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तृतीय फ्रांसीसी गणतंत्र - विकिपीडिया

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open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hi" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>तृतीय फ्रांसीसी गणतंत्र</b> (The French Third Republic&nbsp;; <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="फ़्रान्सीसी भाषा">फ्रांसीसी</a>: <i>La Troisième République</i>) ने <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="फ़्रान्स">फ्रांस</a> पर १८७० से लेकर १९४० तक शासन किया। इसकी स्थापना <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="फ्रांसीसी जर्मन युद्ध">फ्रांस-प्रशा युद्ध</a> के समय <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="द्वितीय फ्रांसीसी साम्राज्य">द्वितीय फ्रांसीसी साम्राज्य</a> के समाप्त होने पर हुई तथा १९४० में <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="नाज़ी जर्मनी">नाजी जर्मनी</a> द्वारा फ्रांस को पराजित करने के साथ इसका अन्त हुआ।</p> <p>1870 ई. में <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="सीडान (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">सीडान</a> (Sedan) के युद्ध में <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="प्रशिया">प्रशा</a> के हाथों <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="फ़्रान्स">फ्रांस</a> की शर्मनाक पराजय हुई थी जिसके परिणामस्वरूप फ्रांस को अपने दो बहुमूल्य प्रदेश अल्सास एवं लौरेन प्रशा को देना पड़े थे। इस पराजय के बाद फ्रांस की राजनीतिक स्थिति डवांडोल हो गई एवं तीसरी बार वहां गणतंत्र की स्थापना हुई, जिसे इतिहास में <b>फ्रांस के तृतीय गणतंत्र</b> के नाम से जाना जाता है। इस पराजय के बाद <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="नैपोलियन तृतीय">नैपोलियन तृतीय</a> को बाध्य होकर आत्म-समर्पण करना पड़ा। वह बन्दी बना लिया गया। जब अगले दिन अर्थात् 3 सितम्बर को यह समाचार फ्रांस की राजधानी <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="पेरिस">पेरिस</a> पहुंचा तो पेरिस की समस्त जनता के मुख पर यह प्रश्न था कि अब क्या होगा, क्योंकि उनके द्वारा 20 वर्ष पूर्व स्थापित राज-सत्ता अकस्मात ही नष्ट हो गई। जनता अब इस निर्णय पर पहुंची कि फ्रांस में <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="गणराज्य">गणतन्त्र</a> शासन की स्थापना की जानी चाहिये। उस समय व्यवस्थापिका सभा का अधिवेशन हो रहा था। जनता ने सभा से उस समय यह प्रस्ताव शीघ्र ही पास करवा लिया कि नैपोलियन तृतीय को फ्रांस के सम्राट के पद से पृथक कर दिया जाये। इस प्रकार नैपोलियन तृतीय का पतन हुआ और फ्रान्स में तीसरी बार गणतांत्रिक सरकार की स्थापना हुई।</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="hi" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">अनुक्रम</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">घटनाक्रम</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">तृतीय गणतन्त्र के संविधान का निर्माण</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">तृतीय गणतन्त्र द्वारा किये गये सुधार-कार्य</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">गणतन्त्र सरकार और चर्च का संघर्ष</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">तृतीय गणतन्त्र की विदेश नीति</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="घटनाक्रम"><span id=".E0.A4.98.E0.A4.9F.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.AE"></span>घटनाक्रम</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: घटनाक्रम" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>नेपोलियन तृतीय के पतन के अगले दिन व्यवस्थपिका सभा के सदस्य पेरिस के सिटी हॉल में <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="गेमबेटा (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">गेमबेटा</a> के नेतृत्व में एकत्रित हुये, जिन्होंने यह निश्चय किया कि फ्रांस में गणतन्त्र शासन की स्थापना की जाये। पेरिस की अधिकांश जनता ने उसका साथ दिया। उस समय फ्रांस में तीन दल प्रमुख थे जो गणतन्त्र के समर्थक थे, किन्तु कुछ बातों में उनमें पर्याप्त विभिन्नतायें थीं। किन्तु यह समय पारस्परिक वाद-विवाद और लड़ाई-झगड़े में व्यतीत करने का नहीं था, क्योंकि जर्मन सेना बड़ी तेजी के साथ फ्रांस की ओर बढ़ी चली आ रही थी। अतः समस्त दलों के लोगों ने सम्मिलित रूप से यह निश्चय किया कि गेमबेटा और थीयर्स के नेतृत्व में सरकार का शीघ्रातिशीघ्र निर्माण किया जाये। प्रशा ने फ्रांस पर जो आक्रमण किया था उसमें फ्रांस पराजित हो रहा था। गेमबेटा आदि व्यक्तियों की यह इच्छा थी कि युद्ध का अन्त नहीं किया जाये, किन्तु-राजसत्तावादी युद्ध का अन्त करने के पक्ष में थे। यह विवाद इतना तीव्र हो गया कि इसका निर्णय करने के लिये एक राष्ट्र प्रतिनिधि सभा का आयोजन करना पड़ा जिसमें संयोग से राजसत्तावादियों की संख्या अधिक थी जिससे स्पष्ट होता है कि फ्रांस की जनता इस समय युद्ध की अपेक्षा शान्ति चाहती थी।</p> <dl> <dt> जर्मनी का फ्रांस से सन्धि </dt> </dl> <p>10 मई 1871 ई. को फ्रांस और जर्मनी में सन्धि हो गई जिसके अनुसार फ्रांस को अपने दो समृद्धिशाली प्रान्तों-एल्सेस और लॉरेन से हाथ धोना पड़ा। इनका क्षेत्रफल दस हजार वर्गमील था और इसकी जनसंख्या 16 लाख थी। उसको युद्ध-क्षतिपूर्ति के रूप में बहुत अधिक धन जर्मनी को देना पड़ा। फ्रांस को मेत्ज और स्ट्रासवर्ग के प्रसिद्ध दुर्गो पर जर्मनी का अधिकार स्वीकार करना पड़ा। जर्मनी से सन्धि होने के उपरांत विविध दलों में झगड़े होने आरम्भ हुये।