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<li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nurse_practitioners_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nurse_practitioners_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nurse practitioners in the United States</span> </div> </a> <button 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id="toc-Training_pathways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality_of_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality_of_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Quality of care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality_of_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Job_setting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Job_setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Job setting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Job_setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scope_of_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope_of_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scope of practice</span> </div> </a> <button 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href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensing_and_board_certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensing_and_board_certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Licensing and board certification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Licensing_and_board_certification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Licensing and board certification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Licensing_and_board_certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Salary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Policy during the COVID-19 pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%B5" title="پرستار متخصص – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرستار متخصص" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infirmier_praticien_sp%C3%A9cialis%C3%A9" title="Infirmier praticien spécialisé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Infirmier praticien spécialisé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praktijkondersteuner" title="Praktijkondersteuner – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Praktijkondersteuner" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" 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line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">Professional</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">Nursing</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Depends on the country, but generally includes at least a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science_in_Nursing" title="Master of Science in Nursing">post-graduate nursing degree</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">Healthcare</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Registered_nurse" title="Registered nurse">Registered nurse</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>nurse practitioner</b> (<b>NP</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Advanced_practice_registered_nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced practice registered nurse">advanced practice registered nurse</a> and a type of <a href="/wiki/Mid-level_practitioner" title="Mid-level practitioner">mid-level practitioner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-who_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USDJ_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NPs are trained to assess patient needs, order and interpret diagnostic and laboratory tests, diagnose disease, prescribe medications and formulate treatment plans. NP training covers basic disease prevention, coordination of care, and health promotion. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Scope_of_practice" title="Scope of practice">scope of practice</a> for a NP is defined by legal jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-rx_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rx-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 27 US states, NPs have full practice authority, while in the remaining states, NPs are required to work under the supervision of a <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AANP_State_Practice_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AANP_State_Practice-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, the scope of practice is guided by health organisation policy and the individual's competency, while their right to access <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Australia)" title="Medicare (Australia)">Medicare</a> rebates requires a Collaborative Practice Arrangement with a <a href="/wiki/Medical_practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical practitioner">medical practitioner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <p>The present-day concept of advanced practice nursing as a primary care provider was created in the mid-1960s, spurred on by a national <a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">shortage of physicians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first formal graduate certificate program for NPs was created by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Silver" title="Henry Silver">Henry Silver</a>, a physician, and <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ford" title="Loretta Ford">Loretta Ford</a>, a nurse, in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, the U.S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a>, made a formal recommendation for expanding the scope of nursing practice to be able to serve as primary care providers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, discussions arose between accreditation agencies, national certifying bodies, and state boards of nursing about the possibility of making the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree the new minimum standard of education for NP certification and licensure by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> <p>Advanced practice nursing first appeared in the 1990s in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada-CNS/NP_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada-CNS/NP-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These nurses practiced in <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_intensive_care_unit" title="Neonatal intensive care unit">neonatal intensive care units</a> within tertiary care hospitals in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Pediatrician" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediatrician">pediatricians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neonatologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatologist">neonatologists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada-CNS/NP_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada-CNS/NP-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the role of these nurses initially resembled a blended version of <a href="/wiki/Clinical_nurse_specialist" title="Clinical nurse specialist">clinical nurse specialists</a> and NPs, today the distinction has been more formally established.