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Logika – Wikipedija/Википедија
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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Naziv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naziv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Naziv</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naziv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predmet_i_pojam_logike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predmet_i_pojam_logike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Predmet i pojam logike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predmet_i_pojam_logike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vrste_logike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vrste_logike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vrste logike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vrste_logike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istorija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Istorija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istorija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Istorija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istorija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antička_logika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antička_logika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Antička logika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antička_logika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novovekovna_logika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novovekovna_logika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Novovekovna logika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novovekovna_logika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Savremena_logika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Savremena_logika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Savremena logika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Savremena_logika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koncepti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koncepti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Koncepti</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Koncepti-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Koncepti</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Koncepti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Logička_forma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logička_forma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Logička forma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logička_forma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semantika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Semantika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semantika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaključivanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaključivanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Zaključivanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaključivanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drugačije_koncepcije_logike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drugačije_koncepcije_logike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Drugačije koncepcije logike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drugačije_koncepcije_logike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kategorije_i_pojmovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kategorije_i_pojmovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kategorije i pojmovi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kategorije_i_pojmovi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Kategorije i pojmovi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kategorije_i_pojmovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pojam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pojam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pojam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pojam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaključak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaključak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Zaključak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaključak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definicija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definicija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Definicija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definicija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dokaz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dokaz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Dokaz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dokaz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aksiom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aksiom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Aksiom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aksiom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primeri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primeri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Primeri</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Primeri-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Primeri</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Primeri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Osnovne_operacije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osnovne_operacije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Osnovne operacije</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osnovne_operacije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulova_algebra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulova_algebra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bulova algebra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulova_algebra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logičke_greške" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logičke_greške"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Logičke greške</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logičke_greške-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odnos_sa_drugim_naukama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odnos_sa_drugim_naukama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Odnos sa drugim naukama</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Odnos_sa_drugim_naukama-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Odnos sa drugim naukama</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Odnos_sa_drugim_naukama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Logika_i_hermeneutika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logika_i_hermeneutika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Logika i hermeneutika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logika_i_hermeneutika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logika_i_računarstvo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logika_i_računarstvo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Logika i računarstvo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logika_i_računarstvo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoljašnje_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoljašnje_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Spoljašnje veze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoljašnje_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Logika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 164 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">164 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik — Švajcarsko nemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Švajcarsko nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%AE" title="ስነ አምክንዮ — Amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስነ አምክንዮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochica" title="Lochica — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lochica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonežanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="तर्कशास्त्र — Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तर्कशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82" title="منطق — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منطق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82" title="منطق — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="منطق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="তৰ্কশাস্ত্ৰ — Asemijski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তৰ্কশাস্ত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asemijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3xica" title="Lóxica — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lóxica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99ntiq" title="Məntiq — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məntiq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%82" title="منطیق — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="منطیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика — Baškir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baškir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luog%C4%97ka" title="Luogėka — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Luogėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohika" title="Lohika — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lohika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логіка — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Логіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лёгіка — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лёгіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mant%C3%A8k" title="Mantèk — Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mantèk" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="যুক্তিবিজ্ঞান — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যুক্তিবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poelloniezh" title="Poelloniezh — Bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Poelloniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika — Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ушар ухаан — Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ушар ухаан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2gica" title="Lògica — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lògica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica — Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика — Čečenski" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Čečenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%86%DA%98%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="لۆژیک — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لۆژیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica — Korzikanski" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korzikanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mant%C4%B1q" title="Mantıq — Krimeanski turski" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Mantıq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Krimeanski turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика — Čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhesymeg" title="Rhesymeg — Velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhesymeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Λογική — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λογική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Logic" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logiko" title="Logiko — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Logiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3gica" title="Lógica — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lógica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loogika" title="Loogika — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loogika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3gica" title="Lógica — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lógica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82" title="منطق — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منطق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logiikka" title="Logiikka — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Logiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loogiga" title="Loogiga — Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Loogiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakasama" title="Vakasama — Fidžijski" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vakasama" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fidžijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logique" title="Logique — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Logique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loogik" title="Loogik — Severno-frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Loogik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Severno-frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika — Frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loighic" title="Loighic — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Loighic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E5%AD%B8" title="邏輯學 — gan kineski" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="邏輯學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojik" title="Lojik — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lojik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3xica" title="Lóxica — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lóxica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuaarape" title="Kuaarape — Gvarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuaarape" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Gvarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABpili" title="Kūpili — Havajski" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kūpili" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Havajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="לוגיקה — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוגיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="तर्कशास्त्र — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तर्कशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Logic" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տրամաբանություն — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրամաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տրամաբանութիւն — Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տրամաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica — Interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik — Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica — Interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%B8z%C3%B9" title="Ǹzù — Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ǹzù" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohika" title="Lohika — Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Lohika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logiko" title="Logiko — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Logiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6kfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Rökfræði — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rökfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="論理学 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="論理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajik" title="Lajik — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Lajik" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/logji" title="logji — Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="logji" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika — Javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ლოგიკა — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლოგიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tame%E1%BA%93la" title="Tameẓla — Kabile" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tameẓla" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabile" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%94l%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Cɔlɩyɛ — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Cɔlɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A8go_(logic)" title="Ũgo (logic) — Kikuju" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ũgo (logic)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6" title="តក្កវិជ្ជា — Kmerski" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តក្កវិជ្ជា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Kmerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="논리학 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="논리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentiq" title="Mentiq — Kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mentiq" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojyk" title="Lojyk — Korniški" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lojyk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Korniški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik — Luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8C" title="Мантикь — Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Мантикь" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojica" title="Lojica — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lojica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica — Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logega" title="Logega — lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Logega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C4%A3ika" title="Loģika — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Loģika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4jika" title="Lôjika — Malagazijski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lôjika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagazijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika — Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="തർക്കശാസ്ത്രം — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തർക്കശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Логик — Mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Логик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="तर्कशास्त्र — Marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तर्कशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3gica" title="Lógica — Mirandeški" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lógica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandeški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ယုတ္တိဗေဒ — Burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယုတ္တိဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82" title="منطق — mazanderanski" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="منطق" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik — Niski nemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Niski nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="तर्क — Nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तर्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logikk" title="Logikk — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Logikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logikk" title="Logikk — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Logikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logike" title="Logike — Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Logike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Provansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaaya(logic)" title="Yaaya(logic) — Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Yaaya(logic)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਤਰਕ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ — Pandžabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਰਕ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandžabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojik" title="Lojik — Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Lojik" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2gica" title="Lògica — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lògica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8F%DA%A9" title="تُک — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تُک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="سولپوهنه — Paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سولپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3gica" title="Lógica — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lógica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullwa" title="Sullwa — Kvenča" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sullwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kvenča" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic%C4%83" title="Logică — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Logică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лоґіка — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лоґіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика — Jakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ — Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2gica" title="Lògica — Sardinijski" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lògica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2ggica" title="Lòggica — Sicilijanski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lòggica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic — Škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Logic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82" title="منطق — Sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="منطق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%E1%BA%93la" title="Tamẓla — tahelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tamẓla" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tahelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Logic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logjika" title="Logjika — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Logjika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika — Sudanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sudanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantiki" title="Mantiki — Svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mantiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஏரணம் — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏரணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D2%9B" title="Мантиқ — Tađik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мантиқ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tađik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ตรรกศาสตร์ — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตรรกศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantyk" title="Mantyk — Turkmenski" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mantyk" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohika" title="Lohika — Tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lohika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%D3%99nty%C7%A7" title="Mәntyǧ — Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mәntyǧ" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajik" title="Lajik — Tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Lajik" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mant%C4%B1k" title="Mantık — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mantık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Мантыйк — Tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мантыйк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Билиглел — Tuvinijski" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Билиглел" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логіка — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Логіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82" title="منطق — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منطق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantiq" title="Mantiq — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mantiq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik — Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Logic" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodjike" title="Lodjike — Valun" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lodjike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Valun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohika" title="Lohika — Varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lohika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="邏輯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-logic" title="I-logic — Khosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-logic" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Khosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ლოგიკა — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლოგიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A7" title="לאגיק — Jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאגיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cgb%E1%BB%8D%CC%81n" title="Ọgbọ́n — Jorubanski" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọgbọ́n" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Jorubanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ — standardni marokanski tamazigt" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standardni marokanski tamazigt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="逻辑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%89%87" title="理則 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="理則" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-l%C3%AD" title="Su-lí — min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Su-lí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="邏輯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8078#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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To je grana <a href="/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija">filozofije</a> koja izučava <a href="/wiki/Metod" class="mw-redirect" title="Metod">metode</a> mišljenja i ispitivanja; unutrašnje i spoljno posmatranje, <a href="/wiki/Dedukcija" title="Dedukcija">dedukciju</a> i <a href="/wiki/Indukcija_(logika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indukcija (logika)">indukciju</a>, obrazovanje <a href="/wiki/Hipoteza" title="Hipoteza">hipoteza</a> i <a href="/wiki/Eksperiment" title="Eksperiment">eksperiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analiza" title="Analiza">analizu</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sinteza" class="mw-disambig" title="Sinteza">sintezu</a>. Ona je „logija“ ili metoda svake <a href="/wiki/Nauka" title="Nauka">nauke</a>. Definiše se kao nauka zato što se proces pravilnog mišljenja može svesti na zakone koje može naučiti svaki <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Covek" class="mw-redirect" title="Čovek">čovek</a>; ona je veština zato što vežbanjem čovek stiče sigurnost u svoje mišljenje. </p><p>Ljudsko mišljenje sadrži sve što <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Covek" class="mw-redirect" title="Čovek">čovek</a> <a href="/wiki/Misao" title="Misao">misli</a> i taj sadržaj je izuzetno raznovrstan. Mišljenje zahvata beskonačni <a href="/wiki/Svemir" title="Svemir">univerzum</a> fenomena i procesa, uključujući i sam proces mišljenja. Forme mišljenja, odnosno način ispoljavanja mišljenja, ujedno su i osnovni elementi ili glavne kategorije logike: <a href="/wiki/Pojam" title="Pojam">pojam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sud_(logika)" title="Sud (logika)">, sud</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaklju%C4%8Dak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaključak (stranica ne postoji)">zaključak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tubić_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tubić-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Filipović_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filipović-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Logika je, po svom sadržaju, sistematsko proučavanje <a href="/wiki/Sud_(logika)" title="Sud (logika)">tvrdnji</a> (sudova, argumenata) i njihovih veza sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaklju%C4%8Dak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaključak (stranica ne postoji)">zaključkom</a>. Logički ispravna tvrdnja je ona kod koje postoji logička osnova koja povezuje pretpostavku sa zaključkom i potvrđuje je. </p><p>Osim osnovnih, <a href="/wiki/Nauka" title="Nauka">naučna</a> logika koristi se i drugim pojmovima, između ostalih, to su: <a href="/wiki/Definicija" title="Definicija">definicija</a>, specifikacija, naučna činjenica, naučni problem, naučno otkriće, distinkcija (razlika), deskripcija (opis), eksplanacija (obrazloženje), predviđanje, dokaz, opovrgavanje, problem, <a href="/wiki/Hipoteza" title="Hipoteza">hipoteza</a> (pretpostavka), <a href="/wiki/Teorija" title="Teorija">teorija</a>, zakon (pravilo), verifikacija (potvrda).<sup id="cite_ref-Cvetković_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cvetković-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jasno je da se mnogi od ovih pojmova koriste i u drugim naukama. </p><p>U okviru logike primenjuju se različite <a href="/wiki/Metodika" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Metodika">metodologije</a> rezonovanja: <a href="/wiki/Dedukcija" title="Dedukcija">dedukcija</a>, koja se od vremena klasične logike smatrala kao jedina validna metoda, <a href="/wiki/Indukcija_(logika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indukcija (logika)">indukcija</a>, koja je i dalje predmet kritika<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i abdukcija (latinski: <i>abductio</i> - odvođenje),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> koju revalorizira filozof <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Carls_Sanders_Pers" class="mw-redirect" title="Čarls Sanders Pers">Čarls Sanders Pers</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naziv">Naziv</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Naziv" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Naziv"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pojam λογικός (<i>loghikòs</i>) je korišten u starogrčkoj filozofiji još od vremena <a href="/wiki/Heraklit" title="Heraklit">Heraklita</a> i <a href="/wiki/Zenon_iz_Eleje" title="Zenon iz Eleje">Zenona</a>, preko <a href="/wiki/Sofista" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofista">sofista</a> do <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platona</a>, u generičkom smislu: ono što se odnosi na λόγος (<i><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a></i>), u značenju „razum“, „reč“, „zakon“ i sl. Čak ni sam osnivač logike, Aristotel, nije koristio naziv logika. Ovaj naziv u širu upotrebu uvode <a href="/wiki/Stoicizam" title="Stoicizam">stoici</a> u ranom III veku p. n. e. U stoičkoj školi pojmovi ἡ λογική τέχνη (<i>e loghiké tékne</i>), τὰ λογικά (<i>tà loghikà</i>) dobivaju tehničko značenje: „teorija prosuđivanja i znanja“ koje se odnosi ne samo na <a href="/wiki/Epistemologija" title="Epistemologija">teoriju saznanja</a> već i na formalnu strukturu mišljenja.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1945264_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1945264-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predmet_i_pojam_logike">Predmet i pojam logike</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Predmet i pojam logike" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Predmet i pojam logike"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Hegel_portrait_by_Schlesinger_1831.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hegel_portrait_by_Schlesinger_1831.jpg/220px-Hegel_portrait_by_Schlesinger_1831.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hegel_portrait_by_Schlesinger_1831.jpg/330px-Hegel_portrait_by_Schlesinger_1831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hegel_portrait_by_Schlesinger_1831.jpg/440px-Hegel_portrait_by_Schlesinger_1831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>"Unutar logike se raspravlja suštinski o njenom predmetu, to jest o mišljenju; njegov pojam se stvara u njenom proticanju i stoga ne može se postaviti unapred."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Logika se ne bavi posebnim područjima <a href="/wiki/Stvarnost" title="Stvarnost">stvarnosti</a>; ona istražuje proces(e) kojim se dolazi do saznanja o stvarnosti uopše i to je čini <a href="/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija">filozofskom</a> naukom. Dakle, logika utvrđuje zakone kojima se dolazi do istine. U odnosu na shvatanje pojma istine izdvojile su se formalna logika i sadržinska (konkretna) logika - prva se bavi objektivnom istinom i tretira mišljenje na formalan način a druga se bavi formalnim pravilima i tretiranjem pravila mišljenja na konkretan (sadržinski način). </p><p>Logika nije normativna <a href="/wiki/Nauka" title="Nauka">nauka</a>, ali poznavanje formi <a href="/wiki/Misao" title="Misao">mišljenja</a> i logičkih zakona pomaže jasnijem i pravilnijem izražavanju kao i pronalaženju grešaka u vlastitom i tuđem mišljenju. Što se tiče odnosa <a href="/wiki/Psihologija" title="Psihologija">psihologije</a> i logike, uočava se razlika u opsegu proučavanja: psihologija se bavi svim <a href="/wiki/Psihologija" title="Psihologija">psihičkim</a>, intelektualnim, <a href="/wiki/Emocija" class="mw-redirect" title="Emocija">emotivnim</a> procesima i procesima volje dok je logika usmerena samo na forme istinitog i pravilnog mišljenja.<sup id="cite_ref-Tubić_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tubić-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Logika se u određenim krugovima posmatra kao deo <a href="/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija">filozofije</a>, a u drugim kao posebna nauka. Predstavnici <a href="/wiki/Ontologija" title="Ontologija">ontološke</a> logike zastupaju stanovište prema kojem su svi filozofski problemi u osnovi ontološki tako da ni logika nije moguća kao odvojena nauka. Kod <a href="/wiki/Epistemologija" title="Epistemologija">gnoseološke</a> logike zastupa se mišljenje da je logika disciplina koja se bavi isključivo formalnim uslovima spoznaje i kao takva samo je deo teorije spoznaje koja tretira spoznaju u njenoj ukupnosti. <a href="/wiki/Antropologija" title="Antropologija">Antropologizam</a> u logici smatra da je mišljenje deo čovekovih aktivnosti pa je prema tome logika, koja se bavi čovekovim mišljenjem, deo antropologije. <a href="/wiki/Lingvistika" title="Lingvistika">Lingvistički</a> pravac u logici nalaže da nema misli bez <a href="/wiki/Jezik" title="Jezik">jezika</a>, pa je zato logika samo praktična primena lingvistike ili njen deo.<sup id="cite_ref-Filipović_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filipović-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Svim ovim mišljenjima suprotan položaj zauzima shvatanje pristalica čiste logike koji naglašavaju da logika ne proučava realna dešavanja (npr. psihičke procese), već idealne pojave - misli, a njima se ne bavi nijedna druga nauka.<sup id="cite_ref-Filipović_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filipović-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ne postoji opšta saglasnost o opsegu i predmetu istraživanja logike. Prema tradicionalnom učenju, logika se bavi klasifikacijom argumenata, sistematskog podvrgavanja logičkih formi svim validnim argumentima, te proučavanjem <a href="/wiki/Paradoks" title="Paradoks">paradoksa</a> i logičkih grešaka (zabluda, neistina). Tokom <a href="/wiki/Istorija" class="mw-redirect" title="Istorija">istorije</a> logika se proučavala u okviru <a href="/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija">filozofije</a> (od <a href="/wiki/Antika" title="Antika">antičkog doba</a>), <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematike</a> (od sredine XIX veka), a u XX i XXI veku, logika je važan deo lingvistike, psihologije, <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarstvo" title="Računarstvo">računarstva</a> i drugih intelektualnih aktivnosti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vrste_logike">Vrste logike</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Vrste logike" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vrste logike"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Razlikuju se: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bivalentna_logika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bivalentna logika (stranica ne postoji)">Bivalentna logika</a></b> je logika koja sadrži samo dve istinosne vrednosti: istinito i lažno.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Modalna_logika" title="Modalna logika">Modalna logika</a></b> za razliku od klasične prihvata modalne operatore. <i>Modalni operator</i> je propozicionalni operator koji nije funktor istine, nego pojmova kao što su mogućnost, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontingentnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontingentnost (stranica ne postoji)">kontingentnost</a>, nemogućnost, nužnost.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moderna_logika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moderna logika (stranica ne postoji)">Moderna logika</a></b>, za razliku od klasične, aristotelovske, uvodi nove tipove logičkih veza i stroge postupke <a href="/wiki/Aksioma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksioma">aksiomatizacije</a>, formalizacije i <a href="/wiki/Simbol" title="Simbol">simbolizacije</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polivalentna_logika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polivalentna logika (stranica ne postoji)">Polivalentna logika</a></b> za razliku od klasične, bivalentne, prihvata više od dve istinosne vrednosti.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalna_logika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formalna logika (stranica ne postoji)">Formalna logika</a></b> opisuje forme sistematskog ispravnog mišljenja: <a href="/wiki/Pojam" title="Pojam">pojam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sud" title="Sud">sud</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaklju%C4%8Dak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaključak (stranica ne postoji)">zaključak</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silogizam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silogizam (stranica ne postoji)">silogizam</a>). Izraz se najčešće upotrebljava kao oznaka za tradicionalnu, aristotelovsku logiku.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegelova_logika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hegelova logika (stranica ne postoji)">Hegelova logika</a></b>, za razliku od aristotelovske, zasnovana je kao sinteza tradicionalne logike, <a href="/wiki/Epistemologija" title="Epistemologija">gnoseologije</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ontologija" title="Ontologija">ontologije</a>, pa su u njenim okvirima svi principi aristotelovske logike revidirani i prikazani samo kao prazne forme „razumskog mišljenja“. Ona se ponekad neadekvatno poistovećuje c <a href="/wiki/Dijalektika" title="Dijalektika">dijalektikom</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logi%C4%8Dki_principi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logički principi (stranica ne postoji)">Logički principi</a></b>, uobičajeni naziv za četiri osnovna principa ili „zakona“ korektnog mišljenja: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Princip_identiteta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princip identiteta (stranica ne postoji)">princip identiteta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">lat</a>. <i>principium identitis</i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Princip_protivre%C4%8Dnosti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princip protivrečnosti (stranica ne postoji)">princip protivrečnosti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">lat</a>. <i>principium contradictionis</i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Princip_isklju%C4%8Denja_tre%C4%87eg_ili_srednjeg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princip isključenja trećeg ili srednjeg (stranica ne postoji)">princip isključenja trećeg ili srednjeg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">lat</a>. <i>principium exclusi tertii sine medi</i>i), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Princip_dovoljnog_razloga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princip dovoljnog razloga (stranica ne postoji)">princip dovoljnog razloga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">lat</a>. <i>principium rationis sufficientis</i>). Prva tri principa u osnovi je nagovestio Aristotel, a četvrti potiče od <a href="/wiki/Gotfrid_Vilhelm_Lajbnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotfrid Vilhelm Lajbnic">Lajbnica</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasi%C4%8Dna_logika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasična logika (stranica ne postoji)">Klasična logika</a></b> je uobičajeni naziv za logiku konstituisanu na osnovu Aristotelovih logičkih spisa, bivalentna, podrazumeva tri temeljna principa: identiteta, neprotivrečnosti i isključenja trećeg.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neklasi%C4%8Dna_logika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neklasična logika (stranica ne postoji)">Neklasična logika</a></b> je opšta oznaka za modalnu, polivalentnu i oslabljenu logiku.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorija">Istorija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Istorija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Istorija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antička_logika"><span id="Anti.C4.8Dka_logika"></span>Antička logika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Antička logika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Antička logika"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/220px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/330px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/440px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2275" /></a><figcaption>Aristotel (384 p. n. e. – 322 p. n. e.): „Svaki čovek po prirodi teži znanju.“</figcaption></figure> <p>Počeci logike vezuju se za stare <a href="/wiki/Civilizacija" title="Civilizacija">civilizacije</a>, od onih nastalih na tlu <a href="/wiki/Indijski_potkontinent" title="Indijski potkontinent">Indijskog potkontinenta</a>, preko <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kine</a> do <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Grčka">Grčke</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Grčka">Grčki</a> filozof <a href="/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> iz IV veka p. n. e. se smatra osnivačem <a href="/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa">evropske</a> logike, on je postavio čvrst temelj ovoj nauci i prvi je koristio <a href="/wiki/Promenljiva_(matematika)" title="Promenljiva (matematika)">varijable</a> za predstavljanje logičkih izraza. On je uspostavio logiku kao filozofsku disciplinu dodelivši joj fundamentalnu ulogu. Aristotel je u svom delu <i>Organon</i> (oruđe) detaljno i sistematično ispitao oblike mišljenja i odredio pravila s kojim mišljenje mora biti usaglašeno. Aristotel je logiku postavio na sistematičan način; za njega, ona se podudara sa metodom dedukcije, jedinim metodom, kako je smatrao, koji poseduje potrebnu i striktnu posledičnost koja je očigledna u silogizmu (deduktivni zaključak sa dve premise i zaključkom). Primer: </p> <ul><li>Svi ljudi su smrtni.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokrat" title="Sokrat">Sokrat</a> je čovek.</li> <li>Dakle, Sokrat je smrtnik.</li></ul> <p>Ipak, Aristotelova logika ostaje samo oruđe koje samo po sebi ne može automatski otvoriti put ka <a href="/wiki/Istina" title="Istina">istini</a>. Istina zavisi od premisa koje formuliše intelekt, on intuicijom dolazi do spoznaje univerzalnih koncepata iz koji logika donosi samo formalno ispravne zaključke, od opštih ka posebnim.