</p> <dl> <dt> पेरिस की जनता विद्रोह और उसका दमन </dt> </dl> <p>पेरिस की जनता ने थीयर्स एवं राष्ट्र प्रतिनिधि सभा के विरूद्ध विद्रोह किया जिसके कारण निम्नलिखित थे-</p> <ul> <li>(क) पेरिस की जनता का गणतन्त्रवादी होना</li> <li>(ख) फ्रांस की जनता में आर्थिक असंतोष</li> <li>(ग) स्वायत्त शासन के अधिकार की मांग।</li> </ul> <dl> <dt> युद्ध की क्षतिपूर्ति </dt> </dl> <p>पेरिस के विद्रोह का कठोरता से दमन करने के उपरान्त थीयर्स के सामने बड़ी विकट परिस्थिति उत्पन्न हुई। इस विद्रोह के कारण फ्रांस की दशा बहुत ही शोचनीय हो गई थी और अभी तक फ्रांस में वह सेना उपस्थित थी जो जर्मनी की ओर से युद्धक्षति पूर्ति प्राप्त करने के लिये ठहरी हुई थी। उस सेना को तीन अरब रुपया देकर फ्रांस से निकाला जा सकता था। ऐसी परिस्थिति में इतनी बड़ी रकम का प्राप्त करना कोई सरल कार्य नहीं था। थीयर्स इस भीषण परिस्थिति से नहीं घबराया। उसने बड़े उत्साह तथा साहस के साथ धन प्राप्त करना आरंभ किया। दो वर्ष के अंदर जर्मन सेना को समस्त रुपया देकर उसने उनसे फ्रांस खाली कराया। उसके इस कार्य से फ्रांस की जनता का उस पर विश्वास बढ़ गया और वह हर सम्भव रूप से उसकी सहायता करने के लिये उद्यत हो गई।</p> <dl> <dt> फ्रांस में गणतन्त्र शासन की स्थापना </dt> </dl> <p>इसके पश्चात् थीयर्स का ध्यान इस ओर आकर्षित हुआ कि फ्रांस में अब किस प्रकार की सरकार तथा शासन की स्थापना की जाये। थीयर्स के नेतृत्व में जो सामयिक सरकार निर्मित की गई थी वह गणतन्त्र के आधार पर थी, वह उसका राष्ट्रपति था। किन्तु राष्ट्र प्रतिनिधि सभा में राजसत्तावादियों का बहुमत था। देश में शान्ति तथा सुव्यवस्था की स्थापना होने पर राजसत्तावादियों ने राजसत्ता की स्थापना के लिये प्रयत्न करना चाहा। थीयर्स प्रारम्भ में राजसत्तावादी था, किन्तु राजसत्तावादियों में इतना अधिक मतभेद था कि थीयर्स को बाध्य होकर अपने विचारों में परिवर्तन करना पड़ा। अब वह गणतन्त्र का समर्थक बन गया जिसके कारण राजसत्तावादी उसके विरोधी हो गये और उन्होंने राजसत्ता की स्थापना के लिये खुले तौर पर आन्दोलन करना आरंभ किया। थीयर्स उनके इस कार्य को सहन नहीं कर सका। अतः उसने दिसम्बर 1872 ई. में घोषणा की कि यदि फ्रांस में राजसत्ता की स्थापना का प्रयास किया जायेगा तो फ्रांस में पुनः राज्यक्रान्ति हो जाएगी। इस घोषणा का स्पष्ट परिणाम यह हुआ कि राजसत्तावादी उसके विरूद्ध हो गये। उसको गणतंत्रवादियों का भी समर्थन प्राप्त नहीं हो सका, क्योंकि वे उसको बहुत नरम विचारों वाला व्यक्ति समझते थे। मई 1873 ई. उसके विरूद्ध राजतन्त्रवादियों ने एक प्रस्ताव पास किया, जिससे स्पष्ट हो गया कि राष्ट्र प्रतिनिधि सभा का उस पर विश्वास नहीं है और इस परिस्थिति से बाध्य होकर उसको अपने पद से त्याग-पत्र देना पड़ा। अब राजतन्त्रवादियों ने <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="मार्शन मैक्महोम (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">मार्शन मैक्महोम</a> (Mac-Mahon) को राष्ट्रपति के पद पर आसीन किया। वह राजसत्ता का पक्षपाती था और उसने घोषणा की कि वह उसी समय राष्ट्रपति के पद को त्याग देगा जिस समय किसी व्यक्ति को राजा नियत कर दिया जायेगा। राजसत्तावादियों में इस प्रश्न पर कि किस व्यक्ति को राजा बनाया जाये, बड़ा वैमनस्य तथा मतभेद था और वे किसी निश्चित परिणाम पर नहीं पहुंच सके।</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="तृतीय_गणतन्त्र_के_संविधान_का_निर्माण"><span id=".E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.87_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A7.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A3"></span>तृतीय गणतन्त्र के संविधान का निर्माण</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: तृतीय गणतन्त्र के संविधान का निर्माण" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>अब तृतीय गणतन्त्र के संविधान का निर्माण किया जाना आरंभ हुआ। 29 मई सन् 1875 ई. के एक प्रस्ताव द्वारा निश्चित कर दिया गया कि अब फ्रांस में राजतन्त्र की स्थापना न होकर गणतन्त्र की स्थापना होगी। यह प्रस्ताव केवल एक वोट के बहुमत से पास हुआ। इसके उपरांत फ्रांस के लिये एक नवीन संविधान बनाया गया जिसके अनुसार</p> <ul> <li>(1) फ्रांस का एक राष्ट्रपति होगा जिसका कार्यकाल सात वर्ष निश्चित किया गया।</li> <li>(2) उसका निर्वाचन व्यवस्थापिका सभा के दोनों सदन सिनेट और प्रतिनिधि सभा संयुक्त बैठक में सम्मिलित रूप से बहुमत के आधार पर करेंगे।</li> <li>(3) व्यवस्थापिका सभा के दो सदन होंगे-प्रथम सदन चैम्बर ऑफ डैपुटीज और द्वितीय सदन सीनेट कहलायेंगे।</li> <li>(4) प्रथम सदन के सदस्यों का निर्वाचन जनता द्वारा प्रत्यक्ष रूप से होगा और द्वितीय सदन के सदस्यों का निर्वाचन अप्रत्यक्ष रीति से होगा।</li> <li>(5) वोट का अधिकार बहुत कम व्यक्तियों को प्रदान किया गया।</li> <li>(6) प्रथम सदन के सदस्यों का निर्वाचन चार वर्ष के लिये और द्वितीय सदन के सदस्यों का निर्वाचन 9 वर्ष के लिये किये जाने की व्यवस्था की गई।</li> <li>(7) राष्ट्रपति, मन्त्रिमण्डल की नियुक्ति व्यवस्थापिका सभा के सदस्यों में से करेगा और</li> <li>(8) वह व्यवस्थापिका सभा के प्रति उत्तरदायी होगा और</li> <li>(9) शासन की वास्तविक सत्ता उसके ही हाथ में निहित होगी। इस प्रकार फ्रांस का राष्ट्रपति केवल वैधानिक प्रधान होगा जिस प्रकार वैध राजतन्त्र वाले राज्य में राजा की स्थिति होती है।</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="तृतीय_गणतन्त्र_द्वारा_किये_गये_सुधार-कार्य"><span id=".E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.87_.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.87_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.A7.