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id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Propagation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propagation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Propagation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propagation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Associated organisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pests and diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dutch_elm_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_elm_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Dutch elm disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_elm_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elm_phloem_necrosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elm_phloem_necrosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Elm phloem necrosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elm_phloem_necrosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Species_and_species_cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_and_species_cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Species and species cultivars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species_and_species_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hybrid cultivars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cautions_regarding_novel_cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cautions_regarding_novel_cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Cautions regarding novel cultivars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cautions_regarding_novel_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscaped_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscaped_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Landscaped parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscaped_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Central Park</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Mall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Mall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>National Mall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Mall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Wood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Viticulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicinal_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicinal_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Medicinal products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicinal_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fodder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fodder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Fodder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fodder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biomass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Biomass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Alternative medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bonsai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bonsai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Bonsai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bonsai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_resource_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_resource_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Genetic resource conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_resource_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_elm_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_elm_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notable elm trees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_elm_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>In art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_mythology_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_mythology_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>In mythology and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_mythology_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>In politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_local_history_and_place_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_local_history_and_place_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>In local history and place names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_local_history_and_place_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Monographs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elm</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="دردار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دردار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus" title="Ulmus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ulmus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara%C4%9Fac" title="Qarağac – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qarağac" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AC_(%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C)" title="قره آغاج (بیتگی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قره آغاج (بیتگی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ҡарама – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡарама" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%B7" title="Вяз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вяз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%B7" title="Вяз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вяз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82" title="Бряст – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бряст" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡོམ་འབོག་ཤིང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡོམ་འབོག་ཤིང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus" title="Ulmus – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ulmus" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulm" title="Oulm – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oulm" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хурама – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хурама" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus" title="Ulmus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ulmus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilm" title="Jilm – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jilm" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm" title="Elm – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmen" title="Ulmen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ulmen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%9Bz" title="Wěz – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wěz" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalakas_(perekond)" title="Jalakas (perekond) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jalakas (perekond)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Φτελιά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φτελιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus" title="Ulmus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ulmus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmo" title="Ulmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ulmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumar" title="Zumar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zumar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="نارون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نارون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orme" title="Orme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipen_(skaai)" title="Ipen (skaai) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ipen (skaai)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leamh%C3%A1n" title="Leamhán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leamhán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailm" title="Ailm – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ailm" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmo" title="Olmo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Olmo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8A%90%EB%A6%85%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4%EC%86%8D" title="느릅나무속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="느릅나무속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AB" title="Թեղի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թեղի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wjaz" title="Wjaz – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wjaz" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brijest" title="Brijest – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brijest" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmo" title="Ulmo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ulmo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengkih" title="Pengkih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengkih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хъарман – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъарман" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmur_(%C3%A6ttkv%C3%ADsl)" title="Álmur (ættkvísl) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Álmur (ættkvísl)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus" title="Ulmus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ulmus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אולמוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אולמוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1" title="ಎಲ್ಮ್‌ ಗಿಡ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಲ್ಮ್‌ ಗಿಡ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="თელა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თელა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wij%C4%85g" title="Wijąg – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wijąg" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Шегіршін – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шегіршін" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83" title="Сирпу – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сирпу" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Нолгы – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Нолгы" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus" title="Ulmus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ulmus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobas" title="Gobas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gobas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmen" title="Ulmen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ulmen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guobos" title="Guobos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Guobos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmo" title="Olmo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Olmo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4zipuu" title="Väzipuu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Väzipuu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szil_(n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nynemzets%C3%A9g)" title="Szil (növénynemzetség) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szil (növénynemzetség)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Брест – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Брест" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="دردار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دردار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus" title="Ulmus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ulmus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iep" title="Iep – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%AC" title="ニレ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニレ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iipern" title="Iipern – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iipern" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almeslekta" title="Almeslekta – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Almeslekta" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olm" title="Olm – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Olm" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Шоло – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шоло" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qayrag%CA%BBoch" title="Qayragʻoch – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qayragʻoch" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orme" title="Orme – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Orme" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi%C4%85z" title="Wiąz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wiąz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmeiro" title="Ulmeiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ulmeiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara%C4%9Fa%C3%A7" title="Qarağaç – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qarağaç" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulm_(botanic%C4%83)" title="Ulm (botanică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ulm (botanică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%B7" title="Вяз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вяз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm" title="Elm – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Elm" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(strom)" title="Brest (strom) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Brest (strom)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest" title="Brest – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brest" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_(%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Брест (дрво) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Брест (дрво)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest" title="Brest – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Brest" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalavat" title="Jalavat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jalavat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almsl%C3%A4ktet" title="Almsläktet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Almsläktet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எல்ம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எல்ம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Карама – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Карама" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Flowering, deciduous trees, family Ulmaceae</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Elm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Elm (disambiguation)">Elm (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Elm<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Paleocene–Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:197.66153846154px; width:22.338461538462px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:197.66153846154px; width:22.338461538462px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:198.66153846154px; width:20.338461538462px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Coker_elm,_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/East_Coker_elm%2C_2.jpg/220px-East_Coker_elm%2C_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/East_Coker_elm%2C_2.jpg/330px-East_Coker_elm%2C_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/East_Coker_elm%2C_2.jpg/440px-East_Coker_elm%2C_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="989" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor" title="Ulmus minor">U. minor</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/East_Coker" title="East Coker">East Coker</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Ulmus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulmaceae" title="Ulmaceae">Ulmaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Ulmus</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>See </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elm_species" title="List of elm species">List of elm species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elm_cultivars,_hybrids_and_hybrid_cultivars" title="List of elm cultivars, hybrids and hybrid cultivars">List of elm cultivars, hybrids and hybrid cultivars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elm_synonyms_and_accepted_names" title="List of elm synonyms and accepted names">List of elm synonyms and accepted names</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Elms</b> are <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-deciduous" title="Semi-deciduous">semi-deciduous</a> trees comprising the genus <i><b>Ulmus</b></i> in the family <a href="/wiki/Ulmaceae" title="Ulmaceae">Ulmaceae</a>. They are distributed over most of the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical</a>-<a href="/wiki/Montane_ecosystems" title="Montane ecosystems">montane</a> regions of North America and Eurasia, presently ranging southward in the Middle East to Lebanon and Israel,<sup id="cite_ref-org.il_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-org.il-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and across the Equator in the Far East into Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Fu_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elms are components of many kinds of natural <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a>. Moreover, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, many species and <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> were also planted as ornamental street, garden, and park trees in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, North America, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>. Some individual elms reached great size and age. However, in recent decades, most mature elms of European or North American origin have died from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_elm_disease" title="Dutch elm disease">Dutch elm disease</a>, caused by a <a href="/wiki/Microfungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfungus">microfungus</a> dispersed by <a href="/wiki/Bark_beetle" title="Bark beetle">bark beetles</a>. In response, disease-resistant cultivars have been developed, capable of restoring the elm to forestry and <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscaping</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genus is <a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermaphroditic">hermaphroditic</a>, having <a href="/wiki/Apetalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Apetalous">apetalous</a> <a href="/wiki/Perfect_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect flower">perfect flowers</a> which are wind-pollinated. Elm <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> are alternate, with simple, single- or, most commonly, <a href="/wiki/Leaf_shape" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf shape">doubly serrate</a> margins, usually asymmetric at the base and <a href="/wiki/Acuminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Acuminate">acuminate</a> at the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apex" class="extiw" title="wikt:apex">apex</a>. The fruit is a round wind-dispersed <a href="/wiki/Samara_(fruit)" title="Samara (fruit)">samara</a> flushed with <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>, facilitating photosynthesis before the leaves emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-Heybroek_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heybroek-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The samarae are very light, those of British elms numbering around 50,000 to the <a href="/wiki/Pound_(weight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound (weight)">pound</a> (454 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Edlin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edlin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Very rarely anomalous samarae occur with more than two wings.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) All species are tolerant of a wide range of soils and <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> levels but, with few exceptions, demand good drainage. The elm tree can grow to great height, the <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana" title="Ulmus americana">American elm</a> in excess of 30 m (100 ft),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often with a forked trunk creating a vase profile. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sapporo_Autumn_Gold,_Florence.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="'Sapporo Autumn Gold', Antella, Florence"><img alt="'Sapporo Autumn Gold', Antella, Florence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sapporo_Autumn_Gold%2C_Florence.jpg/90px-Sapporo_Autumn_Gold%2C_Florence.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sapporo_Autumn_Gold%2C_Florence.jpg/135px-Sapporo_Autumn_Gold%2C_Florence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sapporo_Autumn_Gold%2C_Florence.jpg/180px-Sapporo_Autumn_Gold%2C_Florence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">'Sapporo Autumn Gold', Antella, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulmus_glabra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wych elm (Ulmus glabra) leaves and seeds"><img alt="Wych elm (Ulmus glabra) leaves and seeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ulmus_glabra.jpg/95px-Ulmus_glabra.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ulmus_glabra.jpg/143px-Ulmus_glabra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ulmus_glabra.jpg/191px-Ulmus_glabra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="998" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wych elm (<i>Ulmus glabra</i>) leaves and seeds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulmus_rubra_leaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asymmetry of leaf, slippery elm U. rubra"><img alt="Asymmetry of leaf, slippery elm U. rubra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ulmus_rubra_leaf.jpg/79px-Ulmus_rubra_leaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ulmus_rubra_leaf.jpg/119px-Ulmus_rubra_leaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ulmus_rubra_leaf.jpg/159px-Ulmus_rubra_leaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Asymmetry of leaf, slippery elm <i>U. rubra</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mature_Ulmus_rubra_bark.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mature bark, slippery elm U. rubra"><img alt="Mature bark, slippery elm U. rubra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mature_Ulmus_rubra_bark.jpg/79px-Mature_Ulmus_rubra_bark.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mature_Ulmus_rubra_bark.jpg/119px-Mature_Ulmus_rubra_bark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mature_Ulmus_rubra_bark.jpg/159px-Mature_Ulmus_rubra_bark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mature bark, slippery elm <i>U. rubra</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Columella_flowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flowers of the hybrid elm cultivar 'Columella'"><img alt="Flowers of the hybrid elm cultivar 'Columella'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Columella_flowers.jpg/90px-Columella_flowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Columella_flowers.jpg/135px-Columella_flowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Columella_flowers.jpg/180px-Columella_flowers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flowers of the hybrid elm cultivar 'Columella'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Winged_Elm_Ulmus_alata_2009-05-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Corky wings, Cedar elm, U. crassifolia"><img alt="Corky wings, Cedar elm, U. crassifolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Winged_Elm_Ulmus_alata_2009-05-10.jpg/80px-Winged_Elm_Ulmus_alata_2009-05-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Winged_Elm_Ulmus_alata_2009-05-10.jpg/120px-Winged_Elm_Ulmus_alata_2009-05-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Winged_Elm_Ulmus_alata_2009-05-10.jpg/160px-Winged_Elm_Ulmus_alata_2009-05-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Corky wings, Cedar elm, <i>U. crassifolia</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laciniata_samara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U. laciniata samara"><img alt="U. laciniata samara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Laciniata_samara.jpg/90px-Laciniata_samara.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Laciniata_samara.jpg/135px-Laciniata_samara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Laciniata_samara.jpg/180px-Laciniata_samara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1418" data-file-height="1888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>U. laciniata</i> samara</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lovers%27_Elm,_Gwynne_estate,_Dufferin_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U. americana, Dufferin St., Toronto, c. 1914"><img alt="U. americana, Dufferin St., Toronto, c. 1914" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Lovers%27_Elm%2C_Gwynne_estate%2C_Dufferin_Street.jpg/90px-Lovers%27_Elm%2C_Gwynne_estate%2C_Dufferin_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Lovers%27_Elm%2C_Gwynne_estate%2C_Dufferin_Street.jpg/135px-Lovers%27_Elm%2C_Gwynne_estate%2C_Dufferin_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Lovers%27_Elm%2C_Gwynne_estate%2C_Dufferin_Street.jpg/181px-Lovers%27_Elm%2C_Gwynne_estate%2C_Dufferin_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>U. americana</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dufferin_Street" title="Dufferin Street">Dufferin St.</a>, Toronto, c. 1914</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%A6%94%E6%A6%86_Ulmus_parvifolia_20210908101019_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ulmus parvifolia bark"><img alt="Ulmus parvifolia bark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/%E6%A6%94%E6%A6%86_Ulmus_parvifolia_20210908101019_02.jpg/90px-%E6%A6%94%E6%A6%86_Ulmus_parvifolia_20210908101019_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/%E6%A6%94%E6%A6%86_Ulmus_parvifolia_20210908101019_02.jpg/135px-%E6%A6%94%E6%A6%86_Ulmus_parvifolia_20210908101019_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/%E6%A6%94%E6%A6%86_Ulmus_parvifolia_20210908101019_02.jpg/180px-%E6%A6%94%E6%A6%86_Ulmus_parvifolia_20210908101019_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia" title="Ulmus parvifolia">Ulmus parvifolia</a></i> bark</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_elm_species" title="List of elm species">List of elm species</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_elm_cultivars,_hybrids_and_hybrid_cultivars" title="List of elm cultivars, hybrids and hybrid cultivars">List of elm cultivars, hybrids and hybrid cultivars</a>; and <a href="/wiki/List_of_elm_synonyms_and_accepted_names" title="List of elm synonyms and accepted names">List of elm synonyms and accepted names</a></div> <p>There are about 30 to 40 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <i>Ulmus</i> (elm); the ambiguity in number results from difficulty in delineating species, owing to the ease of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridization</a> between them and the development of local seed-sterile vegetatively propagated <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of species">microspecies</a> in some areas, mainly in the Ulmus field elm (<i><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor" title="Ulmus minor">Ulmus minor</a></i>) group. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Rackham" title="Oliver Rackham">Oliver Rackham</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rackham1980_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rackham1980-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes <i>Ulmus</i> as the most critical genus in the entire British flora, adding that 'species and varieties are a distinction in the human mind rather than a measured degree of genetic variation'. Eight species are endemic to North America and three to Europe, but the greatest diversity is in Asia with approximately two dozen species.<sup id="cite_ref-Fu_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest fossils of <i><a href="/wiki/Ulmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulmus">Ulmus</a></i> are leaves dating <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a>, found across the Northern Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classification adopted in the List of elm species is largely based on that established by Brummitt.<sup id="cite_ref-Brummitt_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummitt-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of synonyms have accumulated over the last three centuries; their currently accepted names can be found in the list of <a href="/wiki/Elm_synonyms_and_accepted_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Elm synonyms and accepted names">Elm synonyms and accepted names</a>. </p><p>Botanists who study elms and argue over elm identification and classification are called "pteleologists", from the Greek πτελέα (elm).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of the suborder <a href="/wiki/Urticales" title="Urticales">urticalean rosids</a>, they are distantly related to <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberries">mulberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">figs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nettle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nettle">nettles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propagation">Propagation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Propagation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Elm_rooted_cutting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/White_Elm_rooted_cutting.jpg/80px-White_Elm_rooted_cutting.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/White_Elm_rooted_cutting.jpg/120px-White_Elm_rooted_cutting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/White_Elm_rooted_cutting.jpg/160px-White_Elm_rooted_cutting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1747" /></a><figcaption>A rooted cutting of European white elm (July)</figcaption></figure> <p>Elm propagation methods vary according to elm type and location, and the plantsman's needs. Native species may be propagated by seed. In their natural setting, native species, such as <a href="/wiki/Wych_elm" class="mw-redirect" title="Wych elm">wych elm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_laevis" title="Ulmus laevis">European white elm</a> in central and northern Europe and <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor" title="Ulmus minor">field elm</a> in southern Europe, set viable seed in "favourable" seasons. Optimal conditions occur after a late warm spring.