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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> <b>Waste valorization, beneficial reuse, beneficial use, value recovery</b> or <b>waste reclamation</b><sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the process of <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a> products or <a href="/wiki/Residue_(chemistry)" title="Residue (chemistry)">residues</a> from an economic process being <a href="/wiki/Valorisation" title="Valorisation">valorized</a> (given economic value), by <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reuse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> in order to create economically useful materials.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term comes from practices in <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">sustainable manufacturing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">industrial ecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a>. The term is usually applied in industrial processes where residue from creating or processing one good is used as a raw material or energy feedstock for another industrial process.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial wastes</a> in particular are good candidates for valorization because they tend to be more consistent and predictable than other waste, such as <a href="/wiki/Household_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Household waste">household waste</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, most industrial processes treated waste products as something to be disposed of, causing <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Pollution">industrial pollution</a> unless handled properly.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, increased regulation of residual materials and socioeconomic changes, such as the introduction of ideas about <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular economy</a> in the 1990s and 2000s increased focus on industrial practices to <a href="/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">recover these resources</a> as <a href="/wiki/Value_added" title="Value added">value add</a> materials.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academics focus on finding economic value to reduce environmental impact of other industries as well, for example the development of <a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber forest products</a> to encourage conservation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biomass">Biomass</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waste_valorization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biomass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crop_residue">Crop residue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waste_valorization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Crop residue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Crop_residue" title="Crop residue">Crop residue</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Corncob" title="Corncob">corncob</a>, and other residues from the <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing industry</a>, such as residues from <a href="/wiki/Biorefineries" class="mw-redirect" title="Biorefineries">biorefineries</a>, have high potential for use in further processes, such as producing <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">bioplastics</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">biomaterials</a> for industrial processes.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_waste">Food waste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waste_valorization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Food waste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a></div> <p>One of the more fruitful fields of work is food waste—when deposited in landfills, food waste produces <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">the greenhouse gas methane</a> and other toxic compounds that can be dangerous to humans and local ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Landfill_gas_utilization" title="Landfill gas utilization">Landfill gas utilization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_compost" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal compost">municipal composting</a> can capture and use the organic nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Food waste collected from non-industrial sources is harder to use, because it often has much greater diversity than other sources of waste—different locations and different windows of time produce very different compositions of material, making it hard to use for industrial processes.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transforming food waste to either food products, feed products, or converting it to or extracting food or feed ingredients is termed as food waste valorisation. Valorisation of food waste offers an economical and environmental opportunity, which can reduce the problems of its conventional disposal. Food wastes have been demonstrated to be valuable bioresources that can be utilised to obtain a number of useful products, including <a href="/wiki/Biofertilizer" title="Biofertilizer">biofertilizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">bioplastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a>, chemicals, and nutraceuticals. There is much potential to recycle food wastes by conversion to <a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">insect protein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_excreta">Human excreta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waste_valorization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Human excreta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_human_excreta" title="Reuse of human excreta">Reuse of human excreta</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reuse_of_human_excreta&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvest_of_peppers_at_a_SOIL_experimental_garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Harvest_of_peppers_at_a_SOIL_experimental_garden.jpg/310px-Harvest_of_peppers_at_a_SOIL_experimental_garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Harvest_of_peppers_at_a_SOIL_experimental_garden.jpg/465px-Harvest_of_peppers_at_a_SOIL_experimental_garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Harvest_of_peppers_at_a_SOIL_experimental_garden.jpg/620px-Harvest_of_peppers_at_a_SOIL_experimental_garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Harvest of <a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">capsicum</a> grown with <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a> made from human excreta at an experimental garden in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_human_excreta" title="Reuse of human excreta">Reuse