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What distinguished colonial from non - colonial censuses , however , was that the formulation of categories in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA13","page_number":"13","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e discrimination as the unfavorable treatment of an in- dividual on \u0026quot; racial grounds , \u0026quot; that is , on the basis of \u0026quot; colour , race , nation- ality ( including citizenship ) or ethnic or national origin \u0026quot; ( Simon 1997a : 25 ) . In\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA14","page_number":"14","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e ethnic affiliation . And so it proved . Similar difficulties with collecting data on minority categories were experienced in Canada . Unlike Britain , Canada had an ethnic origin question appearing on its censuses from the start\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA15","page_number":"15","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e itself as a pact between \u0026quot; two founding peo- ples , \u0026quot; largely territorially concentrated - the descendants of French and English settlers . The purpose of the ethnic origin question was to reg- ister the changing proportions of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA16","page_number":"16","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e the country as a mosaic of cultural groups and provided state funds for the promotion of ethnic heritage . There are important differences between the Multicultural Act and the Employment Equity Act . The former calls for state\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA19","page_number":"19","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefine\u003c/b\u003e the category \u0026quot; Roma \u0026quot; in the first place and whether someone of Roma descent could not legitimately declare him or herself as \u0026quot; Hungarian \u0026quot; ( Labbé 2000 ) . The same mindset characterized the European experts sent to Macedonia in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA20","page_number":"20","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefine\u003c/b\u003e themselves . In this vein , enumerating identities is akin to sorting out how people subjectively \u003cb\u003edefine\u003c/b\u003e themselves vis - à - vis oth- ers . As Bulmer claimed , during a debate on the merits of introducing a race / ethnicity\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA21","page_number":"21","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefine\u003c/b\u003e the population in a way that would produce majorities , or at least plurali- ties , for those claimed ethnically as \u0026quot; theirs . \u0026quot; Population figures produced around this time ( 1889-1905 ) by Bulgarian , Serb , and Greek authors\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA22","page_number":"22","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefine\u003c/b\u003e themselves as such at the time ( Brown 1996 ) . The argument of the Bulgarian and Serbian nationalists was that the Slavic language spoken in Macedonia was a dialectical version of their own language , and therefore Slav\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA23","page_number":"23","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefine\u003c/b\u003e the categories in the Macedonian case are not the exception but the norm of census politics , if perhaps a bit extreme . The refusal to count Nominating into existence implies its reverse - the refusal to name . The geographic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA24","page_number":"24","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e as the sum of the state\u0026#39;s citizens , admits no other public identity than the civic identity of French . Since national identity is deemed indivisible , the only permissible division on the census is between the nationals ( les\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA25","page_number":"25","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e by a criterion like origin , whether it is \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e by place of birth or descent , since it results from a combination of multiple criteria , having equally to do with origin , place of residence , social networks , migratory\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA27","page_number":"27","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefinition\u003c/b\u003e of nation- alism \u0026quot; as a form of remedial political action ... [ addressing ] an allegedly deficient or \u0026#39; pathological \u0026#39; condition and [ proposing ] to remedy it \u0026quot; . This encapsulates what census identity debates are about\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA29","page_number":"29","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e , classified and described . However , each group has no veto power over other groups . ” He argues that these ethnic lobbying groups present their case as a matter of basic morality and , in so far as they are in a position to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA31","page_number":"31","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e category had major implications for how people came to think of themselves , implications that would have a tremendous impact on the creation of politically important interest groups . Bernard Cohn tells how , beginning with the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA32","page_number":"32","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e Uzbeks ended up on the wrong side of the border . Hirsch ( 2000 : 216 ) tells the story of Uzbek - identified border villages , assigned to neighboring Kirgizia , whose inhabitants peti- tioned Moscow to be included in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA33","page_number":"33","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e identity categories can have a substantial impact on people , altering pre - existing lines of identity divisions within the society . \u0026quot; State officials , \u0026quot; writes James Scott , \u0026quot; can often make their categories stick and impose\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA34","page_number":"34","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefine\u003c/b\u003e themselves in racial terms have strongly backed them . Ironically , given the history of race relations in the US , the continued use of a fundamentally racist ideology ( \u0026#39; one drop of Negro blood makes a Negro \u0026#39; ) has been most\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA39","page_number":"39","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eDefinition\u003c/b\u003e , University Park , Penn .: Pennsylvania State University Press . Desjardins , Chantal 2000 , \u0026quot; La multiplication des Canadiens . En 15 ans , le nom- bre de personnes se déclarant d\u0026#39;origine ethnique ou culturelle canadienne s\u0026nbsp;...","page_tag":[-1]},{"page_id":"PA56","page_number":"56","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e them broadly . Any person