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada-CNS/NP_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada-CNS/NP-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nurse_practitioners_in_the_United_States">Nurse practitioners in the United States</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_requirements">Education requirements</h3></div> <p>Becoming a nurse practitioner in the United States requires either a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science_in_Nursing" title="Master of Science in Nursing">Master of Science in Nursing</a> (MSN) or <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Nursing_Practice" title="Doctor of Nursing Practice">Doctor of Nursing Practice</a> (DNP).<sup id="cite_ref-Deering2022_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deering2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During their studies, nurse practitioners are required to receive a minimum of 500 hours of clinical training in addition to the clinical hours required to obtain their RN. Upon completion of the graduate program, they must pass the National NP Certification Board Exam, specific to their specialization. After passing this exam, candidates must apply for NP licensure, which varies by state regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although nurse practitioners are required to be licensed as registered nurses prior to obtaining their advanced practice registered nurse certification, there are several programs that combine a nursing undergraduate degree with nurse practitioner training. Some US nurse practitioner programs are highly selective, with admission rates as low as 6% of applicants at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">University of California, Irvine</a> in 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others are more inclusive, with up to 100% acceptance rates in 2019 at public universities such as <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_State_University_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern State University of Louisiana">Northwestern State University of Louisiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University_Global" title="Purdue University Global">the online branch of Purdue University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usnews_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usnews-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training_pathways">Training pathways</h3></div> <p>There are many types of nurse practitioner programs in the United States, with the vast majority being in the specialty of a family nurse practitioner (FNP).<sup id="cite_ref-aboutnps_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutnps-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also psychiatric, adult–geriatric acute care, adult–geriatric primary care, pediatric, women's health, and neonatal nurse practitioner programs.<sup id="cite_ref-ANA_2023_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANA_2023-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these programs have their pre-clinical or didactic courses taught online with proctored examinations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Once the students start their clinical courses, they have online material but are required to perform clinical hours at an approved facility under the guidance of an NP or physician.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Each clinical course has specific requirements that vary depending on the program's degree or eligibility for certification. For instance, FNPs are required to see patients across the lifespan, whereas adult geriatric NPs do not see anyone below the age of 13.<sup id="cite_ref-FNPvsACNP_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FNPvsACNP-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quality_of_care">Quality of care</h3></div> <p>A review of studies comparing outcomes of care by NPs and physicians in primary care and urgent care settings was generally comparable, although the strength of the evidence was generally low due to limited study duration and participant numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent study showed nurse practitioners practicing in states with independent prescription authority were more than twenty times more likely to overprescribe opioids than nurse practitioners in prescription-restricted states. The same study identified that both nurse practitioners and <a href="/wiki/Physician_Associate" class="mw-redirect" title="Physician Associate">Physician Associates</a> were more likely to overprescribe opioids compared to physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nurse practitioners and physician assistants were also associated with more unnecessary imaging services than <a href="/wiki/Primary_care_physician" title="Primary care physician">primary care physicians</a>, which may have ramifications on care and overall costs.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One systematic review suggests "that the implementation of advanced practice nursing roles in emergency and critical care settings improves patient outcomes in emergency and critical care settings".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Job_setting">Job setting</h3></div> <p>Nurse practitioners are currently employed in a wide variety of practice settings. These settings include the ambulatory, inpatient, or emergency departments of hospitals, health clinics, and office practices, whether private or nurse-run. In addition, they deliver care in schools and on college campuses, as well as in nursing homes and assisted living facilities. NPs can work alone or under the supervision of a physician in a wide variety of specializations.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scope_of_practice">Scope of practice</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <p>In Australia, a <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Australia_NP_endorsement">nurse practitioner-endorsed registered nurse</a> has an expanded scope of practice, allowing them to practice certain advanced clinical skills within their endorsed field. As a nurse practitioner, they can complete advanced health assessments, diagnose and treat diseases, order diagnostic testing such as imaging and pathology, and prescribe medications and therapeutics.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also able to register for a provider number with <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Australia)" title="Medicare (Australia)">Medicare</a> for the services they provide to patients, excluding services provided in public facilities (such as a <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Health" title="Queensland Health">Queensland Health</a> hospital).