of Algerian Researchers</p> <p> </p> </div> </section> <section class="sub_item"> <h3 class="label"> Iliace Arbaoui, <span class="affiliation">Ahmed Draia University </span> </h3> <div class="value"> <p>Ph.D in Physiques</p> <p>Professor at University Ahmed Draia - Adrar, Algeria</p> <p>Deputy Director in Faculty of Material Sciences, Mathematics, and Computer Science, University Ahmed Draia of Adrar</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> </div> </section> <section class="sub_item"> <h3 class="label"> Ridha Ilyas Bendjillali, <span class="affiliation">Centre Universitaire Nour Bachir El Bayadh </span> </h3> <div class="value"> <p>Ph.D in Telecommunication</p> <p>Professor (Associate) at Nour Bachir University, El Bayadh – Algeria</p> <p>Head of House of Artificial Intelligence at Nour Bachir University, El Bayadh – Algeria</p> </div> </section> <section class="sub_item"> <h3 class="label"> Abdelkader Chaker, <span class="affiliation">École Nationale Polytechnique d'Oran</span> </h3> <div class="value"> <p>Ph.D in power Electrical Engineering</p> <p>Professor at Maurice Audin National Polytechnic School of Oran, Algeria</p> <p> </p> </div> </section> </section> <section class="item references"> <h2 class="label"> References </h2> <div class="value"> <p>[1] A. 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