<sup id="cite_ref-Richens_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richens-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After pollination, seeds of spring-flowering elms ripen and fall at the start of summer (June); they remain viable for only a few days. They are planted in sandy potting soil at a depth of 1 cm, and germinate in three weeks. Slow-germinating <a href="/wiki/American_elm" class="mw-redirect" title="American elm">American elm</a> will remain dormant until the second season.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeds from autumn-flowering elms ripen in the fall and germinate in the spring.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since elms may hybridize within and between species, seed propagation entails a hybridisation risk. In unfavourable seasons, elm seeds are usually sterile. Elms outside their natural range, such as English elm <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Atinia%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Atinia'"><i>U. minor</i> 'Atinia'</a>, and elms unable to pollinate because pollen sources are genetically identical, are sterile and are propagated by <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" title="Vegetative reproduction">vegetative reproduction</a>. Vegetative reproduction is also used to produce genetically identical elms (clones). Methods include the winter transplanting of <a href="/wiki/Basal_shoot" title="Basal shoot">root suckers</a>; taking hardwood cuttings from vigorous one-year-old shoots in late winter,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taking root cuttings in early spring; taking softwood cuttings in early summer;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">grafting</a>; <a href="/wiki/Layering" title="Layering">ground and air layering</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Micropropagation" title="Micropropagation">micropropagation</a>. A bottom heat of 18 °C<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and humid conditions are maintained for hard- and softwood cuttings. The transplanting of root suckers remains the easiest most and common propagation method for European field elm and its hybrids. For specimen urban elms, grafting to wych-elm rootstock may be used to eliminate suckering or to ensure stronger root growth. The mutant-elm cultivars are usually grafted, the "weeping" elms <a href="/wiki/Camperdown_Elm" class="mw-redirect" title="Camperdown Elm">'Camperdown'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Horizontalis%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Horizontalis'">'Horizontalis'</a> at 2–3 m (7–10 ft), the dwarf cultivars <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Nana%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulmus 'Nana'">'Nana'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Jacqueline_Hillier%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Jacqueline Hillier'">'Jacqueline Hillier'</a> at ground level. Since the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_elm" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian elm">Siberian elm</a> is drought tolerant, in dry countries, new varieties of elm are often root-grafted onto this species.<sup id="cite_ref-Clouston_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clouston-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulmus_minor_MHNT.BOT.2010.12.3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ripe samarae of field elm"><img alt="Ripe samarae of field elm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ulmus_minor_MHNT.BOT.2010.12.3.jpg/120px-Ulmus_minor_MHNT.BOT.2010.12.3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ulmus_minor_MHNT.BOT.2010.12.3.jpg/180px-Ulmus_minor_MHNT.BOT.2010.12.3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ulmus_minor_MHNT.BOT.2010.12.3.jpg/240px-Ulmus_minor_MHNT.BOT.2010.12.3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ripe samarae of field elm </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_Elm_seedling.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rock elm Ulmus thomasii germinating"><img alt="Rock elm Ulmus thomasii germinating" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rock_Elm_seedling.JPG/120px-Rock_Elm_seedling.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rock_Elm_seedling.JPG/180px-Rock_Elm_seedling.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rock_Elm_seedling.JPG/240px-Rock_Elm_seedling.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rock_elm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock elm">Rock elm</a> <i>Ulmus thomasii</i> germinating</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Klijavac_ulmus_glabra_goc_0427.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seedling of wych elm U. glabra"><img alt="Seedling of wych elm U. glabra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Klijavac_ulmus_glabra_goc_0427.jpg/51px-Klijavac_ulmus_glabra_goc_0427.jpg" decoding="async" width="51" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Klijavac_ulmus_glabra_goc_0427.jpg/76px-Klijavac_ulmus_glabra_goc_0427.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Klijavac_ulmus_glabra_goc_0427.jpg/102px-Klijavac_ulmus_glabra_goc_0427.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="3073" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seedling of wych elm <i>U. glabra</i> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulmus_minor_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Root-suckers spreading from field elm U. minor"><img alt="Root-suckers spreading from field elm U. minor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ulmus_minor_14.jpg/120px-Ulmus_minor_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ulmus_minor_14.jpg/180px-Ulmus_minor_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ulmus_minor_14.jpg/240px-Ulmus_minor_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Root-suckers spreading from <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor" title="Ulmus minor">field elm</a> <i>U. minor</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Root_cuttings_of_Ulmus_%27Dodoens%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Root cuttings of U. 'Dodoens'"><img alt="Root cuttings of U. 'Dodoens'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Root_cuttings_of_Ulmus_%27Dodoens%27.jpg/120px-Root_cuttings_of_Ulmus_%27Dodoens%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Root_cuttings_of_Ulmus_%27Dodoens%27.jpg/180px-Root_cuttings_of_Ulmus_%27Dodoens%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Root_cuttings_of_Ulmus_%27Dodoens%27.jpg/240px-Root_cuttings_of_Ulmus_%27Dodoens%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1398" data-file-height="1149" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Root cuttings of <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Dodoens%27" title="Ulmus 'Dodoens'"><i>U.</i> 'Dodoens'</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elm_clone_rooted_hardwood_cutting_Faculty_of_Forestry_Belgrade_1983.09.01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rooted hardwood elm cutting"><img alt="Rooted hardwood elm cutting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Elm_clone_rooted_hardwood_cutting_Faculty_of_Forestry_Belgrade_1983.09.01.jpg/91px-Elm_clone_rooted_hardwood_cutting_Faculty_of_Forestry_Belgrade_1983.09.01.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Elm_clone_rooted_hardwood_cutting_Faculty_of_Forestry_Belgrade_1983.09.01.jpg/136px-Elm_clone_rooted_hardwood_cutting_Faculty_of_Forestry_Belgrade_1983.09.01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Elm_clone_rooted_hardwood_cutting_Faculty_of_Forestry_Belgrade_1983.09.01.jpg/182px-Elm_clone_rooted_hardwood_cutting_Faculty_of_Forestry_Belgrade_1983.09.01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="2040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rooted hardwood elm cutting </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rooting_of_softwood_cuttings_of_elm_under_the_mist_propagation_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rooting of softwood cuttings under mist"><img alt="Rooting of softwood cuttings under mist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rooting_of_softwood_cuttings_of_elm_under_the_mist_propagation_system.jpg/120px-Rooting_of_softwood_cuttings_of_elm_under_the_mist_propagation_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rooting_of_softwood_cuttings_of_elm_under_the_mist_propagation_system.jpg/180px-Rooting_of_softwood_cuttings_of_elm_under_the_mist_propagation_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rooting_of_softwood_cuttings_of_elm_under_the_mist_propagation_system.jpg/240px-Rooting_of_softwood_cuttings_of_elm_under_the_mist_propagation_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1802" data-file-height="1107" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rooting of softwood cuttings under mist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulmus_campestris_%27ARGENTEOVARIEGATA%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mutant variegated smooth-leafed elm graft"><img alt="Mutant variegated smooth-leafed elm graft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ulmus_campestris_%27ARGENTEOVARIEGATA%27.jpg/79px-Ulmus_campestris_%27ARGENTEOVARIEGATA%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ulmus_campestris_%27ARGENTEOVARIEGATA%27.jpg/118px-Ulmus_campestris_%27ARGENTEOVARIEGATA%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ulmus_campestris_%27ARGENTEOVARIEGATA%27.jpg/158px-Ulmus_campestris_%27ARGENTEOVARIEGATA%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mutant <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Variegata%27_(Smooth-leafed_Elm_cultivar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulmus 'Variegata' (Smooth-leafed Elm cultivar)">variegated smooth-leafed elm</a> graft </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_layering_of_Ulmus_pumila_Faculty_of_Forestry_Belgrade_7.6.1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Air layering of U. pumila"><img alt="Air layering of U. pumila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Air_layering_of_Ulmus_pumila_Faculty_of_Forestry_Belgrade_7.6.1986.jpg/120px-Air_layering_of_Ulmus_pumila_Faculty_of_Forestry_Belgrade_7.6.1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Air_layering_of_Ulmus_pumila_Faculty_of_Forestry_Belgrade_7.6.1986.jpg/180px-Air_layering_of_Ulmus_pumila_Faculty_of_Forestry_Belgrade_7.6.1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Air_layering_of_Ulmus_pumila_Faculty_of_Forestry_Belgrade_7.6.1986.jpg/240px-Air_layering_of_Ulmus_pumila_Faculty_of_Forestry_Belgrade_7.6.1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="2385" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Air <a href="/wiki/Layering" title="Layering">layering</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila" title="Ulmus pumila"><i>U. pumila</i></a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulmus_chenmoui_in_vitro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In vitro propagation of U. chenmoui by bud meristem"><img alt="In vitro propagation of U. chenmoui by bud meristem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ulmus_chenmoui_in_vitro.jpg/91px-Ulmus_chenmoui_in_vitro.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ulmus_chenmoui_in_vitro.jpg/137px-Ulmus_chenmoui_in_vitro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ulmus_chenmoui_in_vitro.jpg/182px-Ulmus_chenmoui_in_vitro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1629" data-file-height="2146" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In vitro propagation of <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_chenmoui" title="Ulmus chenmoui"><i>U. chenmoui</i></a> by bud <a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">meristem</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulmus_(unknown_cultivar)._Royal_Terrace,_Edinburgh_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial roots, hybrid elm cultivar"><img alt="Aerial roots, hybrid elm cultivar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ulmus_%28unknown_cultivar%29._Royal_Terrace%2C_Edinburgh_%285%29.jpg/90px-Ulmus_%28unknown_cultivar%29._Royal_Terrace%2C_Edinburgh_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ulmus_%28unknown_cultivar%29._Royal_Terrace%2C_Edinburgh_%285%29.jpg/135px-Ulmus_%28unknown_cultivar%29._Royal_Terrace%2C_Edinburgh_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ulmus_%28unknown_cultivar%29._Royal_Terrace%2C_Edinburgh_%285%29.jpg/180px-Ulmus_%28unknown_cultivar%29._Royal_Terrace%2C_Edinburgh_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aerial_root" title="Aerial root">Aerial roots</a>, hybrid elm cultivar</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_organisms">Associated organisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Associated organisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20130702Ulmus_glabra1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pouch leaf galls on a wych elm (aphid Tetraneura ulmi), Germany"><img alt="Pouch leaf galls on a wych elm (aphid Tetraneura ulmi), Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/20130702Ulmus_glabra1.jpg/120px-20130702Ulmus_glabra1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/20130702Ulmus_glabra1.jpg/180px-20130702Ulmus_glabra1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/20130702Ulmus_glabra1.jpg/240px-20130702Ulmus_glabra1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pouch <a href="/wiki/Gall" title="Gall">leaf galls</a> on a wych elm (<a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphid</a> <i>Tetraneura ulmi</i>), Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetraneura_ulmi_(Aphididae_sp.)_gall,_Elst_(Gld),_the_Netherlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pouch leaf gall on elm leaf (aphid T. ulmi), the Netherlands"><img alt="Pouch leaf gall on elm leaf (aphid T. ulmi), the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tetraneura_ulmi_%28Aphididae_sp.%29_gall%2C_Elst_%28Gld%29%2C_the_Netherlands.jpg/120px-Tetraneura_ulmi_%28Aphididae_sp.%29_gall%2C_Elst_%28Gld%29%2C_the_Netherlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tetraneura_ulmi_%28Aphididae_sp.%29_gall%2C_Elst_%28Gld%29%2C_the_Netherlands.jpg/180px-Tetraneura_ulmi_%28Aphididae_sp.%29_gall%2C_Elst_%28Gld%29%2C_the_Netherlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tetraneura_ulmi_%28Aphididae_sp.%29_gall%2C_Elst_%28Gld%29%2C_the_Netherlands.jpg/240px-Tetraneura_ulmi_%28Aphididae_sp.%29_gall%2C_Elst_%28Gld%29%2C_the_Netherlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pouch leaf gall on elm leaf (aphid <i>T. ulmi</i>), the Netherlands</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colopha_compressa_1_beentree.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cockscomb leaf galls (aphid Colopha compressa), Poland"><img alt="Cockscomb leaf galls (aphid Colopha compressa), Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Colopha_compressa_1_beentree.jpg/120px-Colopha_compressa_1_beentree.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Colopha_compressa_1_beentree.jpg/180px-Colopha_compressa_1_beentree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Colopha_compressa_1_beentree.jpg/240px-Colopha_compressa_1_beentree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cockscomb leaf galls (aphid <i>Colopha compressa</i>), Poland </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eriosoma_lanuginosum_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bladder leaf galls on elm leaves (aphid Eriosoma lanuginosum), Italy"><img alt="Bladder leaf galls on elm leaves (aphid Eriosoma lanuginosum), Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Eriosoma_lanuginosum_1.JPG/120px-Eriosoma_lanuginosum_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Eriosoma_lanuginosum_1.JPG/180px-Eriosoma_lanuginosum_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Eriosoma_lanuginosum_1.JPG/240px-Eriosoma_lanuginosum_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2882" data-file-height="2387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bladder leaf galls on elm leaves (aphid <i>Eriosoma lanuginosum</i>), Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eriosoma_lanuginosum_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bladder leaf galls on a narrow-leaved elm (aphid E. lanuginosum), Italy"><img alt="Bladder leaf galls on a narrow-leaved elm (aphid E. lanuginosum), Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Eriosoma_lanuginosum_2.JPG/120px-Eriosoma_lanuginosum_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Eriosoma_lanuginosum_2.JPG/180px-Eriosoma_lanuginosum_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Eriosoma_lanuginosum_2.JPG/240px-Eriosoma_lanuginosum_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2761" data-file-height="2294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bladder leaf galls on a narrow-leaved elm (aphid <i> E. lanuginosum</i>), Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colopha_compressa_4_beentree.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aphids in leaf gall, Poland"><img alt="Aphids in leaf gall, Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Colopha_compressa_4_beentree.jpg/120px-Colopha_compressa_4_beentree.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Colopha_compressa_4_beentree.jpg/180px-Colopha_compressa_4_beentree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Colopha_compressa_4_beentree.jpg/240px-Colopha_compressa_4_beentree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aphids in leaf gall, Poland </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulmus-minor---Eriophyes-ulmicola-agallas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pimple leaf galls on a field elm (mite Eriophyes ulmi), Spain"><img alt="Pimple leaf galls on a field elm (mite Eriophyes ulmi), Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ulmus-minor---Eriophyes-ulmicola-agallas.jpg/120px-Ulmus-minor---Eriophyes-ulmicola-agallas.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ulmus-minor---Eriophyes-ulmicola-agallas.jpg/180px-Ulmus-minor---Eriophyes-ulmicola-agallas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ulmus-minor---Eriophyes-ulmicola-agallas.jpg/240px-Ulmus-minor---Eriophyes-ulmicola-agallas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1004" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pimple leaf galls on a field elm (<a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mite</a> <i>Eriophyes ulmi</i>), Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLH_Julita.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="White-letter hairstreak Satyrium w-album, on Lutece, Sweden: The larvae feed only on elm."><img alt="White-letter hairstreak Satyrium w-album, on Lutece, Sweden: The larvae feed only on elm." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/WLH_Julita.JPG/120px-WLH_Julita.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/WLH_Julita.JPG/180px-WLH_Julita.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/WLH_Julita.JPG/240px-WLH_Julita.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="1656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">White-letter hairstreak <i><a href="/wiki/Satyrium_w-album" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyrium w-album">Satyrium w-album</a></i>, on <span class="trade_designation" style="font-variant:small-caps; margin-left: 0.05em;">Lutece</span>, Sweden: The larvae feed only on elm. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Satyrium_w-album_egg1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Egg of Satyrium w-album near flower-bud of an elm"><img alt="Egg of Satyrium w-album near flower-bud of an elm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Satyrium_w-album_egg1.jpg/79px-Satyrium_w-album_egg1.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Satyrium_w-album_egg1.jpg/119px-Satyrium_w-album_egg1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Satyrium_w-album_egg1.jpg/159px-Satyrium_w-album_egg1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3034" data-file-height="4581" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Egg of <i>Satyrium w-album</i> near flower-bud of an elm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:01a_Scolytus_multistriatus_Imago_20fach_rechte_Seite.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elm-bark beetle Scolytus multistriatus (size: 2–3 mm), a vector for Dutch elm disease"><img alt="Elm-bark beetle Scolytus multistriatus (size: 2–3 mm), a vector for Dutch elm disease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/01a_Scolytus_multistriatus_Imago_20fach_rechte_Seite.jpg/54px-01a_Scolytus_multistriatus_Imago_20fach_rechte_Seite.jpg" decoding="async" width="54" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/01a_Scolytus_multistriatus_Imago_20fach_rechte_Seite.jpg/81px-01a_Scolytus_multistriatus_Imago_20fach_rechte_Seite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/01a_Scolytus_multistriatus_Imago_20fach_rechte_Seite.jpg/108px-01a_Scolytus_multistriatus_Imago_20fach_rechte_Seite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elm-bark beetle <i>Scolytus multistriatus</i> (size: 2–3 mm), a vector for Dutch elm disease</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:04_Scolytus_multistriatus_Fra%C3%9Fbild.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scolytus multistriatus galleries under elm bark"><img alt="Scolytus multistriatus galleries under elm bark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/04_Scolytus_multistriatus_Fra%C3%9Fbild.jpg/94px-04_Scolytus_multistriatus_Fra%C3%9Fbild.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/04_Scolytus_multistriatus_Fra%C3%9Fbild.jpg/142px-04_Scolytus_multistriatus_Fra%C3%9Fbild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/04_Scolytus_multistriatus_Fra%C3%9Fbild.jpg/189px-04_Scolytus_multistriatus_Fra%C3%9Fbild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="1535" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Scolytus multistriatus</i> galleries under elm bark</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xanthogaleruca_luteola_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Elm-leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola, which causes serious damage to elm foliage"><img alt="Elm-leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola, which causes serious damage to elm foliage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Xanthogaleruca_luteola_1.JPG/120px-Xanthogaleruca_luteola_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Xanthogaleruca_luteola_1.JPG/180px-Xanthogaleruca_luteola_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Xanthogaleruca_luteola_1.JPG/240px-Xanthogaleruca_luteola_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="1284" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elm-leaf beetle <i><a href="/wiki/Xanthogaleruca_luteola" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthogaleruca luteola">Xanthogaleruca luteola</a></i>, which causes serious damage to elm foliage </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xanthogaleruca_luteola_20060905_525_part.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Xanthogaleruca luteola caterpillar on elm leaf, Germany"><img alt="Xanthogaleruca luteola caterpillar on elm leaf, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Xanthogaleruca_luteola_20060905_525_part.jpg/120px-Xanthogaleruca_luteola_20060905_525_part.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Xanthogaleruca_luteola_20060905_525_part.jpg/180px-Xanthogaleruca_luteola_20060905_525_part.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Xanthogaleruca_luteola_20060905_525_part.jpg/240px-Xanthogaleruca_luteola_20060905_525_part.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Xanthogaleruca luteola</i> caterpillar on elm leaf, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xanthogaleruca_luteola_20060905_530.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elm-leaf damage caused by X. luteola, Germany"><img alt="Elm-leaf damage caused by X. luteola, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Xanthogaleruca_luteola_20060905_530.jpg/90px-Xanthogaleruca_luteola_20060905_530.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Xanthogaleruca_luteola_20060905_530.jpg/135px-Xanthogaleruca_luteola_20060905_530.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Xanthogaleruca_luteola_20060905_530.jpg/180px-Xanthogaleruca_luteola_20060905_530.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elm-leaf damage caused by <i>X. luteola</i>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slime_flux_on_Camperdown_elm.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bacterial infection Erwinia carotovora of elm sap, which causes slime flux (wetwood) and staining of the trunk (here on a 'Camperdown' elm)"><img alt="Bacterial infection Erwinia carotovora of elm sap, which causes slime flux (wetwood) and staining of the trunk (here on a 'Camperdown' elm)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Slime_flux_on_Camperdown_elm.png/120px-Slime_flux_on_Camperdown_elm.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Slime_flux_on_Camperdown_elm.png/180px-Slime_flux_on_Camperdown_elm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Slime_flux_on_Camperdown_elm.png/240px-Slime_flux_on_Camperdown_elm.png 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="854" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bacterial infection <i>Erwinia carotovora</i> of elm sap, which causes <a href="/wiki/Slime_flux" title="Slime flux">slime flux</a> (wetwood) and staining of the trunk (here on a 'Camperdown' elm) </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pests and diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_elm_diseases" title="List of elm diseases">List of elm diseases</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch_elm_disease">Dutch elm disease</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dutch elm disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_elm_disease" title="Dutch elm disease">Dutch elm disease</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iepziekte_op_goudiep_(Ophiostoma_ulmi_on_Ulmus_hollandica_%27Wredei%27_4_May_2009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Iepziekte_op_goudiep_%28Ophiostoma_ulmi_on_Ulmus_hollandica_%27Wredei%27_4_May_2009%29.jpg/220px-Iepziekte_op_goudiep_%28Ophiostoma_ulmi_on_Ulmus_hollandica_%27Wredei%27_4_May_2009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Iepziekte_op_goudiep_%28Ophiostoma_ulmi_on_Ulmus_hollandica_%27Wredei%27_4_May_2009%29.jpg/330px-Iepziekte_op_goudiep_%28Ophiostoma_ulmi_on_Ulmus_hollandica_%27Wredei%27_4_May_2009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Iepziekte_op_goudiep_%28Ophiostoma_ulmi_on_Ulmus_hollandica_%27Wredei%27_4_May_2009%29.jpg/440px-Iepziekte_op_goudiep_%28Ophiostoma_ulmi_on_Ulmus_hollandica_%27Wredei%27_4_May_2009%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Wredei%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Wredei'">Golden elm</a> tree with <a href="/wiki/Dutch_elm_disease" title="Dutch elm disease">Dutch elm disease</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Dutch elm disease (DED) devastated elms throughout Europe and much of North America in the second half of the 20th century. It derives its name "Dutch" from the first description of the disease and its cause in the 1920s by Dutch botanists <a href="/wiki/Marie_Beatrice_Schol-Schwarz" title="Marie Beatrice Schol-Schwarz">Bea Schwarz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christine_Buisman" title="Christine Buisman">Christina Johanna Buisman</a>. Owing to its geographical isolation and effective quarantine enforcement, Australia has so far remained unaffected by DED, as have the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">western Canada</a>. </p><p>DED is caused by a micro<a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a> transmitted by two species of <i><a href="/wiki/Scolytinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scolytinae">Scolytus</a></i> elm-bark <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, which act as <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">vectors</a>. The disease affects all species of elms native to North America and Europe, but many Asiatic species have evolved antifungal genes and are resistant. Fungal spores, introduced into wounds in the tree caused by the beetles, invade the <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> or vascular system. The tree responds by producing <a href="/wiki/Tylose" class="mw-redirect" title="Tylose">tyloses</a>, effectively blocking the flow from roots to leaves. Woodland trees in North America are not quite as susceptible to the disease because they usually lack the root grafting of the urban elms and are somewhat more isolated from each other. In France, inoculation with the fungus of over 300 clones of the European species failed to find a single variety that possessed of any significant resistance. </p><p>The first, less aggressive strain of the disease fungus, <i><a href="/wiki/Ophiostoma_ulmi" title="Ophiostoma ulmi">Ophiostoma ulmi</a></i>, arrived in Europe from Asia in 1910, and was accidentally introduced to North America in 1928. It was steadily weakened by viruses in Europe and had all but disappeared by the 1940s. However, the disease had a much greater and longer-lasting impact in North America, owing to the greater susceptibility of the American elm, <i>Ulmus americana</i>, which masked the emergence of the second, far more virulent strain of the disease <i><a href="/wiki/Ophiostoma_novo-ulmi" title="Ophiostoma novo-ulmi">Ophiostoma novo-ulmi</a></i>. It appeared in the United States sometime in the 1940s, and was originally believed to be a mutation of <i>O. ulmi</i>. Limited gene flow from <i>O. ulmi</i> to <i>O. novo-ulmi</i> was probably responsible for the creation of the North American subspecies <i>O. novo-ulmi</i> subsp. <i>americana</i>. It was first recognized in Britain in the early 1970s, believed to have been introduced via a cargo of Canadian rock elm destined for the boatbuilding industry, and rapidly eradicated most of the mature elms from western Europe. A second subspecies, <i>O. novo-ulmi</i> subsp. <i>novo-ulmi</i>, caused similar devastation in Eastern Europe and Central This subspecies, which was introduced to North America, and like <i>O. ulmi</i>, is thought to have originated in Asia. The two subspecies have now hybridized in Europe where their ranges have overlapped.