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nurse practitioner items on the Medicare Benefits Schedule, however, provide significantly smaller rebates than equivalent items for <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">General Practitioners</a>, leading to a higher out-of-pocket cost to patients.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To claim Medicare rebates, the NP must also be in a documented "Collaborative Practice Arrangement" with a medical practitioner and the episode of care approved by a doctor.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prescriptions issued by NPs must also be verified by a medical practitioner to be eligible to be subsidised under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_2">Canada</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, an NP is a registered nurse (RN) with a graduate degree in nursing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Canada recognizes them in primary care and acute care practices. NPs diagnose illnesses and medical conditions, prescribe Schedule 1 medications, order and interpret diagnostic tests, and perform procedures, within their scope of practice, and may build their own panel of patients at the same level as physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary care NPs work in places like primary care and community healthcare centers, as well as long-term care institutions. The main focus of primary care NPs includes health promotion, preventative care, and the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic diseases and conditions. Acute care NPs serve a specific population of patients. They generally work in in-patient facilities that include neonatology, nephrology, and cardiology units.<sup id="cite_ref-graduatenursingedu.org_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graduatenursingedu.org-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are currently three specialties for nurse practitioners in Canada: family practice, pediatrics, and adult care. NPs who specialize in family practice work at the same level and offer the same services as family physicians, with the exception of Quebec, where only physicians are allowed to formulate a medical diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3></div> <p>In Ireland's publicly funded healthcare system, the <a href="/wiki/Health_Service_Executive" title="Health Service Executive">Health Service Executive</a> has the advanced nurse practitioner (ANP) grade.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ANPs may prescribe medications.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> nurse practitioners carry out care at an advanced practice level. They commonly work in <a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">primary care</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">GP</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctor%27s_office" title="Doctor's office">surgeries</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">A&E departments</a>, although they are increasingly being seen in other areas of practice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The nurse practitioner role was recommended by the <a href="/wiki/Cumberlege_Report_1986" title="Cumberlege Report 1986">Cumberlege Report 1986</a>, which recommended nurses being given the ability to prescribe.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3></div> <p>Because the profession is state-regulated, the <a href="/wiki/Scope_of_practice" title="Scope of practice">scope of practice</a> varies by state. Some states allow NPs to have full practice authority; however, in other states, a written collaborative or supervisory agreement with a physician is legally required for practice.<sup id="cite_ref-AANP_State_Practice_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AANP_State_Practice-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autonomous practice was introduced in the 1980s, mostly in states facing a <a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage" class="mw-redirect" title="Physician shortage">physician shortage</a> or that struggled to find enough healthcare providers to <a href="/wiki/Rural_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural healthcare">work in rural areas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extent of this collaborative agreement and the roles, duties, responsibilities, nursing treatments, and pharmacologic recommendations again vary widely between states.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NPs are legally able to examine patients, diagnose medical conditions, prescribe most medications, and deliver treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2023_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland_Clinic_2023-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is variation in the level of supervision required for NPs across different states. As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nurse_practitioner&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 27 states grant NPs full practice authority, meaning they can practice independently without physician oversight. The remaining 23 states require NPs to have a collaborative agreement with a physician to provide patient care. Within these 23 states, 11 further require NPs to have physician supervision or delegation for specific aspects of practice, though the physician might not be physically present at the treatment location.<sup id="cite_ref-AANP_State_Practice_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AANP_State_Practice-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing_and_board_certification">Licensing and board certification</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_2">Australia<span class="anchor" id="Australia_NP_endorsement"></span></h3></div> <p>In Australia, nursing registration, including endorsement of a RN as a nurse practitioner, is overseen by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Health_Practitioner_Regulation_Agency" title="Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency">Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency</a> (AHPRA).<sup id="cite_ref-ACNP_Pathway_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACNP_Pathway-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Registered nurses working in rural and isolated communities can apply for scheduled medicine prescriber endorsement if clinically necessary and trained and instead become a prescribing registered nurse rather than a nurse practitioner to better meet the needs of less-resourced communities.