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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Position within Celtic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_within_Celtic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Indo-European_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Indo-European_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Pre-Indo-European hypothesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Indo-European_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_discredited_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_discredited_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Other discredited theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_discredited_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Attestations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attestations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attestations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ogham_inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ogham_inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ogham inscriptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ogham_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Place_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Place_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Place names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Place_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Personal names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Irish records </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Gaelic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Gaelic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Influence on Gaelic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Gaelic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pictish language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyhtisc_spr%C3%A6c" title="Pyhtisc spræc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Pyhtisc spræc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_picto" title="Idioma picto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma picto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_pictu" title="Idioma pictu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma pictu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Пиктски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пиктски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikteg" title="Pikteg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pikteg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_picta" title="Llengua picta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua picta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Пикт чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пикт чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikt%C5%A1tina" title="Piktština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Piktština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picteg" title="Picteg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Picteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktisk_(sprog)" title="Piktisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Piktisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikti_keel" title="Pikti keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pikti keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Πικτική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πικτική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_picto" title="Idioma picto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma picto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikta_lingvo" title="Pikta lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pikta lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktoera" title="Piktoera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Piktoera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زبان پیکتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان پیکتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picte" title="Picte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Picte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chruithnis" title="An Chruithnis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chruithnis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish" title="Pictish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pictish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_picta" title="Lingua picta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua picta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BD%ED%8A%B8%EC%96%B4" title="픽트어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="픽트어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikt-linguo" title="Pikt-linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pikt-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Pict" title="Bahasa Pict – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Pict" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_pittica" title="Lingua pittica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua pittica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktek" title="Piktek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Piktek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktu_valoda" title="Piktu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Piktu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_pitica" title="Lengua pitica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua pitica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikt_nyelv" title="Pikt nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pikt nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictisch" title="Pictisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pictisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E" title="ピクト語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピクト語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktisk" title="Piktisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Piktisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_P%C3%ACctica" title="Lenga Pìctica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Pìctica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_piktyjski" title="Język piktyjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język piktyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_picta" title="Língua picta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua picta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Пиктский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пиктский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechts_leid" title="Pechts leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pechts leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktij%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Piktijščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Piktijščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktski_jezik" title="Piktski jezik – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Piktski jezik" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktski_jezik" title="Piktski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Piktski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktin_kieli" title="Piktin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Piktin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktiska" title="Piktiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Piktiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Піктська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Піктська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct language spoken by the Picts</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Pictish</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, north of the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Forth</a>-<a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Clyde</a> line</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4th to 10th century, extinct by <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Celtic">Insular Celtic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Pictish</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Some scattered instances of <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> script Some possible instances of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> script<a href="#cite_note-xpi19-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xpi" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xpi">xpi</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/xpi">xpi</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/pict1238">pict1238</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Pictish is an <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic Celtic</a> language spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>, the people of eastern and northern <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> from <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>. Virtually no direct attestations of Pictish remain, short of a limited number of <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">geographical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">personal names</a> found on monuments and early medieval records in the area controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Picts#Kings_and_kingdoms" title="Picts">kingdoms of the Picts</a>. Such evidence, however, shows the language to be an <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Celtic language">Insular Celtic language</a> related to the <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brittonic language</a> then spoken in most of the rest of Britain.