<sup id="cite_ref-Webber_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webber-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hypothesis that <i>O. novo-ulmi</i> arose from a hybrid of the original <i>O. ulmi</i> and another strain endemic to the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ophiostoma_himal-ulmi" title="Ophiostoma himal-ulmi">Ophiostoma himal-ulmi</a></i>, is now discredited.<sup id="cite_ref-Brasier,1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brasier,1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No sign indicates the current pandemic is waning, and no evidence has been found of a susceptibility of the fungus to a disease of its own caused by <a href="/w/index.php?title=D-factors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-factors (page does not exist)">d-factors</a>: naturally occurring virus-like agents that severely debilitated the original <i>O. ulmi</i> and reduced its sporulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Brasier,2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brasier,2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elm_phloem_necrosis">Elm phloem necrosis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Elm phloem necrosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Elm_Yellows" class="mw-redirect" title="Elm Yellows">Elm phloem necrosis (elm yellows)</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Phytopathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytopathology">disease</a> of elm trees that is spread by <a href="/wiki/Leafhoppers" class="mw-redirect" title="Leafhoppers">leafhoppers</a> or by root grafts.<sup id="cite_ref-Elm_Yellows_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elm_Yellows-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This very aggressive disease, with no known cure, occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern United States</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> in Canada, and Europe. It is caused by <a href="/wiki/Phytoplasmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytoplasmas">phytoplasmas</a> that infect the phloem (inner bark) of the tree.<sup id="cite_ref-Price_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infection and death of the <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a> effectively girdles the tree and stops the flow of water and nutrients. The disease affects both wild-growing and cultivated trees. Occasionally, cutting the infected tree before the disease completely establishes itself and cleanup and prompt disposal of infected matter has resulted in the plant's survival via stump sprouts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insects">Insects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xanthogaleruca_luteola_MHNT_Dos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Xanthogaleruca_luteola_MHNT_Dos.jpg/220px-Xanthogaleruca_luteola_MHNT_Dos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Xanthogaleruca_luteola_MHNT_Dos.jpg/330px-Xanthogaleruca_luteola_MHNT_Dos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Xanthogaleruca_luteola_MHNT_Dos.jpg/440px-Xanthogaleruca_luteola_MHNT_Dos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="3844" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Xanthogaleruca_luteola" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthogaleruca luteola">elm leaf beetle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most serious of the elm pests is the <a href="/wiki/Xanthogaleruca_luteola" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthogaleruca luteola">elm leaf beetle</a> <i>Xanthogaleruca luteola</i>, which can decimate foliage, although rarely with fatal results. The beetle was accidentally introduced to North America from Europe. Another unwelcome immigrant to North America is the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_beetle" title="Japanese beetle">Japanese beetle</a> <i>Popillia japonica</i>. In both instances, the beetles cause far more damage in North America owing to the absence of the predators in their native lands. In Australia, introduced elm trees are sometimes used as food plants by the larvae of <a href="/wiki/Hepialidae" title="Hepialidae">hepialid</a> <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a> of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Aenetus" title="Aenetus">Aenetus</a></i>. These burrow horizontally into the trunk then vertically down.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circa 2000, the Asian Zig-zag sawfly <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aproceros_leucopoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aproceros leucopoda (page does not exist)">Aproceros leucopoda</a></i> appeared in Europe and North America, although in England, its impact has been minimal and it is no longer monitored.<sup id="cite_ref-Forest_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forest-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birds">Birds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sapsucker" title="Sapsucker">Sapsucker</a> woodpeckers have a great love of young elm trees.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RN_Ulmus_minor_Umbraculifera.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/RN_Ulmus_minor_Umbraculifera.JPG/200px-RN_Ulmus_minor_Umbraculifera.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/RN_Ulmus_minor_Umbraculifera.JPG/300px-RN_Ulmus_minor_Umbraculifera.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/RN_Ulmus_minor_Umbraculifera.JPG/400px-RN_Ulmus_minor_Umbraculifera.JPG 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption>The ball-headed graft <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Umbraculifera%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Umbraculifera'">narvan elm</a>, <i>Ulmus minor</i> 'Umbraculifera', cultivated in Persia and widely planted in central Asia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lafayette_Street,_Salem,_MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lafayette_Street%2C_Salem%2C_MA.jpg/200px-Lafayette_Street%2C_Salem%2C_MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lafayette_Street%2C_Salem%2C_MA.jpg/300px-Lafayette_Street%2C_Salem%2C_MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lafayette_Street%2C_Salem%2C_MA.jpg/400px-Lafayette_Street%2C_Salem%2C_MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Lafayette Street in <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem, Massachusetts</a> - an example of the high-tunneled effects of <i>Ulmus americana</i> avenues once common in New England (colorized postcard, 1910)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camperdown_Elm_Prospect_Park_Brooklyn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Camperdown_Elm_Prospect_Park_Brooklyn.jpg/220px-Camperdown_Elm_Prospect_Park_Brooklyn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Camperdown_Elm_Prospect_Park_Brooklyn.jpg/330px-Camperdown_Elm_Prospect_Park_Brooklyn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Camperdown_Elm_Prospect_Park_Brooklyn.jpg/440px-Camperdown_Elm_Prospect_Park_Brooklyn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Camperdown elm (<a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Camperdownii%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Camperdownii'"><i>Ulmus glabra</i> 'Camperdownii'</a>), cultivated in Prospect Park, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Elm_avenue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/English_Elm_avenue.jpg/220px-English_Elm_avenue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/English_Elm_avenue.jpg/330px-English_Elm_avenue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/English_Elm_avenue.jpg/440px-English_Elm_avenue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption>An avenue of elm trees in <a href="/wiki/Fitzroy_Gardens" title="Fitzroy Gardens">Fitzroy Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_elm_cultivars,_hybrids_and_hybrid_cultivars" title="List of elm cultivars, hybrids and hybrid cultivars">List of elm cultivars, hybrids and hybrid cultivars</a></div> <p>One of the earliest of ornamental elms was the ball-headed graft <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Umbraculifera%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Umbraculifera'">narvan elm, <i>Ulmus minor</i> 'Umbraculifera'</a>, cultivated from time immemorial in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a> as a shade tree and widely planted in cities through much of south-west and central Asia. From the 18th century to the early 20th century, elms, whether species, hybrids, or <a href="/wiki/Cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultivars">cultivars</a>, were among the most widely planted ornamental trees in both Europe and North America. They were particularly popular as a street tree in <a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">avenue</a> plantings in towns and cities, creating high-tunnelled effects. Their quick growth and variety of foliage and forms,<sup id="cite_ref-Elwes_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elwes-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their tolerance of air-pollution, and the comparatively rapid decomposition of their <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a> in the fall were further advantages. </p><p>In North America, the species most commonly planted was the American elm (<i>U. americana</i>), which had unique properties that made it ideal for such use - rapid growth, adaptation to a broad range of <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climates</a> and soils, strong wood, resistance to wind damage, and vase-like growth habit requiring minimal <a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">pruning</a>. In Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra" title="Ulmus glabra">wych elm (<i>U. glabra</i>)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor" title="Ulmus minor">field elm (<i>U. minor</i>)</a> were the most widely planted in the countryside, the former in northern areas including Scandinavia and northern <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>, the latter further south. The hybrid between these two, <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica" title="Ulmus × hollandica">Dutch elm (<i>U. × hollandica</i>)</a>, occurs naturally and was also commonly planted. In much of England, the <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Atinia%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Atinia'">English elm</a> later came to dominate the horticultural landscape. Most commonly planted in hedgerows, it sometimes occurred in densities over 1000/km<sup>2</sup>. In south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Elms_in_Australia" title="Elms in Australia">Australia</a> and New Zealand, large numbers of English and Dutch elms, as well as other species and cultivars, were planted as ornamentals following their introduction in the 19th century, while in northern Japan <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_davidiana_var._japonica" title="Ulmus davidiana var. japonica">Japanese elm (<i>U. davidiana</i> var. <i>japonica</i>)</a> was widely planted as a street tree. From about 1850 to 1920, the most prized small ornamental elm in parks and gardens was the <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra" title="Ulmus glabra">'Camperdown' elm (<i>U. glabra</i> 'Camperdownii')</a>, a contorted, weeping <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a> of the wych elm grafted on to a nonweeping elm trunk to give a wide, spreading, and weeping fountain shape in large garden spaces. </p><p>In northern Europe, elms were among the few trees tolerant of saline deposits from sea spray, which can cause "salt-burning" and die-back. This tolerance made elms reliable both as shelterbelt trees exposed to sea wind, in particular along the coastlines of southern and western Britain<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the Low Countries, and as trees for coastal towns and cities.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This <i><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%A9poque" class="mw-redirect" title="Belle époque">belle époque</a></i> lasted until the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, when the elm began its slide into horticultural decline. The impact of the hostilities on <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the origin of at least 40 cultivars, coincided with an outbreak of the early strain of DED, <i><a href="/wiki/Ophiostoma_ulmi" title="Ophiostoma ulmi">Ophiostoma ulmi</a></i>. The devastation caused by the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, and the demise in 1944 of the huge <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A4th_nursery" title="Späth nursery">Späth nursery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, only accelerated the process. The outbreak of the new, three times more virulent, strain of DED <i><a href="/wiki/Ophiostoma_novo-ulmi" title="Ophiostoma novo-ulmi">Ophiostoma novo-ulmi</a></i> in the late 1960s, brought the tree to its nadir. </p><p>Since around 1990, the elm has enjoyed a renaissance through the successful development in North America and Europe of cultivars highly resistant to DED.<sup id="cite_ref-Heybroek_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heybroek-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the total number of named cultivars, ancient and modern, now exceeds 300, although many of the older clones, possibly over 120, have been lost to cultivation. Some of the latter, however, were by today's standards inadequately described or illustrated before the pandemic, and a number may survive, or have regenerated, unrecognised. Enthusiasm for the newer clones often remains low owing to the poor performance of earlier, supposedly disease-resistant Dutch trees released in the 1960s and 1970s. In the Netherlands, sales of elm cultivars slumped from over 56,000 in 1989 to just 6,800 in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-Hiemstra_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiemstra-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst in the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>, only four of the new American and European releases were commercially available in 2008. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scripps_College_Elm_Tree_Lawn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Scripps_College_Elm_Tree_Lawn.jpg/220px-Scripps_College_Elm_Tree_Lawn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Scripps_College_Elm_Tree_Lawn.jpg/330px-Scripps_College_Elm_Tree_Lawn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Scripps_College_Elm_Tree_Lawn.jpg/440px-Scripps_College_Elm_Tree_Lawn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4312" data-file-height="3234" /></a><figcaption>A row of <a href="/wiki/Princeton_elm" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton elm">Princeton elm</a> trees, which are moderately resistant to Dutch elm disease, at <a href="/wiki/Scripps_College" title="Scripps College">Scripps College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Claremont,_California" title="Claremont, California">Claremont, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scripps_elm_news_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scripps_elm_news-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Efforts to develop DED-resistant cultivars began in the Netherlands in 1928 and continued, uninterrupted by World War II, until 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Burdekin_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burdekin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar programmes were initiated in North America (1937), Italy (1978) and Spain (1986). Research has followed two paths: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species_and_species_cultivars">Species and species cultivars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Species and species cultivars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In North America, careful selection has produced a number of trees resistant not only to DED, but also to the droughts and cold winters that occur on the continent. Research in the United States has concentrated on the American elm (<i>U. americana</i>), resulting in the release of DED-resistant clones, notably the <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Valley_Forge%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Valley Forge'">'Valley Forge'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Jefferson%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Jefferson'">'Jefferson'</a>. Much work has also been done into the selection of disease-resistant Asiatic species and cultivars.<sup id="cite_ref-Ware_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ware-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biggerstaffe_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggerstaffe-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, Mariam B. Sticklen and James L. Sherald reported the results of experiments funded by the US <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> and conducted at <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Lansing,_Michigan" title="East Lansing, Michigan">East Lansing</a> that were designed to apply <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_techniques" title="Genetic engineering techniques">genetic engineering techniques</a> to the development of DED-resistant strains of American elm trees.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, A. E. Newhouse and F. Schrodt of the <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_College_of_Environmental_Science_and_Forestry" title="State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry">State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a> reported that young <a href="/wiki/Transgene" title="Transgene">transgenic</a> American elm trees had shown reduced DED symptoms and normal <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">mycorrhizal</a> colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, the European white elm (<i>U. laevis</i>) has received much attention. While this elm has little innate resistance to DED, it is not favoured by the vector bark beetles. Thus it becomes colonized and infected only when no other elms are available, a rare situation in western Europe. Research in Spain has suggested that it may be the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Triterpene" title="Triterpene">triterpene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alnulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alnulin">alnulin</a>, which makes the tree bark unattractive to the beetle species that spread the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Martín-Benito_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martín-Benito-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This possibility, though, has not been conclusively proven.<sup id="cite_ref-Pajares_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pajares-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, field elms <i>Ulmus minor</i> highly resistant to DED have been discovered in Spain, and form the basis of a major breeding programme.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin,_a_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin,_a-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_cultivars">Hybrid cultivars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hybrid cultivars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Owing to their innate resistance to DED, Asiatic species have been crossed with European species, or with other Asiatic elms, to produce trees that are both highly resistant to disease and tolerant of native climates. After a number of false dawns in the 1970s, this approach has produced a range of reliable hybrid cultivars now commercially available in North America and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Santini2004_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santini2004-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Santamour_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santamour-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smalley_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smalley-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heybroeka_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heybroeka-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heybroekb_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heybroekb-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mittempergher2004_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mittempergher2004-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disease resistance is invariably carried by the female parent.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin,_b_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin,_b-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of these cultivars, notably those with the Siberian elm (<i><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila" title="Ulmus pumila">Ulmus pumila</a></i>) in their ancestry, lack the forms for which the iconic American elm and English elm were prized. Moreover, several exported to northwestern Europe have proven unsuited to the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate">maritime climate</a> conditions there, notably because of their intolerance of anoxic conditions resulting from ponding on poorly drained soils in winter. Dutch hybridizations invariably included the Himalayan elm (<i><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_wallichiana" title="Ulmus wallichiana">Ulmus wallichiana</a></i>) as a source of antifungal genes and have proven more tolerant of wet ground; they should also ultimately reach a greater size. However, the susceptibility of the cultivar 'Lobel', used as a control in Italian trials, to <a href="/wiki/Elm_yellows" title="Elm yellows">elm yellows</a> has now (2014) raised a question mark over all the Dutch clones.<sup id="cite_ref-Mittempergher2000_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mittempergher2000-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several highly resistant <i>Ulmus</i> cultivars have been released since 2000 by the Institute of Plant Protection in Florence, most commonly featuring crosses of the Dutch cultivar <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Plantyn%27" title="Ulmus 'Plantyn'">'Plantijn'</a> with the Siberian elm to produce resistant trees better adapted to the Mediterranean climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Santini2004_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santini2004-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cautions_regarding_novel_cultivars">Cautions regarding novel cultivars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cautions regarding novel cultivars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elms take many decades to grow to maturity, and as the introduction of these disease-resistant cultivars is relatively recent, their long-term performance and ultimate size and form cannot be predicted with certainty. The <a href="/wiki/National_Elm_Trial" title="National Elm Trial">National Elm Trial</a> in North America, begun in 2005, is a nationwide trial to assess strengths and weaknesses of the 19 leading cultivars raised in the US over a 10-year period; European cultivars have been excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in Europe, American and European cultivars are being assessed in field trials started in 2000 by the UK charity <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_Conservation" title="Butterfly Conservation">Butterfly Conservation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brookes_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookes-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscaped_parks">Landscaped parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Landscaped parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Park">Central Park</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Central Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA-NYC-Central_Park-The_Mall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/USA-NYC-Central_Park-The_Mall.JPG/220px-USA-NYC-Central_Park-The_Mall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/USA-NYC-Central_Park-The_Mall.JPG/330px-USA-NYC-Central_Park-The_Mall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/USA-NYC-Central_Park-The_Mall.JPG/440px-USA-NYC-Central_Park-The_Mall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>American elm trees along the Mall and Literary Walk in New York City's <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> (2013)</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest American elm trees in New York City's <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> were planted in the 1860s by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a>, making them among the oldest stands of American elms in the world. Along the Mall and Literary Walk four lines of American elms stretch over the walkway forming a cathedral-like covering. A part of New York City's <a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">urban ecology</a>, the elms improve air and water quality, reduce erosion and flooding, and decrease air temperatures during warm days.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the stand is still vulnerable to DED, in the 1980s the <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Conservancy" title="Central Park Conservancy">Central Park Conservancy</a> undertook aggressive countermeasures such as heavy pruning and removal of extensively diseased trees. These efforts have largely been successful in saving the majority of the trees, although several are still lost each year. Younger American elms that have been planted in Central Park since the outbreak are of the DED-resistant 'Princeton' and 'Valley Forge' cultivars.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Mall">National Mall</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: National Mall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_060911-D-7203T-018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Defense.gov_photo_essay_060911-D-7203T-018.jpg/200px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_060911-D-7203T-018.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Defense.gov_photo_essay_060911-D-7203T-018.jpg/300px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_060911-D-7203T-018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Defense.gov_photo_essay_060911-D-7203T-018.jpg/400px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_060911-D-7203T-018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4116" data-file-height="2695" /></a><figcaption>Rows of American elm trees line a path south of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial_Reflecting_Pool" title="Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool">Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool</a> on the National Mall in Washington, DC (November 11, 2006)</figcaption></figure> <p>Several rows of American elm trees that the National Park Service (NPS) first planted during the 1930s line much of the 1.9-mile-length (3 km) of the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> in Washington, DC. DED first appeared on the trees during the 1950s and reached a peak in the 1970s. The NPS used a number of methods to control the <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">pruning</a>, injecting trees with <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicide</a>, and replanting with DED-resistant cultivars. The NPS combated the disease's local insect <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">vector</a>, the smaller European elm bark beetle (<i><a href="/wiki/Scolytus_multistriatus" title="Scolytus multistriatus">Scolytus multistriatus</a></i>), by trapping and by spraying with <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a>. As a result, the population of American elms planted on the Mall and its surrounding areas has remained intact for more than 80 years.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood">Wood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Wood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elm_wood_grain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Elm_wood_grain.jpg/220px-Elm_wood_grain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Elm_wood_grain.jpg/330px-Elm_wood_grain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Elm_wood_grain.jpg/440px-Elm_wood_grain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Elm wood</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constable_-_Boat-Building_near_Flatford_Mill,_1815,_FA.37.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Constable_-_Boat-Building_near_Flatford_Mill%2C_1815%2C_FA.37.jpg/220px-Constable_-_Boat-Building_near_Flatford_Mill%2C_1815%2C_FA.37.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Constable_-_Boat-Building_near_Flatford_Mill%2C_1815%2C_FA.37.jpg/330px-Constable_-_Boat-Building_near_Flatford_Mill%2C_1815%2C_FA.37.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Constable_-_Boat-Building_near_Flatford_Mill%2C_1815%2C_FA.37.jpg/440px-Constable_-_Boat-Building_near_Flatford_Mill%2C_1815%2C_FA.37.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Elm in boatbuilding: <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Boat-Building_Near_Flatford_Mill" title="Boat-Building Near Flatford Mill">Boat-Building Near Flatford Mill</a></i>, 1815 (landscape with hybrid elms <i>Ulmus × hollandica</i><sup id="cite_ref-Richens_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richens-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bogenbau-Flaemischer-Spleiss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bogenbau-Flaemischer-Spleiss.jpg/220px-Bogenbau-Flaemischer-Spleiss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bogenbau-Flaemischer-Spleiss.jpg/330px-Bogenbau-Flaemischer-Spleiss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bogenbau-Flaemischer-Spleiss.jpg/440px-Bogenbau-Flaemischer-Spleiss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1391" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">English longbow</a> of elm</figcaption></figure> <p>Elm <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> is valued for its interlocking grain, and consequent resistance to splitting, with significant uses in <a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">wagon</a>-wheel hubs, <a href="/wiki/Windsor_chair" title="Windsor chair">chair</a> seats, and <a href="/wiki/Coffin" title="Coffin">coffins</a>. The bodies of Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko">Taiko</a></i> drums are often cut from the wood of old elm trees, as the wood's resistance to splitting is highly desired for nailing the skins to them, and a set of three or more is often cut from the same tree. The elm's wood bends well and distorts easily. The often long, straight trunks were favoured as a source of timber for <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keels</a> in ship construction. Elm is also prized by <a href="/wiki/Bowyer" title="Bowyer">bowyers</a>; of the <a href="/wiki/Holmegaard_bow" title="Holmegaard bow">ancient bows</a> found in Europe, a large portion are elm. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, elm was also used to make <a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">longbows</a> if <a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">yew</a> was unavailable. </p><p>The first written references to elm occur in the <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> lists of military equipment at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenaean period</a>. Several of the chariots are of elm (" πτε-ρε-ϝα ", <i>pte-re-wa</i>), and the lists twice mention wheels of elmwood.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> says that ploughs in Ancient Greece were also made partly of elm.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The density of elm wood varies between species, but averages around 560 kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-nichetimbers.co.uk_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichetimbers.co.uk-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elm wood is also resistant to decay when permanently wet, and hollowed trunks were widely used as water pipes during the medieval period in Europe. Elm was also used as piers in the construction of the original <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a>, but this resistance to decay in water does not extend to ground contact.<sup id="cite_ref-nichetimbers.co.uk_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichetimbers.co.uk-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viticulture">Viticulture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Viticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Romans, and more recently the Italians, planted elms in vineyards as supports for vines. Lopped at 3 m, the elms' quick growth, twiggy lateral branches, light shade, and root suckering made them ideal trees for this purpose. The lopped branches were used for fodder and firewood.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> in his <i>Amores</i> characterizes the elm as "loving the vine": <i>ulmus amat vitem, vitis non deserit ulmum</i> (the elm loves the vine, the vine does not desert the elm),<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the ancients spoke of the "marriage" between <a href="/wiki/The_Elm_and_the_Vine" title="The Elm and the Vine">elm and vine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicinal_products">Medicinal products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Medicinal products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mucilage" title="Mucilage">mucilaginous</a> <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">inner bark</a> of the slippery elm (<i><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_rubra" title="Ulmus rubra">Ulmus rubra</a></i>) has long been used as a <a href="/wiki/Demulcent" title="Demulcent">demulcent</a>, and is still produced commercially for this purpose in the US with approval for sale as a <a href="/wiki/Nutritional_supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutritional supplement">nutritional supplement</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fodder">Fodder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fodder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elms also have a long history of cultivation for <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a>, with the leafy branches cut to feed <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>. The practice continues today in the Himalaya, where it contributes to serious deforestation.<sup id="cite_ref-Maunder_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maunder-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomass">Biomass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Biomass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> resources diminish, increasing attention is being paid to trees as sources of energy. In Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Istituto_per_la_Protezione_delle_Piante" title="Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante">Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante</a> is (2012) in the process of releasing to commerce very fast-growing elm cultivars, able to increase in height by more than 2 m (6 ft) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-SantiniInPress_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SantiniInPress-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Elm_bark" class="mw-redirect" title="Elm bark">Elm bark</a>, cut into strips and boiled, sustained much of the rural population of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> during the great famine of 1812. The seeds are particularly nutritious, containing 45% crude protein, and less than 7% fibre by dry mass.<sup id="cite_ref-Osborne_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osborne-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Molen_De_Hoop,_Oldebroek_spoorwiel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Molen_De_Hoop%2C_Oldebroek_spoorwiel.jpg/220px-Molen_De_Hoop%2C_Oldebroek_spoorwiel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Molen_De_Hoop%2C_Oldebroek_spoorwiel.jpg/330px-Molen_De_Hoop%2C_Oldebroek_spoorwiel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Molen_De_Hoop%2C_Oldebroek_spoorwiel.jpg/440px-Molen_De_Hoop%2C_Oldebroek_spoorwiel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Internal mill-wheel of elm, De Hoop mill, <a href="/wiki/Oldebroek" title="Oldebroek">Oldebroek</a>, Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Alternative medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elm has been listed as one of the 38 substances that are used to prepare <a href="/wiki/Bach_flower_remedies" title="Bach flower remedies">Bach flower remedies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Vohra2004_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vohra2004-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a kind of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bonsai">Bonsai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bonsai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulmus_Parvifolia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ulmus_Parvifolia.JPG/220px-Ulmus_Parvifolia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ulmus_Parvifolia.JPG/330px-Ulmus_Parvifolia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ulmus_Parvifolia.JPG/440px-Ulmus_Parvifolia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Chinese Elm <i>Ulmus parvifolia</i> bonsai</figcaption></figure> <p>Chinese elm (<i><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia" title="Ulmus parvifolia">Ulmus parvifolia</a></i>) is a popular choice for <a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a> owing to its tolerance of severe pruning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_resource_conservation">Genetic resource conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Genetic resource conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997, a <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> elm project was initiated, its aim to coordinate the conservation of all the elm <a href="/wiki/Genetic_resources" title="Genetic resources">genetic resources</a> of the member states and, among other things, to assess their resistance to Dutch elm disease. Accordingly, over 300 clones were selected and propagated for testing.<sup id="cite_ref-Solla_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solla-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pinon_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinon-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collin_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collin-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_elm_trees">Notable elm trees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notable elm trees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_elm_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of elm trees">Lists of elm trees</a></div> <p>Many elm trees of various kinds have attained great size or otherwise become particularly noteworthy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_art">In art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: In art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many artists have admired elms for the ease and grace of their branching and foliage, and have painted them with sensitivity. Elms are a recurring element in the landscapes and studies of, for example, <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Georg_Waldm%C3%BCller" title="Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller">Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Childe_Hassam" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Childe Hassam">Frederick Childe Hassam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Klinkenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Karel Klinkenberg">Karel Klinkenberg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/George_Inness" title="George Inness">George Inness</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constable_-_Elm_trees_in_Old_Hall_Park,_East_Bergholt,_320-1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Constable, Elm trees in Old Hall Park, East Bergholt [1817] (Ulmus × hollandica[11])"><img alt="John Constable, Elm trees in Old Hall Park, East Bergholt [1817] (Ulmus × hollandica[11])" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Constable_-_Elm_trees_in_Old_Hall_Park%2C_East_Bergholt%2C_320-1891.jpg/102px-Constable_-_Elm_trees_in_Old_Hall_Park%2C_East_Bergholt%2C_320-1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Constable_-_Elm_trees_in_Old_Hall_Park%2C_East_Bergholt%2C_320-1891.jpg/153px-Constable_-_Elm_trees_in_Old_Hall_Park%2C_East_Bergholt%2C_320-1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Constable_-_Elm_trees_in_Old_Hall_Park%2C_East_Bergholt%2C_320-1891.jpg/204px-Constable_-_Elm_trees_in_Old_Hall_Park%2C_East_Bergholt%2C_320-1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">John Constable, <i>Elm trees in Old Hall Park, East Bergholt</i> [1817] (<i>Ulmus × hollandica</i><sup id="cite_ref-Richens_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richens-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constable_-_Study_of_an_Elm_Tree_-_c1821.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Constable, Study of an Elm Tree [1821]"><img alt="John Constable, Study of an Elm Tree [1821]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Constable_-_Study_of_an_Elm_Tree_-_c1821.jpeg/96px-Constable_-_Study_of_an_Elm_Tree_-_c1821.jpeg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Constable_-_Study_of_an_Elm_Tree_-_c1821.jpeg/143px-Constable_-_Study_of_an_Elm_Tree_-_c1821.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Constable_-_Study_of_an_Elm_Tree_-_c1821.jpeg/191px-Constable_-_Study_of_an_Elm_Tree_-_c1821.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4698" data-file-height="5892" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">John Constable, <i>Study of an Elm Tree</i> [1821]</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Constable, The Cornfield [1826] (Ulmus × hollandica[11])"><img alt="John Constable, The Cornfield [1826] (Ulmus × hollandica[11])" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_Constable_008.jpg/103px-John_Constable_008.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_Constable_008.jpg/154px-John_Constable_008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_Constable_008.jpg/205px-John_Constable_008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">John Constable, <i>The Cornfield</i> [1826] (<i>Ulmus × hollandica</i><sup id="cite_ref-Richens_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richens-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Constable, Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Garden [1823 version] (Ulmus × hollandica[11])"><img alt="Constable, Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Garden [1823 version] (Ulmus × hollandica[11])" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/John_Constable_017.jpg/120px-John_Constable_017.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/John_Constable_017.jpg/180px-John_Constable_017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/John_Constable_017.jpg/240px-John_Constable_017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Constable, <i>Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Garden</i> [1823 version] (<i>Ulmus × hollandica</i><sup id="cite_ref-Richens_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richens-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_George_Strutt_elms.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jacob George Strutt, Elms at Mongewell, Oxfordshire [1830] (U. minor 'Atinia')"><img alt="Jacob George Strutt, Elms at Mongewell, Oxfordshire [1830] (U. minor 'Atinia')" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jacob_George_Strutt_elms.jpg/84px-Jacob_George_Strutt_elms.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jacob_George_Strutt_elms.jpg/127px-Jacob_George_Strutt_elms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jacob_George_Strutt_elms.jpg/169px-Jacob_George_Strutt_elms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="2118" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jacob George Strutt, <i>Elms at Mongewell, Oxfordshire</i> [1830] (<i>U. minor</i> 'Atinia')</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waldm%C3%BCller_-_Partie_aus_dem_Prater1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Alte Ulmen im Prater (Old Elms in Prater) [1831]"><img alt="Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Alte Ulmen im Prater (Old Elms in Prater) [1831]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Waldm%C3%BCller_-_Partie_aus_dem_Prater1.jpeg/98px-Waldm%C3%BCller_-_Partie_aus_dem_Prater1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Waldm%C3%BCller_-_Partie_aus_dem_Prater1.jpeg/148px-Waldm%C3%BCller_-_Partie_aus_dem_Prater1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Waldm%C3%BCller_-_Partie_aus_dem_Prater1.jpeg/197px-Waldm%C3%BCller_-_Partie_aus_dem_Prater1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4698" data-file-height="5724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, <i>Alte Ulmen im Prater</i> (<i>Old Elms in <a href="/wiki/Prater" title="Prater">Prater</a></i>) [1831]</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Duffield_Harding_-_The_Great_Exhibition_of_1851_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Duffield Harding, The Great Exhibition of 1851 (U. minor 'Atinia', centre)"><img alt="James Duffield Harding, The Great Exhibition of 1851 (U. minor 'Atinia', centre)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/James_Duffield_Harding_-_The_Great_Exhibition_of_1851_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/120px-James_Duffield_Harding_-_The_Great_Exhibition_of_1851_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/James_Duffield_Harding_-_The_Great_Exhibition_of_1851_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-James_Duffield_Harding_-_The_Great_Exhibition_of_1851_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/James_Duffield_Harding_-_The_Great_Exhibition_of_1851_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/240px-James_Duffield_Harding_-_The_Great_Exhibition_of_1851_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5774" data-file-height="3790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_Duffield_Harding" title="James Duffield Harding">James Duffield Harding</a>, <i>The Great Exhibition of 1851</i> (<i>U. minor</i> 'Atinia', centre)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Hughes_-_Back_from_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arthur Hughes, Home from Sea [1862] (U. minor 'Atinia'[11])"><img alt="Arthur Hughes, Home from Sea [1862] (U. minor 'Atinia'[11])" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Arthur_Hughes_-_Back_from_Sea.jpg/120px-Arthur_Hughes_-_Back_from_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Arthur_Hughes_-_Back_from_Sea.jpg/180px-Arthur_Hughes_-_Back_from_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Arthur_Hughes_-_Back_from_Sea.jpg/240px-Arthur_Hughes_-_Back_from_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2751" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hughes_(artist)" title="Arthur Hughes (artist)">Arthur Hughes</a>, <i>Home from Sea</i> [1862] (<i>U. minor</i> 'Atinia'<sup id="cite_ref-Richens_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richens-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_Madox_Brown_-_Work_-_artchive.com.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ford Madox Brown, Work [1863] (U. minor 'Atinia'[11])"><img alt="Ford Madox Brown, Work [1863] (U. minor 'Atinia'[11])" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ford_Madox_Brown_-_Work_-_artchive.com.jpg/120px-Ford_Madox_Brown_-_Work_-_artchive.com.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ford_Madox_Brown_-_Work_-_artchive.com.jpg/180px-Ford_Madox_Brown_-_Work_-_artchive.com.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ford_Madox_Brown_-_Work_-_artchive.com.jpg/240px-Ford_Madox_Brown_-_Work_-_artchive.com.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="806" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown" title="Ford Madox Brown">Ford Madox Brown</a>, <i>Work</i> [1863] (<i>U. minor</i> 'Atinia'<sup id="cite_ref-Richens_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richens-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AmCyc_Elm_-_American_Elm_(tree).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="[unknown artist] The American Elm [1879] (U. americana)"><img alt="[unknown artist] The American Elm [1879] (U. americana)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/AmCyc_Elm_-_American_Elm_%28tree%29.jpg/116px-AmCyc_Elm_-_American_Elm_%28tree%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/AmCyc_Elm_-_American_Elm_%28tree%29.jpg/173px-AmCyc_Elm_-_American_Elm_%28tree%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/AmCyc_Elm_-_American_Elm_%28tree%29.jpg/231px-AmCyc_Elm_-_American_Elm_%28tree%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="1145" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">[unknown artist] <i>The American Elm</i> [1879] (<i>U. americana</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glaspalast_M%C3%BCnchen_1890_165.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Johannes Karel Christiaan Klinkenberg, Amsterdam [1890] (Ulmus x hollandica ‘Belgica' )"><img alt="Johannes Karel Christiaan Klinkenberg, Amsterdam [1890] (Ulmus x hollandica ‘Belgica' )" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Glaspalast_M%C3%BCnchen_1890_165.jpg/120px-Glaspalast_M%C3%BCnchen_1890_165.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Glaspalast_M%C3%BCnchen_1890_165.jpg/180px-Glaspalast_M%C3%BCnchen_1890_165.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Glaspalast_M%C3%BCnchen_1890_165.jpg/240px-Glaspalast_M%C3%BCnchen_1890_165.jpg 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Johannes Karel Christiaan Klinkenberg, <i>Amsterdam</i> [1890] (<i>Ulmus x hollandica </i> ‘Belgica' <i> </i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Childe_Hassam_-_Champs_Elys%C3%A9es,_Paris.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Frederick Childe Hassam, Champs Elysées, Paris [1889] (Ulmus × hollandica, 'orme femelle'[11])"><img alt="Frederick Childe Hassam, Champs Elysées, Paris [1889] (Ulmus × hollandica, 'orme femelle'[11])" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Childe_Hassam_-_Champs_Elys%C3%A9es%2C_Paris.JPG/120px-Childe_Hassam_-_Champs_Elys%C3%A9es%2C_Paris.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Childe_Hassam_-_Champs_Elys%C3%A9es%2C_Paris.JPG/180px-Childe_Hassam_-_Champs_Elys%C3%A9es%2C_Paris.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Childe_Hassam_-_Champs_Elys%C3%A9es%2C_Paris.JPG/240px-Childe_Hassam_-_Champs_Elys%C3%A9es%2C_Paris.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frederick Childe Hassam, <i>Champs Elysées, Paris</i> [1889] (<i>Ulmus × hollandica</i>, 'orme femelle'<sup id="cite_ref-Richens_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richens-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hassam_Washington_Arch_Spring.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frederick Childe Hassam, Washington Arch, Spring [1893] (U. americana)"><img alt="Frederick Childe Hassam, Washington Arch, Spring [1893] (U. americana)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hassam_Washington_Arch_Spring.jpg/99px-Hassam_Washington_Arch_Spring.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hassam_Washington_Arch_Spring.jpg/149px-Hassam_Washington_Arch_Spring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hassam_Washington_Arch_Spring.jpg/198px-Hassam_Washington_Arch_Spring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frederick Childe Hassam, <i>Washington Arch, Spring</i> [1893] (<i>U. americana</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_at_Old_Lyme_Childe_Hassam.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frederick Childe Hassam, Church at Old Lyme [1905] (U. americana)"><img alt="Frederick Childe Hassam, Church at Old Lyme [1905] (U. americana)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Church_at_Old_Lyme_Childe_Hassam.jpeg/106px-Church_at_Old_Lyme_Childe_Hassam.jpeg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Church_at_Old_Lyme_Childe_Hassam.jpeg/160px-Church_at_Old_Lyme_Childe_Hassam.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Church_at_Old_Lyme_Childe_Hassam.jpeg/213px-Church_at_Old_Lyme_Childe_Hassam.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="911" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frederick Childe Hassam, <i>Church at Old Lyme</i> [1905] (<i>U. americana</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Childe_Hassam%27s_1920_oil,_The_East_Hampton_Elms_in_May.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frederick Childe Hassam, The East Hampton Elms in May [1920] (U. americana)"><img alt="Frederick Childe Hassam, The East Hampton Elms in May [1920] (U. americana)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Childe_Hassam%27s_1920_oil%2C_The_East_Hampton_Elms_in_May.jpg/120px-Childe_Hassam%27s_1920_oil%2C_The_East_Hampton_Elms_in_May.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Childe_Hassam%27s_1920_oil%2C_The_East_Hampton_Elms_in_May.jpg/180px-Childe_Hassam%27s_1920_oil%2C_The_East_Hampton_Elms_in_May.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Childe_Hassam%27s_1920_oil%2C_The_East_Hampton_Elms_in_May.jpg/240px-Childe_Hassam%27s_1920_oil%2C_The_East_Hampton_Elms_in_May.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frederick Childe Hassam, <i>The East Hampton Elms in May</i> [1920] (<i>U. americana</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgeInnessOldElmAtMedfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Inness, Old Elm at Medfield (U. americana)"><img alt="George Inness, Old Elm at Medfield (U. americana)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/GeorgeInnessOldElmAtMedfield.jpg/120px-GeorgeInnessOldElmAtMedfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/GeorgeInnessOldElmAtMedfield.jpg/180px-GeorgeInnessOldElmAtMedfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/GeorgeInnessOldElmAtMedfield.jpg/240px-GeorgeInnessOldElmAtMedfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">George Inness, <i>Old Elm at Medfield</i> (<i>U. americana</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V65_D491_The_cam_near_trinity_college_cambridge_university.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Unknown artist, The Cam near Trinity College, Cambridge, England (U. atinia)"><img alt="Unknown artist, The Cam near Trinity College, Cambridge, England (U. atinia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PSM_V65_D491_The_cam_near_trinity_college_cambridge_university.png/85px-PSM_V65_D491_The_cam_near_trinity_college_cambridge_university.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PSM_V65_D491_The_cam_near_trinity_college_cambridge_university.png/128px-PSM_V65_D491_The_cam_near_trinity_college_cambridge_university.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PSM_V65_D491_The_cam_near_trinity_college_cambridge_university.png/170px-PSM_V65_D491_The_cam_near_trinity_college_cambridge_university.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1662" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Unknown artist, <i>The Cam near Trinity College, Cambridge</i>, England (<i>U. atinia</i>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_mythology_and_literature">In mythology and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: In mythology and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Slevogt_Achill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Max_Slevogt_Achill.jpg/190px-Max_Slevogt_Achill.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Max_Slevogt_Achill.jpg/285px-Max_Slevogt_Achill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Max_Slevogt_Achill.jpg/380px-Max_Slevogt_Achill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Achilles and Scamander</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dryad_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dryad_%28PSF%29.png/160px-Dryad_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dryad_%28PSF%29.png/240px-Dryad_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dryad_%28PSF%29.png/320px-Dryad_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2474" data-file-height="2210" /></a><figcaption>Dryad</figcaption></figure> <p>In Greek mythology, the nymph Ptelea (Πτελέα, Elm) was one of the eight <a href="/wiki/Hamadryad" title="Hamadryad">hamadryads</a>, nymphs of the forest and daughters of Oxylos and Hamadryas.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i>Hymn to Artemis</i>, poet <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a> (third century BC) tells how, at the age of three, the infant goddess <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> practised her newly acquired silver bow and arrows, made for her by <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclopes</a>, by shooting first at an elm, then at an oak, before turning her aim on a wild animal: </p> <dl><dd>πρῶτον ἐπὶ πτελέην, τὸ δὲ δεύτερον ἧκας ἐπὶ δρῦν, τὸ τρίτον αὖτ᾽ ἐπὶ θῆρα.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The first reference in literature to elms occurs in the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>. When <a href="/wiki/Eetion" title="Eetion">Eetion</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a>, is killed by <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oreads" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreads">mountain nymphs</a> plant elms on his tomb ("περί δὲ πτελέας ἐφύτευσαν νύμφαι ὀρεστιάδες, κoῦραι Διὸς αἰγιόχoιo").<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in the <i>Iliad</i>, when the River <a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a>, indignant at the sight of so many corpses in his water, overflows and threatens to drown Achilles, the latter grasps a branch of a great elm in an attempt to save himself ("ὁ δὲ πτελέην ἕλε χερσὶν εὐφυέα μεγάλην".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nymphs also planted elms on the tomb in the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Chersonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian Chersonese">Thracian Chersonese</a> of "great-hearted <a href="/wiki/Protesilaus" title="Protesilaus">Protesilaus</a>" ("μεγάθυμου Πρωτεσιλάου"), the first Greek to fall in the Trojan War. These elms grew to be the tallest in the known world, but when their topmost branches saw far off the ruins of Troy, they immediately withered, so great still was the bitterness of the hero buried below, who had been loved by <a href="/wiki/Laodamia" title="Laodamia">Laodamia</a> and slain by <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story is the subject of a poem by <a href="/wiki/Antiphilus_of_Byzantium" title="Antiphilus of Byzantium">Antiphilus of Byzantium</a> (first century AD) in the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Anthology" title="Palatine Anthology">Palatine Anthology</a>: </p> <dl><dd>Θεσσαλὲ Πρωτεσίλαε, σὲ μὲν πολὺς ᾄσεται αἰών,</dd> <dd>Tρoίᾳ ὀφειλoμένoυ πτώματος ἀρξάμενoν•</dd> <dd>σᾶμα δὲ τοι πτελέῃσι συνηρεφὲς ἀμφικoμεῦση</dd> <dd>Nύμφαι, ἀπεχθoμένης Ἰλίoυ ἀντιπέρας.</dd> <dd>Δένδρα δὲ δυσμήνιτα, καὶ ἤν ποτε τεῖχoς ἴδωσι</dd> <dd>Tρώϊον, αὐαλέην φυλλοχoεῦντι κόμην.</dd> <dd>ὅσσoς ἐν ἡρώεσσι τότ᾽ ἦν χόλoς, oὗ μέρoς ἀκμὴν</dd> <dd>ἐχθρὸν ἐν ἀψύχoις σώζεται ἀκρέμoσιν.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>[:Thessalian Protesilaos, a long age shall sing your praises,</dd> <dd>Of the destined dead at Troy the first;</dd> <dd>Your tomb with thick-foliaged elms they covered,</dd> <dd>The nymphs, across the water from hated Ilion.</dd> <dd>Trees full of anger; and whenever that wall they see,</dd> <dd>Of Troy, the leaves in their upper crown wither and fall.</dd> <dd>So great in the heroes was the bitterness then, some of which still</dd> <dd>Remembers, hostile, in the soulless upper branches.]</dd></dl> <p>Protesilaus had been king of <a href="/wiki/Pteleos" title="Pteleos">Pteleos</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Πτελεός</span></span>) in Thessaly, which took its name from the abundant elms (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πτελέoι</span></span>) in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elms occur often in <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral poetry</a>, where they symbolise the idyllic life, their shade being mentioned as a place of special coolness and peace. In the first Idyll of <a href="/wiki/Theocritus" title="Theocritus">Theocritus</a> (third century BC), for example, the goatherd invites the shepherd to sit "here beneath the elm" ("δεῦρ' ὑπὸ τὰν πτελέαν") and sing. Beside elms, Theocritus places "the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">sacred water</a>" ("<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">το ἱερὸν ὕδωρ</span></span>") of the Springs of the Nymphs and the shrines to the nymphs.