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novovekovna_logika">Novovekovna logika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Novovekovna logika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Novovekovna logika"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Francis_Bacon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Francis_Bacon.jpg/220px-Francis_Bacon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Francis_Bacon.jpg/330px-Francis_Bacon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Francis_Bacon.jpg/440px-Francis_Bacon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fransis_Bejkon" class="mw-redirect" title="Fransis Bejkon">Fransis Bejkon</a> (1561-1626): „Znanje je moć.“</figcaption></figure> <p>U <a href="/wiki/Srednji_vek" class="mw-redirect" title="Srednji vek">srednjem veku</a> se Aristotelova <a href="/wiki/Dedukcija" title="Dedukcija">deduktivna</a> logika samo nadograđivala, sve do XVII veka, kada <a href="/wiki/Engleska" title="Engleska">engleski</a> filozof <a href="/wiki/Fransis_Bejkon" class="mw-redirect" title="Fransis Bejkon">Fransis Bejkon</a> uvodi novu, <a href="/wiki/Indukcija_(logika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indukcija (logika)">induktivnu</a> logiku. U delu <i>Novum Organum</i>, <a href="/wiki/Fransis_Bejkon" class="mw-redirect" title="Fransis Bejkon">Fransis Bejkon</a> je pokušao da izgradi novu <a href="/wiki/Metodika" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Metodika">metodologiju</a> temeljenu na indukciji, a da logiku predstavi kao instrument za naučno istraživanje.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rad na ovim pitanjima nastavio je <a href="/wiki/Rene_Dekart" class="mw-redirect" title="Rene Dekart">Rene Dekart</a>, koji je pokušao da utvrdi da li rigorozni <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematički</a> diskurs može postati temelj svakog znanja, uključujući i ono filozofsko. <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Hobs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomas Hobs">Tomas Hobs</a>, takođe na polju matematike, smatrao je da je logika kombinacija znakova i pravila. <a href="/wiki/Gotfrid_Vilhelm_Lajbnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotfrid Vilhelm Lajbnic">Gotfrid Lajbnic</a> i njegovi sledbenici pokušali su da objedine kompleks logičko-lingvističkih struktura u jedan univerzalni naučni jezik, odnosno, „simboličku i kombinatoričnu logiku“, što je kasnije postalo osnova matematičke logike. </p><p>U 18. veku dati su značajni doprinosi razvoju savremene logike. <a href="/wiki/Imanuel_Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Imanuel Kant">Imanuel Kant</a>, u <i><a href="/wiki/Kritika_%C4%8Distog_uma" title="Kritika čistog uma">Kritici čistog uma</a></i>, definisao je transcendentalnu logiku kao deo logike koja se bavi načinom na koji se ljudsko znanje može primeniti na empirijske koncepte, odnosno, kako nauka može pomoći ljudskoj spoznaji. Kant je razlikovao dve vrste logičkih hipoteza: analitičke i empirijske. Prve ne mogu biti kontradiktorne, a druge su konstatacije. Ipak, ni jedna od njih nije bila u mogućnosti da poboljša ljudsku spoznaju o svetu, jer analitičke <a href="/wiki/Hipoteza" title="Hipoteza">hipoteze</a> nisu davale dodatnu spoznaju premisama, a empirijske nisu imale univerzalni karakter. Zato je Kant predložio treći tip hipoteza: (<i>a priori</i>) sintetičke u koje je svrstao <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematičke hipoteze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gotlob_Frege" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotlob Frege">Gotlob Frege</a> je pokazao da <a href="/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika">aritmetika</a> vodi do sušte logike, jer je sačinjena od čisto analitičkih hipoteza. I drugi naučnici iz <a href="/wiki/Be%C4%8Dki_krug" title="Bečki krug">Bečkog kruga</a> su kritikovali postojanje <i>a priori</i> sintetičkih sudova. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a> je odbacio one <a href="/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija">filozofije</a> koje su u temelje logike postavljale intuiciju nadrazumske prirode i pretvorio je deduktivnu metodu u spiralni postupak koji na kraju sam sebe opravdava. Takav <a href="/wiki/Dijalektika" title="Dijalektika">dijalektički</a> sistem smatra se superiornijim od onog klasičnog.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41558719">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Unutar logike se raspravlja suštinski o njenom predmetu, to jest o mišljenju, tačnije pojmovnom mišljenju; njegov pojam se stvara u njenom proticanju i prema tome ne može se postaviti unapred. Neumesno je reći da logika apstrahuje od svake sadržine, da ona izlaže samo pravila mišljenja, a da se ne upušta u ono o čemu se misli i da ne može uzeti u obzir njegova svojstva. Jer, pošto njen predmet treba da sačinjava mišljenje i pravila mišljenja, to ona upravo u njima neposredno ima svoju vlastitu sadržinu.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">– <cite><a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Od <a href="/wiki/Georg_Vilhelm_Fridrih_Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Vilhelm Fridrih Hegel">Hegela</a>, koji je prvi dao formulaciju pravila <a href="/wiki/Dijalektika" title="Dijalektika">dijalektičkog</a> mišljenja, razvija se dijalektička <a href="/wiki/Metod" class="mw-redirect" title="Metod">metoda</a> koja je značajno pogodnija za tretiranje složenih pojava izražene dinamike, zato što uvek razmatra i posebnosti datih situacija. Njegova logika je ostala u okviru <a href="/wiki/Idealizam" title="Idealizam">idealizma</a> a <a href="/wiki/Materijalizam" title="Materijalizam">materijalističku</a> interpretaciju dobija u radovima <a href="/wiki/Marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Marks">Marksa</a> (Marksov <i>Kapital</i> sadrži izraženu primenu dijalektičke logike).<sup id="cite_ref-Tubić_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tubić-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Savremena_logika">Savremena logika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Savremena logika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Savremena logika"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:1925_kurt_g%C3%B6del.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1925_kurt_g%C3%B6del.png/220px-1925_kurt_g%C3%B6del.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1925_kurt_g%C3%B6del.png/330px-1925_kurt_g%C3%B6del.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/1925_kurt_g%C3%B6del.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Gedel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt Gedel">Kurt Gedel</a> (1906-1978): „Ili je matematika prevelika za ljudski um ili je ljudski um više od mašine.“ <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>U drugoj polovini 19. veka logika se vraća proučavanju formalnih aspekata <a href="/wiki/Jezik" title="Jezik">jezika</a>, dakle, formalnoj logici, i naturalističkim metodama, što je doprinelo razvoju <a href="/wiki/Matemati%C4%8Dka_logika" title="Matematička logika">matematičke logike</a>. U 19. i 20. veku razvija se <a href="/wiki/Simbol" title="Simbol">simbolička</a> logika, na početku samo razvijeniji oblik deduktivne logike, a kasnije je obuhvatila i induktivnu. Ova logika je šira i egzaktnija od tradicionalne.<sup id="cite_ref-Tubić_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tubić-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Istaknuti predstavnici su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Karnap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Karnap (stranica ne postoji)">Rudolf Karnap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Rasel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertrand Rasel">Bertrand Rasel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Tarski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Tarski (stranica ne postoji)">Alfred Tarski</a> i dr. Ova logika koristi poseban sistem znakova (slično matematičkim) sa striktno određenim značenjima. Ipak, ovakav sistem je ograničen u primeni na složenim pojavama izražene dinamike, kao što su <a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">prirodne</a> i <a href="/wiki/Dru%C5%A1tvo" title="Društvo">društvene</a> pojave.<sup id="cite_ref-Tubić_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tubić-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U 20. veku, sa modernom <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fizikom</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">kvantnom mehanikom</a> prelazi se iz logike Aristotela, tj. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Princip_isklju%C4%8Denja_tre%C4%87eg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princip isključenja trećeg (stranica ne postoji)">principa isključenja trećeg</a>, u dijalektičku logiku <a href="/wiki/Heraklit" title="Heraklit">Heraklita</a> koja princip nekontradiktornosti menja za princip komplementarne kontradiktornosti: jedan <a href="/wiki/Kvant" title="Kvant">kvant</a> istovremeno i jeste i nije, čime se uvažava suprotstavljena dualnost realnosti (kod <a href="/wiki/Elementarna_%C4%8Destica" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementarna čestica">čestičnog</a> i <a href="/wiki/Talas_(fizika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Talas (fizika)">talasnog</a> aspekta <a href="/wiki/Materija" title="Materija">materije</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ovaj koncept, koji predstavlja pravi <a href="/wiki/Paradoks" title="Paradoks">paradoks</a> pojavnih oblika stvarnosti, najavio je <a href="/wiki/Heraklit" title="Heraklit">Heraklit</a>: „Ulazimo i ne ulazimo u istu reku, mi i jesmo i nismo“<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Značajan doprinos na polju formalne <a href="/wiki/Matemati%C4%8Dka_logika" title="Matematička logika">matematičke logike</a> dao je <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Gedel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt Gedel">Kurt Gedel</a>. On je svojim <a href="/wiki/Teorema" class="mw-redirect" title="Teorema">teoremama</a> pokazao da ako je neki formalni sistem logički koherentan, njegova nekontradiktornost se ne može demonstrirati iz samog logičkog sistema. Smisao Gedelovog otkrića je ostao predmet rasprave: sa jedne strane smatra se da njegova teorema definitivno negira mogućnost dolaženja do matematičkih istina u koje se može imati apsolutno poverenje, a sa druge strane, da je paradoksalno pokazao da je potpunost jednog sistema upravo to, jer se ne može demonstrirati:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U suprotnom slučaju, ako jedan sistem može demonstrirati sopstvenu koherentnost onda nije koherentan. Gedel je bio uveren da uopšte nije razložio konzistenciju logičkih sistema, koje je uvek smatrao za realne fukcije sa punom <a href="/wiki/Ontologija" title="Ontologija">ontološkom</a> vrednošću, i da se čak i njegova teorema nekompletnosti odlikuje objektivnošću i logičkom strogoćom. Objašnjavao je da formulacija kojom se tvrdi njena nedokazivost unutar jednog formalnog sistema, upravo kao takva istinita, zato što se ne može efektivno demonstrirati.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gedel je interpretirao svoje teoreme kao potvrdu <a href="/wiki/Platonizam" title="Platonizam">platonizma</a>, filozofske struje koja tvrdi da postoje istinite formule koje se ne mogu demonstrirati, dakle, da se pojam istine ne može redukovati tako da se može demonstrirati. U skladu sa ovom filozofijom, bio je uveren da se istina, nešto što je objektivno (nezavisno od konstrukcija koje se grade demonstriranjem teorema), ne može dati kao zaključak na kraju bilo kojeg sleda demonstracija, već isključivo na početku. Slično <a href="/wiki/Parmenid" title="Parmenid">Parmenidu</a>, koncipirao je „formalnu“ logiku kao neodvojivu od „suštinskog“ sadržaja: „Ne vidim razlog zašto bi trebalo da imaju manje poverenja u ovaj tip percepcije, dakle, u matematičku intuiciju, u odnosu na čulnu percepciju, koja nas uvodi u kreiranje teorija u fizici i za očekivati je da će se budući čulni osećaji uskladiti sa njom...“ (Kurt Gödel) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Koncepti">Koncepti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Koncepti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Koncepti"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logička_forma"><span id="Logi.C4.8Dka_forma"></span>Logička forma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Logička forma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Logička forma"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Logika se smatra <i>formalnom</i> kada analizira i predstavlja <i>formu</i> bilo kojeg validnog argumenta (tvrdnje, suda). Forma argumenta se izražava formalnom <a href="/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika">gramatikom</a> i simbolikom logičkog jezika kako bi se njegov sadržaj mogao upotrebiti u formalnom zaključivanju. Jednostavnije rečeno: <a href="/wiki/Re%C4%8Denica" title="Rečenica">rečenice</a> iz običnog jezika se prevode u jezik logike. Na ovaj način se predstavlja <i>logička forma</i> argumenta. Ona je neophodna jer se rečenice u običnom jeziku javljaju u velikom broju različitih formi i stepena složenosti pa njihova upotreba u zaključivanju nije praktična. U prvom redu, potrebno je zanemariti gramatičke karakteristike koje nisu relevantne za logiku (npr. <a href="/wiki/Rod_(gramatika)" title="Rod (gramatika)">rod</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklinacija_(lingvistika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklinacija (lingvistika) (stranica ne postoji)">deklinacija</a>), zameniti veze koje nisu potrebne u logici (kao „ali“) sa logičkim vezama kao što je npr. „i“ i zameniti neodređene ili dvosmislene logičke izraze („bilo koji“, „neki“ itd.) sa standardnim izrazima (kao što je „svi“, ili univerzalnim kvantifikatorom „∀“). Dalje, određeni delovi rečenice se moraju zameniti šematskim znakovima (slovima). Tako se, na primer, izrazom „svako A je B“ iskazuje logička forma zajednička rečenicama „svi <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Covek" class="mw-redirect" title="Čovek">ljudi</a> su smrtni“, „svi <a href="/wiki/Pas" title="Pas">psi</a> su mesojedi“, „svi <a href="/wiki/Grci" title="Grci">Grci</a> su filozofi“ i tako dalje. Fundamentalni značaj koncepta forme u logici je prepoznat od <a href="/wiki/Antika" title="Antika">antičkog doba</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> je prvi koristio varijable kako bi predstavio validne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaklju%C4%8Dak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaključak (stranica ne postoji)">zaključke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fundamentalna razlika između moderne formalne logike i tradicionalne nalazi se u različitim analizama logičke forme rečenica. Moderni način je složeniji i sveobuhvatniji, jer aristotelovska logika nije mogla uspešno renderirati rečenice sa kombinacijom različitih kvantifikatora (npr. „svi“ + „neki“); <a href="/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> je dozvoljavao uticaj samo jednog kvantifikatora na zaključak. Međutim, kao što je i u običnom jeziku <a href="/wiki/Lingvistika" title="Lingvistika">lingvistički</a> neophodno prepoznavanje <a href="/wiki/Rekurzija" title="Rekurzija">rekurzivnih</a> rečeničnih struktura, tako je i logici potrebna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekurzivni_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rekurzivni jezik (stranica ne postoji)">rekurzivna struktura logičkih izraza</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semantika">Semantika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Semantika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Semantika"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Semantika" title="Semantika"> Semantika</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:William_of_Ockham.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/220px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vilijam_Okamski" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilijam Okamski">Vilijam Okamski</a> (1287-1347): „Logika je za sve veštine najkorisniji alat. Bez nje nijedna nauka ne bi mogla biti potpuna.“</figcaption></figure> <p>Validnost logičkog argumenta (tvrdnje, suda) zavisna je od značenja ili <i>semantike</i> rečenica koje čine logički izraz, iz ovog razloga logika se mora baviti i <a href="/wiki/Semantika" title="Semantika">semantikom</a>, dakle, značenjem. <a href="/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> je u <i>Organonu</i> i naročito u spisu <i>O tumačenju</i>, dao semantički okvir koji je u XIII i XIV veku razvijen u složenu u sofistikovanu teoriju – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorija_supozicije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorija supozicije (stranica ne postoji)">teoriju supozicije</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vilijam_Okamski" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilijam Okamski">Vilijam Okamski</a> je dao sveobuhvatan pregled uslova koji su potrebni i dovoljni da bi jednostavna rečenica bila istinita i kako bi pokazao koji argumenti su validni (valjani), a koji nisu. Međutim, u XV i XVI veku zanemaruje se i gubi pronicljivost semantičkog aspekta logike. Semantika se definisala samo kao relacija između <a href="/wiki/Ideja" title="Ideja">ideja</a> u ranom modernom dobu. Istina ili neistina nisu ništa više od slaganja ili neslaganja ideja, ali iz toga tako proizilaze očigledne teškoće. <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEon_Lok" class="mw-redirect" title="Džon Lok">Džon Lok</a>, uočivši ovaj problem, napravio je razliku između 'prave' istine, u kojoj naše ideje 'stvarno postoje', i 'imaginarne' ili 'verbalne' istine u kojoj su naše ideja, kao <a href="/wiki/Harpije" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpije">Harpije</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Kentauri" title="Kentauri">Kentauri</a> koji postoje samo u našem <a href="/wiki/Um" title="Um">umu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ovakvo razmišljanje je u XIX veku dovedeno do krajnosti, u <a href="/wiki/Psihologija" title="Psihologija">psihologiji</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sociologija" title="Sociologija">sociologiji</a> poznat kao <a href="/wiki/Psihologizam" title="Psihologizam">psihologizam</a>; smatra se da je to bila veoma niska tačka u razvoju logičke misli. Moderna semantika je u određenoj meri sličnija srednjovekovnom učenju, jer je odbacila psihološke uslove istinitosti. Ipak, uvođenje kvantifikatora je bilo potrebno da bi se rešio problem višestruke uopštenosti, a time se analiza '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjekat_(filozofija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subjekat (filozofija) (stranica ne postoji)">subjekat</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Predikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predikat (stranica ne postoji)">predikat</a>' na kojoj se srednjovekovna <a href="/wiki/Semantika" title="Semantika">semantika</a> temeljila pokazala neprimenljivom. Glavni moderni pristup, koji se bavi značenjem različitih delova izraza, reprezentativan je u semantičkoj teoriji istine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Tarski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Tarski (stranica ne postoji)">Alfreda Tarskog</a> kod kojeg se, u krajnjoj analizi, dolazi do zaključka da je iskaz „<a href="/wiki/Snijeg" title="Snijeg">sneg</a> je beo“ istinit onda i samo onda ako je sneg beo.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jedan od fundamentalinh koncepata <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorija_modela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorija modela (stranica ne postoji)">teorije modela</a> je model teoretske semantike. Interpretacija kod ovog modela sastoji se od dva dela. Jedan deo detaljno prikazuje karakteristične događaje, osobine i odnose za datu situaciju, prikazanu modelom. Činjenica je da ljudska bića nešto iskazuju kako bi dala <a href="/wiki/Informacija" title="Informacija">informaciju</a> o određenoj situaciji. Iako se značenje rečenice može odrediti i kada ne poznajemo konkretnu situaciju pod uslovom da poznajemo uslove njene istinitosti, informacija iz rečenice se ne može preneti, ako nije povezana sa ličnostima, predmetima i relacijama između njih. </p><p>Drugi deo teorije navodi pravila za interpretaciju izraza objektnoga jezika u odnosu na bilo koji arbitraran model. Teorijom modela specifikuju se istinosni uslovi rečenica objektnoga jezika. Istinosni uslovi specifikovani teorijom modela važe nezavisno od pojedinačnog modela, a pojedinačne rečenice se mogu interpretirati samo u odnosu na neki model.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaključivanje"><span id="Zaklju.C4.8Divanje"></span>Zaključivanje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odjeljak Zaključivanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Zaključivanje"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Zaključivanje</i> se ne treba mešati sa <i>implikacijom</i>. Implikacija se nalazi u rečenicama tipa 'ako je p onda je q', i one mogu biti istinite ili neistinite. Uslov istinitosti takvih implikacija: neistinite su ako je prethodnik <b>p</b> istinit, a sledbenik <b>q</b> neistinit, a u svakom drugom slučaju su istinite. Zaključak se sastoji od dvije odvojene tvrdnje izraza 'p, dakle q'. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaklju%C4%8Dak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaključak (stranica ne postoji)">Zaključak</a> nije istinit ili neistinit, već je validan ili nije. Ipak, postoji veza između implikacije i zaključka: ako je implikacija 'ako je p, onda je q' istinita, onda je zaključak 'p dakle q' validan. <a href="/wiki/Filon_Aleksandrijski" title="Filon Aleksandrijski">Filon Aleksandrijski</a> je ovo prikazao u prividno <a href="/wiki/Paradoks" title="Paradoks">paradoksalnoj</a> formulaciji 'ako je <a href="/wiki/Dan" title="Dan">dan</a>, onda je <a href="/wiki/No%C4%87" title="Noć">noć</a>' - ona je istinita samo dok traje noć, prema tome, zaključak 'dan je, dakle, noć je' je validna noću ali ne i danju.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teorija zaključivanja ili posledica je sistematično razvijana u Srednjem veku a naročito su zaslužni <a href="/wiki/Vilijam_Okamski" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilijam Okamski">Vilijam Okamski</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volter_Barli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volter Barli (stranica ne postoji)">Volter Barli</a>. Specifična je upravo za <a href="/wiki/Srednji_vek" class="mw-redirect" title="Srednji vek">Srednji vek</a> i zato je pretežno korištena terminologija zasnovana na <a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">latinskom jeziku</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drugačije_koncepcije_logike"><span id="Druga.C4.8Dije_koncepcije_logike"></span>Drugačije koncepcije logike</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odjeljak Drugačije koncepcije logike" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Drugačije koncepcije logike"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Logika je nastala iz nastojanja da se argumentacija učini korektnom. Postoje tvrdnje u modernoj logici da se logičko proučavanje treba isključivo odnositi na argumente koji prozilaze iz odgovarajućih opštih oblika zaključivanja. Na primer, kaže se da logika ne obuhvata dobro rezonovanje u celini. Ona se više odnosi na zaključke čija validnost se može pratiti do formalnih obeležja predstava koje su deo tog zaključka, bilo da se radi o <a href="/wiki/Lingvistika" title="Lingvistika">lingvističkim</a>, mentalnim ili drugim predstavama. Nasuprot tome, <a href="/wiki/Imanuel_Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Imanuel Kant">Imanuel Kant</a> je tvrdio da se logika treba posmatrati kao nauka o sudovima; ovu ideju je prigrlio <a href="/wiki/Gotlob_Frege" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotlob Frege">Gotlob Frege</a>, u svojim radovima iz <a href="/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija">filozofije</a> i logike. Međutim, njegov rad nije jasno određen, jer se bavi i zakonima mišljenja i zakonima istine, dakle, tretira logiku u kontekstu teorije <a href="/wiki/Razum" title="Razum">razuma</a> i u okviru proučavanja apstraktnih formalnih struktura. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kategorije_i_pojmovi">Kategorije i pojmovi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odjeljak Kategorije i pojmovi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kategorije i pojmovi"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pojam">Pojam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odjeljak Pojam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Pojam"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Pojam" title="Pojam">Pojam</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Pojam je u logici, misao o biti (suštini) onoga o čemu mislimo, odnosno, o bitnim karakteristikama onoga o čemu mislimo. Kod pojma razlikujemo: sadržaj, obim i doseg. Sadržaj čine bitne karakteristike nekog pojma, odnosno, ono što nešto čini onim što jeste. Npr. sadržaj pojma „čovek“ je taj da je čovek svesno biće, i ta činjenica da je čovek svesno biće čini čoveka onim što jeste. Obim nekog pojma čini skup nižih pojmova na koje se taj jedan pojam odnosi. Npr. obim pojma „čovek“ je taj da se ljudi mogu razvrstati u kategorije po <a href="/wiki/Rasa" title="Rasa">rasama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr%C5%BEava" title="Država">državama</a> i drugo. Doseg je broj pojedinačnih predmeta na koje se jedan pojam odnosi. Npr. pojam „čovek“ obuhvata sedam <a href="/wiki/Milijarda" title="Milijarda">milijardi</a> ljudi.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Obim" class="mw-redirect" title="Obim">Obim</a> i sadržaj pojma su obrnuto proporcionalni kada se radi o pojmovima iste vrste ili roda. Ako je širok obim uzak je sadržaj i obrnuto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sud">Sud</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odjeljak Sud" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=15" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Sud"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Sud_(logika)" title="Sud (logika)">Sud (logika)</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Sud_(logika)" title="Sud (logika)">Sud</a> (suđenje, tvrdnja, tvrđenje, argument) je veza između dva pojma kojim se po osnovu međusobnog odnosa ta dva pojma nešto tvrdi. Sud može imati samo dve istinosne vrednosti koje su moguće, može biti istinit ili neistinit. Sudovi se mogu razvrstati prema <a href="/wiki/Kvantitet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvantitet">kvantitetu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvalitet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvalitet (stranica ne postoji)">kvalitetu</a>, relaciji (odnosu, vezi) i modalitetu. Kvantitativni sudovi mogu biti opšti i posebni, kvalitativni mogu biti afirmativni (potvrdni) i odrečni dok se sudovi prema relaciji dele na kategoričke, hipotetičke i disjunktivne (razdvajajuće).<sup id="cite_ref-Cvetković_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cvetković-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaključak"><span id="Zaklju.C4.8Dak"></span>Zaključak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi odjeljak Zaključak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=16" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Zaključak"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaklju%C4%8Dak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaključak (stranica ne postoji)"> Zaključak </a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Zaključak je složena strukturisana misao koja se sastoji od najmanje dva ili više sudova od kojih jedan sledi iz jednog ili više drugih <a href="/wiki/Sud_(logika)" title="Sud (logika)">sudova</a>. U zaključku razlikujemo sudove od kojih polazi postupak zaključivanja i sud do kojeg se dođe postupkom zaključivanja. Sudovi od kojih polazi postupak zaključivanja nazivaju se premise. Sud do kojeg se dođe postupkom zaključivanja naziva se konkluzija. Zaključak ili konkluzija nekog argumenta poseduje karakteristiku valjanosti (validnosti). Ako je zaključak valjan, tada nužno sledi iz prethodno navedenih premisa. Ako zaključak nije valjan, tada on nije nužna posledica premisa, odnosno, ne sledi nužno iz istih. Od njegove valjanosti zavisi valjanost celog argumenta.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zaključci koji se temelje na samo jednoj premisi ili kada slede direktno iz dve premise zovu se neposredni zaključci. Zaključci koji su posredni dele se na <a href="/wiki/Dedukcija" title="Dedukcija">deduktivne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indukcija_(logika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indukcija (logika)">induktivne</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analogija_(%C4%8Dvor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analogija (čvor) (stranica ne postoji)">analogijske</a>. </p> <ul><li>Dedukcija je metoda kojom se zaključci izvode iz opštih značenja premisa prema posebnom značenju zaključka.</li> <li>Indukcija je logička metoda kojom se zaključci donose idući od posebnih značenja premisa prema opštem značenju zaključka.</li> <li>Analogijski zaključci mogu se izvoditi od posebnih značenja premisa prema posebnom značenju zaključka i od opštih značenja premisa do opštih značenja zaključka.<sup id="cite_ref-Cvetković_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cvetković-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definicija">Definicija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Uredi odjeljak Definicija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=17" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Definicija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Definicija" title="Definicija"> Definicija </a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Definicija je jedna od osnovnih metoda saznanja. To je sud kojim se nedvosmisleno određuje sadržaj nekog pojma. </p> <ul><li>Pojam koji definišemo se naziva <i>definiendum</i>.</li> <li>Pojam kojim se definiše se naziva <i>definiens</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dokaz">Dokaz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Uredi odjeljak Dokaz" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=18" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Dokaz"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Istinitost neke tvrdnje se utvrđuje postupkom koji se zove dokazivanje a logička forma (oblik) koja proizilazi iz tog postupka zove se dokaz. Dokaz mora sadržavati barem dva elementa: tezu, čija se istinitost dokazuje i argument (razlog) na temelju kojeg se definira istinitost teze. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aksiom">Aksiom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Uredi odjeljak Aksiom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=19" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Aksiom"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Aksiom" title="Aksiom"> Aksiom </a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><b>Aksiom</b> ili <b>postulat</b>, prema definiciji u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasi%C4%8Dna_filozofija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasična filozofija (stranica ne postoji)">klasičnoj filozofiji</a>, je tvrdnja (u <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematici</a> se često prikazuje u simboličkom obliku) koja je evidentna ili dobro uspostavljena, te koja je prihvaćena bez kontroverzi ili pitanja. U logici ili u matematici <a href="/wiki/Aksioma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksioma">aksiom</a> može biti korišten kao premisa ili početna tačka za dalje rezonovanje ili argumente.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reč dolazi iz grčkog jezika, od <i>axíōma</i> - ono što se smatra dostojnim ili sposobnim' ili 'ono što je samo po sebi istinito.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prema upotrebi u modernoj logici, aksiom je jednostavno premisa ili početna tačka rasuđivanja.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bez obzira da li je smisleno (i, ako je tako, šta to znači) za aksiom, ili bilo koju matematičku tvrdnju, da bude „tačna“ je centralno pitanje u filozofiji matematike, o čemu savremeni matematičari imaju različita mišljenja.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primeri">Primeri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Uredi odjeljak Primeri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=20" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Primeri"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osnovne_operacije">Osnovne operacije</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Uredi odjeljak Osnovne operacije" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=21" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Osnovne operacije"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>I (konjunkcija): označava se kao <i>x</i>∧<i>y</i> ili kao <i>x</i>*<i>y</i> ili kao <i>x</i> I <i>y</i>.</li> <li>ILI (disjunkcija): označava se kao <i>x</i>∨<i>y</i> ili kao <i>x</i>+<i>y</i> ili kao <i>x</i> ILI <i>y</i>.</li> <li>NE (negacija): označava se kao ¬<i>x</i> ili kao `<i>x</i> ili kao NE <i>x</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulova_algebra">Bulova algebra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Uredi odjeljak Bulova algebra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=22" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Bulova algebra"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Bulova_algebra" title="Bulova algebra">Bulova algebra</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Bulova_algebra" title="Bulova algebra">Bulova algebra</a> je deo <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematičke</a> logike - <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebarska</a> struktura koja sažima osnovu logičkih operacija <i>I, ILI i NE</i> kao i skup teorijskih operacija kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unija_(teorija_skupova)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unija (teorija skupova) (stranica ne postoji)">unija</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presek_(teorija_skupova)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presek (teorija skupova) (stranica ne postoji)">presek</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komplementan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komplementan (stranica ne postoji)">komplement</a>. Bulova algebra je dobila naziv po autoru, britanskom <a href="/wiki/Matemati%C4%8Dar" title="Matematičar">matematičaru</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BE_Bul" class="mw-redirect" title="Džordž Bul">Džordžu Bulu</a> iz XIX veka. Buleova algebra je, osim kao deo apstraktne algebre, izuzetno uticajna kao matematički temelj <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarstvo" title="Računarstvo">računarskih nauka</a>. </p><p>Za razliku od elementarne <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebre</a>, u kojoj se koriste brojevi od 0 do 9, u Bulovoj algebri koriste se samo istinite vrednosti, odnosno, tačno i netačno. Ove vrednosti predstavljaju se preko bitova, tj. preko brojeva 1 i 0. U Bulovoj algebri ovi bitovi se ne ponašaju na uobičajen način, odnosno, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1+1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1+1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d51aabe993a72ec215897563387f04df8eea95b1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.165ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1+1}"></span> nikada ne može biti <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/901fc910c19990d0dbaaefe4726ceb1a4e217a0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2}"></span>. Bulova algebra takođe može da barata i <a href="/wiki/Funkcija_(matematika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Funkcija (matematika)">funkcijama</a>. Vrednosti koje se koriste u ovim funkcijama moraju biti iz skupa {0, 1}. Neprazan skup B na kojem su definirane dve binarne operacije „V“ (zbir, <a href="/wiki/Disjunkcija_sudova" title="Disjunkcija sudova">disjunkcija</a>, ILI), "Λ" (proizvod, <a href="/wiki/Konjunkcija_sudova" class="mw-redirect" title="Konjunkcija sudova">konjunkcija</a>, I) i jedna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unarna_funkcija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unarna funkcija (stranica ne postoji)">unarna</a> operacija "⌐" (negacija, komplement, NE) je Bulova algebra ako važe aksiomi: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41379810">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="column-count: 2;"> <ul><li>A1. <a href="/wiki/Komutativnost" title="Komutativnost">Komutativnost</a>: za bilo koja dva elementa a,b ∈ B važi:</li></ul> <dl><dd>(a) a V b = b V a,</dd> <dd>(b) a Λ b = b Λ a;</dd></dl> <ul><li>A2. <a href="/wiki/Asocijativnost" title="Asocijativnost">Asocijativnost</a>: za bilo koja tri elementa a,b,c ∈ B važi:</li></ul> <dl><dd>(a) (a V b) V c = a V (b V c),</dd> <dd>(b) (a Λ b) Λ c = a Λ (b Λ c);</dd></dl> <ul><li>A3. <a href="/wiki/Distributivnost" title="Distributivnost">Distributivnost</a>: za bilo koja tri elementa a,b,c ∈ B važi:</li></ul> <dl><dd>(a) a V (b Λ c) = (a V b) Λ (a V c),</dd> <dd>(b) a Λ (b V c) = (a Λ b) V (a Λ c);</dd></dl> <ul><li>A4. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apsorpcija_(%C4%8Dvor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apsorpcija (čvor) (stranica ne postoji)">Apsorptivnost</a>: za bilo koja dva elementa a,b ∈ B važi:</li></ul> <dl><dd>(a) a Λ (a V b) = a,</dd> <dd>(b) a V (a Λ b) = a;</dd></dl> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logičke_greške"><span id="Logi.C4.8Dke_gre.C5.A1ke"></span>Logičke greške</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Uredi odjeljak Logičke greške" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=23" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Logičke greške"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41379810"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="column-count: 2;"> <dl><dt>Induktivna logička greška (kod tvrdnje)<sup id="cite_ref-Nizkor_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nizkor-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li>Premisa 1: Sve <a href="/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa">evropske</a> mačke su pitome kućne <a href="/wiki/Ma%C4%8Dke" title="Mačke">mačke</a>.</li> <li>Premisa 2: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fifi (stranica ne postoji)">Fifi</a> je evropska mačka.</li> <li>Zaključak: Fifi je pitoma kućna mačka.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Logička greška u dedukciji<sup id="cite_ref-Nizkor_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nizkor-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li>Premisa 1: <a href="/wiki/Sidnej" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidnej">Sidnej</a> se nalazi u <a href="/wiki/Australija" title="Australija">Australiji</a>.</li> <li>Premisa 2: Sidnej je najveći grad u Australiji.</li> <li>Zaključak: Sidnej je glavni grad Australije.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Induktivna logička greška (u zaključku)<sup id="cite_ref-Nizkor_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nizkor-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li>Premisa 1: U <a href="/wiki/Hercegovina" title="Hercegovina">Hercegovini</a> smo videli crnu <a href="/wiki/Ovca" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovca">ovcu</a>.</li> <li>Zaključak: Ovce u Hercegovini su crne.</li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Argumentum ad hominem</i> (argument protiv čoveka, osobe)<sup id="cite_ref-Nizkor_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nizkor-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt> <dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad hominem">Ad hominem</a></i></div></dd></dl> <ul><li>Osoba A iznosi tvrdnju X</li> <li>Osoba B diskredituje osobu A</li> <li>Dakle, tvrdnja X osobe A nije istinita.</li></ul> <p>Karakter, postupci, okolnosti i sl. onoga ko iznosi tvrdnju u većini slučajeva nemaju vezu sa istinitošću tvrdnje. </p> <dl><dt><i>Argumentum ad verecundiam</i> (argument koji se zasniva na autoritetu)</dt></dl> <ul><li>Osoba A je (samozvani) autoritet za problem X.</li> <li>Osoba A iznosi tvrdnju C o problemu X.</li> <li>Dakle, tvrdnja C je istinita.</li></ul> <p>Logička greška nastaje kada osoba nije kvalifikovana da iznosi pouzdane tvrdnje.<sup id="cite_ref-Nizkor_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nizkor-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt><i>Argumentum ad populum</i> (argument koji se zasniva na opštem verovanju)<sup id="cite_ref-Lofa_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lofa-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li>Većina ljudi veruje da je tvrdnja X istinita.</li> <li>Dakle, tvrdnja X je istinita.</li></ul> <p>Većina ljudi je u prošlosti verovala da je <a href="/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta">planeta</a> <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">Zemlja</a> ravna ploča. </p> <dl><dt><i>Ad Ignorantium</i> (logička greška u zaključku iz neznanja)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li>Ne može se dokazati da <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a> ne postoji, dakle, On postoji.</li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Non sequitur</i></dt></dl> <p>Česta logička greška koja ima karakter <a href="/wiki/Sofizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofizam">sofizma</a>, ali može biti i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralogizam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paralogizam (stranica ne postoji)">paralogička greška</a>. Čini je logički (misaono) neutemeljen skok od <a href="/wiki/Premisa" title="Premisa">premise</a> ka zaključku, skok misli koji nije opravdan premisom, koji nije neposredno jasan kao takav. Pojednostavljeno rečeno - zaključak ne sledi iz premise odnosno ne postoji nužna veza između premise i zaključka. Primer: </p> <ul><li>Ako naš neprijatelj ne želi da učini ovaj ustupak, onda je to dokaz da on ne želi mir.</li></ul> <p><b>Paralogizam</b> (od <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grčki</a>: <i>paralogizomai</i> - pogrešno računam), nenameran, pogrešan zaključak;<sup id="cite_ref-Klaić_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klaić-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grčki</a>: <i>paralogismós</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Lex_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lex-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Sofizam</b> (od <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grčki</a>: <i>sóphizma</i> - lukavština, varanje), lažni zaključak, zaključak kojim se obmanjuje a koji je naizgled pravilan, temelji se na dokazivanju uz pomoć premisa koje nisu potpune, smišljeno mudro ili lukavo,<sup id="cite_ref-Klaić_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klaić-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lex_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lex-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argument korektan po formi, ali koji sadrži suptilnu logičku grešku.