<a href="#cite_note-cpns-2">[2]</a> The prevailing view[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">among whom?</a>] in the second half of the 20th century was that Pictish was a non-<a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>, or that a non-Indo-European Pictish and Brittonic Pictish language coexisted.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Pictish was replaced by – or subsumed into – <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Gaelic</a> in the latter centuries of the Pictish period. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II of Scotland</a> (889–900), outsiders began to refer to the region as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">kingdom of Alba</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Picts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the Picts">kingdom of the Picts</a>. However, the Pictish language did not disappear suddenly. A process of <a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a> (which may have begun generations earlier) was clearly under way during the reigns of Donald II and his successors. By a certain point, probably during the 11th century, all the inhabitants of Alba had become fully Gaelicised Scots, and the Pictish identity was forgotten.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_classification">Language classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pictish_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Language classification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columba_at_Bridei%27s_fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Columba_at_Bridei%27s_fort.jpg/220px-Columba_at_Bridei%27s_fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Columba_at_Bridei%27s_fort.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Picture by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ratcliffe_Skelton" title="Joseph Ratcliffe Skelton">Joseph Ratcliffe Skelton</a> (1865–1927) depicting <a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Columba</a> preaching to <a href="/wiki/Bridei_I_of_the_Picts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridei I of the Picts">Bridei</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Fortriu" title="Fortriu">Fortriu</a> in 565</figcaption></figure> The existence of a distinct Pictish language during the Early Middle Ages is attested clearly in <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>'s early eighth-century <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a>, which names Pictish as a language distinct from those spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Irish</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bede-4">[4]</a> Bede states that <a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Columba</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gael</a>, used an interpreter during his mission to the Picts. A number of competing theories have been advanced regarding the nature of the Pictish language: <ul><li>Pictish was an <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Celtic language">insular Celtic language</a> allied to the <a href="/wiki/P-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Celtic">P-Celtic</a> language <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brittonic</a> (descendants <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>).</li> <li>Pictish was an insular Celtic language allied to the <a href="/wiki/Q-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-Celtic">Q-Celtic</a> (Goidelic) languages (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>).</li> <li>Pictish was one of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">Pre-Indo-European languages</a>, a relic of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.</li></ul> Most modern scholars agree that the ancestor of the Pictish language, spoken at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest</a>, was a branch of the Brittonic language, while a few scholars accept that it was merely "related" to the Brittonic language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth20061447-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth1997-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser200952–53-7">[7]</a> Pictish came under increasing influence from the Goidelic language spoken in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> from the eighth century until its eventual replacement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth20061447-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007322–340-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth1997-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser200952–53-7">[7]</a> Pictish is thought to have influenced the development of modern Scottish Gaelic. This is perhaps most obvious in the contribution of loan words, but, more importantly, Pictish is thought to have influenced the <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> of Scottish Gaelic, which is more similar to Brittonic languages than to Irish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth20061447-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007322–340-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Some commentators have noted that, in light of the disparate nature of the surviving evidence and large geographical area in which it was spoken, that Pictish may have represented not a single language, but rather a number of discrete Brittonic varieties.<a href="#cite_note-millar23-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-UGlas-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Position_within_Celtic">Position within Celtic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pictish_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Position within Celtic">edit</a>]</div> The evidence of <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">place names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">personal names</a> demonstrates that an insular Celtic language related to the more southerly Brittonic languages was formerly spoken in the Pictish area.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The view of Pictish as a P-Celtic language was first proposed in 1582 by <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan_(humanist)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Buchanan (humanist)">George Buchanan</a>, who aligned the language with <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> A compatible view was advanced by antiquarian <a href="/wiki/George_Chalmers_(antiquarian)" title="George Chalmers (antiquarian)">George Chalmers</a> in the early 19th century. Chalmers considered that Pictish and <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brittonic</a> were one and the same, basing his argument on P-Celtic orthography in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Picts" title="List of kings of the Picts">Pictish king lists</a> and in place names predominant in historically Pictish areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmers1807198–224-14">[14]</a> Although demonstrably Celtic-speaking, the exact linguistic affinity of the Roman-era predecessors to the Picts is difficult to securely establish. The personal name Vepogeni, recorded c. 230 AD, implies that P-Celtic was spoken by at least the <a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UGlas-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calgacus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Calgacus.JPG/220px-Calgacus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Calgacus.JPG/330px-Calgacus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Calgacus.JPG/440px-Calgacus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="1670" /></a><figcaption>Personal names of Roman-era chieftains from the Pictish area, including <a href="/wiki/Calgacus" title="Calgacus">Calgacus</a> (above) have a Celtic origin.