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0-.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF"></span>तृतीय गणतन्त्र द्वारा किये गये सुधार-कार्य</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: तृतीय गणतन्त्र द्वारा किये गये सुधार-कार्य" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>गणतन्त्र सरकार ने अपनी स्थिति को सुदृढ़ करने के उपरान्त देश की उन्नति की ओर विशेष ध्यान दिया और उसने निम्नलिखित सुधार किये-</p> <ul> <li>(1) 1884 ई. में यह विधि निर्मित की गई कि फ्रांस की व्यवस्थापिका सभाओं में इस विषय का कोई प्रस्ताव पारित नहीं किया जायेगा जिसका अभिप्राय गणतन्त्र सरकार का अंत करना होगा।</li> <li>(2) 1881 ई. में नागरिकों को विभिन्न प्रकार की सुविधायें प्रदान की गई जिनमें भाषण, लेखन और मुद्रण की स्वतन्त्रता विशेष प्रसिद्ध हैं।</li> <li>(3) श्रमिकों के विरूद्ध जो नियम फ्रांस में प्रचलित थे उनका अंत कर दिया गया। उनको अपना संगठन बनाने की स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त हुइै।</li> <li>(4) शिक्षा की दशा को उन्नत करने के लिये शिक्षण कार्य पादरियों से ले लिया गया, क्योंकि वे गणतन्त्र सरकार के नवीन विचारधाराओं का विरोध करते थे। 1881 ई. में सरकार ने ऐसी शिक्षण संस्थायें स्थापित कीं जिनका चर्च से कोई संबंध नहीं था। बाद में उन शिक्षण संस्थाओं का अंत किया गया जिनका संचालन कट्टर धार्मिक संस्थायें तथा सभायें कर रही थीं। शिक्षा 12 वर्ष के बालकों के लिये अनिवार्य घोषित कर दी गई।</li> <li>(5) नगरपालिकाओं को विशेष अधिकार प्रदान किए गए और उनको अपने सभापतियों के निर्वाचन का अधिकार प्राप्त हुआ।</li> <li>(6) परित्याग की प्रथा को पुनः स्थापित किया गया।</li> <li>(7) रेल, तार, सड़कों आदि के निर्माण की समस्त फ्रांस में व्यवस्था की गई।</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="गणतन्त्र_सरकार_और_चर्च_का_संघर्ष"><span id=".E0.A4.97.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.94.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.9A.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.9A_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.98.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B7"></span>गणतन्त्र सरकार और चर्च का संघर्ष</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: गणतन्त्र सरकार और चर्च का संघर्ष" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>फ्रांस की गणतन्त्र सरकार के समक्ष <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="चर्च">चर्च</a> का प्रश्न बड़ा महत्वपूर्ण था। प्रश्न यह था कि राज्य और चर्च का सम्बन्ध किस प्रकार का होना चाहिये। यह केवल धार्मिक प्रश्न ही न होकर एक राजनीतिक प्रश्न भी था। इसका कारण यह था कि फ्रांस का पादरी वर्ग राजतन्त्र का समर्थक था और गणतन्त्र का विरोधी था। जितने भी आन्दोलन राजतन्त्र के समर्थन में हुए उन सबमें पादरी वर्ग का प्रत्यक्ष अथवा परोक्ष रूप से हाथ अवश्य था। इस कारण गणतन्त्र के समर्थकों ने चर्च के अधिकारों पर आक्रमण करना आरंभ कर दिया। 1877 ई. में ही गेमबेटे ने यह स्पष्ट रूप से कह दिया था कि 'पादरी वर्ग गणतन्त्र का कट्टर विरोधी है।' इस समय तक फ्रांस की समस्त शिक्षा पर चर्च का अधिकार था। फ्रांस की अधिकांश जनता अपने बच्चों को इस शिक्षा से मुक्त करने के पक्ष में थी।</p> <p><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ड्रेयफस केस">ड्रेयफस केस</a> के उपरांत गणतन्त्रवादियों ने चर्च के अधिकारों पर आक्रमण करना आरंभ किया। उन्होंने उसकी शक्ति को कम करने के लिए निम्न कानूनों को पास किया-</p> <ul> <li>(1) 1901 ई. में समुदाय नियम नामक विधि पारित की गई जिसके अनुसार यह निश्चित हुआ कि प्रत्येक संघ को राजकीय आज्ञा प्राप्त करना आवश्यक होगा। जिन संघों ने यह आज्ञा प्राप्त नहीं की उनको अवैध घोषित कर दिया गया। इससे शिक्षा चर्च के अधिकार से निकल गई।</li> <li>(2) 1905 ई. की एक अन्य विधि द्वारा शिक्षा को धर्म निरपेक्ष बना दिया गया और अब किसी भी धार्मिक संस्था को शिक्षा प्रदान करने का अधिकार नहीं रहा।</li> <li>(3) इसी वर्ष के पृथक्करण विधान के अनुसार चर्च को राज्य से बिल्कुल पृथक् कर दिया गया। इसके द्वारा यह निश्चित हुआ कि न तो राज्य पादरियों की नियुक्ति करेगा और न उनको किसी प्रकार का वेतन देगा।</li> <li>(4) 1907 के नये कानून द्वारा पादरियों के समस्त अधिकारों का अन्त कर दिया गया। इस प्रकार गणतन्त्र द्वारा राज्य और चर्च एक दूसरे से अलग हो गये।</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="तृतीय_गणतन्त्र_की_विदेश_नीति"><span id=".E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.B6_.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF"></span>तृतीय गणतन्त्र की विदेश नीति</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: तृतीय गणतन्त्र की विदेश नीति" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>नेपोलियन तृतीय की पराजय और <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="फेंकफर्ट की सन्धि (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">फेंकफर्ट की सन्धि</a> के कारण अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय जगत में फ्रांस के मान और प्रतिष्ठा को बड़ा आघात पहुंचा। इस समय यूरोपीय राजनीतिक रंग-मंच पर जर्मनी के चांसलर <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="बिस्मार्क">बिस्मार्क</a> का बोलबाला था, जिसने ऐसी नीति का अनुकरण किया कि यूरोप में फ्रांस का कोई मित्र नहीं बन पाये। फ्रांस की औपनिवेशिक नीति के कारण उसके संबंध <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ग्रेट-ब्रिटेन (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">ग्रेट-ब्रिटेन</a> से अच्छे नहीं थे और बिस्मार्क ने अन्य महत्वपूर्ण राज्यों के साथ राजनीतिक सन्धियाँ कर रखी थीं। जिस समय तक जर्मनी की शासन-सत्ता पर बिस्मार्क का अधिकार रहा वह अपनी नीति में सफल रहा। परन्तु बाद में यह स्थिति नहीं रह पाई।