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nurse practitioners are professionally represented by the Australian College of Nurse Practitioners, as well as the Australian College of Nursing. Endorsement as a nurse practitioner in either Australia or New Zealand is recognised by both countries as part of the Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Scheme. </p><p>For a RN to apply to the NMBA for nurse practitioner endorsement, they must possess an unrestricted RN licence and be able to demonstrate they have completed at least 5000 hours (three years, full-time equivalent) at an "advanced nursing practice" level. Advanced nursing practice is loosely defined, and not a specific role, but rather a recognised process of higher-level clinical practice within a nurse's existing scope of practice. The RN must also complete an approved nurse practitioner postgraduate master's degree or demonstrate they have gained qualifications to an equivalent level in advanced health assessment, pharmacology, therapeutics, diagnostics, and research. Nurses applying through the latter pathway must also demonstrate that the equivalent training is clinically relevant to the field for which they wish to apply for nurse practitioner endorsement in.<sup id="cite_ref-ACNP_Pathway_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACNP_Pathway-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NMBA_Guidelines_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMBA_Guidelines-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_3">Canada</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the educational standard is a graduate degree in nursing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Canadian Nursing Association (CNA) notes that advanced practice nurses must have a combination of graduate-level education and clinical experience that prepare them to practice at an advanced level. Their education alone does not give them the ability to practice at an advanced level. Two national frameworks have been developed in order to provide further guidance for the development of educational courses and requirements, research concepts, and government position statements regarding advanced practice nursing: the CNA's <i>Advanced Nursing Practice: A National Framework</i> and the <i>Canadian Nurse Practitioner Core Competency Framework.</i> All educational programs for NPs must achieve formal approval by provincial and territorial regulating nurse agencies due to the fact that the NP is considered a legislated role in Canada. As such, it is common to see differences among approved educational programs between territories and provinces. Specifically, inconsistencies can be found in core graduate courses, clinical experiences, and the length of programs. Canada does not have a national curriculum or consistent standards regarding advanced practice nurses. All advanced practice nurses must meet individual requirements set by their provincial or territorial regulatory nursing body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3></div> <p>As of November 2013, NPs were recognized legally in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_3">United States</h3></div> <p>The most common path to becoming a nurse practitioner in the United States begins by earning a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Nursing" title="Bachelor of Science in Nursing">Bachelor of Science in Nursing</a> (BSN) and passing the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_Licensure_Examination" title="National Council Licensure Examination">National Council Licensure Examination</a> (NCLEX) to become an RN. One must then be accepted into and complete a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) or Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) (most of which require at least 1-2 years of RN experience) to gain additional medical training in their specialty area. Finally, one must pass a national NP board certification exam.<sup id="cite_ref-Deering2022_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deering2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salary">Salary</h2></div> <p>The salary of an NP generally depends on the area of specialization, location, years of experience, and level of education. In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Nurse_Practitioners" title="American Association of Nurse Practitioners">American Association of Nurse Practitioners</a> (AANP) conducted a NP salary survey. The results revealed the reported median base salary among full-time NPs was $113,000.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutnps_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutnps-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nurse_practitioner&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median salary of NPs was $126,260.<sup id="cite_ref-Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics_2024_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics_2024-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic">Policy during the COVID-19 pandemic</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">pandemic</a> expanded the scope of practice for nurse practitioners in some countries as a result of temporary legislative policy adjustments.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> waived many requirements for nurse practitioners, permitting NPs to utilize their abilities to the fullest extent in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_practice_nurse" title="Advanced practice nurse">Advanced practice nurse</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_for_Nurse_Practitioners" title="The Journal for Nurse Practitioners">The Journal for Nurse Practitioners</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nursing_credentials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nursing credentials">List of nursing credentials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_anesthetist" title="Nurse anesthetist">Nurse anesthetist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_midwife" title="Nurse midwife">Nurse midwife</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nurse_Practitioner:_The_American_Journal_of_Primary_Healthcare" title="The Nurse Practitioner: The American Journal of Primary Healthcare">The Nurse Practitioner: The American Journal of Primary Healthcare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse-managed_health_center" title="Nurse-managed health center">Nurse-managed health center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_K._Schwebach" title="Martha K. Schwebach">Martha K. Schwebach</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-who-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-who_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210719014524/http://www.who.int/workforcealliance/knowledge/resources/Final_MLP_web_2.pdf">"Mid-level health providers: a promising resource to achieve the health Millennium Development Goals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nurse_practitioners" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nurse practitioners">Nurse practitioners</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810211721/http://66.219.50.180/NR/rdonlyres/eces3g7o35a7u6pdijawnj22ulgqgzztu2tdt6dviltrmnde3zkvbkwfdwylcpnlmvx6rpyjks335sxfussaqswrhfh/RetailBasedClinics.pdf">AANP Standards for NP practice in retail based clinics</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313071550/http://bcnpa.org/_tiny_mce/plugins/filemanager/files/Dicenso_CNS_and_NP_practice_in_Canada.pdf"><i>CNS and NP Practice in Canada</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from the original on 2012-03-13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CNS+and+NP+Practice+in+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbcnpa.org%2F_tiny_mce%2Fplugins%2Ffilemanager%2Ffiles%2FDicenso_CNS_and_NP_practice_in_Canada.