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></figcaption></figure> Celtic scholar <a href="/wiki/Whitley_Stokes_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitley Stokes (scholar)">Whitley Stokes</a>, in a philological study of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a>, concluded that Pictish was closely related to Welsh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1890392-16">[16]</a> This conclusion was supported by philologist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_MacBain" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander MacBain">Alexander MacBain</a>'s analysis of the place and tribe names in Ptolemy's second-century <a href="/wiki/Geographia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographia">Geographia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacBain1892-17">[17]</a> Toponymist <a href="/wiki/William_J._Watson" title="William J. Watson">William Watson's</a> exhaustive review of Scottish place names demonstrated convincingly the existence of a dominant P-Celtic language in historically Pictish areas, concluding that the Pictish language was a northern extension of British and that Gaelic was a later introduction from Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1926-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Forbes_Skene" title="William Forbes Skene">William Forbes Skene</a> argued in 1837 that Pictish was a Goidelic language, the ancestor of modern <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkene183767–87-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1923-20">[20]</a> He suggested that Columba's use of an interpreter reflected his preaching to the Picts in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, rather than any difference between the Irish and Pictish languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkene183771–72-21">[21]</a> This view, involving independent settlement of Ireland and Scotland by Goidelic people, obviated an Irish influence in the development of Gaelic Scotland and enjoyed wide popular acceptance in 19th-century Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1955131-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth19976-23">[23]</a> Skene later revised his view of Pictish, noting that it appeared to share elements of both Goidelic and Brittonic: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It has been too much narrowed by the assumption that, if it is shewn to be a Celtic dialect, it must of necessity be absolutely identic in all its features either with Welsh or with Gaelic. But this necessity does not really exist; and the result I come to is, that it is not Welsh, neither is it Gaelic; but it is a Gaelic dialect partaking largely of Welsh forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkene186895–96-24">[24]</a></blockquote> The Picts were under increasing political, social, and linguistic influence from Dál Riata from around the eighth century. The Picts were steadily <a href="/wiki/Gaelicised" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelicised">gaelicised</a> through the latter centuries of the Pictish kingdom, and by the time of the merging of the Pictish and Dál Riatan kingdoms, the Picts were essentially a Gaelic-speaking people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth20061447-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Forsyth" title="Katherine Forsyth">Forsyth</a> speculates that a period of bilingualism may have outlasted the Pictish kingdom in peripheral areas by several generations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth1995a-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, unlike <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, maintains a substantial corpus of Brittonic loan-words and, moreover, uses a verbal system modelled on the same pattern as <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene1966135-26">[26]</a> The traditional Q-Celtic vs P-Celtic model, involving separate migrations of P-Celtic and Q-Celtic speaking settlers into the British Isles, is one of mutual unintelligibility, with the Irish Sea serving as the frontier between the two. However, it is likely that the Insular Celtic languages evolved from a more-or-less unified proto-Celtic language within the British Isles.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Divergence between P-Celtic Pictish and Q-Celtic Dalriadan Goidelic was slight enough to allow Picts and Dalriadans to understand each other's language to some degree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007322–340-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2001285–292-28">[28]</a> Under this scenario, a gradual linguistic convergence is conceivable and even probable given the presence of the Columban Church in Pictland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007322–340-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Indo-European_hypothesis">Pre-Indo-European hypothesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pictish_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Indo-European hypothesis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brandsbutt_stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brandsbutt_stone.jpg/220px-Brandsbutt_stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brandsbutt_stone.jpg/330px-Brandsbutt_stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brandsbutt_stone.jpg/440px-Brandsbutt_stone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Difficulties in translation of <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">ogham</a> inscriptions, like those found on the <a href="/wiki/Brandsbutt_Stone" title="Brandsbutt Stone">Brandsbutt Stone</a>, led to a widely held belief that Pictish was a non-Indo-European language.</figcaption></figure> In 1892, <a href="/wiki/John_Rhys" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rhys">John Rhys</a> proposed that Pictish was a non-<a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language. This opinion was based on the apparently unintelligible <a href="/wiki/Ogham_inscription" title="Ogham inscription">ogham inscriptions</a> found in historically Pictish areas (compare <a href="/wiki/Ogham_inscription#Scholastic_inscriptions" title="Ogham inscription">Ogham inscription § Scholastic inscriptions</a>).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> A similar position was taken by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer_(Celticist)" title="Heinrich Zimmer (Celticist)">Heinrich Zimmer</a>, who argued that the Picts' supposedly exotic cultural practices (tattooing and matriliny) were equally non-Indo-European,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and a pre-Indo-European model was maintained by some well into the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> A modified version of this theory was advanced in an influential 1955 review of Pictish by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_H._Jackson" title="Kenneth H. Jackson">Kenneth Jackson</a>, who proposed a two-language model: while Pictish was undoubtedly P-Celtic, it may have had a non-Celtic <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a> and a second language may have been used for inscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1955-32">[32]</a> Jackson's hypothesis was framed in the then-current model that a Brittonic elite, identified as the <a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a>-builders, had migrated from the south of Britain into Pictish territory, dominating a pre-Celtic majority.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> He used this to reconcile the perceived translational difficulties of <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> with the overwhelming evidence for a P-Celtic Pictish language. Jackson was content to write off Ogham inscriptions as inherently unintelligible.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Jackson's model became the orthodox position for the latter half of the 20th century. However, it became progressively undermined by advances in understanding of late Iron Age archaeology.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Celtic interpretations have been suggested for a number of Ogham inscriptions in recent years, though this remains a matter of debate.