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sibyl_of_Cumae_Leading_Aeneas_to_the_Underworld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Sibyl_of_Cumae_Leading_Aeneas_to_the_Underworld.jpg/180px-The_Sibyl_of_Cumae_Leading_Aeneas_to_the_Underworld.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Sibyl_of_Cumae_Leading_Aeneas_to_the_Underworld.jpg/270px-The_Sibyl_of_Cumae_Leading_Aeneas_to_the_Underworld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Sibyl_of_Cumae_Leading_Aeneas_to_the_Underworld.jpg/360px-The_Sibyl_of_Cumae_Leading_Aeneas_to_the_Underworld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>The Sibyl and Aeneas</figcaption></figure> <p>Aside from references literal and metaphorical to the <a href="/wiki/The_Elm_and_the_Vine" title="The Elm and the Vine">elm and vine</a> theme, the tree occurs in Latin literature in the Elm of Dreams in the <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Sibyl of Cumae</a> leads <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> down to the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a>, one of the sights is the Stygian Elm: </p> <dl><dd>In medio ramos annosaque bracchia pandit</dd> <dd>ulmus opaca, ingens, quam sedem somnia vulgo</dd> <dd>uana tenere ferunt, foliisque sub omnibus haerent.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>[:Spreads in the midst her boughs and agéd arms</dd> <dd>an elm, huge, shadowy, where vain dreams, 'tis said,</dd> <dd>are wont to roost them, under every leaf close-clinging.]</dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> refers to a Roman superstition (<i>vulgo</i>) that elms were trees of ill-omen because their fruit seemed to be of no value.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been noted<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that two elm-motifs have arisen from classical literature: (1) the 'Paradisal Elm' motif, arising from pastoral idylls and the elm-and-vine theme, and (2) the 'Elm and Death' motif, perhaps arising from Homer's commemorative elms and Virgil's Stygian Elm. Many references to elm in European literature from the Renaissance onwards fit into one or other of these categories. </p><p>There are two examples of <i>pteleogenesis</i> (:birth from elms) in world myths. In Germanic and Scandinavian mythology the first woman, <a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Embla</a>, was fashioned from an elm,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in Japanese mythology <a href="/wiki/Kamuy_Fuchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamuy Fuchi">Kamuy Fuchi</a>, the chief goddess of the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu people</a>, "was born from an elm impregnated by the Possessor of the Heavens".<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Elm_Preston_Park_Brighton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/English_Elm_Preston_Park_Brighton.jpg/180px-English_Elm_Preston_Park_Brighton.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/English_Elm_Preston_Park_Brighton.jpg/270px-English_Elm_Preston_Park_Brighton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/English_Elm_Preston_Park_Brighton.jpg/360px-English_Elm_Preston_Park_Brighton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Under the elm, <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>The elm occurs frequently in English literature, one of the best known instances being in Shakespeare's <i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i>, where Titania, Queen of the Fairies, addresses her beloved Nick Bottom using an elm-simile. Here, as often in the elm-and-vine motif, the elm is a masculine symbol: </p> <dl><dd>Sleep thou, and I will wind thee in my arms.</dd> <dd>... the female Ivy so</dd> <dd>Enrings the barky fingers of the Elm.</dd> <dd>O, how I love thee! how I dote on thee!<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Another of the most famous kisses in English literature, that of Paul and Helen at the start of Forster's <i><a href="/wiki/Howards_End" title="Howards End">Howards End</a></i>, is stolen beneath a great wych elm. </p><p>The elm tree is also referenced in children's literature. <i>An Elm Tree and Three Sisters</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Sommerdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norma Sommerdorf (page does not exist)">Norma Sommerdorf</a> is a children's book about three young sisters who plant a small elm tree in their backyard.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_politics">In politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cutting_of_the_elm" title="Cutting of the elm">cutting of the elm</a> was a diplomatic altercation between the kings of France and England in 1188, during which an elm tree near Gisors in Normandy was felled.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In politics, the elm is associated with revolutions. In England after the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688, the final victory of parliamentarians over monarchists, and the arrival from Holland, with <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Major%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulmus 'Major'">Dutch elm</a> hybrid, planting of this cultivar became a fashion among enthusiasts of the new political order.<sup id="cite_ref-Rackham1976_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rackham1976-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a> was an American white elm in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts, in front of which, from 1765, the first resistance meetings were held against British attempts to tax the American colonists without democratic representation. When the British, knowing that the tree was a symbol of rebellion, felled it in 1775, the Americans took to widespread Liberty Elm planting, and sewed elm symbols on to their revolutionary flags.<sup id="cite_ref-Richens,_Elm_Cambridge,_1983_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richens,_Elm_Cambridge,_1983-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elm planting by American Presidents later became something of a tradition. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, too, <i>Les arbres de la liberté</i> (Liberty Trees), often elms, were planted as symbols of revolutionary hopes, the first in <a href="/wiki/Vienne,_Is%C3%A8re" title="Vienne, Isère">Vienne</a>, Isère, in 1790, by a priest inspired by the Boston elm.<sup id="cite_ref-Richens,_Elm_Cambridge,_1983_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richens,_Elm_Cambridge,_1983-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>L'Orme de La Madeleine</i> (:the Elm of La Madeleine), Faycelles, Département de Lot, planted around 1790 and surviving to this day, was a case in point.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, a famous Parisian elm associated with the <i>Ancien Régime</i>, <i>L'Orme de Saint-Gervais</i> in the <a href="/wiki/St-Gervais-et-St-Protais" class="mw-redirect" title="St-Gervais-et-St-Protais">Place St-Gervais</a>, was <i>felled</i> by the revolutionaries; church authorities planted a new elm in its place in 1846, and an early 20th-century elm stands on the site today.<sup id="cite_ref-paris.fr_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paris.fr-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Premier <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a>, obliged by tradition to plant a tree in the garden of the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Matignon" title="Hôtel Matignon">Hôtel Matignon</a>, the official residence and workplace of Prime Ministers of France, insisted on planting an elm, so-called 'tree of the Left', choosing the new disease-resistant hybrid 'Clone 762' (<a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Wanoux%27_%3D_Vada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulmus 'Wanoux' = Vada"><i>Ulmus</i> 'Wanoux' = <span class="trade_designation" style="font-variant:small-caps; margin-left: 0.05em;">Vada</span></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/French_Republican_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republican Calendar">French Republican Calendar</a>, in use from 1792 to 1806, the 12th day of the month <a href="/wiki/Vent%C3%B4se" title="Ventôse">Ventôse</a> (= 2 March) was officially named "jour de l'Orme", Day of the Elm. </p><p>Liberty Elms were also planted in other countries in Europe to celebrate their revolutions, an example being <i>L'Olmo di Montepaone, L'Albero della Libertà</i> (:the Elm of Montepaone, Liberty Tree) in <a href="/wiki/Montepaone" title="Montepaone">Montepaone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, planted in 1799 to commemorate the founding of the democratic <a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopean Republic</a>, and surviving until it was brought down by a recent storm (it has since been cloned and 'replanted').<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Revolution">Greek Revolution</a> of 1821–32, a thousand young elms were brought to Athens from <a href="/wiki/Missolonghi" title="Missolonghi">Missolonghi</a>, "Sacred City of the Struggle" against the Turks and scene of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>'s death, and planted in 1839–40 in the National Garden.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an ironic development, feral elms have spread and invaded the grounds of the abandoned Greek royal summer palace at <a href="/wiki/Tatoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatoi">Tatoi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>. </p><p>In a chance event linking elms and revolution, on the morning of his execution (30 January 1649), walking to the scaffold at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a> turned to his guards and pointed out, with evident emotion, an elm near the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Spring_Gardens" title="Spring Gardens">Spring Gardens</a> that had been planted by his <a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">brother</a> in happier days. The tree was said to be still standing in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LibertyTreePlanting.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Planting a Liberty Tree (un arbre de la liberté) during the French Revolution. Jean-Baptiste Lesueur, 1790"><img alt="Planting a Liberty Tree (un arbre de la liberté) during the French Revolution. Jean-Baptiste Lesueur, 1790" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/LibertyTreePlanting.jpg/120px-LibertyTreePlanting.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/LibertyTreePlanting.jpg/180px-LibertyTreePlanting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/LibertyTreePlanting.jpg/240px-LibertyTreePlanting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7192" data-file-height="4788" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Planting a Liberty Tree (<i>un arbre de la liberté</i>) during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lesueur_(painter)" title="Jean-Baptiste Lesueur (painter)">Jean-Baptiste Lesueur</a>, 1790</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balcony_St-Gervais.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balcony with elm symbol, overlooking the 'Crossroads of the Elm', Place Saint-Gervais, Paris[92]"><img alt="Balcony with elm symbol, overlooking the 'Crossroads of the Elm', Place Saint-Gervais, Paris[92]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Balcony_St-Gervais.jpg/120px-Balcony_St-Gervais.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Balcony_St-Gervais.jpg/180px-Balcony_St-Gervais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Balcony_St-Gervais.jpg/240px-Balcony_St-Gervais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Balcony with elm symbol, overlooking the <a href="/wiki/St-Gervais-et-St-Protais" class="mw-redirect" title="St-Gervais-et-St-Protais">'Crossroads of the Elm'</a>, Place Saint-Gervais, Paris<sup id="cite_ref-paris.fr_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paris.fr-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_and_Laura_Bush_take_part_in_the_planting_of_three_elm_trees.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="President George W. Bush and Laura Bush planting a disease-resistant 'Jefferson' Elm before the White House, 2006"><img alt="President George W. Bush and Laura Bush planting a disease-resistant 'Jefferson' Elm before the White House, 2006" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/President_George_W._Bush_and_Laura_Bush_take_part_in_the_planting_of_three_elm_trees.jpg/120px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Laura_Bush_take_part_in_the_planting_of_three_elm_trees.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/President_George_W._Bush_and_Laura_Bush_take_part_in_the_planting_of_three_elm_trees.jpg/180px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Laura_Bush_take_part_in_the_planting_of_three_elm_trees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/President_George_W._Bush_and_Laura_Bush_take_part_in_the_planting_of_three_elm_trees.jpg/240px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Laura_Bush_take_part_in_the_planting_of_three_elm_trees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="342" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">President George W. Bush and Laura Bush planting a disease-resistant <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Jefferson%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Jefferson'">'Jefferson' Elm</a> before the White House, 2006</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TATOI_PALACE.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Elm suckers spreading before the abandoned summer royal palace in Tatoi, Greece, Μarch 2008"><img alt="Elm suckers spreading before the abandoned summer royal palace in Tatoi, Greece, Μarch 2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/TATOI_PALACE.JPG/120px-TATOI_PALACE.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/TATOI_PALACE.JPG/180px-TATOI_PALACE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/TATOI_PALACE.JPG/240px-TATOI_PALACE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elm suckers spreading before the abandoned summer royal palace in Tatoi, Greece, Μarch 2008</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_local_history_and_place_names">In local history and place names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: In local history and place names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of what is now the London neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters,_London" title="Seven Sisters, London">Seven Sisters</a> is derived from seven elms which stood there at the time when it was a rural area, planted a circle with a <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a> tree at their centre, and traceable on maps back to 1619.<sup id="cite_ref-Histmiddx_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Histmiddx-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elm_trees" title="List of elm trees">List of elm trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_Conflict" title="Elm Conflict">Elm Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fab_Tree_Hab" title="Fab Tree Hab">Fab Tree Hab</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-org.il-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-org.il_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flora of Israel Online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flora.org.il/en/plants/ULMMIN/">Ulmus minor Mill. | Flora of Israel Online</a>, accessdate: July 28, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fu-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fu_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fu_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF05/Ulmus.pdf">Flora of China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061110114320/http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF05/Ulmus.pdf">Archived</a> 10 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, US.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heybroek-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heybroek_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heybroek_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heybroek, H. M., Goudzwaard, L, Kaljee, H. (2009). <i>Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen</i> (:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789050112819" title="Special:BookSources/9789050112819">9789050112819</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edlin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edlin_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edlin, H. L. (1947). <i>British Woodland Trees</i>,  p.26. 3rd. edition. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53908110#page/342/mode/1up">J.-F. 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Little-known elms from China: landscape tree possibilities. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/nursery/metria/metria8/m87.pdf">Journal of Arboriculture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071130221822/http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/nursery/metria/metria8/m87.pdf">Archived</a> 30 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, (November 1995). International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, US.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biggerstaffe-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biggerstaffe_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biggerstaffe, C., Iles, J. K., & Gleason, M. L. (1999). <i>Sustainable urban landscapes: Dutch elm disease and disease-resistant elms</i>. 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New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 171–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461568728" title="Special:BookSources/9781461568728"><bdi>9781461568728</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/93017484">93017484</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/851736058">851736058</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Kluwer Academic Press Publishers, Boston, USA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(1) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180330152322/http://bspm.agsci.colostate.edu/national-elm-trial/">"National Elm Trial"</a>. <i>Bioagricultural Sciences & Pest Management</i>. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado" title="Fort Collins, Colorado">Fort Collins, Colorado</a>: <a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_University_College_of_Agricultural_Sciences" title="Colorado State University College of Agricultural Sciences">Colorado State University College of Agricultural Sciences</a>: <a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_University_College_of_Agricultural_Sciences#Academic_Departments" title="Colorado State University College of Agricultural Sciences">Department of Agricultural Biology</a>. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bspm.agsci.colostate.edu/national-elm-trial/">the original</a> on 30 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bioagricultural+Sciences+%26+Pest+Management&rft.atitle=National+Elm+Trial&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbspm.agsci.colostate.edu%2Fnational-elm-trial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span>.<br />(2) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffinJacobi,_E.McPhersonSadof2017" class="citation journal cs1">Griffin, Jason J.; Jacobi, E., William R.; McPherson, Gregory; Sadof, Clifford S.; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webdoc.agsci.colostate.edu/bspm/NationalElmTrial/AUF2017.pdf">"Ten-Year Performance of the United States National Elm Trial"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Arboriculture & Urban Forestry</i>. <b>43</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Arboriculture" title="International Society of Arboriculture">International Society of Arboriculture</a>: 107–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17660%2FActaHortic.2018.1191.5">10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1191.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0567-7572">0567-7572</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7347020445">7347020445</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arboriculture+%26+Urban+Forestry&rft.atitle=Ten-Year+Performance+of+the+United+States+National+Elm+Trial&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=107-120&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7347020445&rft.issn=0567-7572&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17660%2FActaHortic.2018.1191.5&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Jason+J.&rft.au=Jacobi%2C+E.%2C+William+R.&rft.au=McPherson%2C+Gregory&rft.au=Sadof%2C+Clifford+S.&rft.au=McKenna%2C+James+R.&rft.au=Gleason%2C+Mark+L.&rft.au=Gauthier%2C+Nicole+Ward&rft.au=Potter%2C+Daniel+A.&rft.au=Smitley%2C+David+R.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Gerard+C.&rft.au=Gould%2C+Ann+Brooks&rft.au=Cash%2C+Christian+R.&rft.au=Walla%2C+James+A.&rft.au=Starrett%2C+Mark+C.&rft.au=Chastagner%2C+Gary&rft.au=Sibley%2C+Jeff+L.&rft.au=Krischik%2C+Vera+A.&rft.au=Newby%2C+Adam+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebdoc.agsci.colostate.edu%2Fbspm%2FNationalElmTrial%2FAUF2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brookes-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brookes_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brookes, A. H. (2013). <i>Disease-resistant elm cultivars, Butterfly Conservation trials report, 2nd revision, 2013.</i> Butterfly Conservation, Hants & IoW Branch, England. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140529181302/http://hantsiow-butterflies.org.uk/conservation/2013%20Elm%20Report%20Sept%202013.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hantsiow-butterflies.org.uk/conservation/2013%20Elm%20Report%20Sept%202013.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hantsiow-butterflies.org.uk%2Fconservation%2F2013%2520Elm%2520Report%2520Sept%25202013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Conservancy" title="Central Park Conservancy">Central Park Conservancy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centralparknyc.org/things-to-see-and-do/attractions/mall-literary-walk.html">The Mall and Literary Walk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510085304/http://www.centralparknyc.org/things-to-see-and-do/attractions/mall-literary-walk.html">Archived</a> 10 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollak, Michael. <i>The New York Times</i>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/13/nyregion/answers-to-questions-about-new-york.html?_r=0">Answers to Questions About New York</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401141020/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/13/nyregion/answers-to-questions-about-new-york.html?_r=0">Archived</a> April 1, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." 11 January 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherald2009" class="citation book cs1">Sherald, James L (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129074707/http://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Documents/Studies/ElmsoftheMonuCore_HistandMgmtPlan_122009.pdf"><i>Elms for the Monumental Core: History and Management Plan</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: Center for Urban Ecology, National Capital Region, <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. Natural Resource Report NPS/NCR/NRR--2009/001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Documents/Studies/ElmsoftheMonuCore_HistandMgmtPlan_122009.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elms+for+the+Monumental+Core%3A+History+and+Management+Plan&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Center+for+Urban+Ecology%2C+National+Capital+Region%2C+National+Park+Service&rft.date=2009-12&rft.aulast=Sherald&rft.aufirst=James+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnationalmallplan%2FDocuments%2FStudies%2FElmsoftheMonuCore_HistandMgmtPlan_122009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Ventris and John Chadwick, <i>Documents in Mycaenean Greek</i>, Cambridge 1959</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></i>, 435</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nichetimbers.co.uk-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nichetimbers.co.uk_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nichetimbers.co.uk_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nichetimbers.co.uk/native-hardwood/elm/">Elm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003072048/http://www.nichetimbers.co.uk/native-hardwood/elm/">Archived</a> 3 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Niche Timbers. Accessed 19-08-2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a>, <i>De Re Rustica</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <i>Amores</i> 2.16.41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virgil, <i>Georgica</i>, I.2: <i>ulmis adiungere vites</i> (:<i>to marry vines to elms</i>); Horace, <i>Epistolae</i> 1.16.3: <i>amicta vitibus ulmo</i> (the elm clothed in the vine); and <a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a>, <i>Carmina</i>, 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunCohen,_Marc2006" class="citation book cs1">Braun, Lesley; Cohen, Marc (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evidencebasedgui00lbra"><i>Herbs and Natural Supplements: An Evidence-Based Guide</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evidencebasedgui00lbra/page/n585">586</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7295-3796-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7295-3796-4"><bdi>978-0-7295-3796-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbs+and+Natural+Supplements%3A+An+Evidence-Based+Guide&rft.pages=586&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7295-3796-4&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevidencebasedgui00lbra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span>, quote:"Although Slippery Elm has not been scientifically investigated, the FDA has approved it as a safe demulcent substance."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maunder-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maunder_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maunder, M. (1988). Plants in Peril, 3. Ulmus wallichiana (Ulmaceae). <i>Kew Magazine</i>. 5(3): 137-140. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SantiniInPress-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SantiniInPress_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Santini, A., Pecori, F., Pepori, A. L., Ferrini, F., Ghelardini, L. (In press). Genotype × environment interaction and growth stability of several elm clones resistant to Dutch elm disease. <i>Forest Ecology and Management</i>. Elsevier B. V., Netherlands.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osborne-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Osborne_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborne, P. (1983). The influence of Dutch elm disease on bird population trends. <i>Bird Study</i>, 1983: 27-38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vohra2004-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vohra2004_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._S._Vohra2004" class="citation book cs1">D. S. Vohra (1 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=icG8onA0ys8C&pg=PR3"><i>Bach Flower Remedies: A Comprehensive Study</i></a>. B. Jain Publishers. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7021-271-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7021-271-3"><bdi>978-81-7021-271-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231084700/http://books.google.com/books?id=icG8onA0ys8C&pg=PR3">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bach+Flower+Remedies%3A+A+Comprehensive+Study&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=B.+Jain+Publishers&rft.date=2004-06-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7021-271-3&rft.au=D.+S.+Vohra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DicG8onA0ys8C%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solla-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Solla_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Solla, A., Bohnens, J., Collin, E., Diamandis, S., Franke, A., Gil, L., Burón, M., Santini, A., Mittempergher, L., Pinon, J., and Vanden Broeck, A. (2005). Screening European Elms for Resistance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. <i>Forest Science</i> 51(2) 2005. Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinon-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pinon_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pinon J., Husson C., Collin E. (2005). Susceptibility of native French elm clones to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. <i>Annals of Forest Science</i> 62: 1–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collin-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collin_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collin, E. (2001). Elm. In Teissier du Cros (Ed.) (2001) <i>Forest Genetic Resources Management and Conservation. France as a case study.</i> Min. Agriculture, Bureau des Ressources Genetiques CRGF, INRA-DIC, Paris: 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikigallery.org/wiki/artist45194/Johannes-Christiaan-Karel-Klinkenberg/page-1">Johannes Christiaan Karel Klinkenberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121213304/http://www.wikigallery.org/wiki/artist45194/Johannes-Christiaan-Karel-Klinkenberg/page-1">Archived</a> 21 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a>, <i>Δειπνοσοφισταί</i>, III</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Callimachus, <i>Hymn to Artemis</i>, 120-121 [:First at an elm, and second at an oak didst thou shoot, and third again at a wild beast]. theoi.com/Text/CallimachusHymns1.html</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'and all about were elm trees planted by nymphs of the mountain, daughters of Zeus that beareth the aegis.' <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0134:book=6:card=414&highlight=elm">http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0134:book=6:card=414&highlight=elm</a> <i>Iliad</i>, Ζ, 419–420, www.perseus.tufts.edu] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526174941/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0134:book=6:card=414&highlight=elm">Archived</a> 26 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0217:book=21:card=114&highlight=elm"><i>Iliad</i>, Φ, 242–243, www.perseus.tufts.