</p> <dl> <dt> फ्रांस और रूस की सन्धि </dt> </dl> <p>बिस्मार्क के पद त्यागने पर फ्रांस और <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="रूस">रूस</a> की संधि हुई जो 'द्विगुट संधि' के नाम से इतिहास में प्रसिद्ध हुई। इस सन्धि का कारण यह था कि दोनों को जर्मनी का भय था और अब जर्मनी ने <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="बालकन प्रायद्वीप (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">बालकन प्रायद्वीप</a> में <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ऑस्ट्रिया">आस्ट्रिया</a> का पक्ष खुले तौर पर लेना आरंभ कर दिया था। इसके अनुसार यह निश्चय हुआ कि आक्रमण के समय दोनों एक दूसरे की सहायता करेंगे।</p> <dl> <dt> फ्रांस और ग्रेट-ब्रिटेन की सन्धि </dt> </dl> <p>इसके पश्चात् फ्रांस ने ग्रेट-ब्रिटेन के साथ मित्रता करने का प्रयत्न किया। इंग्लैण्ड जर्मनी की बढ़ती हुई शक्ति से आशंकित रहने लगा था और उसने भी अनुभव किया कि उसको किसी यूरोपीय शक्ति से मित्रता करनी आवश्यक है। फ्रांस और इंगलैण्ड ने अपने पारस्परिक झगड़ों का अन्त कर आपस में एक सन्धि की जिसको <b>आंता कोर्डियल</b> कहते हैं। 1907 ई. में रूस भी इसमें सम्मिलित हो गया। इस प्रकार यूरोप में त्रिगुट मैत्री की स्थापना हुई।</p> <dl> <dt> मोरक्को </dt> </dl> <p><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="प्रथम मोरक्को संकट">मोरक्को के प्रश्न</a> पर यूरोप के विभिन्न गुटों में संघर्ष होने की संभावना उत्पन्न हो गई थी, किन्तु आपसी समझौते द्वारा इस प्रश्न का निर्णय कर लिया गया।</p> <p>इस प्रकार सतत् प्रयत्न करने के पश्चात् फ्रांस ने अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय जगत में अपनी खोई हुई शक्ति तथा प्रतिष्ठा प्राप्त की और उसकी गणना यूरोप के महान राष्ट्रों में पुनः होने लगी।</p><!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐849f99967d‐7j7h9 Cached time: 20241122014448 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25DB%2586%25DA%2586%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25AC%25D9%2588_%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D9%2587_%25D8%25AC%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%2587%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C" title="اۆچونجو فرانسه جومهوریتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اۆچونجو فرانسه جومهوریتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D1%2586%25D1%258F%25D1%258F_%25D1%2584%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D1%2583%25D0%25B7%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Трэцяя французская рэспубліка – बेलारूसी" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трэцяя французская рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="बेलारूसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2584%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Трета френска република – बुल्गारियाई" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трета френска република" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="बुल्गारियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trede_Republik_c%2527hall" title="Trede Republik c'hall – ब्रेटन" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Trede Republik c'hall" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ब्रेटन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Rep%25C3%25BAblica_Francesa" title="Tercera República Francesa – कातालान" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tercera República Francesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="कातालान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25DB%2586%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B3%25DB%258E%25DB%258C%25DB%2595%25D9%2585%25DB%258C_%25D9%2581%25DB%2595%25DA%2595%25DB%2595%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7" title="کۆماری سێیەمی فەڕەنسا – सोरानी कुर्दिश" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆماری سێیەمی فەڕەنسا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="सोरानी कुर्दिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C5%2599et%25C3%25AD_Francouzsk%25C3%25A1_republika" title="Třetí Francouzská republika – चेक" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Třetí Francouzská republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="चेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredje_franske_republik" title="Tredje franske republik – डेनिश" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tredje franske republik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="डेनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dritte_Franz%25C3%25B6sische_Republik" title="Dritte Französische Republik – जर्मन" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dritte Französische