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_discredited_theories">Other discredited theories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pictish_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other discredited theories">edit</a>]</div> Traditional accounts (now rejected) claimed that the Picts had migrated to Scotland from <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a>, a region that encompassed Eastern Europe and Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Buchanan, looking for a Scythian P-Celtic candidate for the ancestral Pict, settled on the Gaulish-speaking <a href="/wiki/Cotini" title="Cotini">Cotini</a> (which he rendered as Gothuni), a tribe from the region that is now <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>. This was later misunderstood by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sibbald" title="Robert Sibbald">Robert Sibbald</a> in 1710, who equated Gothuni with the Germanic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESibbald1710-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Pinkerton" title="John Pinkerton">John Pinkerton</a> expanded on this in 1789, claiming that Pictish was the predecessor to <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">modern Scots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinkerton1789-39">[39]</a> Pinkerton's arguments were often rambling, bizarre and clearly motivated by his belief that Celts were an inferior people. The theory of a Germanic Pictish language is no longer considered credible.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attestations">Attestations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pictish_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Attestations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ogham_inscriptions">Ogham inscriptions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pictish_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ogham inscriptions">edit</a>]</div> Although the interpretation of over 40 Ogham inscriptions remains uncertain, several have been acknowledged to contain Brittonic forms,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch20061444-41">[41]</a> although Rodway (2020) has disputed this.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Guto Rhys (2015) notes that significant caution is required in the interpretation of such inscriptions because crucial information, such as the orthographic key, the linguistic context in which they were composed and the extent of <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> in Pictland, remains unknown.<a href="#cite_note-UGlas-11">[11]</a> An Ogham inscription at the <a href="/wiki/Broch_of_Burrian" title="Broch of Burrian">Broch of Burrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> has been transliterated as I[-]IRANNURRACTX EVVCXRROCCS.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth199736-43">[43]</a> Broken up as I[-]irann uract cheuc chrocs, this may reveal a Pictish cognate of <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> guract 'he/she made' in *uract.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth199736-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-ois-44">[44]</a> (The only direct continuation in Middle Welsh is 1sg. gwreith < *u̯rakt-ū in the poem known as "<a href="/wiki/Dinogad%27s_Smock" title="Dinogad's Smock">Peis Dinogat</a>" in the Book of Aneirin; this form was eventually reformed to gwnaeth.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>) With the fourth word explained as spirantized Pictish *crocs 'cross' (Welsh croes < Latin crux) and the corrupted first word a personal name, the inscription may represent a Pictish sentence explaining who carved the cross.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth199736-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch20061444-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-ois-44">[44]</a> The Shetland inscriptions at <a href="/wiki/Cunningsburgh" title="Cunningsburgh">Cunningsburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunnasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunnasting">Lunnasting</a> reading EHTECONMORS and [E]TTECUHETTS have been understood as Brittonic expressions meaning "this is as great" and "this is as far", respectively,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch20061444-41">[41]</a> messages appropriate for <a href="/wiki/Boundary_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary stones">boundary stones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch20061444-41">[41]</a> Transliterated as IRATADDOARENS, it is possible that the <a href="/wiki/Brandsbutt_Stone" title="Brandsbutt Stone">Brandsbutt Stone</a> inscription attests a Pictish form cognate with <a href="/wiki/Old_Breton" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Breton">Old Breton</a> irha-, "he lies", in IRA-,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth199736-43">[43]</a> occurring at the Lomarec inscription in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth199736-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Place_names">Place names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pictish_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Place names">edit</a>]</div> Pictish toponyms occur in Scotland north of the <a href="/wiki/River_Forth" title="River Forth">River Forth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pp-46">[46]</a> Distributed from <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Skye" title="Isle of Skye">Isle of Skye</a>, they are relatively abundant south of the <a href="/wiki/Dornoch_Firth" title="Dornoch Firth">Dornoch Firth</a> but rare in the extreme north.<a href="#cite_note-UGlas-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch20061444-41">[41]</a> Many principal settlements and geographical features of the region bear names of Pictish origin, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, Aberdeenshire. Meaning "mouth of the River Don" (cf. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> aber, "estuary, confluence").<a href="#cite_note-cpns-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupar" title="Cupar">Cupar</a>, Fife. Meaning "confluence" (cf. Welsh cymer).<a href="#cite_note-pp-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-UGlas-11">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith,_Moray" title="Keith, Moray">Keith</a>, Banffshire. Meaning "forest" (cf. Welsh coed).<a href="#cite_note-cpns-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkcaldy" title="Kirkcaldy">Kirkcaldy</a>, Fife. Meaning "place of the hard fort" from caer, "fort" and caled, "hard".<a href="#cite_note-PNF-47">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a>, Perthshire. Meaning "wood, grove" (cf. Welsh perth).<a href="#cite_note-pp-46">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yell,_Shetland" title="Yell, Shetland">Yell</a>, Shetland. Meaning "unfruitful land" (cf. Welsh iâl).<a href="#cite_note-forsyth2020-48">[48]</a></li></ul> Several Pictish elements occur multiple times in the region.<a href="#cite_note-pp-46">[46]</a> This table lists selected instances according to the Welsh equivalent.<a href="#cite_note-cpns-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pp-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch20061444-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-PNF-47">[47]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Element (Welsh)</th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Place names </th></tr> <tr> <td>bryn</td> <td>hill</td> <td>Burnbane, Burnturk, Cameron (Markinch), Cameron (St Andrews), Newburn, Strathburn </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caer" title="Caer">caer</a></td> <td>fort, stronghold; wall, rampart</td> <td>Cardean, Carey, Cargill, Carmurie, Carpow, Carpoway, Crail, Kair, Keir, Kercock, Kirkbuddo, Kirkcaldy, Caerlaverock Castle </td></tr> <tr> <td>coed</td> <td>trees, forest, wood</td> <td>Catochil, Inchkeith, Keith, Keith Lundie, Keithack, Keithick, Keithmore, Keithny, Keithney, Keithock, Kitattie, Rothket </td></tr> <tr> <td>dôl</td> <td>field, meadow</td> <td>Dalfouper, Dallas, Dallasbraughty, Doll, Dollar, Dull </td></tr> <tr> <td>llannerch</td> <td>clearing, glade</td> <td>Landrick, Lanrick, Lendrick </td></tr> <tr> <td>mig(n)</td> <td>swamp, quagmire</td> <td>Dalmigavie, Meckphen, Meigle, Megen, Megevie, Meggen, Meggernie, Midmar, Midstrath, Migdale, Migger, Migvie, Strathmiglo </td></tr> <tr> <td>pant</td> <td>hollow</td> <td>Panbride, Panholes, Panlathy, Panmure, ?Pannanich </td></tr> <tr> <td>pen</td> <td>head; top, summit; source of stream; headland; chief, principal</td> <td>Pandewen, Pennan, Pinderachy, Pinnel </td></tr> <tr> <td>tref</td> <td>town, homestead, estate, township</td> <td>Cantray, Cantress, Menstrie, Montrave, Rattray (Blairgowrie), Rattray (Buchan), Tramaud, Trefor, Trefynie, Trostrie, Troustrie </td></tr></tbody></table> Some Pictish names have been succeeded by Gaelic forms, and in certain instances the earlier forms appear on historical record. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inverbervie" title="Inverbervie">Inverbervie</a>, Kincardineshire. Haberberui in 1290, demonstrates that a Pictish aber, "estuary, confluence" has been supplanted by Gaelic inbhir, with identical meaning.<a href="#cite_note-cpns-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverie" title="Inverie">Inverie</a>, Fife. A possible early form, Auerin (1141), may be for *Aberin, thus attesting the same inbhir for aber substitution as above.