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANurse+practitioner" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180903142642/https://www.aanp.org/press-room/press-releases/173-press-room/2018-press-releases/2199-aanp-president-testifies-before-congress-on-importance-of-investing-in-np-workforce">"AANP - AANP President Testifies Before Congress on Importance of Investing in NP Workforce"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Nurse_Practitioners" title="American Association of Nurse Practitioners">American Association of Nurse Practitioners</a>. April 26, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanp.org/press-room/press-releases/173-press-room/2018-press-releases/2199-aanp-president-testifies-before-congress-on-importance-of-investing-in-np-workforce">the original</a> on September 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AANP+-+AANP+President+Testifies+Before+Congress+on+Importance+of+Investing+in+NP+Workforce&rft.pub=American+Association+of+Nurse+Practitioners&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aanp.org%2Fpress-room%2Fpress-releases%2F173-press-room%2F2018-press-releases%2F2199-aanp-president-testifies-before-congress-on-importance-of-investing-in-np-workforce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANurse+practitioner" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nursing" title="Template:Nursing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nursing" title="Template talk:Nursing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nursing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nursing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nursing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">Nursing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levels of <br />practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Student_nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Student nurse">Student nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_nurse_leader" title="Clinical nurse leader">Clinical nurse leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensed_practical_nurse" title="Licensed practical nurse">Licensed practical nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_nurse" title="Registered nurse">Registered nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_nurse" title="Graduate nurse">Graduate nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_scientist" title="Nurse scientist">Nurse scientist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_practice_nurse" title="Advanced practice nurse">Advanced practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">APNs by role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_nurse_specialist" title="Clinical nurse specialist">Clinical nurse specialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_anesthetist" title="Nurse anesthetist">Nurse anesthetist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_midwife" title="Nurse midwife">Nurse midwife</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nurse practitioner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NPs by population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_nurse_practitioner" title="Family nurse practitioner">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult-gerontology_nurse_practitioner" title="Adult-gerontology nurse practitioner">Adult-gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_nurse_practitioner" title="Pediatric nurse practitioner">Pediatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_nurse_practitioner" title="Women's health nurse practitioner">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_nurse_practitioner" title="Neonatal nurse practitioner">Neonatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric-mental_health_nurse_practitioner" title="Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner">Psych/mental health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nurse_education" title="Nurse education">Education</a> <br /> and <br /><a href="/wiki/Nurse_licensure" title="Nurse licensure">licensure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nightingale_Pledge" title="Nightingale Pledge">Nightingale Pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_of_Science_in_Nursing" title="Associate of Science in Nursing">Associate of Science in Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Nursing" title="Bachelor of Science in Nursing">Bachelor of Science in Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diploma_in_Nursing" title="Diploma in Nursing">Diploma in Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Nursing_Practice" title="Doctor of Nursing Practice">Doctor of Nursing Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science_in_Nursing" title="Master of Science in Nursing">Master of Science in Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_nursing" title="Board of nursing">Board of nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_Licensure_Compact" title="Nurse Licensure Compact">Nurse Licensure Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_credentials_and_certifications" title="Nursing credentials and certifications">Nursing credentials and certifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_education" title="Nurse education">Nurse education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_registry" title="Nurse registry">Nurse registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_Licensure_Examination" title="National Council Licensure Examination">NCLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_of_Essential_Academic_Skills" title="Test of Essential Academic Skills">TEAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nursing_specialties" title="List of nursing specialties">Specialties and <br /> areas of <br />practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambulatory_care_nursing" title="Ambulatory care nursing">Ambulatory care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_nursing" title="Cardiac nursing">Cardiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_nursing" title="Correctional nursing">Correctional nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_care_nursing" title="Critical care nursing">Critical care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_Dental_Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered Dental Nurse">Dental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_educator" title="Nurse educator">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_nursing" title="Emergency