Republik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A4%25CF%2581%25CE%25AF%25CF%2584%25CE%25B7_%25CE%2593%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BB%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CE%2594%25CE%25B7%25CE%25BC%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BA%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2584%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Τρίτη Γαλλική Δημοκρατία – यूनानी" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρίτη Γαλλική Δημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="यूनानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic – अंग्रेज़ी" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="French Third Republic" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="अंग्रेज़ी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tria_Respubliko_de_Francio" title="Tria Respubliko de Francio – एस्पेरेंतो" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tria Respubliko de Francio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="एस्पेरेंतो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Rep%25C3%25BAblica_francesa" title="Tercera República francesa – स्पेनिश" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tercera República francesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="स्पेनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantsuse_kolmas_vabariik" title="Prantsuse kolmas vabariik – एस्टोनियाई" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prantsuse kolmas vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="एस्टोनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantziako_Hirugarren_Errepublika" title="Frantziako Hirugarren Errepublika – बास्क" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantziako Hirugarren Errepublika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="बास्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D9%2587%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D9%2585_%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D9%2587" title="جمهوری سوم فرانسه – फ़ारसी" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری سوم فرانسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="फ़ारसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranskan_kolmas_tasavalta" title="Ranskan kolmas tasavalta – फ़िनिश" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ranskan kolmas tasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="फ़िनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troisi%25C3%25A8me_R%25C3%25A9publique_(France)" title="Troisième République (France) – फ़्रेंच" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Troisième République (France)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="फ़्रेंच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traad_Republiik_(Frankrik)" title="Traad Republiik (Frankrik) – उत्तरी फ़्रीसियाई" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Traad Republiik (Frankrik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="उत्तरी फ़्रीसियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troisi%25C3%25A8me_R%25C3%25A9publique_(An_Fhrainc)" title="Troisième République (An Fhrainc) – आयरिश" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Troisième République (An Fhrainc)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="आयरिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treas_Poblachd_na_Frainge" title="Treas Poblachd na Frainge – स्कॉटिश गाएलिक" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Treas Poblachd na Frainge" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="स्कॉटिश गाएलिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terceira_Rep%25C3%25BAblica_Francesa" title="Terceira República Francesa – गैलिशियन" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terceira República Francesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="गैलिशियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobblaght_y_Rank_(1870%25E2%2580%25931940)" title="Pobblaght y Rank (1870–1940) – मैंक्स" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pobblaght y Rank (1870–1940)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="मैंक्स" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%2591%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%25A7%25D7%2594_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A6%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A4%25D7%25AA%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A9%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA" title="הרפובליקה הצרפתית השלישית – हिब्रू" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה הצרפתית השלישית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="हिब्रू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%25C4%2587a_Francuska_Republika" title="Treća Francuska Republika – क्रोएशियाई" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Treća Francuska