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Logička pogreška u zaključku<sup id="cite_ref-Grupa_autora_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grupa_autora-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zvezde" class="mw-redirect" title="Zvezde">Zvezde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta">planete</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sateliti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sateliti (stranica ne postoji)">sateliti</a> i ostala tela u <a href="/wiki/Svemir" title="Svemir">svemiru</a> su <a href="/wiki/Sfera" title="Sfera">sferičnog</a> oblika.</li> <li>Dakle, i svemir mora imati oblik sfere.</li></ul> <p>Greška kompozicije - svemir može biti beskonačan bez obzira na oblik tela </p> <dl><dt>Greška divizije<sup id="cite_ref-Grupa_autora_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grupa_autora-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija">Filozofija</a> ni do danas nije uspela da odgovori na osnovna filozofska pitanja na definitivan način. Dakle, ni <a href="/wiki/Jirgen_Habermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jirgen Habermas">Jirgen Habermas</a> ne može dati te odgovore.</li></ul> <p>Možda Habermas može dati te odgovore ali se ostali filozofi ne slažu sa njim. </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odnos_sa_drugim_naukama">Odnos sa drugim naukama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Uredi odjeljak Odnos sa drugim naukama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=24" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Odnos sa drugim naukama"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logika_i_hermeneutika">Logika i hermeneutika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Uredi odjeljak Logika i hermeneutika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=25" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Logika i hermeneutika"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Hans_Gadamer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hans_Gadamer.png/220px-Hans_Gadamer.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hans_Gadamer.png/330px-Hans_Gadamer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hans_Gadamer.png/440px-Hans_Gadamer.png 2x" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="3090" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a> (1900-2002): „Sve zavisi od toga kako je nešto rečeno.“ „Razumevanje ne nastaje kada pokušavamo presresti nešto što neko hoće reći tvrdnjom da to već znamo“<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Conrad_Dannhauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Conrad Dannhauer (stranica ne postoji)">J. K. Danhauer</a> je u XVII veku upotrebio <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutika" title="Hermeneutika">hermeneutiku</a> kao pravilo i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metod_(%C4%8Dvor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metod (čvor) (stranica ne postoji)">metode</a> potrebne za tumačenje <a href="/wiki/Biblija" title="Biblija">Svete Knjige</a> u svom delu <i>Sveta hermeneutika ili Metoda tumačenja svetih tekstova</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zakoni koje je predstavio su bili potencijalno korisni svim <a href="/wiki/Nauka" title="Nauka">naukama</a> i znanjima koji se temelje na tumačenju pisane reči.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaezi_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaezi-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sloboda" title="Sloboda">Sloboda</a> i širina kojom se hermeneutika odlikovala dali su joj položaj temeljne nauke i status koji je imala i logika. Ipak, logika se bavi proučavanjem ispravnosti sudova (argumenata, tvrdnji) i logika je alat kojim se sprečavaju greške a hermeneutika je fundamentalna nauka i alat kojim se dolazi do značenja teksta, onoga što je napisano, i razumevanje značenja koje je autor želio preneti, dakle, hermenutiku nužno ne interesuju logička istinitost i tačnost.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaezi_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaezi-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Istina koju hermeneutika primarno nastoji utvrditi je ono značenje kojeg je autor želio prenijeti svojim tekstom. Stvarna i logička istinitost značenja teksta i sudovi sadržani u njemu su sekundarni za hermeneutiku. Dakle, u prvoj fazi proučavanja teksta treba otkriti njegovo značenje (uz pomoć hermeneutike) a u drugoj fazi može se razmatrati njegova istinitost ili neistinitost (oslanjajući se na logiku).<sup id="cite_ref-Vaezi_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaezi-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jasno je da logička analiza zahteva blisku vezu sa hermeneutikom. <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutika" title="Hermeneutika">Hermeneutika</a> je XVII i XVIII veku sa logikom zaista i bila saživela; hermeneutika je za interpretaciju bila njena logika i metoda. Smatralo se da se uz ispravne metode i logiku razmišljanja može razumom spoznati sva <a href="/wiki/Istina" title="Istina">istina</a> i <a href="/wiki/Stvarnost" title="Stvarnost">stvarnost</a> <a href="/wiki/Svet" class="mw-redirect" title="Svet">sveta</a>, budući da <a href="/wiki/Razum" title="Razum">razum</a> može (ima tu sposobnost, potencijal) shvatiti <a href="/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija">filozofsku</a> istinu a da ljudsko znanje može otkriti misterije <i>Nature</i>. Pronalaženjem ispravnih metoda interpretacije i pripadajuće logike uklanjaju se sve prepreke koje stoje na putu tumačenja i razumevanja pisane reči.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaezi_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaezi-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Martin_Chladenius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Martin Chladenius (stranica ne postoji)">Johan Martin Hladenius</a> (1710—1759) je u svome radu postavio određena pitanja koja su bila tema rasprava u hermeneutici i tokom naredna dva veka. Uveo je pitanje interferencija koje se javljaju u interpretaciji zbog mogućnosti mešanja <a href="/wiki/Perspektiva" title="Perspektiva">perspektive</a> interpretatora u proces tumačenja. Hladenius je odvojio teoriju interpretacije od logike, odnosno, opštu hermeneutiku je utemeljio kao pomoćnu nauku za ljudsko znanje, što je logika već bila.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaezi_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaezi-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Friedrich_Meier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Friedrich Meier (stranica ne postoji)">Georg Fridrih Majer</a> (1718—1777) bio je uveren da nijedan tumač ne može bolje proceniti nameru autora od samog autora, prema njemu, najbolji tumač teksta, i značenja koje je bilo cilj pisanja, je sam autor. Ipak, dalje tvrdi: „<a href="/wiki/%C4%8Covek" class="mw-redirect" title="Čovek">Čovek</a> je ograničeno biće, njega mogu varati i on može biti prevaren, pa se iz hermeneutičke istinitosti značenja ne može izvesti njegova logička, <a href="/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika">metafizička</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moralna</a> istinitost“.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaezi_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaezi-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logika_i_računarstvo"><span id="Logika_i_ra.C4.8Dunarstvo"></span>Logika i računarstvo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Uredi odjeljak Logika i računarstvo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=26" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Logika i računarstvo"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Logi%C4%8Dka_kola" class="mw-redirect" title="Logička kola">Logička kola</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Register_transfer_level_-_example_toggler.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Register_transfer_level_-_example_toggler.svg/300px-Register_transfer_level_-_example_toggler.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Register_transfer_level_-_example_toggler.svg/450px-Register_transfer_level_-_example_toggler.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Register_transfer_level_-_example_toggler.svg/600px-Register_transfer_level_-_example_toggler.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Primer prostog <a href="/wiki/Logi%C4%8Dka_kola" class="mw-redirect" title="Logička kola">kola</a> sa logičkom kapijom.</figcaption></figure> <p>Logika ima fundamentalnu ulogu u <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarstvo" title="Računarstvo">računarstvu</a> a posebno su važne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekurzivna_teorija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rekurzivna teorija (stranica ne postoji)">rekurzivna teorija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modalna_logika" title="Modalna logika">modalna logika</a> i <a href="/wiki/Teorija_kategorija" title="Teorija kategorija">teorija kategorija</a>. Računarska teorija se temelji na konceptima koje su postavili, između ostalih, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alonzo_%C4%8Cer%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alonzo Čerč (stranica ne postoji)">Alonzo Čerč</a> i <a href="/wiki/Alan_Tjuring" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Tjuring">Alan Tjuring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Čerč je ukazao na postojanje nerešivih <a href="/wiki/Algoritam" title="Algoritam">algoritamskih</a> problema, a Tjuring je prvi temeljno analizirao ono što se može nazvati <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematičkom</a> procedurom, a <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Gedel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt Gedel">Gedel</a> je ustvrdio da je Tjuringova analiza „savršena“.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Logika i računarstvo se preklapaju u nekoliko teoretskih područja: </p> <ul><li>Gedelova teorema o nepotpunosti dokazuje da bilo koji logički sistem koji je dovoljno moćan da karakterizuje <a href="/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika">aritmetiku</a> sadrži izraze koji se ne mogu dokazati kao istiniti ili neistiniti u tom istom sistemu. Ovo se direktno odnosi na mogućnost dokazivanja potpunosti i ispravnosti <a href="/wiki/Softver" title="Softver">softvera</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Problem okvira (<i>Frame problem</i>) je temeljni logički problem koji se mora prevazići prilikom kreiranja <a href="/wiki/Vje%C5%A1ta%C4%8Dka_inteligencija" title="Vještačka inteligencija">veštačke inteligencije</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Teorija kategorija predstavlja matematičko stajalište koje naglašava odnose između struktura. U bliskoj je vezi sa mnogim aspektima računarstva, naročito u <a href="/wiki/Programski_jezik" title="Programski jezik">programskim jezicima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teorija kategorija se takođe odnosi i na formalnu analizu i transformaciju usmerenih grafikona a primenjuje se u programskim jezicima i <a href="/wiki/Kompilator" class="mw-redirect" title="Kompilator">kompajlerima</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Uredi odjeljak Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=27" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Reference"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41556849">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tubić-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tubić_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tubić_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tubić_1-2">1,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tubić_1-3">1,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tubić_1-4">1,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTubić1974">Tubić 1974</a>: str. 232–233<span class="error harv-error" style="display: inline; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFTubić1974 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors (stranica ne postoji)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filipović-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Filipović_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Filipović_2-1">2,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Filipović_2-2">2,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Filipović, Vladimir (1989). <i>Filozofijski rječnik</i>. Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Matice hrvatske.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filozofijski+rje%C4%8Dnik&rft.aulast=Filipovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft.au=Filipovi%C4%87%2C%26%2332%3BVladimir&rft.date=1989&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pub=Nakladni+zavod+Matice+hrvatske&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cvetković-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cvetković_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cvetković_3-1">3,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cvetković_3-2">3,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Cvetković, Ljiljana. <i>Kvantitativne i kvalitativne metode analize podataka</i>. Novi Sad, 2011. str. 20-23. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-86-85251-36-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-86-85251-36-8">978-86-85251-36-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kvantitativne+i+kvalitativne+metode+analize+podataka&rft.aulast=Cvetkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ljiljana&rft.au=Cvetkovi%C4%87%2C%26%2332%3BLjiljana&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B20-23&rft.place=Novi+Sad%2C+2011&rft.isbn=978-86-85251-36-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">RAI, Educational. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011102655/http://www.emsf.rai.it/scripts/interviste.asp?d=78#1">„Il metodo ipotetico deduttivo; Cfr. intervista a Karl Popper”</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emsf.rai.it/scripts/interviste.asp?d=78#1">originala</a> na datum 2011-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 30. 4. 2016</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Il+metodo+ipotetico+deduttivo%3B+Cfr.+intervista+a+Karl+Popper&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=RAI&rft.aufirst=Educational&rft.au=RAI%2C%26%2332%3BEducational&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20111011102655%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.emsf.rai.it%2Fscripts%2Finterviste.asp%3Fd%3D78%231&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Formalno zaključivanje od zaključka (<i>conclusio</i>) i pravila (<i>maior</i>) na zadani slučaj (<i>minor</i>), od posljedice na uzrok. Sastavni dio svake hipoteze. <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901130803/http://proleksis.lzmk.hr/6596/">„Abdukcija”</a>. 13. 2. 2013.. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proleksis.lzmk.hr/6596">originala</a> na datum 2016-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 30. 4. 2016</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Abdukcija&rft.atitle=&rft.date=13.+2.+2013.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160901130803%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fproleksis.lzmk.hr%2F6596%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/tag/logica/">„Logica”</a>. Enciclopedia Treccani<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 30. 4. 2016</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Logica&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Enciclopedia+Treccani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Ftag%2Flogica%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1945264-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1945264_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1945">Russell 1945</a>: str. 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegel, Nauka logike (str. 46), Beograd, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Lo filosofo, Aristotele. <i>Analitici secondi</i>. str. 100b 16[12].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analitici+secondi&rft.aulast=Lo+filosofo&rft.aufirst=Aristotele&rft.au=Lo+filosofo%2C%26%2332%3BAristotele&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B100b+16%5B12%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Calogero, Guido (1968). <i>I fondamenti della logica aristotelica</i>. Firenze: La Nuova Italia. str. 15i dalje.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+fondamenti+della+logica+aristotelica&rft.aulast=Calogero&rft.aufirst=Guido&rft.au=Calogero%2C%26%2332%3BGuido&rft.date=1968&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B15i+dalje&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pub=La+Nuova+Italia&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">The philosopher, Aristoteles (1973). <i>Opere</i>. Bari: Laterza. str. 372-373.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opere&rft.aulast=The+philosopher&rft.aufirst=Aristoteles&rft.au=The+philosopher%2C%26%2332%3BAristoteles&rft.date=1973&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B372-373&rft.place=Bari&rft.pub=Laterza&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Devey, Joseph (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1432"><i>Lord Francis Bacon: Novum Organum</i></a>. New York: P.F. Collier<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 30. 4. 2016</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Francis+Bacon%3A+Novum+Organum&rft.aulast=Devey&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Devey%2C%26%2332%3BJoseph&rft.date=1902&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=P.F.+Collier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitles%2F1432&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Kant, Immanuel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontolo0000kant"><i>Introduction to logic</i></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+logic&rft.aulast=Kant&rft.aufirst=Immanuel&rft.au=Kant%2C%26%2332%3BImmanuel&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontolo0000kant&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Hegel, G.W.F.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hegel.net/en/pdf/Hegel-Scilogic.pdf"><i>Kritika čistog uma</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 30. 4. 2016</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kritika+%C4%8Distog+uma&rft.aulast=Hegel&rft.aufirst=G.W.F.&rft.au=Hegel%2C%26%2332%3BG.W.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hegel.net%2Fen%2Fpdf%2FHegel-Scilogic.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Hösle, Vittorio (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215545/http://www.emsf.rai.it/scripts/interviste.asp?d=323"><i>La rivoluzione copernicana di Kant, Cfr. intervista</i></a>. EMSF. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emsf.rai.it/scripts/interviste.asp?d=323">originala</a> na datum 2016-03-04.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+rivoluzione+copernicana+di+Kant%2C+Cfr.+intervista&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6sle&rft.aufirst=Vittorio&rft.au=H%C3%B6sle%2C%26%2332%3BVittorio&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=EMSF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160304215545%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.emsf.rai.it%2Fscripts%2Finterviste.asp%3Fd%3D323&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegel, Nauka logike (str. 46-47), Beograd, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Goldblatt, Robert. <i>The Categorial Analysis of Logic</i>. 1979. str. 13.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Categorial+Analysis+of+Logic&rft.aulast=Goldblatt&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Goldblatt%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B13&rft.pub=1979&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Lupasco, Stéphane (1941). <i>L'expérience microscopique et la pensée humaine</i>. PUF. str. 286.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27exp%C3%A9rience+microscopique+et+la+pens%C3%A9e+humaine&rft.aulast=Lupasco&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft.au=Lupasco%2C%26%2332%3BSt%C3%A9phane&rft.date=1941&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B286&rft.pub=PUF&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<b>quantum</b> is) the minimum amount by which certain properties, such as energy or angular momentum, of a system can change. Such properties do not, therefore, vary continuously, but in integral multiples of the relevant quantum. This concept forms the basis of the quantum theory. In waves and field the quantum can be regarded as an excitation, giving a particle-like interpretation to the wave of the field. Thus, the quantum of the electromagnetic field is the photon and the graviton is the quantum of gravitational field properties; (<b>quantum mechanic</b> is) a system of mechanic based on quantum theory which arose out of the failure of classical mechanic to provide a consistent explanation of both electromagnetic waves and atomic structure...<span class="citation book">Isaacs, Alan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofphys00alan"><i>Oxford Dictionary of Physics</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-19-280103-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-19-280103-6">978-0-19-280103-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Physics&rft.aulast=Isaacs&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Isaacs%2C%26%2332%3BAlan&rft.date=1996&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280103-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofphys00alan&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heraklit, fragmet 49a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Postoje neslaganja o Heraklitovim izrekama, npr. smatra se da neke nisu doslovno citirane već samo slobodno parafrazirane u delima kasnijih autora, npr. (<a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grčki</a>): δὶς ἐς τὸν αὐτὸν ποταμὸν οὐκ ἂν ἐμβαίης - ne možeš dva puta zagaziti u istu reku (jer to nije ista reka, a ni čovek nije isti) je zapisana kod Platona u Kratil (Κρατύλος), 402a: „Sokrat: Heraklit kaže na jednom mjestu da je sve u kretanju, a da ništa ne ostaje na jednom mestu, i uspoređujući sve što jest s tokom reke, kaže da dva puta ne možeš ući u istu reku". <span class="citation book">Štambuk, D. (1976). <i>Platon, Kratil</i>. Zagreb. str. 40.