nursing">Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_community_nursing" title="Faith community nursing">Faith community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_nursing" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight nursing">Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_nursing" title="Forensic nursing">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_nursing" class="mw-redirect" title="Geriatric nursing">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_nursing" title="Holistic nursing">Holistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_health_nursing" title="Home health nursing">Home health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_nursing" title="Hyperbaric nursing">Hyperbaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_nurse_consultant" title="Legal nurse consultant">Legal consultation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_management" title="Nursing management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matron" title="Matron">Matron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical-surgical_nursing" title="Medical-surgical nursing">Medical-surgical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_midwife" title="Nurse midwife">Midwifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_Care_Nurse_Practitioner-Board_Certified" title="Women's Health Care Nurse Practitioner-Board Certified">Women's Health Care Nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_nurse" title="Military nurse">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_nursing" title="Neonatal nursing">Neonatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_informatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nursing informatics">Nursing informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_nursing" title="Obstetrical nursing">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" title="Occupational health nursing">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology_nursing" title="Oncology nursing">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopaedic_nursing" title="Orthopaedic nursing">Orthopedics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_nursing" title="Pediatric nursing">Pediatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianesthesia_nursing" title="Perianesthesia nursing">Perianesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perioperative_nursing" title="Perioperative nursing">Perioperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_and_mental_health_nursing" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric and mental health nursing">Psychiatric and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_duty_nursing" title="Private duty nursing">Private duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_nursing" title="Public health nursing">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_nursing" title="School nursing">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_nursing" title="Surgical nursing">Surgical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telenursing" title="Telenursing">Telenursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_health_nursing" title="Travel health nursing">Travel health nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wound,_ostomy,_and_continence_nursing" title="Wound, ostomy, and continence nursing">WOCN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nursing_process" title="Nursing process">Nursing process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_assessment" title="Nursing assessment">Nursing assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_diagnosis" title="Nursing diagnosis">Nursing diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_care_plan" title="Nursing care plan">Nursing care plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_theory" title="Nursing theory">Nursing theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification <br /> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NANDA" class="mw-redirect" title="NANDA">NANDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_Interventions_Classification" title="Nursing Interventions Classification">Nursing Interventions Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_Minimum_Data_Set" title="Nursing Minimum Data Set">Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_Outcomes_Classification" title="Nursing Outcomes Classification">Nursing Outcomes Classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nursing_by_country" title="Category:Nursing by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Nurses_Day" title="International Nurses Day">International Nurses Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Australia" title="Nursing in Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_nursing_history_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Timeline of nursing history in Australia and New Zealand">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Canada" title="Nursing in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Germany" title="Nursing in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Hong_Kong" title="Nursing in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_India" title="Nursing in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Iran" title="Nursing in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Japan" title="Nursing in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Kenya" title="Nursing in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_New_Zealand" title="Nursing in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_nursing_history_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Timeline of nursing history in Australia and New Zealand">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Pakistan" title="Nursing in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_the_Philippines" title="Nursing in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Nursing in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_South_Africa" title="Nursing in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Spain" title="Nursing in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Taiwan" title="Nursing in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nursing in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Nursing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Nursing in the United Kingdom">history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_the_United_States" title="Nursing in the United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_nursing_in_the_United_States" title="History of nursing in the United States">history</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Nursing" title="Category:Nursing">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nursing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nursing"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Nursing" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Nursing">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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