Republika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="क्रोएशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2596%25D6%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25BD%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B5%25D5%25AB_%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D6%2580%25D5%25A4_%25D5%25B0%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D6%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BA%25D5%25A5%25D5%25BF%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Ֆրանսիայի երրորդ հանրապետություն – आर्मेनियाई" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանսիայի երրորդ հանրապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="आर्मेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Prancis_Ketiga" title="Republik Prancis Ketiga – इंडोनेशियाई" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Prancis Ketiga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="इंडोनेशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triesma_Republiko" title="Triesma Republiko – इडौ" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Triesma Republiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="इडौ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259Eri%25C3%25B0ja_franska_l%25C3%25BD%25C3%25B0veldi%25C3%25B0" title="Þriðja franska lýðveldið – आइसलैंडिक" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þriðja franska lýðveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="आइसलैंडिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terza_Repubblica_(Francia)" title="Terza Repubblica (Francia) – इतालवी" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terza Repubblica (Francia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="इतालवी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2595%25E3%2583%25A9%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B9%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E6%2594%25BF" title="フランス第三共和政 – जापानी" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス第三共和政" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="जापानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1_%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2594_%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%259E%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%2590" title="საფრანგეთის მესამე რესპუბლიკა – जॉर्जियाई" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საფრანგეთის მესამე რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="जॉर्जियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%25AE%25D1%2588%25D1%2596%25D0%25BD%25D1%2588%25D1%2596_%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D1%2583%25D0%25B7_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%258B" title="Үшінші Француз Республикасы – कज़ाख़" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үшінші Француз Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="कज़ाख़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2594%2584%25EB%259E%2591%25EC%258A%25A4_%25EC%25A0%259C3%25EA%25B3%25B5%25ED%2599%2594%25EA%25B5%25AD" title="프랑스 제3공화국 – कोरियाई" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스 제3공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="कोरियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%25AE%25D1%2587%25D2%25AF%25D0%25BD%25D1%2587%25D2%25AF_%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%258B" title="Үчүнчү Франция Республикасы – किर्गीज़" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Үчүнчү Франция Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="किर्गीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertia_Res_Publica_(Francia)" title="Tertia Res Publica (Francia) – लैटिन" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tertia Res Publica (Francia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="लैटिन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%25C4%258Dioji_Pranc%25C5%25ABzijos_Respublika" title="Trečioji Prancūzijos Respublika – लिथुआनियाई" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trečioji Prancūzijos Respublika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="लिथुआनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francijas_Tre%25C5%25A1%25C4%2581_republika" title="Francijas Trešā republika – लातवियाई" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Francijas Trešā republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="लातवियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Трета Француска Република – मकदूनियाई" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трета Француска Република" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="मकदूनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2587_%25E0%25A4%25AB%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%259A_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2595" title="तिसरे फ्रेंच प्रजासत्ताक – मराठी" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तिसरे फ्रेंच प्रजासत्ताक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="मराठी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Ketiga_Perancis" title="Republik