<a href="#cite_note-PNF-47">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braemar" title="Braemar">Kindrochit Alian</a>, Aberdeenshire. Doldauha before c. 850 AD, in which the first element is dôl ("meadow").<a href="#cite_note-Ross-49">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathtyrum" title="Strathtyrum">Strathtyrum</a>, Fife. Trestirum in 1190, suggestive of assimilation of a Pictish tref, "estate", to (unconnected) Gaelic srath, "a valley".<a href="#cite_note-PNF-47">[47]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_names">Personal names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pictish_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal names">edit</a>]</div> Pictish personal names, as acquired from documents such as the <a href="/wiki/Poppleton_manuscript" title="Poppleton manuscript">Poppleton manuscript</a>, show significant diagnostically Brittonic features including the retention of final -st and initial w- (cf. P. Uurgust vs. Goidelic Fergus) as well as development of -ora- to -ara- (cf. P. Taran vs G. torann).<a href="#cite_note-xpi19-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-UGlas-11">[11]</a> Several Pictish names are directly parallel to names and nouns in other Brittonic languages. Several Pictish names are listed below according to their equivalents in Brittonic and other Celtic languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch20061444-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-xpi19-1">[1]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pictish </th> <th>Brittonic cognate(s) </th> <th>Other Celtic cognate(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mailcon </td> <td>Mailcon (Old Welsh), <a href="/wiki/Maelgwn_Gwynedd#Name" title="Maelgwn Gwynedd">Maelgwn</a> (Welsh) </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Morcunt, Morgunn, Morgainn </td> <td>Morcant (Old Welsh) </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taran_mac_Ainftech" title="Taran mac Ainftech">Taran</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/taran#Welsh" class="extiw" title="wikt:taran">taran</a> (Welsh) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taranis" title="Taranis">Taranis</a> (Gaulish) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_I" title="Óengus I">Unust</a> </td> <td>Unwst (Welsh) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aengus" title="Aengus">Oengus</a> (Gaelic) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uoret, Urad </td> <td>Guoret (Old Welsh) </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uuen </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Owain" title="Owain">Owain</a> (Welsh) </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uurgust </td> <td>Gurgust (Old Welsh) </td> <td>Fergus (Gaelic) </td></tr></tbody></table> Several elements common in forming Brittonic names also appear in the names of Picts. These include *jʉð, "lord" (> Ciniod) and *res, "ardor" (> Resad; cf. Welsh Rhys).<a href="#cite_note-forsyth2020-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_records">Irish records</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pictish_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Irish records">edit</a>]</div> The 9th century work <a href="/wiki/Sanas_Cormaic" title="Sanas Cormaic">Sanas Cormaic</a> (or Cormac's Gloassary), an etymological glossary of Irish, noted a word catait ("Pictish brooch") (also spelled cartait and catit) as being of Pictish origin. Isaac (2005) compared the word with <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> cathet (of uncertain meaning but thought to mean "brooch" and appearing in a 10th century poem listing precious gifts) and offered a speculative Pictish reconstruction *kazdet.<a href="#cite_note-isacc05-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_Gaelic">Influence on Gaelic</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pictish_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Influence on Gaelic">edit</a>]</div> Etymological investigation of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> language, in particular the 1896 efforts of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macbain" title="Alexander Macbain">Alexander Macbain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MacBain-51">[51]</a> has demonstrated the presence of a corpus of Pictish loanwords in the language.<a href="#cite_note-UGlas-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacBain-51">[51]</a> The items most commonly cited as loanwords are bad ("clump"; <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> bod), bagaid ("cluster, troop"; <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> bagad), dail ("meadow"; W dôl), dìleab ("legacy"), <a href="/wiki/Mormaer" title="Mormaer">mormaer</a> ("earl"; W mawr + maer), pailt ("plentiful"; <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> pals), peasg ("gash"; W pisg), peit ("area of ground, part, share"; W peth), pòr (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a> paur; "grain, crops"), preas ("bush"; W prys).<a href="#cite_note-MacBain-51">[51]</a> On the basis of a number of the loans attesting shorter vowels than other British cognates, linguist Guto Rhys proposed Pictish resisted some Latin-influenced sound changes of the 6th century.<a href="#cite_note-NQSXPI-52">[52]</a> Rhys has also noted the potentially "fiscal" profile of several of the loans, and hypothesized that they could have entered Gaelic as a package in a governmental context.<a href="#cite_note-UGlas-11">[11]</a> Several Gaelic nouns have meanings more closely matching their Brittonic cognates than those in Irish, indicating that Pictish may have influenced the sense and usage of these words as a <a href="/wiki/Substrate_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate language">substrate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pp-46">[46]</a> Srath (> <a href="/wiki/Strath" title="Strath">Strath-</a>) is recorded to have meant "grassland" in <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a>, whereas the modern Gaelic realization means "broad valley", exactly as in its Brittonic cognates (cf. Welsh ystrad).<a href="#cite_note-pp-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dun_(fortification)" title="Dun (fortification)">Dùn</a>, foithir, lios, ràth and tom may, by the same token, attest a substrate influence from Pictish.<a href="#cite_note-pp-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-cpns-2">[2]</a> Greene noted that the verbal system inherited in Gaelic from Old Irish had been brought "into complete conformity with that of modern spoken Welsh",<a href="#cite_note-Thomson-53">[53]</a> and consequently Guto Rhys adjudged that Pictish may have modified Gaelic verbal syntax.<a href="#cite_note-UGlas-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pictish_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-xpi19-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xpi19_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-xpi19_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-xpi19_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRhys" class="citation news cs1">Rhys, Guto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41294628">"The Pictish Language"</a>. History Scotland. Retrieved 12 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Scotland&rft.atitle=The+Pictish+Language&rft.aulast=Rhys&rft.aufirst=Guto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41294628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APictish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpns-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_2-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonTaylor2011" class="citation book cs1">Watson, W. J.; Taylor, Simon (2011). The Celtic Place-names of Scotland. Birlinn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906566357" title="Special:BookSources/9781906566357"><bdi>9781906566357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Place-names+of+Scotland&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781906566357&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APictish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroun1997">Broun 1997</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBroun2001">Broun 2001</a>; <a href="#CITEREFForsyth2005">Forsyth 2005</a>, pp. 28–32; <a href="#CITEREFWoolf2001">Woolf 2001</a>; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBannerman1999">Bannerman 1999</a>, passim, representing the "traditional" view. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bede-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Bede_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBede1910">Bede 1910</a>, HE I.1; references to Pictish also at several other points in that text. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth20061447-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsyth20061447_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsyth20061447_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsyth20061447_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsyth20061447_5-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFForsyth2006">Forsyth 2006</a>, p. 1447. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth1997-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsyth1997_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsyth1997_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFForsyth1997">Forsyth 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser200952–53-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser200952–53_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser200952–53_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser2009">Fraser 2009</a>, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007322–340-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007322–340_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007322–340_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007322–340_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolf2007322–340_8-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoolf2007">Woolf 2007</a>, pp. 322–340. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreene1966">Greene 1966</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGreene1994">Greene 1994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-millar23-10"><a href="#cite_ref-millar23_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcColl_Millar2023" class="citation book cs1">McColl Millar, Robert (2023). A History of the Scots Language. OUP Oxford. pp. 32, 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192609458" title="Special:BookSources/9780192609458"><bdi>9780192609458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Scots+Language&rft.pages=32%2C+33&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780192609458&rft.aulast=McColl+Millar&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APictish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UGlas-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UGlas_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UGlas_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UGlas_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UGlas_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UGlas_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UGlas_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UGlas_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UGlas_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UGlas_11-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhys2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Rhys, Guto (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6285/7/2015RhysPhD.pdf">Approaching the Pictish language: historiography, early evidence and the question of Pritenic</a> (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Glasgow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Approaching+the+Pictish+language%3A+historiography%2C+early+evidence+and+the+question+of+Pritenic&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Glasgow&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Rhys&rft.aufirst=Guto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheses.gla.ac.uk%2F6285%2F7%2F2015RhysPhD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APictish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson1926">Watson 1926</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJackson1955">Jackson 1955</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKoch1983">Koch 1983</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSmyth1984">Smyth 1984</a>; <a href="#CITEREFForsyth1997">Forsyth 1997</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPrice2000">Price 2000</a>; <a href="#CITEREFForsyth2006">Forsyth 2006</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWoolf2007">Woolf 2007</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFraser2009">Fraser 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> All other research into Pictish has been described as a postscript to Buchanan's work. This view may be something of an oversimplification: <a href="#CITEREFForsyth1997">Forsyth 1997</a> offers a short account of the debate; <a href="#CITEREFCowan2000">Cowan 2000</a> may be helpful for a broader view. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmers1807198–224-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalmers1807198–224_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChalmers1807">Chalmers 1807</a>, pp. 198–224. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Calgacus ('swordsman') was recorded by <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Agricola_(book)" title="Agricola (book)">Agricola</a>. Another example is Argentocoxus ('steel leg'), recorded by <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>. See <a href="#CITEREFForsyth2006">Forsyth 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1890392-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokes1890392_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokes1890">Stokes 1890</a>, p. 392. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacBain1892-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacBain1892_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacBain1892">MacBain 1892</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1926-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1926_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson1926">Watson 1926</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkene183767–87-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkene183767–87_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkene1837">Skene 1837</a>, pp. 67–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1923-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1923_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1923">Fraser 1923</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkene183771–72-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkene183771–72_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkene1837">Skene 1837</a>, pp. 71–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1955131-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1955131_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson1955">Jackson 1955</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth19976-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsyth19976_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForsyth1997">Forsyth 1997</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkene186895–96-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkene186895–96_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkene1868">Skene 1868</a>, pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth1995a-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsyth1995a_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForsyth1995a">Forsyth 1995a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene1966135-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene1966135_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreene1966">Greene 1966</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreene1994">Greene 1994</a>: See <a href="#CITEREFKoch2006a">Koch 2006a</a> for alternate views. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2001285–292-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2001285–292_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2001">Campbell 2001</a>, pp. 285–292. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhys1892">Rhys 1892</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRhys1898">Rhys 1898</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmer1898">Zimmer 1898</a>; see <a href="#CITEREFWoolf1998">Woolf 1998</a> for a more current view of Pictish matriliny </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> For example: <a href="#CITEREFMacNeill1939">MacNeill 1939</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMacalister1940">Macalister 1940</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1955-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1955_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson1955">Jackson 1955</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> See, for example, <a href="#CITEREFPiggot1955">Piggot 1955</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> For a general view, see <a href="#CITEREFJackson1955">Jackson 1955</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmit1990">Armit 1990</a>; <a href="#CITEREFArmit2002">Armit 2002</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Compare for example <a href="#CITEREFForsyth1998">Forsyth 1998</a> and <a href="#CITEREFRodway2020">Rodway 2020</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> See for example <a href="#CITEREFBede1910">Bede 1910</a>, HE I.1; <a href="#CITEREFForsyth2006">Forsyth 2006</a> suggests this tradition originated from a misreading of <a href="#CITEREFServius">Servius</a>' fifth-century AD commentary on <a href="#CITEREFVirgil">Virgil</a>'s Aeneid: Aeneid 4:146 reads: Cretesque Dryopesque fremunt pictique Agathyrsi. Servius' commentary states: Pictique Agathyrsi populi sunt Scythiae, colentes Apollinem hyperboreum, cuius logia, id est responsa, feruntur. 