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526132429/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0217:book=21:card=114&highlight=elm">Archived</a> 26 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philostratus_of_Lemnos" title="Philostratus of Lemnos">Philostratus</a>, <i> ̔Ηρωικός</i>, 3,1 perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0597%3Aolpage%3D672</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Smyrnaeus" title="Quintus Smyrnaeus">Quintus Smyrnaeus</a>, <i>Τα μεθ' `Ομηρον</i>, 7.458–462</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <i>Naturalis Historia</i>, 16.88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anth. Pal.</i>, 7.141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucas, F. L., <i>From Olympus to the Styx</i> (London, 1934)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theocritus, <i>Eιδύλλιo</i> I, 19–23; VII, 135–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vergil, <i>Aeneid</i>, VI. 282–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richens, R. H., <i>Elm</i> (Cambridge 1983) p.155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richens, R. H., <i>Elm</i>, Ch.10 (Cambridge, 1983)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heybroek, H. M., 'Resistant Elms for Europe' (1982) in <i>Research on Dutch Elm Disease in Europe</i>, HMSO, London 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson, Gerald, <i>Epitaph for the Elm</i> (London, 1978), p.87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shakespeare, <i>A Midsummer Night's Dream</i>, Act 4, Scene 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssen" class="citation web cs1">Janssen, Carolyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/4076749">"An elm tree and three sisters (Book Review)"</a>. ebscohost<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+elm+tree+and+three+sisters+%28Book+Review%29&rft.pub=ebscohost&rft.aulast=Janssen&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Farticles%2F4076749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crystalinks.com/prioryofsion.html">"Priory of Sion"</a>. <i>Crystalinks</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crystalinks&rft.atitle=Priory+of+Sion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crystalinks.com%2Fprioryofsion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rackham1976-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rackham1976_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rackham, O. (1976). <i>Trees and Woodland in the British Landscape</i> J. M. Dent, London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrongSell1996" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, J. V.; Sell, P. D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoscience.net/ftxt.php?pdf=002742058">"A revision of the British elms (<i>Ulmus</i> L., Ulmaceae): the historical background"</a>. <i>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>120</b>: 39–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1996.tb00478.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.1996.tb00478.x</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026105217/https://geoscience.net/ftxt.php?pdf=002742058">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=A+revision+of+the+British+elms+%28Ulmus+L.%2C+Ulmaceae%29%3A+the+historical+background&rft.volume=120&rft.pages=39-50&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1996.tb00478.x&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=J.+V.&rft.au=Sell%2C+P.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoscience.net%2Fftxt.php%3Fpdf%3D002742058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richens,_Elm_Cambridge,_1983-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richens,_Elm_Cambridge,_1983_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richens,_Elm_Cambridge,_1983_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richens, <i>Elm</i> (Cambridge, 1983)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">elmcare.com/about_elms/history/liberty_elm_boston.htm</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giuseppemusolino.it/?p=232">L'Orme de La Madeleine, giuseppemusolino.it</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226200846/http://www.giuseppemusolino.it/?p=232">Archived</a> 26 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paris.fr-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paris.fr_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paris.fr_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.fr/pratique/vegetation/arbres/mais-qu-est-ce-qu-il-a-cet-orme/rub_8350_stand_99131_port_19379"><i>L'Orme de St-Gervais: biographie d'un arbre</i>, www.paris.fr</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130906202808/http://www.paris.fr/pratique/vegetation/arbres/mais-qu-est-ce-qu-il-a-cet-orme/rub_8350_stand_99131_port_19379">Archived</a> 6 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ulmus</i> 'Wanoux' (Vada)) freeimagefinder.com/detail/6945514690.html</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calabriaonline.com/specialecol/rubriche/storia_e_curiosita/olmo_di_montepaone.php">calabriaonline.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530133041/http://www.calabriaonline.com/specialecol/rubriche/storia_e_curiosita/olmo_di_montepaone.php">Archived</a> 30 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ο μοναδικός Εθνικός μας Κήπος</i>, paidevo.gr/teachers/?p=859</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Νίκος Μπελαβίλας, ΜΥΘΟΙ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΕΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΟ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΟ ΠΑΡΚΟ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΥ, courses.arch.ntua.gr/fsr/112047/Nikos_Belavilas-Mythoi_kai_Pragmatikotites</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_and_Mary_Kirby" title="Elizabeth and Mary Kirby">Elizabeth and Mary Kirby</a>, <i>Talks about Trees: a popular account of their nature and uses</i>, 3rd edn., p.97-98 (1st edn. titled <i>Chapters on Trees: a popular account of their nature and uses</i>, London, 1873)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Histmiddx-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Histmiddx_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tottenham: Growth before 1850', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.php?ID=HGY027">"London Gardens Online"</a>. <i>www.londongardensonline.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127233420/http://www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.php?ID=HGY027">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.londongardensonline.org.uk&rft.atitle=London+Gardens+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.londongardensonline.org.uk%2Fgardens-online-record.php%3FID%3DHGY027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monographs">Monographs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Monographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichens1983" class="citation book cs1">Richens, R. H. (1983). <i>Elm</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24916-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24916-3"><bdi>0-521-24916-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elm&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-521-24916-3&rft.aulast=Richens&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span> A scientific, historical and cultural study, with a thesis on elm-classification, followed by a systematic survey of elms in England, region by region. Illustrated.</li> <li>Heybroek, H. M., Goudzwaard, L, Kaljee, H. (2009). <i>Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen</i> (:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789050112819" title="Special:BookSources/9789050112819">9789050112819</a>. A history of elm planting in the Netherlands, concluding with a 40 – page illustrated review of all the DED – resistant cultivars in commerce in 2009.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloustonStansfield1979" class="citation book cs1">Clouston, B.; Stansfield, K., eds. (1979). <i>After the Elm</i>. London: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-434-13900-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-434-13900-9"><bdi>0-434-13900-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Elm&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-434-13900-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span> A general introduction, with a history of Dutch elm disease and proposals for re-landscaping in the aftermath of the pandemic. Illustrated.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2009" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, M., ed. (2009). <i>Wych Elm</i>. Edinburgh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906129-21-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906129-21-7"><bdi>978-1-906129-21-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wych+Elm&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-906129-21-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> A study of the species, with particular reference to the wych elm in Scotland and its use by craftsmen.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2000" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Christopher P. (2000). <i>The Elms: Breeding, Conservation, and Disease-Management</i>. New York: Boston, Mass. Kluwer academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-7724-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-7724-9"><bdi>0-7923-7724-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elms%3A+Breeding%2C+Conservation%2C+and+Disease-Management&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Boston%2C+Mass.+Kluwer+academic&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7923-7724-9&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Christopher+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1978" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, G. (1978). <i>Epitaph for the Elm</i>. London: Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-921280-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-921280-3"><bdi>0-09-921280-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epitaph+for+the+Elm&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-09-921280-3&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span> A photographic and pictorial celebration and general introduction.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elm&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ulmus" class="extiw" title="commons:Ulmus"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Ulmus</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.for.nau.edu/cms/content/view/512/706/">"Elm trials"</a>. Northern Arizona University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elm+trials&rft.pub=Northern+Arizona+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.for.nau.edu%2Fcms%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F512%2F706%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirrusimage.com/trees_Ulmaceae.htm">Tree Family Ulmaceae</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150104100813/http://www.cirrusimage.com/trees_Ulmaceae.htm">Archived</a> 4 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Diagnostic photos of Elm species at the <a href="/wiki/Morton_Arboretum" title="Morton Arboretum">Morton Arboretum</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174627/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK488xE4/1f/trees_of_britain_and_ireland_vol_7.pdf">"Late 19th and early 20th-century photos of Elm species in Elwes & Henry's <i>Trees of Great Britain & Ireland</i>, v. 7"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 1913. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK488xE4/1f/trees_of_britain_and_ireland_vol_7.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Late+19th+and+early+20th-century+photos+of+Elm+species+in+Elwes+%26+Henry%27s+Trees+of+Great+Britain+%26+Ireland%2C+v.+7&rft.date=1913&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffax.libs.uga.edu%2FQK488xE4%2F1f%2Ftrees_of_britain_and_ireland_vol_7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbase.com/hjsteed/foliage_elm">"Elm Photo Gallery"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elm+Photo+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbase.com%2Fhjsteed%2Ffoliage_elm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichhorn2010" class="citation web cs1">Eichhorn, Markus (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.test-tube.org.uk/trees/video_elm.htm">"Elm – The Tree of Death"</a>. <i>Test Tube</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a> for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Test+Tube&rft.atitle=Elm+%E2%80%93+The+Tree+of+Death&rft.date=2010-05&rft.aulast=Eichhorn&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.test-tube.org.uk%2Ftrees%2Fvideo_elm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Elm"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Elm">"Elm" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. VIII (9th ed.). 1878. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elm&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=151&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Elm" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Elm">Elm</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. Vol. 6. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elm&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Elm" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Elm">Elm</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elm&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Elm" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Elm">Elm</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elm&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Elm" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Elm">Elm</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elm&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Elm" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Elm">Elm</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elm&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElm" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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species, varieties, hybrids, hybrid cultivars and species cultivars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elm_species,_varieties,_hybrids,_hybrid_cultivars_and_species_cultivars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elm species, varieties, hybrids, hybrid cultivars and species cultivars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Elm_species_and_varieties" title="Category:Elm species and varieties">Species, varieties and subspecies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_alata" title="Ulmus alata"><i>U. alata</i> (Winged elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana" title="Ulmus americana"><i>U. americana</i> (American elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_var._floridana" title="Ulmus americana var. floridana"><i>U. americana</i> var. <i>floridana</i> (Florida elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_bergmanniana" title="Ulmus bergmanniana"><i>U. bergmanniana</i> (Bergmann's elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_bergmanniana_var._bergmanniana" title="Ulmus bergmanniana var. bergmanniana"><i>U. bergmanniana</i> var. <i>bergmanniana</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_bergmanniana_var._lasiophylla" title="Ulmus bergmanniana var. lasiophylla"><i>U. bergmanniana</i> var. <i>lasiophylla</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_castaneifolia" title="Ulmus castaneifolia"><i>U. castaneifolia</i> (Chestnut-leafed or multinerved elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_changii" title="Ulmus changii"><i>U. changii</i> (Hangzhou elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_changii_var._changii" title="Ulmus changii var. changii"><i>U. changii</i> var. <i>changii</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_changii_var._kunmingensis" title="Ulmus changii var. kunmingensis"><i>U. changii</i> var. <i>kunmingensis</i> (Kunming elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_chenmoui" title="Ulmus chenmoui"><i>U. chenmoui</i> (Chenmou or Langya Mountain elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_chumlia" title="Ulmus chumlia"><i>U. chumlia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_crassifolia" title="Ulmus crassifolia"><i>U. crassifolia</i> (Cedar or Texas cedar elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_davidiana" title="Ulmus davidiana"><i>U. davidiana</i> (David or Father David elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_davidiana_var._davidiana" title="Ulmus davidiana var. davidiana"><i>U. davidiana</i> var. <i>davidiana</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_davidiana_var._japonica" title="Ulmus davidiana var. japonica"><i>U. davidiana</i> var. <i>japonica</i> (Japanese elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_elongata" title="Ulmus elongata"><i>U. elongata</i> (Long raceme elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_gaussenii" title="Ulmus gaussenii"><i>U. gaussenii</i> (Anhui or hairy elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra" title="Ulmus glabra"><i>U. glabra</i> (Wych or scots elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glaucescens" title="Ulmus glaucescens"><i>U. glaucescens</i> (Gansu elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glaucescens_var._glaucescens" title="Ulmus glaucescens var. glaucescens"><i>U. glaucescens</i> var. <i>glaucescens</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glaucescens_var._lasiocarpa" title="Ulmus glaucescens var. lasiocarpa"><i>U. glaucescens</i> var. <i>lasiocarpa</i> (hairy-fruited glaucescent elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_harbinensis" title="Ulmus harbinensis"><i>U. harbinensis</i> (Harbin elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_ismaelis" title="Ulmus ismaelis"><i>U. ismaelis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_laciniata" title="Ulmus laciniata"><i>U. laciniata</i> (Manchurian cut-leaf or lobed elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_laciniata_var._nikkoensis" title="Ulmus laciniata var. nikkoensis"><i>U. laciniata</i> var. <i>nikkoensis</i> (Nikko elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_laevis" title="Ulmus laevis"><i>U. laevis</i> (European white elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_laevis_var._celtidea" title="Ulmus laevis var. celtidea"><i>U. laevis</i> var. <i>celtidea</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_laevis_var._parvifolia" title="Ulmus laevis var. parvifolia"><i>U. laevis</i> var. <i>parvifolia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_laevis_var._simplicidens" title="Ulmus laevis var. simplicidens"><i>U. laevis</i> var. <i>simplicidens</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_lamellosa" title="Ulmus lamellosa"><i>U. lamellosa</i> (Hebei elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_lanceifolia" title="Ulmus lanceifolia"><i>U. lanceifolia</i> (Vietnam elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_macrocarpa" title="Ulmus macrocarpa"><i>U. macrocarpa</i> (Large-fruited elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_macrocarpa_var._glabra" title="Ulmus macrocarpa var. glabra"><i>U. macrocarpa</i> var. <i>glabra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_macrocarpa_var._macrocarpa" title="Ulmus macrocarpa var. macrocarpa"><i>U. macrocarpa</i> var. <i>macrocarpa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_mexicana" title="Ulmus mexicana"><i>U. mexicana</i> (Mexican elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_microcarpa" title="Ulmus microcarpa"><i>U. microcarpa</i> (Tibetan elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor" title="Ulmus minor"><i>U. minor</i> (Field elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_subsp._minor" title="Ulmus minor subsp. minor"><i>U. minor</i> subsp. <i>minor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_var._italica" title="Ulmus minor var. italica"><i>U. minor</i> var. <i>italica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia" title="Ulmus parvifolia"><i>U. parvifolia</i> (Chinese or lacebark elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_var._coreana" title="Ulmus parvifolia var. coreana"><i>U. parvifolia</i> var. <i>coreana</i> (Korean elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_prunifolia" title="Ulmus prunifolia"><i>U. prunifolia</i> (Cherry-leafed elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pseudopropinqua" title="Ulmus pseudopropinqua"><i>U. pseudopropinqua</i> (Harbin spring elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila" title="Ulmus pumila"><i>U. pumila</i> (Siberian elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_rubra" title="Ulmus rubra"><i>U. rubra</i> (Slippery elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_serotina" title="Ulmus serotina"><i>U. serotina</i> (September elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_szechuanica" title="Ulmus szechuanica"><i>U. szechuanica</i> (Szechuan (Sichuan) or red-fruited elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_thomasii" title="Ulmus thomasii"><i>U. thomasii</i> (Rock or cork elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_uyematsui" title="Ulmus uyematsui"><i>U. uyematsui</i> (Alishan elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_villosa" title="Ulmus villosa"><i>U. villosa</i> (Cherry-bark or marn elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_wallichiana" title="Ulmus wallichiana"><i>U. wallichiana</i> (Himalayan or kashmir elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_wallichiana_subsp._wallichiana" title="Ulmus wallichiana subsp. wallichiana"><i>U. wallichiana</i> subsp. <i>wallichiana</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_wallichiana_subsp._xanthoderma" title="Ulmus wallichiana subsp. xanthoderma"><i>U. wallichiana</i> subsp. <i>xanthoderma</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_wallichiana_var._tomentosa" title="Ulmus wallichiana var. tomentosa"><i>U. wallichiana</i> var. <i>tomentosa</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Controversial_elm_taxa" title="Category:Controversial elm taxa">Disputed species, varieties and subspecies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_boissieri" title="Ulmus boissieri"><i>U. boissieri</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_subsp._canescens" title="Ulmus minor subsp. canescens"><i>U. minor</i> subsp. <i>canescens</i> (Grey, grey-leafed or hoary elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_elliptica" title="Ulmus elliptica"><i>U. elliptica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ulmus_hybrids" title="Category:Ulmus hybrids">Hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_davidiana_var._japonica_%C3%97_U._minor" title="Ulmus davidiana var. japonica × U. minor"><i>U. davidiana</i> var. <i>japonica</i> × <i>U. minor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_arbuscula" title="Ulmus × arbuscula"><i>U.</i> × <i>arbuscula</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulmus_%C3%97_arkansana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulmus × arkansana (page does not exist)"><i>U.</i> × <i>arkansana</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_brandisiana" title="Ulmus × brandisiana"><i>U.</i> × <i>brandisiana</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_diversifolia" title="Ulmus × diversifolia"><i>U.</i> × <i>diversifolia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica" title="Ulmus × hollandica"><i>U.</i> × <i>hollandica</i> (Dutch elm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_var._insularum" title="Ulmus × hollandica var. insularum"><i>U.</i> × <i>hollandica</i> var. <i>insularum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_intermedia" title="Ulmus × intermedia"><i>U.</i> × <i>intermedia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_mesocarpa" title="Ulmus × mesocarpa"><i>U.</i> × <i>mesocarpa</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Species <a href="/wiki/Category:Elm_cultivars" title="Category:Elm cultivars">cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana" title="Ulmus americana">American elm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27American_Liberty%27" title="Ulmus americana 'American Liberty'">American Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Ascendens%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Ascendens'">Ascendens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Augustine%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Augustine'">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Aurea%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Aurea'">Aurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Beaverlodge%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Beaverlodge'">Beaverlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Beebe%27s_Weeping%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Beebe's Weeping'">Beebe's Weeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Brandon%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Brandon'">Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Burgoyne%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Burgoyne'">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulmus_americana_%27JFS_Prince_II%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulmus americana 'JFS Prince II' (page does not exist)">JFS Prince II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27College%27" title="Ulmus americana 'College'">College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Columnaris%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Columnaris'">Columnaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Creole_Queen%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Creole Queen'">Creole Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Deadfree%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Deadfree'">Deadfree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Delaware%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Delaware'">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Exhibition%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Exhibition'">Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Fiorei%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Fiorei'">Fiorei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Flick%27s_Spreader%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Flick's Spreader'">Flick's Spreader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Folia_Aurea_Variegata%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Folia Aurea Variegata'">Folia Aurea Variegata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Great_Plains%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Great Plains'">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Hines%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Hines'">Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Incisa%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Incisa'">Incisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Independence%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Independence'">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Iowa_State%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Iowa State'">Iowa State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Jackson%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Jackson'">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Jefferson%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Jefferson'">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Kimley%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Kimley'">Kimley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Klehmii%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Klehmii'">Klehmii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27L%27Assomption%27" title="Ulmus americana 'L'Assomption'">L'Assomption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Lake_City%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Lake City'">Lake City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Lewis_%26_Clark%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Lewis & Clark'">Lewis & Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Littleford%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Littleford'">Littleford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Maine%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Maine'">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Markham%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Markham'">Markham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Miller_Park%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Miller Park'">Miller Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Minneapolis_Park%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Minneapolis Park'">Minneapolis Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Moline%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Moline'">Moline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Morden%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Morden'">Morden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27New_Harmony%27" title="Ulmus americana 'New Harmony'">New Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Nigricans%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Nigricans'">Nigricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Patmore%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Patmore'">Patmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Pendula%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Pendula'">Pendula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Penn_Treaty%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Penn Treaty'">Penn Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Princeton%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Princeton'">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Pyramidata%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Pyramidata'">Pyramidata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Queen_City%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Queen City'">Queen City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Sheyenne%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Sheyenne'">Sheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Skinner_Upright%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Skinner Upright'">Skinner Upright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27St._Croix%27" title="Ulmus americana 'St. Croix'">St. Croix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Star%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Star'">Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Valley_Forge%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Valley Forge'">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Variegata%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Variegata'">Variegata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Vase%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Vase'">Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana_%27Washington%27" title="Ulmus americana 'Washington'">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_crassifolia" title="Ulmus crassifolia">Cedar elm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_crassifolia_%27Brazos_Rim%27" title="Ulmus crassifolia 'Brazos Rim'">Brazos Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia" title="Ulmus parvifolia">Chinese elm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ol> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulmus_parvifolia_%27A-1%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'A-1' (page does not exist)">A-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27A._Ross_Central_Park%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'A. Ross Central Park'">A. Ross Central Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Blizzard%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Blizzard'">Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27BSNUPF%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'BSNUPF'">BSNUPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Burgundy%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Burgundy'">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Burnley_Select%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Burnley Select'">Burnley Select</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Catlin%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Catlin'">Catlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Chessins%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Chessins'">Chessins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Churchyard%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Churchyard'">Churchyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Cork_Bark%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Cork Bark'">Cork Bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27D._B._Cole%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'D. B. Cole'">D. B. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Drake%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Drake'">Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Dynasty%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Dynasty'">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Ed_Wood%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Ed Wood'">Ed Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Elsmo%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Elsmo'">Elsmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Emer_I%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Emer I'">Emer I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Emer_II%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Emer II'">Emer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Emerald_Prairie%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Emerald Prairie'">Emerald Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Frosty%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Frosty'">Frosty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Garden_City_Clone%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Garden City Clone'">Garden City Clone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Geisha%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Geisha'">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Glory%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Glory'">Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Golden_Rey%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Golden Rey'">Golden Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Hallelujah%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Hallelujah'">Hallelujah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Hokkaido%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Hokkaido'">Hokkaido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Jade_Empress%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Jade Empress'">Jade Empress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27King%27s_Choice%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'King's Choice'">King's Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Littleleaf%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Littleleaf' (page does not exist)">Littleleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Lois_Hole%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Lois Hole'">Lois Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Matthew%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Matthew'">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Milliken%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Milliken'">Milliken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Nire-keyaki%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Nire-keyaki'">Nire-keyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Ohio%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Ohio'">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Orange_Ribbon%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Orange Ribbon'">Orange Ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Pathfinder%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Pathfinder'">Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Pendens%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Pendens'">Pendens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Prairie_Shade%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Prairie Shade'">Prairie Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Prince_Richard%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Prince Richard'">Prince Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Red_Fall%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Red Fall'">Red Fall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Sabamiki%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Sabamiki' (page does not exist)">Sabamiki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Sagei%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Sagei' (page does not exist)">Sagei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Seiju%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Seiju'">Seiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Select_380%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Select 380'">Select 380</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Sempervirens%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Sempervirens'">Sempervirens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Small_Frye%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Small Frye'">Small Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27State_Fair%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'State Fair'">State Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Stone%27s_Dwarf%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Stone's Dwarf'">Stone's Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Taiwan%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Taiwan'">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27The_Thinker%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'The Thinker'">The Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Todd%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Todd'">Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27True_Green%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'True Green'">True Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27UPMTF%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'UPMTF'">UPMTF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Ware%27s%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Ware's' (page does not exist)">Ware's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Yarralumla%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Yarralumla'">Yarralumla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Yatsubusa%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Yatsubusa'">Yatsubusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_%27Zettler%27" title="Ulmus parvifolia 'Zettler'">Zettler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_parvifolia_f._lanceolata" title="Ulmus parvifolia f. lanceolata">Ulmus parvifolia f. lanceolata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_laevis" title="Ulmus laevis">European white elm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_laevis_%27Aureovariegata%27" title="Ulmus laevis 'Aureovariegata'">Aureovariegata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_laevis_%27Colorans%27" title="Ulmus laevis 'Colorans'">Colorans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_laevis_%27Helena%27" title="Ulmus laevis 'Helena'">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_laevis_%27Ornata%27" title="Ulmus laevis 'Ornata'">Ornata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_laevis_%27Pendula%27" title="Ulmus laevis 'Pendula'">Pendula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_laevis_%27Punctata%27" title="Ulmus laevis 'Punctata'">Punctata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_laevis_%27Urticifolia%27" title="Ulmus laevis 'Urticifolia'">Urticifolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor" title="Ulmus minor">Field elm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Ademuz%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Ademuz'">Ademuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Albo-Dentata%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Albo-Dentata'">Albo-Dentata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Amplifolia%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Amplifolia'">Amplifolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Argenteo-Variegata%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Argenteo-Variegata'">Argenteo-Variegata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Atinia%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Atinia'">Atinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Atinia_Pyramidalis%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Atinia Pyramidalis'">Atinia Pyramidalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Atinia_Variegata%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Atinia Variegata'">Atinia Variegata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Bea_Schwarz%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Bea Schwarz'">Bea Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Biltii%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Biltii'">Biltii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Christine_Buisman%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Christine Buisman'">Christine Buisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Concavaefolia%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Concavaefolia'">Concavaefolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Coritana%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Coritana'">Coritana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Cretensis%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Cretensis'">Cretensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Cucullata%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Cucullata'">Cucullata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Cucullata_Variegata%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Cucullata Variegata'">Cucullata Variegata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Dehesa_de_Amaniel%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Dehesa de Amaniel'">Dehesa de Amaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Dehesa_de_la_Villa%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Dehesa de la Villa'">Dehesa de la Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Dicksonii%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Dicksonii'">Dicksonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Dijkwel%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Dijkwel'">Dijkwel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Erecta%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Erecta'">Erecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Folia_Alba-Punctata%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Folia Alba-Punctata'">Folia Alba-Punctata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Glandulosa%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Glandulosa'">Glandulosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Goodyeri%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Goodyeri'">Goodyeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Hoersholmiensis%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Hoersholmiensis'">Hoersholmiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Holmstruph%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Holmstruph'">Holmstruph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Hunnybunii%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Hunnybunii'">Hunnybunii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Hunnybunii_pseudo-Stricta%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Hunnybunii pseudo-Stricta'">Hunnybunii pseudo-Stricta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Laciniata%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Laciniata'">Laciniata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Lanuginosa%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Lanuginosa'">Lanuginosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Majadahonda%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Majadahonda'">Majadahonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Microphylla_Pendula%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Microphylla Pendula'">Microphylla Pendula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Microphylla_Purpurea%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Microphylla Purpurea'">Microphylla Purpurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Microphylla_Rubra%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Microphylla Rubra'">Microphylla Rubra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Monumentalis%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Monumentalis'">Monumentalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Pendula%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Pendula'">Pendula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Picturata%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Picturata'">Picturata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Plotii%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Plotii'">Plotii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Propendens%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Propendens'">Propendens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Punctata%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Punctata'">Punctata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Purpurascens%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Purpurascens'">Purpurascens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Purpurea%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Purpurea'">Purpurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Retiro%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Retiro'">Retiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Reverti%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Reverti'">Reverti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Rugosa%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Rugosa'">Rugosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Rueppellii%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Rueppellii'">Rueppellii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Sarniensis%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Sarniensis'">Sarniensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Schuurhoek%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Schuurhoek'">Schuurhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Silvery_Gem%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Silvery Gem'">Silvery Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Sowerbyi%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Sowerbyi'">Sowerbyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Stricta%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Stricta'">Stricta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Suberosa%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Suberosa'">Suberosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Umbraculifera_Gracilis%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Umbraculifera Gracilis'">Umbraculifera Gracilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Umbraculifera%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Umbraculifera'">Umbraculifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Viminalis%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Viminalis'">Viminalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Viminalis_Aurea%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Viminalis Aurea'">Viminalis Aurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Viminalis_Betulaefolia%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Viminalis Betulaefolia'">Viminalis Betulaefolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Viminalis_Gracilis%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Viminalis Gracilis'">Viminalis Gracilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Viminalis_Incisa%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Viminalis Incisa'">Viminalis Incisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Viminalis_Marginata%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Viminalis Marginata'">Viminalis Marginata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Viminalis_Pendula%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Viminalis Pendula'">Viminalis Pendula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Viminalis_Pulverulenta%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Viminalis Pulverulenta'">Viminalis Pulverulenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Viminalis_Stricta%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Viminalis Stricta'">Viminalis Stricta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Virgata%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Virgata'">Virgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Webbiana%27" title="Ulmus minor 'Webbiana'">Webbiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_davidiana_var._japonica" title="Ulmus davidiana var. japonica">Japanese elm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_davidiana_var._japonica_%27Discovery%27" title="Ulmus davidiana var. japonica 'Discovery'">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_davidiana_var._japonica_%27Freedom%27" title="Ulmus davidiana var. japonica 'Freedom'">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_davidiana_var._japonica_%27Jacan%27" title="Ulmus davidiana var. japonica 'Jacan'">Jacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_davidiana_var._japonica_%27JFS-Bieberich%27" title="Ulmus davidiana var. japonica 'JFS-Bieberich'">JFS-Bieberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_davidiana_var._japonica_%27Mitsui_Centennial%27" title="Ulmus davidiana var. japonica 'Mitsui Centennial'">Mitsui Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_davidiana_var._japonica_%27Prospector%27" title="Ulmus davidiana var. japonica 'Prospector'">Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_davidiana_var._japonica_%27Reperta%27" title="Ulmus davidiana var. japonica 'Reperta'">Reperta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_davidiana_var._japonica_%27Reseda%27" title="Ulmus davidiana var. japonica 'Reseda'">Reseda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_davidiana_var._japonica_%27Thomson%27" title="Ulmus davidiana var. japonica 'Thomson'">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_davidiana_var._japonica_%27Validation%27" title="Ulmus davidiana var. japonica 'Validation'">Validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila" title="Ulmus pumila">Siberian elm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila_%27Ansaloni%27" title="Ulmus pumila 'Ansaloni'">Ansaloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila_%27Aurea%27" title="Ulmus pumila 'Aurea'">Aurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila_%27Aurescens%27" title="Ulmus pumila 'Aurescens'">Aurescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila_%27Chinkota%27" title="Ulmus pumila 'Chinkota'">Chinkota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila_%27Dropmore%27" title="Ulmus pumila 'Dropmore'">Dropmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila_%27Dwarf_Weeper%27" title="Ulmus pumila 'Dwarf Weeper'">Dwarf Weeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila_%27Green_King%27" title="Ulmus pumila 'Green King'">Green King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila_%27Hansen%27" title="Ulmus pumila 'Hansen'">Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila_%27Harbin%27" title="Ulmus pumila 'Harbin'">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila_%27Manchu%27" title="Ulmus pumila 'Manchu'">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila_%27Mauro%27" title="Ulmus pumila 'Mauro'">Mauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila_%27Mr._Buzz%27" title="Ulmus pumila 'Mr. Buzz'">Mr. Buzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila_%27Park_Royal%27" title="Ulmus pumila 'Park Royal'">Park Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila_%27Pendula%27" title="Ulmus pumila 'Pendula'">Pendula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila_%27Pinnato-ramosa%27" title="Ulmus pumila 'Pinnato-ramosa'">Pinnato-ramosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila_%27Poort_Bulten%27" title="Ulmus pumila 'Poort Bulten'">Poort Bulten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulmus_pumila_%27Puszta%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulmus pumila 'Puszta' (page does not exist)">Puszta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila_%27Pyramidalis_Fiorei%27" title="Ulmus pumila 'Pyramidalis Fiorei'">Pyramidalis Fiorei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_pumila_%27Zhonghua_Jinye%27" title="Ulmus pumila 'Zhonghua Jinye'">Zhonghua Jinye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_alata" title="Ulmus alata">Winged elm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_alata_%27Lace_Parasol%27" title="Ulmus alata 'Lace Parasol'">Lace Parasol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra" title="Ulmus glabra">Wych elm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Albo-Variegata%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Albo-Variegata'">Albo-Variegata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Australis%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Australis'">Australis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Camperdownii%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Camperdownii'">Camperdownii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Cebennensis%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Cebennensis'">Cebennensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Concavaefolia%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Concavaefolia'">Concavaefolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Cornuta%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Cornuta'">Cornuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Corylifolia_Purpurea%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Corylifolia Purpurea'">Corylifolia Purpurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Corylifolia%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Corylifolia'">Corylifolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Fastigiata_Macrophylla%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Fastigiata Macrophylla'">Fastigiata Macrophylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Fastigiata_Stricta%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Fastigiata Stricta'">Fastigiata Stricta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Fastigiata_Variegata%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Fastigiata Variegata'">Fastigiata Variegata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Firma%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Firma'">Firma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Flava%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Flava'">Flava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Gigantea%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Gigantea'">Gigantea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Gittisham%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Gittisham'">Gittisham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Grandidentata%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Grandidentata'">Grandidentata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Holgeri%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Holgeri'">Holgeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Horizontalis%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Horizontalis'">Horizontalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Insularis%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Insularis'">Insularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Latifolia%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Latifolia'">Latifolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Latifolia_Aurea%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Latifolia Aurea'">Latifolia Aurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Latifolia_Aureo-Variegata%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Latifolia Aureo-Variegata'">Latifolia Aureo-Variegata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Latifolia_Nigricans%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Latifolia Nigricans'">Latifolia Nigricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Luteo_Variegata%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Luteo Variegata'">Luteo Variegata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Lutescens%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Lutescens'">Lutescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Macrophylla%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Macrophylla'">Macrophylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Maculata%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Maculata'">Maculata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Minor%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Minor'">Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Nana%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Nana'">Nana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Nigra%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Nigra'">Nigra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Nitida%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Nitida'">Nitida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Oblongata%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Oblongata'">Oblongata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Pendula_Macrophylla%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Pendula Macrophylla'">Pendula Macrophylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Pendula_Variegata%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Pendula Variegata'">Pendula Variegata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Pyrenaica%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Pyrenaica'">Pyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Spectabilis%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Spectabilis'">Spectabilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Superba%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Superba'">Superba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra_%27Tomentosa%27" title="Ulmus glabra 'Tomentosa'">Tomentosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Hybrid <a href="/wiki/Category:Elm_cultivars" title="Category:Elm cultivars">cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Androssowii%27" title="Ulmus 'Androssowii'">Androssowii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Amsterdam%27" title="Ulmus 'Amsterdam'">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Arno%27" title="Ulmus 'Arno'">Arno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Cathedral%27" title="Ulmus 'Cathedral'">Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Clusius%27" title="Ulmus 'Clusius'">Clusius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Columella%27" title="Ulmus 'Columella'">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Den_Haag%27" title="Ulmus 'Den Haag'">Den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Dodoens%27" title="Ulmus 'Dodoens'">Dodoens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Escaillard%27" title="Ulmus 'Escaillard'">Escaillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Fiorente%27" title="Ulmus 'Fiorente'">Fiorente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Frontier%27" title="Ulmus 'Frontier'">Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Fuente_Umbria%27" title="Ulmus 'Fuente Umbria'">Fuente Umbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Homestead%27" title="Ulmus 'Homestead'">Homestead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Karagatch%27" title="Ulmus 'Karagatch'">Karagatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Lobel%27" title="Ulmus 'Lobel'">Lobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Morfeo%27" title="Ulmus 'Morfeo'">Morfeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Morton%27" title="Ulmus 'Morton'">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Morton_Glossy%27" title="Ulmus 'Morton Glossy'">Morton Glossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Morton_Plainsman%27" title="Ulmus 'Morton Plainsman'">Morton Plainsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Morton_Red_Tip%27" title="Ulmus 'Morton Red Tip'">Morton Red Tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Morton_Stalwart%27" title="Ulmus 'Morton Stalwart'">Morton Stalwart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Nanguen%27" title="Ulmus 'Nanguen'">Nanguen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27New_Horizon%27" title="Ulmus 'New Horizon'">New Horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Patriot%27" title="Ulmus 'Patriot'">Patriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Plantyn%27" title="Ulmus 'Plantyn'">Plantyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Plinio%27" title="Ulmus 'Plinio'">Plinio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Rebella%27" title="Ulmus 'Rebella'">Rebella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Rebona%27" title="Ulmus 'Rebona'">Rebona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Recerta%27" title="Ulmus 'Recerta'">Recerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Regal%27" title="Ulmus 'Regal'">Regal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Repura%27" title="Ulmus 'Repura'">Repura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Revera%27" title="Ulmus 'Revera'">Revera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27San_Zanobi%27" title="Ulmus 'San Zanobi'">San Zanobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Sapporo_Autumn_Gold%27" title="Ulmus 'Sapporo Autumn Gold'">Sapporo Autumn Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Sapporo_Gold_2%27" title="Ulmus 'Sapporo Gold 2'">Sapporo Gold 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Stavast%27" title="Ulmus 'Stavast'">Stavast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Toledo%27" title="Ulmus 'Toledo'">Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Urban%27" title="Ulmus 'Urban'">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Wanoux%27" title="Ulmus 'Wanoux'">Wanoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Wingham%27" title="Ulmus 'Wingham'">Wingham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica" title="Ulmus × hollandica">Dutch elm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Alba%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Alba'">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Angustifolia%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Angustifolia'">Angustifolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Balder%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Balder'">Balder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Belgica%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Belgica'">Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Blandford%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Blandford'">Blandford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Canadian_Giant%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Canadian Giant'">Canadian Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Cicestria%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Cicestria'">Cicestria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Cinerea%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Cinerea'">Cinerea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Commelin%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Commelin'">Commelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Dampieri%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Dampieri'">Dampieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Dauvessei%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Dauvessei'">Dauvessei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Daveyi%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Daveyi'">Daveyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Dovaei%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Dovaei'">Dovaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Dumont%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Dumont'">Dumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Elegantissima%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Elegantissima'">Elegantissima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Eleganto-Variegata%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Eleganto-Variegata'">Eleganto-Variegata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Etrusca%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Etrusca'">Etrusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Fastigiata%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Fastigiata'">Fastigiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Fjerrestad%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Fjerrestad'">Fjerrestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Folia_Rhomboidea%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Folia Rhomboidea'">Folia Rhomboidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Freja%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Freja'">Freja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Fulva%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Fulva'">Fulva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Gaujardii%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Gaujardii'">Gaujardii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Groeneveld%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Groeneveld'">Groeneveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Haarlemensis%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Haarlemensis'">Haarlemensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Klemmer%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Klemmer'">Klemmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Loke%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Loke'">Loke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Macrophylla_Aurea%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Macrophylla Aurea'">Macrophylla Aurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Major%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Major'">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Microphylla%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Microphylla'">Microphylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Modiolina%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Modiolina'">Modiolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Muscaviensis%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Muscaviensis'">Muscaviensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Odin%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Odin'">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Pioneer%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Pioneer'">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Pitteurs%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Pitteurs'">Pitteurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Serpentina%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Serpentina'">Serpentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Smithii%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Smithii'">Smithii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Superba%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Superba'">Superba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Tricolor%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Tricolor'">Tricolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Tyr%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Tyr'">Tyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Vegeta%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Vegeta'">Vegeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Viminalis%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Viminalis'">Viminalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Viscosa%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Viscosa'">Viscosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Wentworthii_Pendula%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Wentworthii Pendula'">Wentworthii Pendula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Wredei%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Wredei'">Wredei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Ypreau%27" title="Ulmus × hollandica 'Ypreau'">Ypreau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_intermedia" title="Ulmus × intermedia"><i>U.</i> × <i>intermedia</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_intermedia_%27Coolshade%27" title="Ulmus × intermedia 'Coolshade'">Coolshade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_intermedia_%27Fremont%27" title="Ulmus × intermedia 'Fremont'">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_intermedia_%27Improved_Coolshade%27" title="Ulmus × intermedia 'Improved Coolshade'">Improved Coolshade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_intermedia_%27Lincoln%27" title="Ulmus × intermedia 'Lincoln'">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_intermedia_%27Rosehill%27" title="Ulmus × intermedia 'Rosehill'">Rosehill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%C3%97_intermedia_%27Willis%27" title="Ulmus × intermedia 'Willis'">Willis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Unconfirmed derivation cultivars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_aff._%27Plotii%27" title="Ulmus aff. 'Plotii'">aff. Plotii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Acutifolia%27" title="Ulmus 'Acutifolia'">Acutifolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Alata%27" title="Ulmus 'Alata'">Alata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Alksuth%27" title="Ulmus 'Alksuth'">Alksuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Argenteo-Marginata%27" title="Ulmus 'Argenteo-Marginata'">Argenteo-Marginata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Aspera%27" title="Ulmus 'Aspera'">Aspera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Atropurpurea%27" title="Ulmus 'Atropurpurea'">Atropurpurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Australis%27" title="Ulmus 'Australis'">Australis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Berardii%27" title="Ulmus 'Berardii'">Berardii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Betulaefolia_Nigrescens%27" title="Ulmus 'Betulaefolia Nigrescens'">Betulaefolia Nigrescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Crispa%27" title="Ulmus 'Crispa'">Crispa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Crispa_Aurea%27" title="Ulmus 'Crispa Aurea'">Crispa Aurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Crispa_Pendula%27" title="Ulmus 'Crispa Pendula'">Crispa Pendula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Densa%27" title="Ulmus 'Densa'">Densa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Exoniensis%27" title="Ulmus 'Exoniensis'">Exoniensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Fastigiata_Glabra%27" title="Ulmus 'Fastigiata Glabra'">Fastigiata Glabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Folia_Aurea%27" title="Ulmus 'Folia Aurea'">Folia Aurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Folia_Rubra%27" title="Ulmus 'Folia Rubra'">Folia Rubra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Folia_Variegata_Pendula%27" title="Ulmus 'Folia Variegata Pendula'">Folia Variegata Pendula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Gallica%27" title="Ulmus 'Gallica'">Gallica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Glabra%27" title="Ulmus 'Glabra'">Glabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Globosa%27" title="Ulmus 'Globosa'">Globosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Hamburg%27" title="Ulmus 'Hamburg'">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Hertfordensis_Angustifolia%27" title="Ulmus 'Hertfordensis Angustifolia'">Hertfordensis Angustifolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Hertfordensis_Latifolia%27" title="Ulmus 'Hertfordensis Latifolia'">Hertfordensis Latifolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Hillieri%27" title="Ulmus 'Hillieri'">Hillieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Jalaica%27" title="Ulmus 'Jalaica'">Jalaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Jacqueline_Hillier%27" title="Ulmus 'Jacqueline Hillier'">Jacqueline Hillier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Kansas_Hybrid%27" title="Ulmus 'Kansas Hybrid'">Kansas Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Klemmer_Blanc%27" title="Ulmus 'Klemmer Blanc'">Klemmer Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Koopmannii%27" title="Ulmus 'Koopmannii'">Koopmannii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Lombartsii%27" title="Ulmus 'Lombartsii'">Lombartsii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Louis_van_Houtte%27" title="Ulmus 'Louis van Houtte'">Louis van Houtte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Marmorata%27" title="Ulmus 'Marmorata'">Marmorata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Monstrosa%27" title="Ulmus 'Monstrosa'">Monstrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Myrtifolia%27" title="Ulmus 'Myrtifolia'">Myrtifolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Myrtifolia_Purpurea%27" title="Ulmus 'Myrtifolia Purpurea'">Myrtifolia Purpurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Nemoralis%27" title="Ulmus 'Nemoralis'">Nemoralis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Nigrescens%27" title="Ulmus 'Nigrescens'">Nigrescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Planeroides%27" title="Ulmus 'Planeroides'">Planeroides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Planifolia%27" title="Ulmus 'Planifolia'">Planifolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Purpurea%27" title="Ulmus 'Purpurea'">Purpurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Pyramidalis_Bertini%27" title="Ulmus 'Pyramidalis Bertini'">Pyramidalis Bertini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Ramulosa%27" title="Ulmus 'Ramulosa'">Ramulosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Rotundifolia%27" title="Ulmus 'Rotundifolia'">Rotundifolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Rubra%27" title="Ulmus 'Rubra'">Rubra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Rufa%27" title="Ulmus 'Rufa'">Rufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Rugosa%27" title="Ulmus 'Rugosa'">Rugosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Scampstoniensis%27" title="Ulmus 'Scampstoniensis'">Scampstoniensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Sericea%27" title="Ulmus 'Sericea'">Sericea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Tiliaefolia%27" title="Ulmus 'Tiliaefolia'">Tiliaefolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Tortuosa%27" title="Ulmus 'Tortuosa'">Tortuosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Turkestanica%27" title="Ulmus 'Turkestanica'">Turkestanica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Variegata_Nova%27" title="Ulmus 'Variegata Nova'">Variegata Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_%27Virens%27" title="Ulmus 'Virens'">Virens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Fossil elms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_okanaganensis" title="Ulmus okanaganensis"><i>U. okanaganensis</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Woodworking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodworking" title="Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woodworking" title="Template talk:Woodworking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Woodworking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving" title="History of wood carving">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_woodworking" title="Glossary of woodworking">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_carpentry" title="Bush carpentry">Bush carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosina" title="Certosina">Certosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_carving" title="Chainsaw carving">Chainsaw carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrosing" title="Kohlrosing">Kohlrosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Pyrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">Relief carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_turning" title="Segmented turning">Segmented turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_turning" title="Spindle turning">Spindle turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treen" title="Treen">Treen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittling" title="Whittling">Whittling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">Soft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_cedar" title="List of plants known as cedar">Cedar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium_cupressinum" title="Dacrydium cupressinum">Rimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Yew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericopsis_elata" title="Pericopsis elata">Afromosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Andiroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anigre" title="Anigre">Anigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Avodire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochroma" title="Ochroma">Balsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilinga_(wood)" title="Bilinga (wood)">Bilinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Australian Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">Boxwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia" title="Guibourtia">Bubinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">Cocobolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Cumaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">Ebony</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_ivorensis" title="Terminalia ivorensis">Idigbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotea_porosa" title="Ocotea porosa">Imbuia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Ipê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroko" title="Iroko">Iroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_marginata" title="Eucalyptus marginata">Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">Lignum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Linden <i>(lime, basswood)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovoa_trichilioides" title="Lovoa trichilioides">Lovoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intsia_bijuga" title="Intsia bijuga">Merbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">Mahogany</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">American</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">African</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Meranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus" title="Pterocarpus">Padauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Poplar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltogyne" title="Peltogyne">Purpleheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia_ehie" title="Guibourtia ehie">Ovankol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonystylus" title="Gonystylus">Ramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinopsis" title="Schinopsis">Red Quebracho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">Rosewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberwood" title="Rubberwood">Rubberwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">Totara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Utile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">Walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millettia_laurentii" title="Millettia laurentii">Wenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrawood" title="Zebrawood">Zebrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">Hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking_tools" title="Category:Woodworking tools">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_(woodworking)" title="Fence (woodworking)">Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(woodworking)" title="Float (woodworking)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer" title="Jointer">Jointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasp" title="Rasp">Rasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shaper" title="Wood shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">Carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miter_square" title="Miter square">Miter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">Try</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">Thickness planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">Timber-framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_hammer" title="Veneer hammer">Veneer hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_hammer" title="Warrington hammer">Warrington hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_scribe" title="Wood scribe">Wood scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(woodworking)" title="Workbench (woodworking)">Workbench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_clamp" title="Band clamp">Band clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-clamp" title="C-clamp">C-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooring_clamp" title="Flooring clamp">Flooring clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_(tool)" title="Gripe (tool)">Gripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(tool)" title="Holdfast (tool)">Holdfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre clamp">Mitre clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_clamp" title="Pipe clamp">Pipe clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbuck" title="Sawbuck">Sawbuck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backsaw" title="Backsaw">Backsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_saw" title="Compass saw">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_saw" title="Hand saw">Hand saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(tool)" title="Jigsaw (tool)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw" title="Ripsaw">Ripsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_saw" title="Scroll saw">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_saw" title="Table saw">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_saw" title="Veneer saw">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Planes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_plane" title="Bedrock plane">Bedrock plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer_plane" title="Chamfer plane">Chamfer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass plane">Compass plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_plane" title="Finger plane">Finger plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_plane" title="Fore plane">Fore plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooving_plane" title="Grooving plane">Grooving plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">Jack plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_plane" title="Japanese plane">Japanese plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer_plane" title="Jointer plane">Jointer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulding_plane" title="Moulding plane">Moulding plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee_plane" title="Razee plane">Razee plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebate_plane" title="Rebate plane">Rebate plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_plane" title="Router plane">Router plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_plane" title="Scrub plane">Scrub plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_plane" title="Shoulder plane">Shoulder plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothing_plane" title="Smoothing plane">Smoothing plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">Spokeshave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birdsmouth_joint" title="Birdsmouth joint">Birdsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_joiner" title="Biscuit joiner">Biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_joint" title="Box joint">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butt_joint" title="Butt joint">Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_joint" title="Butterfly joint">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking)" title="Crown of Thorns (woodworking)">Crown of thorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_(joinery)" title="Dado (joinery)">Dado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_(joinery)" title="Groove (joinery)">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halved_joint" title="Halved joint">Halved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_tenon" title="Hammer-headed tenon">Hammer-headed tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(construction)" title="Knee (construction)">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">Lap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_mitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's mitre">Mason's mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbet" title="Rabbet">Rabbet/Rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_joint" title="Splice joint">Splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">Tongue and groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Profiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bead_(woodworking)" title="Bead (woodworking)">Bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">Chamfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">Ogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive" title="Ogive">Ogive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovolo" title="Ovolo">Ovolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;">Surface piecing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purfling#Binding" title="Purfling">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_banding" title="Edge banding">Edge banding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oystering" title="Oystering">Oystering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfling" title="Purfling">Purfling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_bending_of_wood" title="Heat bending of wood">Heat bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_bending" title="Steam bending">Steam bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Heat_treatments" title="Wood preservation">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">Wood finishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Woodturners" title="American Association of Woodturners">American Association of Woodturners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Woodwork_Institute" title="Architectural Woodwork Institute">Architectural Woodwork Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Woodworking_Federation" title="British Woodworking Federation">British Woodworking Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_and_Wood_Workers%27_International" title="Building and Wood Workers' International">Building and Wood Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_Carvers_of_America" title="Caricature Carvers of America">Caricature Carvers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers" title="International Federation of Building and Wood Workers">International Federation of Building and Wood Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wood_Carvers_Association" title="National Wood Carvers Association">National Wood Carvers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers" title="Society of Wood Engravers">Society of Wood Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">Wood splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_sawing" title="Flat sawing">Flat sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">Rift sawing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_and_panel" title="Frame and panel">Frame and panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameless_construction" title="Frameless construction">Frameless construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">Green woodworking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking" title="Category:Woodworking">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Woodworking" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Woodworking">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Woodworking" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Woodworking">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Ulmus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131113" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q131113">Q131113</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ulmus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Ulmus">Ulmus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/195717">195717</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/86793">86793</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=121251">121251</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/84MS">84MS</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/60724">60724</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ULMG">1ULMG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/43500">43500</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=134116">134116</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Ulmus">Ulmus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=134116">134116</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2984510">2984510</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=12548">12548</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/53549">53549</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/41029-1">41029-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1053605">1053605</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=19048">19048</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000464698">NHMSYS0000464698</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=24735">24735</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/722cdc18-8f70-4fed-8e3e-779047988ff6">722cdc18-8f70-4fed-8e3e-779047988ff6</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=94969">94969</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=55984">55984</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/ULMUS">ULMUS</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30004945-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30004945-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40021444">40021444</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/1801">1801</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/cf6199fd-df75-4f9f-b614-17a896f2c45b">cf6199fd-df75-4f9f-b614-17a896f2c45b</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000039733">wfo-4000039733</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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