of human excreta</a> is the safe, beneficial use of treated <a href="/wiki/Human_waste" title="Human waste">human excreta</a> after applying suitable treatment steps and risk management approaches that are customized for the intended reuse application. Beneficial uses of the treated excreta may focus on using the <a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">plant-available nutrients</a> (mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) that are contained in the treated excreta. They may also make use of the organic matter and energy contained in the excreta. To a lesser extent, reuse of the excreta's water content might also take place, although this is better known as <a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">water reclamation</a> from municipal <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a>. The intended reuse applications for the nutrient content may include: <a href="/wiki/Soil_conditioner" title="Soil conditioner">soil conditioner</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticultural</a> activities. Other reuse applications, which focus more on the organic matter content of the excreta, include use <a href="#Solid_fuel,_heat,_electricity">as a fuel source</a> or as an energy source in the form of <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a>. </p> There is a large and growing number of treatment options to make excreta safe and manageable for the intended reuse option.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuse_of_human_excreta_tilley2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuse_of_human_excreta_tilley2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Options include urine diversion and dehydration of feces (<a href="/wiki/Urine-diverting_dry_toilet" title="Urine-diverting dry toilet">urine-diverting dry toilets</a>), composting (<a href="/wiki/Composting_toilet" title="Composting toilet">composting toilets</a> or external <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">composting processes</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge_treatment" title="Sewage sludge treatment">sewage sludge treatment</a> technologies and a range of <a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">fecal sludge treatment</a> processes. They all achieve various degrees of pathogen removal and reduction in water content for easier handling. Pathogens of concern are enteric bacteria, virus, protozoa, and <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_worm" title="Parasitic worm">helminth eggs</a> in feces.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuse_of_human_excreta_Harder_695–743_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuse_of_human_excreta_Harder_695–743-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the helminth eggs are the pathogens that are the most difficult to destroy with treatment processes, they are commonly used as an <a href="/wiki/Indicator_organism" title="Indicator organism">indicator organism</a> in reuse schemes. Other health risks and environmental pollution aspects that need to be considered include spreading micropollutants, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_persistent_pharmaceutical_pollutant" title="Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant">pharmaceutical residues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> in the environment which could cause <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">groundwater pollution</a> and thus potentially affect <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards" title="Drinking water quality standards">drinking water quality</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mine_wastes">Mine wastes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waste_valorization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mine wastes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Tailings</a></div> <p>Mine tailings and other mining residues can be very large in volume and cause significant environmental issues even when stored correctly (such as <a href="/wiki/Tailings_dam" title="Tailings dam">tailings dam</a> failures and <a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Minerals_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minerals-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, demand for the rare minerals found in tailings is increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-Minerals_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minerals-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes reuse can be done on site to address other problems from mining, such as using alkaline rocks to abate <a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Red_mud" title="Red mud">Red mud</a> is a byproduct of the <a href="/wiki/Bayer_process" title="Bayer process">Bayer process</a> which is the main process employed to generate <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>. Numerous uses of the highly <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> substance have been proposed, among them mitigating acid mine drainage.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest waste by volume - especially in <a href="/wiki/Open_pit_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Open pit mining">open pit mining</a> - is usually <a href="/wiki/Overburden" title="Overburden">overburden</a> which is either used to fill the mine back in when mining ceases or can be used for various construction purposes, as aggregate or to create infill.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, depending on the composition of the material, this may come with risks and hazards if pollutants like heavy metals contaminate the material.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mining operations that remove significant amounts of material even after filling the overburden back in, the resulting land is often below the natural water table.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany the former <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> pits were thus turned into the <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_Lake_District" title="Lusatian Lake District">Lusatian Lake District</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_German_Lake_District" title="Central German Lake District">Central German Lake District</a> and other similar areas.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuclear_waste">Nuclear waste</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waste_valorization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nuclear waste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Low_level_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Low level waste">low</a> and intermediate level waste are usually not the subject of much public attention, they make up the bulk (by volume and mass) of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear waste">nuclear waste</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Spent_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Spent fuel">spent fuel</a> is responsible for the vast majority of the radioactivity produced by nuclear power plants.