'Picti' autem, non stigmata habentes, sicut gens in Britannia, sed pulchri, hoc est cyanea coma placentes. Which actually states that the Scythian <a href="/wiki/Agathyrsi" title="Agathyrsi">Agathyrsi</a> did not "bear marks" like the British, but had blue hair. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESibbald1710-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESibbald1710_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSibbald1710">Sibbald 1710</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinkerton1789-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinkerton1789_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinkerton1789">Pinkerton 1789</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> For a discussion of Sibbald's misunderstanding and of Pinkerton's thesis, see <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1991">Ferguson 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch20061444-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch20061444_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch20061444_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch20061444_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch20061444_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch20061444_41-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch20061444_41-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch20061444_41-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoch2006">Koch 2006</a>, p. 1444. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodway2020">Rodway 2020</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth199736-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsyth199736_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsyth199736_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsyth199736_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsyth199736_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsyth199736_43-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFForsyth1997">Forsyth 1997</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-ois-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ois_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ois_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth1956" class="citation thesis cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Forsyth" title="Katherine Forsyth">Forsyth, Katherine Stuart</a> (9 April 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epdf.tips/the-ogham-inscriptions-of-scotland-an-edited-corpus.html">The Ogham Inscriptions of Scotland: An Edited Corpus</a> (PhD thesis). Harvard University. Retrieved 20 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Ogham+Inscriptions+of+Scotland%3A+An+Edited+Corpus&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Harvard+University&rft.date=1956-04-09&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=Katherine+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepdf.tips%2Fthe-ogham-inscriptions-of-scotland-an-edited-corpus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APictish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schumacher, Stefan (2004). Die keltischen Primärverben. Ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon (in German). Innsbruck, Austria: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck. p. 711. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85124-692-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-85124-692-6"><bdi>3-85124-692-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+keltischen+Prim%C3%A4rverben.+Ein+vergleichendes%2C+etymologisches+und+morphologisches+Lexikon&rft.place=Innsbruck%2C+Austria&rft.pages=711&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Sprachen+und+Literaturen+der+Universit%C3%A4t+Innsbruck&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-85124-692-6&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APictish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pp-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pp_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp_46-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp_46-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp_46-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp_46-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallDriscollGeddess2010" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Mark A; Driscoll, Stephen T; Geddess, Jane (11 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6d55DwAAQBAJ">Pictish Progress: New Studies on Northern Britain in the Early Middle Ages</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004188013" title="Special:BookSources/9789004188013"><bdi>9789004188013</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pictish+Progress%3A+New+Studies+on+Northern+Britain+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010-11-11&rft.isbn=9789004188013&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Mark+A&rft.au=Driscoll%2C+Stephen+T&rft.au=Geddess%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6d55DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APictish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNF-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PNF_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PNF_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PNF_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PNF_47-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonMarkus2006" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Taylor; Markus, Gilbert (2006). The Place-names of Fife (Illustrated ed.). Shaun Tyas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781900289771" title="Special:BookSources/9781900289771"><bdi>9781900289771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Place-names+of+Fife&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Shaun+Tyas&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781900289771&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft.au=Markus%2C+Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APictish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-forsyth2020-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forsyth2020_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forsyth2020_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Forsyth" title="Katherine Forsyth">Forsyth, Katherine</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/222539/1/222539.pdf">"Protecting a Pict?: Further thoughts on the inscribed silver chape from St Ninian's Isle, Shetland"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland: 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=Protecting+a+Pict%3F%3A+Further+thoughts+on+the+inscribed+silver+chape+from+St+Ninian%27s+Isle%2C+Shetland&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.gla.ac.uk%2F222539%2F1%2F222539.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APictish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2019" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Alasdair (2019). "Medieval European land assessment, Fortriu, and the dabhach". In Blackwell, Alice E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/23390/1/ROSS%20Medieval%20European%20land%20assessment%20Fortriu%20and%20the%20dabhach%20COPY%20EDIT.pdf">Scotland in Early Medieval Europe</a> (PDF). Leiden: Sidestone Press. pp. 135–148. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1893%2F23390">1893/23390</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8890-753-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8890-753-1"><bdi>978-90-8890-753-1</bdi></a> – via Dspace.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Medieval+European+land+assessment%2C+Fortriu%2C+and+the+dabhach&rft.btitle=Scotland+in+Early+Medieval+Europe&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=135-148&rft.pub=Sidestone+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1893%2F23390&rft.isbn=978-90-8890-753-1&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alasdair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.stir.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F1893%2F23390%2F1%2FROSS%2520Medieval%2520European%2520land%2520assessment%2520Fortriu%2520and%2520the%2520dabhach%2520COPY%2520EDIT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APictish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isacc05-50"><a href="#cite_ref-isacc05_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaac2005" class="citation journal cs1">Isaac, G. R. (2005). "'A Note on Cormac's Pictish Brooch'. Journal of Celtic Linguistics". Journal of Celtic Linguistics. 