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Platon%2C+Kratil&rft.aulast=%C5%A0tambuk&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=%C5%A0tambuk%2C%26%2332%3BD.&rft.date=1976&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B40&rft.place=Zagreb&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Goldstein, Rebecca (2006). <i>Incompletezza. La dimostrazione e il paradosso di Kurt Godel</i>. Torino: Codice Edizioni. 88—7578-041-2.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incompletezza.+La+dimostrazione+e+il+paradosso+di+Kurt+Godel&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=Goldstein%2C%26%2332%3BRebecca&rft.date=2006&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Codice+Edizioni&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Gödel, Kurt. <i>Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme</i>. str. nota 15.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cber+formal+unentscheidbare+S%C3%A4tze+der+Principia+Mathematica+und+verwandter+Systeme&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6del&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=G%C3%B6del%2C%26%2332%3BKurt&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3Bnota+15&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Charlton, William (2014). <i>Philosophy</i>. A&C Black.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy&rft.aulast=Charlton&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Charlton%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam&rft.date=2014&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Cajori, Florian (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b29980343_0001"><i>History of Mathematical Notations</i></a>. The Open Court Publishing Company.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mathematical+Notations&rft.aulast=Cajori&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft.au=Cajori%2C%26%2332%3BFlorian&rft.date=1928&rft.pub=The+Open+Court+Publishing+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb29980343_0001&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Locke, John. <i>An Essay Concerning Human Understanding</i>. 1690. str. IV. v. 1-8.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Essay+Concerning+Human+Understanding&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Locke%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3BIV.+v.+1-8&rft.place=1690&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Tarski, Alfred. <i>The Semantic Conception of Truth and the Foundations of Semantics; Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. IV</i>. 1944.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Semantic+Conception+of+Truth+and+the+Foundations+of+Semantics%3B+Philosophy+and+Phenomenological+Research%2C+Vol.+IV&rft.aulast=Tarski&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft.au=Tarski%2C%26%2332%3BAlfred&rft.place=1944&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Šarić, Ljiljana (2006). <i>Formalna analiza značenja u prirodnim jezicima</i>. Universitetet Oslo.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formalna+analiza+zna%C4%8Denja+u+prirodnim+jezicima&rft.aulast=%C5%A0ari%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ljiljana&rft.au=%C5%A0ari%C4%87%2C%26%2332%3BLjiljana&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Universitetet+Oslo&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">of Alexandria, Philo (2012). <i>On Cultivation: Introduction, Translation and Commentary</i>. BRILL.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Cultivation%3A+Introduction%2C+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.aulast=of+Alexandria&rft.aufirst=Philo&rft.au=of+Alexandria%2C%26%2332%3BPhilo&rft.date=2012&rft.pub=BRILL&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/">„World Population Clock”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2. 5. 2016</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=World+Population+Clock&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldometers.info%2Fworld-population%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Petrović, Gajo (1964). <i>Logika</i>. Zagreb: Školska knjiga.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logika&rft.aulast=Petrovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Gajo&rft.au=Petrovi%C4%87%2C%26%2332%3BGajo&rft.date=1964&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pub=%C5%A0kolska+knjiga&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_32-0">32,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_32-1">32,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_32-2">32,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/axiom">„Axiom”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 30. 4. 2016</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Axiom&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Faxiom&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since October 2022" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Mrtvi_eksterni_linkovi" title="Wikipedija:Mrtvi eksterni linkovi">mrtav link</a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Maddy, Penelope (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-symbolic-logic_1988-06_53_2/page/481">„Believing the Axioms, I”</a>. <i>Journal of Symbolic Logic</i> <b>53</b> (2): 481-511. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2274520">10.2307/2274520</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4812">0022-4812</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Believing+the+Axioms%2C+I&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Symbolic+Logic&rft.aulast=Maddy&rft.aufirst=Penelope&rft.au=Maddy%2C%26%2332%3BPenelope&rft.date=1988&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=481-511&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F2274520&rft.issn=0022-4812&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-symbolic-logic_1988-06_53_2%2Fpage%2F481&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nizkor-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nizkor_34-0">34,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nizkor_34-1">34,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nizkor_34-2">34,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nizkor_34-3">34,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nizkor_34-4">34,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630180837/http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/">„Fallacies”</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/">originala</a> na datum 30. 06. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 3. 5. 2016</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Fallacies&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070630180837%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.nizkor.org%2Ffeatures%2Ffallacies%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lofa-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lofa_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logicallyfallacious.com">„Appeal to Common Belief”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 3. 5. 2016</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Appeal+to+Common+Belief&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.logicallyfallacious.com&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepticahome.blogspot.ba/2011/03/logical-fallacies.html">„Logical fallacies”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 3. 5. 2016</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Logical+fallacies&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskepticahome.blogspot.ba%2F2011%2F03%2Flogical-fallacies.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klaić-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Klaić_37-0">37,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Klaić_37-1">37,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Klaić, Bratoljub (1974). <i>Veliki rječnik stranih riječi</i>. Zagreb: Zora.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veliki+rje%C4%8Dnik+stranih+rije%C4%8Di&rft.aulast=Klai%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Bratoljub&rft.au=Klai%C4%87%2C%26%2332%3BBratoljub&rft.date=1974&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pub=Zora&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lex-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lex_38-0">38,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lex_38-1">38,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Vujaklija, Milan (1986). <i>Leksikon stranih riječi i izraza</i>. Beograd: Prosveta.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leksikon+stranih+rije%C4%8Di+i+izraza&rft.aulast=Vujaklija&rft.aufirst=Milan&rft.au=Vujaklija%2C%26%2332%3BMilan&rft.date=1986&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pub=Prosveta&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"> <i>Webster’s New Explorer Dictionary</i>. Springfield: Federal Street Press. 1999. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-1-892859-00-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-1-892859-00-6">978-1-892859-00-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%E2%80%99s+New+Explorer+Dictionary&rft.date=1999&rft.place=Springfield&rft.pub=Federal+Street+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-892859-00-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grupa_autora-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Grupa_autora_40-0">40,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Grupa_autora_40-1">40,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Gregorek, Majorinc Turk (1993). <i>Logika</i>. Školska knjiga, Zagreb. str. 50—56,119-122.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logika&rft.aulast=Gregorek%2C+Majorinc+Turk&rft.au=Gregorek%2C+Majorinc+Turk&rft.date=1993&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B50%E2%80%9456%2C119-122&rft.pub=%C5%A0kolska+knjiga%2C+Zagreb&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Gadamer, Hans-Georg. <i>Hans-Georg Gadamer</i>. University of California Press, 2008. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/9780520256408" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/9780520256408">9780520256408</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hans-Georg+Gadamer&rft.aulast=Gadamer&rft.aufirst=Hans-Georg&rft.au=Gadamer%2C%26%2332%3BHans-Georg&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press%2C+2008&rft.isbn=9780520256408&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hermeneutica sacra sire exponendarum sacrum literum, 1654.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaezi-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vaezi_43-0">43,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vaezi_43-1">43,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vaezi_43-2">43,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vaezi_43-3">43,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vaezi_43-4">43,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vaezi_43-5">43,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Vaezi, Ahmad. <i>Uvod u hermeneutiku</i>. Sarajevo: Fondacija Mulla Sadra (1435/2014). str. 57-63. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-9958-657-75-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-9958-657-75-7">978-9958-657-75-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uvod+u+hermeneutiku&rft.aulast=Vaezi&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft.au=Vaezi%2C%26%2332%3BAhmad&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B57-63&rft.place=Sarajevo&rft.pub=Fondacija+Mulla+Sadra+%281435%2F2014%29&rft.isbn=978-9958-657-75-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Meier, Georg Friedrich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ba/books/about/Versuch_einer_allgemeinen_Auslegungskuns.html?id=F21KAAAAcAAJ&redir_esc=y"><i>Versuch einer allgemeinen Auslegungskunst (1757)</i></a>. Bavarian State Library. str. 65,§ 118.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Versuch+einer+allgemeinen+Auslegungskunst+%281757%29&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Georg+Friedrich&rft.au=Meier%2C%26%2332%3BGeorg+Friedrich&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B65%2C%C2%A7+118&rft.pub=Bavarian+State+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ba%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FVersuch_einer_allgemeinen_Auslegungskuns.html%3Fid%3DF21KAAAAcAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_R._Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry R. Lewis (stranica ne postoji)">Lewis, Harry R.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christos_Papadimitriou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christos Papadimitriou (stranica ne postoji)">Papadimitriou, Christos H.</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsoftheory00lewi"><i>Elements of the Theory of Computation</i></a>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-13-273417-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-13-273417-2">978-0-13-273417-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+the+Theory+of+Computation&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Harry+R.&rft.au=Lewis%2C%26%2332%3BHarry+R.&rft.au=Papadimitriou%2C%26%2332%3BChristos+H.&rft.date=1981&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.isbn=978-0-13-273417-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felementsoftheory00lewi&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Davis (stranica ne postoji)">Davis, Martin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YafIDVd1Z68C&pg=PA290#v=onepage&q&f=false">„Influences of Mathematical Logic on Computer Science”</a>. u: Rolf Herken. <i>The Universal Turing Machine</i>. Springer Verlag<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 26. 12. 2013</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Influences+of+Mathematical+Logic+on+Computer+Science&rft.atitle=The+Universal+Turing+Machine&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Davis%2C%26%2332%3BMartin&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYafIDVd1Z68C%26pg%3DPA290%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Kennedy, Juliette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=ulw3BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=Godel+convinced+by+Turing's+analysis&source=bl&ots=Wa1PunvmLM&sig=yuj5GsarLT3PoTESY46s8L9x9rY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAmoVChMIya2n8dGwxwIVUQmSCh0c8AIb#v=onepage&q=Godel%20convinced%20by%20Turing's%20analysis&f=false"><i>Interpreting Godel</i></a>. Cambridge University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 17. 8. 2015</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Godel&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Juliette&rft.au=Kennedy%2C%26%2332%3BJuliette&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dulw3BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA118%26lpg%3DPA118%26dq%3DGodel%2Bconvinced%2Bby%2BTuring%27s%2Banalysis%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DWa1PunvmLM%26sig%3Dyuj5GsarLT3PoTESY46s8L9x9rY%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CCMQ6AEwAmoVChMIya2n8dGwxwIVUQmSCh0c8AIb%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DGodel%2520convinced%2520by%2520Turing%27s%2520analysis%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Hofstadter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Hofstadter (stranica ne postoji)">Hofstadter, Douglas R.</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godelescherbach00doug"><i>Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0465026562" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0465026562">978-0465026562</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%B6del%2C+Escher%2C+Bach%3A+An+Eternal+Golden+Braid&rft.aulast=Hofstadter&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rft.au=Hofstadter%2C%26%2332%3BDouglas+R.&rft.date=1979&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.isbn=978-0465026562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodelescherbach00doug&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist) (stranica ne postoji)">McCarthy, J</a>; P.J. Hayes (1969). „Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence”. <i>Machine Intelligence</i> <b>4</b>: 463-502.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Some+philosophical+problems+from+the+standpoint+of+artificial+intelligence&rft.jtitle=Machine+Intelligence&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=McCarthy%2C%26%2332%3BJ&rft.au=P.J.+Hayes&rft.date=1969&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=463-502&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Barr, Michael; Charles Wells (1990). <i>Category Theory for Computer</i>. Prentice-Hall.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Category+Theory+for+Computer&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Barr%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&rft.au=Charles+Wells&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">DeLoach, Scott; Hartrum, Thomas. „A Theory Based Representation for Object-Oriented Domain Models (juni 2000)”. <i>IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering</i> <b>25</b> (6): 500-517. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2F32.852740">10.1109/32.852740</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Theory+Based+Representation+for+Object-Oriented+Domain+Models+%28juni+2000%29&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Software+Engineering&rft.aulast=DeLoach&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=DeLoach%2C%26%2332%3BScott&rft.au=Hartrum%2C%26%2332%3BThomas&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=500-517&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2F32.852740&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Uredi odjeljak Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=28" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFKant">Kant, Immanuel. <i>Introduction to logic</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+logic&rft.aulast=Kant&rft.aufirst=Immanuel&rft.au=Kant%2C%26%2332%3BImmanuel&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFDevey1902">Devey, Joseph (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1432"><i>Lord Francis Bacon: Novum Organum</i></a>. New York: P.F. Collier<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 30. 4. 2016</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Francis+Bacon%3A+Novum+Organum&rft.aulast=Devey&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Devey%2C%26%2332%3BJoseph&rft.date=1902&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=P.F.+Collier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitles%2F1432&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFThe_philosopher1973">The philosopher, Aristoteles (1973). <i>Opere</i>. Bari: Laterza. str. 372-373.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opere&rft.aulast=The+philosopher&rft.aufirst=Aristoteles&rft.au=The+philosopher%2C%26%2332%3BAristoteles&rft.date=1973&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B372-373&rft.place=Bari&rft.pub=Laterza&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41379810"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFCalogero1968">Calogero, Guido (1968). <i>I fondamenti della logica aristotelica</i>. Firenze: La Nuova Italia. str. 15i dalje.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+fondamenti+della+logica+aristotelica&rft.aulast=Calogero&rft.aufirst=Guido&rft.au=Calogero%2C%26%2332%3BGuido&rft.date=1968&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B15i+dalje&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pub=La+Nuova+Italia&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFLo_filosofo">Lo filosofo, Aristotele. <i>Analitici secondi</i>. str. 100b 16[12].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analitici+secondi&rft.aulast=Lo+filosofo&rft.aufirst=Aristotele&rft.au=Lo+filosofo%2C%26%2332%3BAristotele&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B100b+16%5B12%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFRussell1945">Russell, Bertrand (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntslibrary.com/PDF%20Books/History%20of%20Western%20Philosophy.pdf"><i>A History of Western Philosophy</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. str. 264<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 30. 4. 2016</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft.au=Russell%2C%26%2332%3BBertrand&rft.date=1945&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B264&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntslibrary.com%2FPDF%2520Books%2FHistory%2520of%2520Western%2520Philosophy.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFSanders_Peirce">Sanders Peirce, Charles. <i>Scritti scelti</i>. Torino, 2005: Utet.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scritti+scelti&rft.aulast=Sanders+Peirce&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Sanders+Peirce%2C%26%2332%3BCharles&rft.place=Torino%2C+2005&rft.pub=Utet&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFSanders_Peirce">Sanders Peirce, Charles. <i>First Rule of Logic</i>. Collected Papers, Vol. I. str. 135.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Rule+of+Logic&rft.aulast=Sanders+Peirce&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Sanders+Peirce%2C%26%2332%3BCharles&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B135&rft.pub=Collected+Papers%2C+Vol.+I&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFSanders_Peirce1877">Sanders Peirce, Charles (1877). <i>Illustrations of the Logic of Science, First Paper - The Fixation of Belief</i>. Popular Science Monthly. str. Vol. 12.