Ketiga Perancis – मलय" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik Ketiga Perancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="मलय" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/It-Tielet_Repubblika_Fran%25C4%258Bi%25C5%25BCa" title="It-Tielet Repubblika Franċiża – माल्टीज़" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="It-Tielet Repubblika Franċiża" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="माल्टीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derde_Franse_Republiek" title="Derde Franse Republiek – डच" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Derde Franse Republiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="डच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_tredje_franske_republikken" title="Den tredje franske republikken – नॉर्वेजियाई नॉयनॉर्स्क" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den tredje franske republikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="नॉर्वेजियाई नॉयनॉर्स्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_tredje_franske_republikk" title="Den tredje franske republikk – नॉर्वेजियाई बोकमाल" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den tredje franske republikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="नॉर्वेजियाई बोकमाल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresena_Republica" title="Tresena Republica – ओसीटान" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tresena Republica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ओसीटान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2586%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25C3%25A6" title="Æртыккаг Республикæ – ओस्सेटिक" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æртыккаг Республикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ओस्सेटिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Republika_Francuska" title="III Republika Francuska – पोलिश" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="III Republika Francuska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="पोलिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C%25D8%25AC%25DB%258C_%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25DB%2581%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DB%2581" title="تیجی فرانسیسی جمہوریہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تیجی فرانسیسی جمہوریہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25DB%2590_%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25DB%2590%25DB%258C%25D9%2585_%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D9%2587%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA" title="د فرانسې درېیم جمهوریت – पश्तो" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د فرانسې درېیم جمهوریت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="पश्तो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terceira_Rep%25C3%25BAblica_Francesa" title="Terceira República Francesa – पुर्तगाली" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terceira República Francesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="पुर्तगाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Treia_Republic%25C4%2583_Francez%25C4%2583" title="A Treia Republică Franceză – रोमानियाई" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="A Treia Republică Franceză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="रोमानियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%258C%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D1%2583%25D0%25B7%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Третья Французская республика – रूसी" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Третья Французская республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="रूसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%25C4%2587a_Francuska_Republika" title="Treća Francuska Republika – सेर्बो-क्रोएशियाई" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Treća Francuska Republika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="सेर्बो-क्रोएशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="French Third Republic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretia_franc%25C3%25BAzska_republika" title="Tretia francúzska republika – स्लोवाक" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tretia francúzska republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="स्लोवाक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoska_Tretja_republika" title="Francoska Tretja republika – स्लोवेनियाई" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Francoska Tretja republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="स्लोवेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_e_Tret%25C3%25AB_Franceze" title="Republika e Tretë Franceze – अल्बानियाई" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika e Tretë