with any trace of \u0026quot; black blood \u0026quot; was legally black and subject to all the ... \u003cb\u003edefinition\u003c/b\u003e of White . The state of racial discourse was more unstable than the 1930-1960 census instructions would\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA58","page_number":"58","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e as : 1. American Indian or Alaskan Native - A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North ... \u003cb\u003edefines\u003c/b\u003e \u0026quot; Hispanic \u0026quot; as an ethnic category ; meaning that there are , for example , \u0026quot; white \u0026quot; hispanics and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA60","page_number":"60","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefinition\u003c/b\u003e of \u0026quot; American Indian or Alaska na- tive \u0026quot; now also includes persons from South and Central America . Finally , the OMB also made slight alterations in the wording of existing categories . The issue of racial categorization is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA63","page_number":"63","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefine\u003c/b\u003e it both as \u0026quot; grey \u0026quot; and as \u0026quot; brown . \u0026quot; Its connotations are equally ambiguous because Brazilians use it infrequently in common parlance . Its most significant use is as a cen- sus term . Although controversy did not then surround\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA71","page_number":"71","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e as a member of the society and how they should be identified in the count . Issues of counting are elementary but not simple . Who is counted as a legitimate resident of the state ( e.g. , how are non - legal residents and\u0026nbsp;...","page_tag":[4,-1]},{"page_id":"PA72","page_number":"72","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefinition\u003c/b\u003e or cat- egories ? If our only text about ethnic divisions and categories in a society came from official ... \u003cb\u003edefine\u003c/b\u003e the nature of groups and may reinforce one among several conceptions of ethnic categories . The census\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA73","page_number":"73","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefine\u003c/b\u003e immigrants from Iran and Turkey and eastern Europe , or \u0026quot; Non - Jews \u0026quot; in Israel , to identify Arabs ( Moslems , Christians , and Druze ) , or \u0026quot; Non - Whites \u0026quot; in the United States , to char- acterize Black Americans and Asian\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA77","page_number":"77","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e simply as Israelis born of Israeli - born parents , with no need to identify the origins of previous gen- erations . Native - born Jewish - Israelis of native - born parents , unlike their native - born parents , are \u0026quot; just\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA78","page_number":"78","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e or classified by ethnic origin . As constructed in government documents , the Arab - Israeli populations are ... \u003cb\u003edefinition\u003c/b\u003e , or religion of the mother ) , the \u003cb\u003edefinition\u003c/b\u003e of Arabs in Israel lies centrally in the quagmire of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA79","page_number":"79","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e and policies need to be implemented for designated groups . One consequence of the ambiguities both in the count and in the designated boundaries of racial and ethnic groups in complex multi - ethnic societies is the leeway this\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA80","page_number":"80","snippet_text":"... The irony is that , despite the emphasis in Canadian censuses on mul- tiple ways of measuring ethnic origins and identity , an increasingly large number of Canadians \u003cb\u003edefine\u003c/b\u003e their ethnic origins as \u0026quot; Canadian 80 Calvin Goldscheider."},{"page_id":"PA81","page_number":"81","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefine\u003c/b\u003e their ethnic origins as \u0026quot; Canadian . \u0026quot; In ear- lier censuses , ethnic identity in terms of \u0026quot; Canadian ... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e ethnically in official records really matters politically ( Boyd 1997 ) . Thus , unlike Israel\u0026#39;s denial of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA88","page_number":"88","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e in the censuses of Israel , Canada , and the United States reveal the extent to which the contexts of these countries influence , and are influenced by , the social construc- tions of ethnic categories . Since ethnic identity\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA90","page_number":"90","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eDefinition\u003c/b\u003e , Social Mobility and Residential Segregation in the United States , \u0026quot; in Calvin Goldscheider ( ed . ) , Population Ethnicity and Nation - Building , Boulder , Col .: Westview Press , pp . 267-97 . White , Pamela , Badets\u0026nbsp;...","page_tag":[-1]},{"page_id":"PA92","page_number":"92","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e identity , and the Serbs , Croats , and Bosnian Muslims , who shared a common standardized language in Yugoslavia.1 Moreover , one could cite endless examples of particular individuals who identify with a culturally \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;...","page_tag":[4,-1]},{"page_id":"PA93","page_number":"93","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e political demands implies , first and foremost , that the group must be recognized as a legitimate entity by the larger state . Recognition can be obtained in constitutional and political documents , but it is also sought in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA94","page_number":"94","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefinition\u003c/b\u003e of nationality , depicting it as a cultural community not necessarily coterminous with the boundaries of the state , a stance grounded in the geopolitical realities of the time . German - speakers , for instance , were\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA95","page_number":"95","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefine\u003c/b\u003e the language question on the census . The actual term used in the recommendation was langue parlée , \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e as \u0026quot; the language spoken in usual interaction \u0026quot; ( Kleeberg 1915 : 39 ) . Yet no distinction was specified between\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA99","page_number":"99","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e as \u0026quot; the language in which [ the respondent ] think [ s ] and which [ s / he ] master [ s ] best \u0026quot; ( Lévy 1964 : 261 ) , a \u003cb\u003edefinition\u003c/b\u003e which omits the language of child- hood . Finland has also