9: 72–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Celtic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=%27A+Note+on+Cormac%27s+Pictish+Brooch%27.+Journal+of+Celtic+Linguistics&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=72-83&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=G.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APictish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacBain-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacBain_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacBain_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacBain_51-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacBain1988" class="citation book cs1">MacBain, Alexander (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3JRgkdyty3wC&pg=PA25">Etymological Dictionary of Scottish-Gaelic</a>. Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781806329" title="Special:BookSources/9780781806329"><bdi>9780781806329</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Scottish-Gaelic&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780781806329&rft.aulast=MacBain&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3JRgkdyty3wC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APictish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NQSXPI-52"><a href="#cite_ref-NQSXPI_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhys2015" class="citation web cs1">Rhys, Guto (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14461949">"The New Quantity System in Pictish"</a>. 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celtic_languages" title="Template talk:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celtic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> (Brythonic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Brittonic_languages" title="Southwestern Brittonic languages">Southwestern Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Brittonic_languages" title="Western Brittonic languages">Western Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pictish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pictish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian</a>? (possibly hypothetical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a>? (possibly related to <a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a> or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a>? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian</a>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hispanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hispanic languages">Paleo-Hispanic</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic-speaking areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Brittany" title="Lower Brittany">Lower Brittany</a> (Brittany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a> (Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> (Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a> (Wales)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersive education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(school)" title="Diwan (school)">Diwan</a> (Breton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skol_Veythrin_Karenza" title="Skol Veythrin Karenza">Skol Veythrin Karenza</a> (Cornish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelscoil" title="Gaelscoil">Gaelscoil</a> (Irish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunscoill_Ghaelgagh" title="Bunscoill Ghaelgagh">Bunscoill Ghaelgagh</a> (Manx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic-medium_education" title="Scottish Gaelic-medium education">Scottish Gaelic-medium education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-medium_education" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct or ancestor languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-688fc9465-86ztj","wgBackendResponseTime":179,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.319","walltime":"1.487","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8755,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":168790,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8969,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":204312,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1355.669 1 -total"," 19.98% 270.835 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.75% 240.649 48 Template:Citation"," 12.40% 168.073 40 Template:Sfn"," 10.55% 143.086 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 8.30% 112.550 7 Template:Transliteration"," 8.20% 111.174 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.28% 98.626 3 Template:Navbox"," 7.04% 95.451 1 Template:Celtic_languages"," 6.55% 88.786 1 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.857","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20840682,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFArmit1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmit2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBannerman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBede1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroun1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroun2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalmers1807\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsyth1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsyth1995a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsyth1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsyth1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsyth1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsyth2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsyth2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsyth2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallDriscollGeddess2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamp2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaac2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoch1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoch2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoch2006a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacBain1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacBain1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacNeill1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacalister1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcColl_Millar2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolaisen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkasha1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiggot1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinkerton1789\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhys\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhys1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhys1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhys2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRodway2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumacher2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFServius\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSibbald1710\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimonMarkus2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkene1837\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkene1868\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmyth1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVirgil\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatsonTaylor2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolf1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolf2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolf2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer1898\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Among whom?\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Celtic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 48,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Pictish Language\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 40,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 11,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 40,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Slink\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 7,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-w9mpz","timestamp":"20241125143401","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pictish language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pictish_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q856383","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q856383","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-03T02:39:10Z","dateModified":"2024-10-27T22:32:10Z","headline":"extinct language spoken by the Picts"}</script> </body> </html>