Franceze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="अल्बानियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%259B%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2584%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Трећа француска република – सर्बियाई" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трећа француска република" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="सर्बियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredje_franska_republiken" title="Tredje franska republiken – स्वीडिश" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tredje franska republiken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="स्वीडिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%259E%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2581_%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%2582%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25B1%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2581" title="பிரெஞ்சு மூன்றாம் குடியரசு – तमिल" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரெஞ்சு மூன்றாம் குடியரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="तमिल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2593%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2590%25E0%25B8%259D%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B9%2588_3" title="สาธารณรัฐฝรั่งเศสที่ 3 – थाई" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐฝรั่งเศสที่ 3" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="थाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259C%25C3%25A7%25C3%25BCnc%25C3%25BC_Frans%25C4%25B1z_Cumhuriyeti" title="Üçüncü Fransız Cumhuriyeti – तुर्की" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üçüncü Fransız Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="तुर्की" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%258F_%25D1%2584%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D1%2583%25D0%25B7%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Третя французька республіка – यूक्रेनियाई" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Третя французька республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="यूक्रेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25DB%2581%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DB%2581_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D9%2585" title="فرانسیسی جمہوریہ سوم – उर्दू" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانسیسی جمہوریہ سوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="उर्दू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tersa_Rep%25C3%25B9blega_franseze" title="Tersa Repùblega franseze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tersa Repùblega franseze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%2590%25E1%25BB%2587_Tam_C%25E1%25BB%2599ng_h%25C3%25B2a_Ph%25C3%25A1p" title="Đệ Tam Cộng hòa Pháp – वियतनामी" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đệ Tam Cộng hòa Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="वियतनामी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B3%2595%25E5%2585%25B0%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259B%25BD" title="法兰西第三共和国 – वू चीनी" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法兰西第三共和国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="वू चीनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A8_%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590_%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%259E%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%2590" title="საფრანგეთიშ მასუმა რესპუბლიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="საფრანგეთიშ მასუმა რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%258Cgb%25C3%25A0_%25C3%2592%25E1%25B9%25A3%25C3%25A8l%25C3%25BA_K%25E1%25BA%25B9ta_Fr%25C3%25A1ns%25C3%25AC" title="Ìgbà Òṣèlú Kẹta Fránsì – योरूबा" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìgbà Òṣèlú Kẹta Fránsì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="योरूबा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B3%2595%25E5%2585%25B0%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259B%25BD" title="法兰西第三共和国 – चीनी" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法兰西第三共和国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="चीनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoat-l%25C3%25A2n-se_T%25C4%2593-sa%25E2%2581%25BF_Ki%25C5%258Dng-h%25C3%25B4-kok" title="Hoat-lân-se Tē-saⁿ Kiōng-hô-kok – मिन नान" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoat-lân-se Tē-saⁿ Kiōng-hô-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="मिन नान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B3%2595%25E8%2598%25AD%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259C%258B" title="法蘭西第三共和國 – कैंटोनीज़" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法蘭西第三共和國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="कैंटोनीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div 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