used a \u003cb\u003edefinition\u003c/b\u003e of mother tongue\u0026nbsp;...","page_tag":[-1]},{"page_id":"PA100","page_number":"100","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e as \u0026quot; that language in which one is most fluent from childhood on and in which one thinks and also prays \u0026quot; ( Kleeberg 1915 : 67 ) . In Imperial Russia , native language ( rodnoi yazyk ) was left undefined for the 1897 Im- perial\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA121","page_number":"121","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefine\u003c/b\u003e ethnic affiliation ? How is demography to be used in the construction of such categories ? What role should the census play in redefining the identity markers of individuals ? The debate is interesting in that it echoes the\u0026nbsp;...","page_tag":[4,-1]},{"page_id":"PA125","page_number":"125","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefine\u003c/b\u003e themselves on their own , or more in relation to the world around them , and to what extent is their behaviour a product of their environment ? As these questions suggest , the discussion raises questions about meth- ods of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA132","page_number":"132","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e geographically , not ethnically . As the debate grew in scope , however , these issues affecting French soci- ety were suddenly perceived as conduits to understanding the nature of ethnic tensions and exclusion . Once the study\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA134","page_number":"134","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e by a criterion like origin , whether it is \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e by place of birth or ascendancy , since it results from a combination of multiple criteria , having equally to do with origin , place of residence , social networks , migratory\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA137","page_number":"137","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e categories that were supposed to a be a faithful reflection of reality ... One current that is apparent in social science and history today distances itself from this kind of de- terminism [ Lepetit 1995 ] . A new approach is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA138","page_number":"138","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefinition\u003c/b\u003e of ethnicity based only on these markers . The question arises , therefore , as to whether there exist in ... \u003cb\u003edefine\u003c/b\u003e identity externally , without asking people what they think . There is thus a significant difference\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA160","page_number":"160","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e , the new categories allowed no further escape from the boxes they created ( literally , through the IDs ) , and reduced the margin for maneuver in social , political , and economic life . In this respect , returning to the case\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA164","page_number":"164","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefinition\u003c/b\u003e democratic - as well as the sole defense against the evil attempts by the Tutsi race to enslave the people again , constituted the powerful core of the legitimization of the ruling clique\u0026#39;s hold on power . This \u0026quot; social\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA177","page_number":"177","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefine\u003c/b\u003e that sense of belonging constituted new social selves . It is important to emphasize here that this is neither an argument for conspiracy - type theories nor is it a claim that the state is a monolithic structure or actor\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA180","page_number":"180","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e according to the Russian example \u0026quot; ( ibid .: 92 ) . In order to secure this re- configuration , Central Asians had to be counted and recounted until the numbers gave increasing meaning to the categories . Censuses were the means\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA189","page_number":"189","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e , a Tajik identity and , ultimately , a territorial republic had to be established . While the process of collective identity formation always entails the as- sertion of \u0026quot; objective \u0026quot; boundaries between groups , the Uzbek\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA192","page_number":"192","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefines\u003c/b\u003e modernity as \u0026quot; the idiom of progress , rational technology , collectivistic organization , social equality and populistic demagogy . \u0026quot; The modern identity was once linked to movements for national sovereignty 192 David Abramson."},{"page_id":"PA194","page_number":"194","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e . That is , the census has not yet become a forum for negotiating a Muslim iden- tity . Nevertheless , other ways of counting have begun to play a larger role in influencing Islam\u0026#39;s place in Uzbek politics . For example , the ma\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA196","page_number":"196","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefine\u003c/b\u003e citizen interests at least as much as regional or local , familial , and individual interests do . At the same time , as the Soviet successor states emerge into a new global system of nation - states , ethnic and regional\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA204","page_number":"204","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e , 197 ( n . 1 ) Czech language , 26 , 28 , 100-2 , 109 Czechoslovakia , territoriality and , 109 Darwinism , 52 Department of Social Studies and Indicators ( DIESO ) , 64 development , economic , 164 , 167-69 discrimination\u0026nbsp;...","page_tag":[6,-1],"page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=qMxbzF4NdFUC\u0026pg=PA204\u0026vq=defined"},{"page_id":"PA205","page_number":"205","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e , 99-100 Transylvania dispute , 117 ( n . 8 ) Hutu Manifesto ( 1957 ) , 158 Hutu people , 148. See also Tutsi people Burundi\u0026#39;s refusal to count , 23 colonial elitism and racism , 157-59 methodologies for counting , 155-56\u0026nbsp;...","page_tag":[6,-1],"page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=qMxbzF4NdFUC\u0026pg=PA205\u0026vq=defined"},{"page_id":"PA208","page_number":"208","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003edefined\u003c/b\u003e , 99-100 religion question , 177 Rwagasore , Louis , 162-63 Rwanda . See Burundi and Rwanda Samarkand , 187 , 189-91 sample surveys , 152-53 Sart people , 186 , 198 ( n . 10 ) segregation , 45-46 , 53-55 , 57 , 132 self\u0026nbsp;...","page_tag":[6,-1],"page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=qMxbzF4NdFUC\u0026pg=PA208\u0026vq=defined"}],"search_query_escaped":"defined"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>