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrations+of+the+Logic+of+Science%2C+First+Paper+-+The+Fixation+of+Belief&rft.aulast=Sanders+Peirce&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Sanders+Peirce%2C%26%2332%3BCharles&rft.date=1877&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3BVol.+12&rft.pub=Popular+Science+Monthly&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFCvetković">Cvetković, Ljiljana. <i>Kvantitativne i kvalitativne metode analize podataka</i>. Novi Sad, 2011. str. 20-23. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-86-85251-36-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-86-85251-36-8">978-86-85251-36-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kvantitativne+i+kvalitativne+metode+analize+podataka&rft.aulast=Cvetkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ljiljana&rft.au=Cvetkovi%C4%87%2C%26%2332%3BLjiljana&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B20-23&rft.place=Novi+Sad%2C+2011&rft.isbn=978-86-85251-36-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFFilipović1989">Filipović, Vladimir (1989). <i>Filozofijski rječnik</i>. Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Matice hrvatske.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filozofijski+rje%C4%8Dnik&rft.aulast=Filipovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft.au=Filipovi%C4%87%2C%26%2332%3BVladimir&rft.date=1989&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pub=Nakladni+zavod+Matice+hrvatske&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFTubić1974">Tubić, Risto (1974). <i>Enciklopedijski rječnik marksističkih pojmova</i>. Sarajevo: IP Veselin Masleša. str. 232—233.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enciklopedijski+rje%C4%8Dnik+marksisti%C4%8Dkih+pojmova&rft.aulast=Tubi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Risto&rft.au=Tubi%C4%87%2C%26%2332%3BRisto&rft.date=1974&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B232%E2%80%94233&rft.place=Sarajevo&rft.pub=IP+Veselin+Masle%C5%A1a&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFPetrović2007">Petrović, Gajo (2007). <i>Logika</i> (1 izd.). 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Sarajevo: IP Veselin Masleša.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enciklopedijski+rje%C4%8Dnik+marksisti%C4%8Dkih+pojmova&rft.aulast=Tubi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Risto&rft.au=Tubi%C4%87%2C%26%2332%3BRisto&rft.date=1974&rft.place=Sarajevo&rft.pub=IP+Veselin+Masle%C5%A1a&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFFilipović1989">Filipović, Vladimir (redaktor) (1989). <i>Filozofijski rječnik</i>. Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Matice hrvatske.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filozofijski+rje%C4%8Dnik&rft.aulast=Filipovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+%28redaktor%29&rft.au=Filipovi%C4%87%2C%26%2332%3BVladimir+%28redaktor%29&rft.date=1989&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pub=Nakladni+zavod+Matice+hrvatske&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFCvetković">Cvetković, Ljiljana. <i>Kvantitativne i kvalitativne metode analize podataka</i>. Novi Sad, 2011. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-86-85251-36-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-86-85251-36-8">978-86-85251-36-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kvantitativne+i+kvalitativne+metode+analize+podataka&rft.aulast=Cvetkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ljiljana&rft.au=Cvetkovi%C4%87%2C%26%2332%3BLjiljana&rft.place=Novi+Sad%2C+2011&rft.isbn=978-86-85251-36-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFVaezi">Vaezi, Ahmad. <i>Uvod u hermeneutiku</i>. Sarajevo: Fondacija Mulla Sadra (1435/2014). str. 57-63. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-9958-657-75-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-9958-657-75-7">978-9958-657-75-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uvod+u+hermeneutiku&rft.aulast=Vaezi&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft.au=Vaezi%2C%26%2332%3BAhmad&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B57-63&rft.place=Sarajevo&rft.pub=Fondacija+Mulla+Sadra+%281435%2F2014%29&rft.isbn=978-9958-657-75-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFKant2013">Kant, Immanuel (2013). <i>The Critique of Pure Reason</i>. The Pennsylvania State University: An Electronic Classics Series Publication.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Critique+of+Pure+Reason&rft.aulast=Kant&rft.aufirst=Immanuel&rft.au=Kant%2C%26%2332%3BImmanuel&rft.date=2013&rft.place=The+Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.pub=An+Electronic+Classics+Series+Publication&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFBarwise,_J.1982"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_Barwise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon Barwise (stranica ne postoji)">Barwise, J.</a> (1982). <i>Handbook of Mathematical Logic</i>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/9780080933641" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/9780080933641">9780080933641</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Mathematical+Logic&rft.aulast=%5B%5BJon+Barwise%7CBarwise%2C+J.%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BJon+Barwise%7CBarwise%2C+J.%5D%5D&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.isbn=9780080933641&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuel_Belnap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuel Belnap (stranica ne postoji)">Belnap, N.</a> (1977). "A useful four-valued logic". In Dunn & Eppstein, <i>Modern uses of multiple-valued logic</i>. Reidel: Boston.</li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFBocheński,_J._M.1959"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Maria_Boche%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Józef Maria Bocheński (stranica ne postoji)">Bocheński, J. M.</a> (1959). <i>A précis of <a href="/wiki/Matemati%C4%8Dka_logika" title="Matematička logika">mathematical logic</a></i>. Translated from the French and German editions by Otto Bird.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+pr%C3%A9cis+of+%5B%5Bmatemati%C4%8Dka+logika%7Cmathematical+logic%5D%5D&rft.aulast=%5B%5BJ%C3%B3zef+Maria+Boche%C5%84ski%7CBoche%C5%84ski%2C+J.+M.%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BJ%C3%B3zef+Maria+Boche%C5%84ski%7CBoche%C5%84ski%2C+J.+M.%5D%5D&rft.date=1959&rft.pub=Translated+from+the+French+and+German+editions+by+Otto+Bird&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> D. Reidel, Dordrecht, South Holland.</li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFBocheński,_J._M.1970"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Maria_Boche%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Józef Maria Bocheński (stranica ne postoji)">Bocheński, J. M.</a> (1970). <i>A history of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Formal_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formal logic (stranica ne postoji)">formal logic</a></i>. 2nd Edition.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+%5B%5Bformal+logic%5D%5D&rft.aulast=%5B%5BJ%C3%B3zef+Maria+Boche%C5%84ski%7CBoche%C5%84ski%2C+J.+M.%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BJ%C3%B3zef+Maria+Boche%C5%84ski%7CBoche%C5%84ski%2C+J.+M.%5D%5D&rft.date=1970&rft.pub=2nd+Edition&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Translated and edited from the German edition by Ivo Thomas. Chelsea Publishing, New York.</li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFBrookshear1989">Brookshear, J. Glenn (1989). <i>Theory of computation: formal languages, automata, and complexity</i>. Redwood City, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co.. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-8053-0143-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-8053-0143-4">978-0-8053-0143-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+computation%3A+formal+languages%2C+automata%2C+and+complexity&rft.aulast=Brookshear&rft.aufirst=J.+Glenn&rft.au=Brookshear%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+Glenn&rft.date=1989&rft.place=Redwood+City%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Benjamin%2FCummings+Pub.+Co.&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-0143-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFCohen,_R.S,_and_Wartofsky,_M.W.1974">Cohen, R.S, and Wartofsky, M.W. (1974). <i>Logical and Epistemological Studies in Contemporary Physics</i>. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. D. Reidel Publishing Company: Dordrecht, Netherlands. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-90-277-0377-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-90-277-0377-4">978-90-277-0377-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logical+and+Epistemological+Studies+in+Contemporary+Physics&rft.aulast=Cohen%2C+R.S%2C+and+Wartofsky%2C+M.W.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+R.S%2C+and+Wartofsky%2C+M.W.&rft.date=1974&rft.place=Boston+Studies+in+the+Philosophy+of+Science.+D.+Reidel+Publishing+Company&rft.pub=Dordrecht%2C+Netherlands&rft.isbn=978-90-277-0377-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Finkelstein, D. (1969). "Matter, Space, and Logic". in R.S. Cohen and M.W. Wartofsky (eds. 1974).</li> <li>„<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dov_Gabbay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dov Gabbay (stranica ne postoji)">Gabbay, D.M.</a>, and Guenthner, F. (eds., 2001–2005). <i>Handbook of Philosophical Logic</i>. 13 vols., 2nd edition. Kluwer Publishers: Dordrecht.“</li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFHilbert,_D.,_and_Ackermann,_W1928"><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">Hilbert, D.</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilhelm_Akerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilhelm Akerman (stranica ne postoji)">Ackermann, W</a> (1928). <i>Grundzüge der theoretischen Logik</i>. (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Mathematical_Logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principles of Mathematical Logic (stranica ne postoji)">Principles of Mathematical Logic</a></i>).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundz%C3%BCge+der+theoretischen+Logik&rft.aulast=%5B%5BDavid+Hilbert%7CHilbert%2C+D.%5D%5D%2C+and+%5B%5BVilhelm+Akerman%7CAckermann%2C+W%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BDavid+Hilbert%7CHilbert%2C+D.%5D%5D%2C+and+%5B%5BVilhelm+Akerman%7CAckermann%2C+W%5D%5D&rft.date=1928&rft.pub=%28%27%27%5B%5BPrinciples+of+Mathematical+Logic%5D%5D%27%27%29&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Springer-Verlag. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/2085765">OCLC 2085765</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Haack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan Haack (stranica ne postoji)">Susan Haack</a> (1996).<i> Deviant Logic, Fuzzy Logic: Beyond the Formalism</i>, University of Chicago Press.</li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFHodges,_W.2001"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfred_Hodges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilfred Hodges (stranica ne postoji)">Hodges, W.</a> (2001). <i>Logic. An introduction to Elementary Logic</i>. Penguin Books.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logic.+An+introduction+to+Elementary+Logic&rft.aulast=%5B%5BWilfred+Hodges%7CHodges%2C+W.%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BWilfred+Hodges%7CHodges%2C+W.%5D%5D&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Hofweber, T. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-ontology/">Logic and Ontology</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (stranica ne postoji)">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_N._Zalta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward N. Zalta (stranica ne postoji)">Edward N. Zalta</a> (ed.).</li> <li>Hughes, R.I.G. (1993, ed.). <i>A Philosophical Companion to First-Order Logic</i>. Hackett Publishing.</li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFKline1972">Kline, Morris (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathematicalthou0000unse"><i>Mathematical Thought From Ancient to Modern Times</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-19-506135-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-19-506135-2">978-0-19-506135-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Thought+From+Ancient+to+Modern+Times&rft.aulast=Kline&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft.au=Kline%2C%26%2332%3BMorris&rft.date=1972&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506135-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmathematicalthou0000unse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFKneale,_William,_and_Kneale,_Martha1962"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Kneale_(logician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Kneale (logician) (stranica ne postoji)">Kneale, William</a>, and Kneale, Martha (1962). <i>The Development of Logic</i>. Oxford University Press, London, UK.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Logic&rft.aulast=%5B%5BWilliam+Kneale+%28logician%29%7CKneale%2C+William%5D%5D%2C+and+Kneale%2C+Martha&rft.au=%5B%5BWilliam+Kneale+%28logician%29%7CKneale%2C+William%5D%5D%2C+and+Kneale%2C+Martha&rft.date=1962&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+London%2C+UK&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Liddell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Liddell (stranica ne postoji)">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Scott_(philologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Scott (philologist) (stranica ne postoji)">Scott, Robert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2363716">„Logikos”</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Greek-English_Lexicon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Greek-English Lexicon (stranica ne postoji)">A Greek-English Lexicon</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Projekat_Persej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Projekat Persej (stranica ne postoji)">Perseus Project</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 8. 5. 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Logikos&rft.atitle=%5B%5BA+Greek-English+Lexicon%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Liddell%2C%26%2332%3BHenry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.pub=%5B%5BProjekat+Persej%7CPerseus+Project%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253D%252363716&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFMendelson1964">Mendelson, Elliott (1964). <i>Introduction to Mathematical Logic</i>. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole Advanced Books & Software: Monterey, Calif.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Mathematical+Logic&rft.aulast=Mendelson&rft.aufirst=Elliott&rft.au=Mendelson%2C%26%2332%3BElliott&rft.date=1964&rft.place=Wadsworth+%26+Brooks%2FCole+Advanced+Books+%26+Software&rft.pub=Monterey%2C+Calif&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/13580200">OCLC 13580200</a></li> <li><span class="citation web">Harper, Robert (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=logic">„Logic”</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Etymology_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Etymology Dictionary (stranica ne postoji)">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 8. 5. 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Logic&rft.atitle=%5B%5BOnline+Etymology+Dictionary%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Harper%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dlogic&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Smith_(ontologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Smith (ontologist) (stranica ne postoji)">Smith, B.</a> (1989). "Logic and the Sachverhalt". <i>The Monist</i> 72(1):52–69.</li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFWhitehead,_Alfred_North_and_Bertrand_Russell1910"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nort_Vajthed" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Nort Vajthed">Whitehead, Alfred North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Rasel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertrand Rasel">Bertrand Russell</a> (1910). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principia_Mathematica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principia Mathematica (stranica ne postoji)">Principia Mathematica</a></i>. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, England.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5BPrincipia+Mathematica%5D%5D&rft.aulast=%5B%5BAlfred+Nort+Vajthed%7CWhitehead%2C+Alfred+North%5D%5D+and+%5B%5BBertrand+Rasel%7CBertrand+Russell%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BAlfred+Nort+Vajthed%7CWhitehead%2C+Alfred+North%5D%5D+and+%5B%5BBertrand+Rasel%7CBertrand+Russell%5D%5D&rft.date=1910&rft.place=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+England&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1041146">OCLC 1041146</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoljašnje_veze"><span id="Spolja.C5.A1nje_veze"></span>Spoljašnje veze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Uredi odjeljak Spoljašnje veze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika&action=edit&section=29" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Spoljašnje veze"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 300px"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Logic" title="commons:Category:Logic"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 20px;"><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Logic" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Logic">Logika</a></b></i> na <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica_-_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica - Главна страница">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> </div> </div> <ul><li><span class="citation book">Hazewinkel Michiel, ur. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eom.springer.de/p/l060690.htm">„Logical calculus”</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Mathematics</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-1-55608-010-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-1-55608-010-4">978-1-55608-010-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Logical+calculus&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Mathematics&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-1-55608-010-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feom.springer.de%2Fp%2Fl060690.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Logika"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121054130/http://logic-law.com/index.php?title=Propositional_Logic">An Outline for Verbal Logic</a></li> <li>Uvod i priručnici <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galilean-library.org/manuscript.php?postid=43782">An Introduction to Philosophical Logic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080403145334/http://www.galilean-library.org/manuscript.php?postid=43782">Arhivirano</a> 2008-04-03 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a>, by Paul Newall, aimed at beginners.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fecundity.com/logic/">forall x: an introduction to formal logic</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=P.D._Magnus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P.D. Magnus (stranica ne postoji)">P.D. Magnus</a>, covers sentential and quantified logic.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080521095350/http://www.filozofia.uw.edu.pl/kpaprzycka/Publ/xLogicSelfTaught.html">Logic Self-Taught: A Workbook</a> (originally prepared for on-line logic instruction).</li></ul></li> <li>Eseji <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061015094223/http://durendal.org:8080/lcsl/">"Symbolic Logic"</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4763">"The Game of Logic"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Kerol" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Kerol">Lewis Carroll</a>, 1896.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/DicHist/analytic/anaVII.html">Math & Logic: The history of formal mathematical, logical, linguistic and methodological ideas.</a> In <i>The Dictionary of the History of Ideas.</i></li></ul></li> <li>Onlajn oruđa <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150515000453/http://www.thefirstscience.org/syllogistic-machine">Interactive Syllogistic Machine</a> A web based syllogistic machine for exploring fallacies, figures, terms, and modes of syllogisms.