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are active industrial scale applications of waste valorization using spent nuclear fuel - primarily <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">nuclear reprocessing</a> using the <a href="/wiki/PUREX" title="PUREX">PUREX</a> process which yields <a href="/wiki/Reactor_grade_plutonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactor grade plutonium">reactor grade plutonium</a> for use in <a href="/wiki/MOX-fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="MOX-fuel">MOX-fuel</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Reprocessed_uranium" title="Reprocessed uranium">reprocessed uranium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to that process, there are numerous proposals and small scale applications of recovering various substances for use. While over 90% of spent fuel is uranium, the rest (namely <a href="/wiki/Fission_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Fission products">fission products</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_actinides" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor actinides">minor actinides</a> and plutonium) has also attracted considerable attention. High value products contained in spent fuel have both radioactive applications such as <a href="/wiki/Americium-241" title="Americium-241">Americium-241</a> for use in smoke detectors, <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">Tritium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptunium-237" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunium-237">Neptunium-237</a> for use as a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-238" title="Plutonium-238">Plutonium-238</a> or various industrial radionuclides like <a href="/wiki/Krypton-85" title="Krypton-85">Krypton-85</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesium-137" title="Caesium-137">Caesium-137</a> or <a href="/wiki/Strontium-90" title="Strontium-90">Strontium-90</a>, as well as nonradioactive applications as some fission products decay quickly to stable or essentially stable nuclides. Elements in the latter category include <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also proposals to use the <a href="/wiki/Decay_heat" title="Decay heat">decay heat</a> of spent fuel, which is currently "wasted" in the <a href="/wiki/Spent_fuel_pool" title="Spent fuel pool">spent fuel pool</a>, to generate power and/or <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strontium-90 is suitable as a fuel for a <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a> and has been extracted from spent nuclear fuel for this purpose in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the need to process the highly reactive metal into the inert <a href="/wiki/Perovskite_(structure)" title="Perovskite (structure)">perovskite</a> form <a href="/wiki/Strontium_titanate" title="Strontium titanate">Strontium titanate</a> reduces the <a href="/wiki/Power_density" title="Power density">power density</a> to "only" about 0.46 watts per gram.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caesium-137 can also be used for <a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">food irradiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Field_of_study">Field of study</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waste_valorization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Field of study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The academic journal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Waste_%26_Biomass_Valorization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waste & Biomass Valorization (page does not exist)">Waste & Biomass Valorization</a> publishes scholarship on the topic and was first published in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A special edition of the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Industrial_Ecology" title="Journal of Industrial Ecology">Journal of Industrial Ecology</a> focused on valorization in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Routledge published a textbook on the topic in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A special issue of the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Environmental_Management" title="Journal of Environmental Management">Journal of Environmental Management</a> focused on biomass and biowaste valorization in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waste_valorization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKabongo2013" class="citation cs2">Kabongo, Jean D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Routledge+%26+CRC+Press&rft.atitle=Waste+Management+and+Valorization%3A+Alternative+Technologies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FWaste-Management-and-Valorization-Alternative-Technologies%2FRada%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781774635940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaste+valorization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-environmental-management/special-issue/104N2SDWWRG">"Journal of Environmental Management | Biowaste and biomass valorization, recycling and recovery practices | ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier"</a>. <i>www.sciencedirect.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sciencedirect.com&rft.atitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Management+%7C+Biowaste+and+biomass+valorization%2C+recycling+and+recovery+practices+%7C+ScienceDirect.com+by+Elsevier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fjournal%2Fjournal-of-environmental-management%2Fspecial-issue%2F104N2SDWWRG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaste+valorization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waste_valorization&oldid=1217652609">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waste_valorization&oldid=1217652609</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_and_climate_change" title="Category:Economics and climate change">Economics and climate change</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recycling" title="Category:Recycling">Recycling</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reuse" title="Category:Reuse">Reuse</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2023">Articles with dead external links from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2023">Use dmy dates from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 April 2024, at 02:43<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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