</li></ul></li> <li>Reading lists <ul><li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/">London Philosophy Study Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090923081848/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/">Arhivirano</a> 2009-09-23 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a> offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/L&M.htm">Logic & Metaphysics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712041040/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/L%26M.htm">Arhivirano</a> 2018-07-12 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/SetTheory.htm">Set Theory and Further Logic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227075920/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/SetTheory.htm">Arhivirano</a> 2009-02-27 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/MathLogic.htm">Mathematical Logic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125101332/http://ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/MathLogic.htm">Arhivirano</a> 2009-01-25 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div 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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-prikaži"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Filozofija" title="Šablon:Filozofija"><abbr title="Pogledajte šablon" style=";background:#ceecee;;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-razgovor"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor_o_%C5%A1ablonu:Filozofija" title="Razgovor o šablonu:Filozofija"><abbr title="Razgovarajte o šablonu" style=";background:#ceecee;;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-uredi"><a class="external text" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Filozofija&action=edit"><abbr title="Uredite šablon" style=";background:#ceecee;;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">u</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Filozofija" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija">Filozofija</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ceecee;"><a href="/wiki/Historija_filozofije" title="Historija filozofije">Historija</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_filozofija" title="Antička filozofija">Antička</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Budisti%C4%8Dka_filozofija" title="Budistička filozofija">Budistička</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kineska_filozofija" title="Kineska filozofija">Kineska </a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_filozofija" title="Antička filozofija">Grčka</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Indijska_filozofija" title="Indijska filozofija">Indijska</a> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:transparent;;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Srednjovjekovna_filozofija" title="Srednjovjekovna filozofija">Srednjovjekovna</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Hri%C5%A1%C4%87anska_filozofija" title="Hrišćanska filozofija">Hrišćanska</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Islamska_filozofija" title="Islamska filozofija">Islamska</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Jevrejska_filozofija" title="Jevrejska filozofija">Jevrejska</a> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Novovjekovna_filozofija" title="Novovjekovna filozofija">Novovjekovna</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Empirizam" title="Empirizam">Empirizam</a> <b>•</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Racionalizam" title="Racionalizam">Racionalizam</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:transparent;;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Moderna_filozofija" title="Moderna filozofija">Savremena</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Analiti%C4%8Dka_filozofija" title="Analitička filozofija">Analitička</a> <b>•</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kontinentalna_filozofija" title="Kontinentalna filozofija">Kontinentalna</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ceecee;"><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Filozofska_terminologija" title="Kategorija:Filozofska terminologija">Pojmovi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Apsolut" title="Apsolut">Apsolut</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Beskona%C4%8Dnost" title="Beskonačnost">Beskonačnost</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Su%C5%A1tina" title="Suština">Bit</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Bi%C4%87e" title="Biće">Biće</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Vje%C4%8Dnost" title="Vječnost">Večnost</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Vreme" title="Vreme">Vreme</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Vrlina" title="Vrlina">Vrlina</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Dobro" title="Dobro">Dobro</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Duh" title="Duh">Duh</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1a" title="Duša">Duša</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Zlo" title="Zlo">Zlo</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Znanje" title="Znanje">Znanje</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ideja" title="Ideja">Ideja</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Iskustvo" title="Iskustvo">Iskustvo</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Istina" title="Istina">Istina</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kretanje" title="Kretanje">Kretanje</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ljepota" title="Ljepota">Lepota</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Misao" title="Misao">Misao</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Mudrost" title="Mudrost">Mudrost</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Nebi%C4%87e" title="Nebiće">Nebiće</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Nedelanje" title="Nedelanje">Nedelanje</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Nesopstvo" title="Nesopstvo">Nesopstvo</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Opa%C5%BEanje" title="Opažanje">Opažanje</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Otu%C4%91enje" title="Otuđenje">Otuđenje</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Postojanje" title="Postojanje">Postojanje</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Prostor" title="Prostor">Prostor</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Razum" title="Razum">Razum</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Saznanje" title="Saznanje">Saznanje</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Svest" title="Svest">Svest</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sloboda" title="Sloboda">Sloboda</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Slobodna_volja" title="Slobodna volja">Slobodna volja</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Jastvo" title="Jastvo">Sopstvo</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ataraksija" title="Ataraksija">Spokoj</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Stvarnost" title="Stvarnost">Stvarnost</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sudbina" title="Sudbina">Sudbina</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Materija" title="Materija">Tvar</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uzro%C4%8Dnost" title="Uzročnost">Uzročnost</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Um" title="Um">Um</a> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ceecee;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Oblasti_filozofije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Oblasti filozofije (stranica ne postoji)">Oblasti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika">Estetika</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Etika" title="Etika">Etika</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Gnoseologija" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnoseologija">Epistemologija</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Logika</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika">Metafizika</a> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ceecee;"><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Grane_filozofije" title="Kategorija:Grane filozofije">Grane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ontologija" title="Ontologija">Bića</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Filozofija_uma" title="Filozofija uma">Duha</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Socijalna_filozofija" title="Socijalna filozofija">Društva</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filozofija_dru%C5%A1tvenih_nauka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filozofija društvenih nauka (stranica ne postoji)">Društvenih nauka</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Filozofija_ekonomije" title="Filozofija ekonomije">Ekonomije</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Filozofija_informacije" title="Filozofija informacije">Informacije</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Filozofija_historije" title="Filozofija historije">Istorije</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Filozofija_jezika" title="Filozofija jezika">Jezika</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Filozofija_matematike" title="Filozofija matematike">Matematike</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Filozofija_muzike" title="Filozofija muzike">Muzike</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Filozofija_nauke" title="Filozofija nauke">Nauke</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filozofija_obrazovanja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filozofija obrazovanja (stranica ne postoji)">Obrazovanja</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dka_filozofija" title="Politička filozofija">Politike</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Filozofija_prava" title="Filozofija prava">Prava</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Filozofija_psihologije" title="Filozofija psihologije">Psihologije</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Filozofija_prirode" title="Filozofija prirode">Prirode</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Filozofija_religije" title="Filozofija religije">Religije</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika">Umetnosti</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Filozofija_fizike" title="Filozofija fizike">Fizike</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologija_(filozofija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antropologija (filozofija) (stranica ne postoji)">Čoveka</a> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ceecee;"><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Filozofi" title="Kategorija:Filozofi">Filozofi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Zaratustra" title="Zaratustra">Zaratustra</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Tales" title="Tales">Tales</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Anaksimandar" title="Anaksimandar">Anaksimandar</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Anaksimen" title="Anaksimen">Anaksimen</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Pitagora" title="Pitagora">Pitagora</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Buda</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ksenofan_iz_Kolofona" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksenofan iz Kolofona">Ksenofan</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Konfucije" title="Konfucije">Konfučije</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Lao_Tzu" title="Lao Tzu">Lao Ce</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Heraklit" title="Heraklit">Heraklit</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Parmenid" title="Parmenid">Parmenid</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Anaksagora" title="Anaksagora">Anaksagora</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Zenon_iz_Eleje" title="Zenon iz Eleje">Zenon</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Empedokle" title="Empedokle">Empedokle</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Protagora" title="Protagora">Protagora</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sokrat" title="Sokrat">Sokrat</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Leukip" title="Leukip">Leukip</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Demokrit" title="Demokrit">Demokrit</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Diogen_iz_Sinope" title="Diogen iz Sinope">Diogen</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Čuang Ce</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Piron" title="Piron">Piron</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Zenon_iz_Kitijuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenon iz Kitijuma">Zenon iz Kitijuma</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Epikur" title="Epikur">Epikur</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Filon_Aleksandrijski" title="Filon Aleksandrijski">Filon</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Epiktet" title="Epiktet">Epiktet</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Nagar%C4%91una" title="Nagarđuna">Nagarđuna</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Plotin" title="Plotin">Plotin</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Augustin" title="Augustin">Avgustin</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Boetije" title="Boetije">Boetije</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Skot_Eriugena" title="Ivan Skot Eriugena">Eriugena</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina">Ibn Sina</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Gazali" title="Al-Gazali">Al-Gazali</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard">Abelar</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ru%C5%A1d" title="Ibn Rušd">Averoes</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Majmonid" title="Majmonid">Majmonides</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dogen</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Toma_Akvinski" title="Toma Akvinski">Toma Akvinski</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/John_Duns_Scotus" class="mw-redirect" title="John Duns Scotus">Skot</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/William_Occam" title="William Occam">Okam</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bejkon</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Dekart</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobs</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Paskal</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Baruch_de_Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Baruch de Spinoza">Spinoza</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Lajbnic</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkli</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hjum</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Volter</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Didro</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Ruso</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fihte</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_von_Schelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling">Šeling</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Šopenhauer</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kjerkegor</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marks</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mil</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Niče</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Huserl</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="D. T. Suzuki">Suzuki</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Rasel</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Hajdeger</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Krišnamurti</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartr</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Vitgenštajn</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno">Adorno</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Markuze</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derida</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Fuko</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a> <b>•</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke"> Kripke</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#ceecee; font-weight:bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Filozofija" title="Kategorija:Filozofija">Kategorija</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41348688"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Normativna_kontrola_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Uredi_na_Wikidati_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8078#&#124;Uredi_na_Wikidati" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normativna_kontrola_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Uredi_na_Wikidati_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8078#&#124;Uredi_na_Wikidati" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:Normativna_kontrola" title="Pomoć:Normativna kontrola">Normativna kontrola</a> <span class="noprint"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8078#" title="Uredi na Wikidati"><img alt="Uredi na Wikidati" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85078106">sh85078106</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4036202-4">4036202-4</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935968s">cb11935968s</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935968s">(podaci)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569686">00569686</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKC" title="NKC">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122436&CON_LNG=ENG">ph122436</a></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España (stranica ne postoji)">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526280">XX526280</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7d588db968‐gbwgg Cached time: 20241104222454 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.922 seconds Real time usage: 1.081 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 53676/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 314358/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 76167/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 68488/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.182/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3512319/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 850.904 1 -total 49.26% 419.125 77 Šablon:Citation/core 41.97% 357.151 64 Šablon:Cite_book 39.72% 337.985 1 Šablon:Reflist 13.48% 114.694 2 Šablon:Navbox 12.51% 106.411 1 Šablon:Filozofija 8.97% 76.363 10 Šablon:Cite_web 7.81% 66.468 1 Šablon:Sfn 6.16% 52.374 1 Šablon:Normativna_kontrola 3.53% 30.029 16 Šablon:Replace --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key shwiki:pcache:idhash:4381-0!canonical!sh-latn and timestamp 20241104222454 and revision id 42157956. 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30.029 16 Šablon:Replace"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.182","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":3512319,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBarrCharles_Wells1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarwise,_J.1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBocheński,_J._M.1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBocheński,_J._M.1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrookshear1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCajori1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalogero1968\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCharlton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen,_R.S,_and_Wartofsky,_M.W.1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCvetković\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFDavis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeLoachHartrum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevey1902\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFilipović1989\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGadamer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldblatt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregorek,_Majorinc_Turk1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGödel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHegel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilbert,_D.,_and_Ackermann,_W1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodges,_W.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofstadter1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHösle1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaacs1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKant\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKant2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKant2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlaić1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKline1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKneale,_William,_and_Kneale,_Martha1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisPapadimitriou1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddellScott\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLo_filosofo\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLocke\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLupasco1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddy1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthyP.J._Hayes1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeier\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendelson1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrović1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrović2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRAI\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders_Peirce\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSanders_Peirce1877\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_philosopher1973\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTubić1974\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVaezi\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVujaklija1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitehead,_Alfred_North_and_Bertrand_Russell1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFof_Alexandria2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠarić2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠtambuk1976\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Cite book\"] = 63,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"Commonscat\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Filozofija\"] = 1,\n [\"Glavni\"] = 8,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Izdvojeni citat\"] = 1,\n [\"Jez-lat\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Mrtva veza\"] = 1,\n [\"Mrtva{{Mrtva veza\"] = 1,\n [\"Mrtva{{Mrtva{{Mrtva veza\"] = 1,\n [\"Normativna kontrola\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Springer\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7d588db968-gbwgg","timestamp":"20241104222454","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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