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href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//it'><div title='Italian' class='sprite-isprt-web-it flag-it'>🇮🇹</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//id'><div title='Indonesian' class='sprite-isprt-web-id flag-id'>🇮🇩</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//nl'><div title='Dutch' class='sprite-isprt-web-nl flag-nl'>🇳🇱</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//fa'><div title='Persian' class='sprite-isprt-web-ir flag-fa'>🇮🇷</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//th'><div title='Thai' class='sprite-isprt-web-th flag-th'>🇹🇭</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hu'><div title='Hungarian' class='sprite-isprt-web-hu flag-hu'>🇭🇺</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//el'><div title='Greek' class='sprite-isprt-web-gr flag-el'>🇬🇷</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ro'><div title='Romanian' class='sprite-isprt-web-ro flag-ro'>🇷🇴</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bg'><div title='Bulgarian' class='sprite-isprt-web-bg flag-bg'>🇧🇬</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ur'><div title='Urdu' class='sprite-isprt-web-pk flag-ur'>🇵🇰</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hi'><div title='Hindi' class='sprite-isprt-web-in flag-hi'>🇮🇳</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ar'><div title='Arabic' class='sprite-isprt-web-ae flag-ar'>🇦🇪</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//sr'><div title='Serbian' class='sprite-isprt-web-rs flag-sr'>🇷🇸</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bn'><div title='Bangla' class='sprite-isprt-web-bd flag-bn'>🇧🇩</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bs'><div title='Bosnian' class='sprite-isprt-web-ba flag-bs'>🇧🇦</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hr'><div title='Croatian' class='sprite-isprt-web-hr flag-hr'>🇭🇷</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//tr'><div title='Turkish' class='sprite-isprt-web-tr flag-tr'>🇹🇷</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//uk'><div title='Ukrainian' class='sprite-isprt-web-ua flag-uk'>🇺🇦</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//cs'><div title='Czech' class='sprite-isprt-web-cz flag-cs'>🇨🇿</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//be'><div title='Belarusian' class='sprite-isprt-web-by flag-be'>🇧🇾</div></a></div><div id='hdrlang-navigation'><div id='hdrlang-navigation-inner' class='hdrlang-navigation'><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide/' class='lang-en'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-gb'></div><span class='name'>English</span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//cn' class='lang-zh-CN'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-cn'></div><span class='name'>Chinese <span>- 简体中文</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//jp' class='lang-ja'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-jp'></div><span class='name'>Japanese <span>- 日本</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//es' class='lang-es'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-es'></div><span class='name'>Spanish <span>- español</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//kr' class='lang-ko'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-kr'></div><span class='name'>Korean <span>- 한국의</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ru' class='lang-ru'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-ru'></div><span class='name'>Russian <span>- русский</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hk' class='lang-zh-TW'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-hk'></div><span class='name'>Traditional Chinese <span>- 繁體中文</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//fr' class='lang-fr'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-fr'></div><span class='name'>French <span>- Francais</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//pl' class='lang-pl'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-pl'></div><span class='name'>Polish <span>- Polski</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//de' class='lang-de'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-de'></div><span class='name'>German <span>- Deutsch</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//pt' class='lang-pt'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-br'></div><span class='name'>Portuguese <span>- Português</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//vn' class='lang-vi'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-vn'></div><span class='name'>Vietnamese <span>- Tiếng Việt</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//it' class='lang-it'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-it'>🇮🇹</div><span class='name'>Italian <span>- Italiano</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//id' class='lang-id'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-id'>🇮🇩</div><span class='name'>Indonesian <span>- bahasa Indonesia</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//nl' class='lang-nl'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-nl'>🇳🇱</div><span class='name'>Dutch <span>- Nederlands</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//fa' class='lang-fa'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-ir'>🇮🇷</div><span class='name'>Persian <span>- فارسی</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//th' class='lang-th'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-th'>🇹🇭</div><span class='name'>Thai <span>- ภาษาไทย</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hu' class='lang-hu'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-hu'>🇭🇺</div><span class='name'>Hungarian <span>- Magyar</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//el' class='lang-el'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-gr'>🇬🇷</div><span class='name'>Greek <span>- Ελληνικά</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ro' class='lang-ro'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-ro'>🇷🇴</div><span class='name'>Romanian <span>- Română</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bg' class='lang-bg'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-bg'>🇧🇬</div><span class='name'>Bulgarian <span>- български</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ur' class='lang-ur'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-pk'>🇵🇰</div><span class='name'>Urdu <span>- اردو</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hi' class='lang-hi'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-in'>🇮🇳</div><span class='name'>Hindi <span>- हिंदी</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ar' class='lang-ar'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-ae'>🇦🇪</div><span class='name'>Arabic <span>- العربية</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//sr' class='lang-sr'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-rs'>🇷🇸</div><span class='name'>Serbian <span>- Српски</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bn' class='lang-bn'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-bd'>🇧🇩</div><span class='name'>Bangla <span>- বাংলা</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bs' class='lang-bs'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-ba'>🇧🇦</div><span class='name'>Bosnian <span>- босански</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hr' class='lang-hr'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-hr'>🇭🇷</div><span class='name'>Croatian <span>- hrvatski</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//tr' class='lang-tr'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-tr'>🇹🇷</div><span class='name'>Turkish <span>- Türkçe</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//uk' class='lang-uk'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-ua'>🇺🇦</div><span class='name'>Ukrainian <span>- українська</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//cs' class='lang-cs'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-cz'>🇨🇿</div><span class='name'>Czech <span>- čeština</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//be' class='lang-be'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-by'>🇧🇾</div><span class='name'>Belarusian <span>- беларускі</span></span></div></a></div></div></div><div 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#fdfdfd;-webkit-border-radius: 0.3em;-moz-border-radius: 0.3em;-ms-border-radius: 0.3em;-o-border-radius: 0.3em;border-radius: 0.3em;color: black;font-family: Consolas, Monaco, 'Andale Mono', monospace;direction: ltr;text-align: left;white-space: pre;overflow: scroll;word-wrap: break-word;word-spacing: normal;color:#c92c2c;}code.code-snippet-inline span.string {color: #2f9c0a;}code.code-example {font-family: Consolas, Monaco, 'Andale Mono', monospace;background-color:#f8f8f8;border:1px solid #888;padding:20px;display:inline-block;margin:20px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.2;text-align:left;-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 1px #dfdfdf;-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 1px #dfdfdf;box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 1px #dfdfdf;background-color: #fdfdfd;-webkit-border-radius: 0.3em;-moz-border-radius: 0.3em;-ms-border-radius: 0.3em;-o-border-radius: 0.3em;border-radius: 0.3em;}</style><div class='h1section'><h1><div id='h1header1' style='padding:2px;padding:5px 0;font-family:"Noto Serif",Cambria,"Palatino Linotype","Book Antiqua","URW Palladio L",serif;;;'>Przewodnik dla początkujących dotyczący jakości powietrza w trybie natychmiastowym i teraz.</div><div id='h1header2' class='h1sub' >A Beginner's Guide to Air Quality Instant-Cast and Now-Cast. </div></h1></div><script type='text/javascript'> ; if (!isMobileUA) { fitLine('#h1header1',.88,{maxfs:45});fitLine('#h1header2',.88,{maxfs:38}); }; </script><style>.section-outer {text-align: initial;}.section-content {max-width: 95%;width: 1100px;font-size: 18px;min-height: 300px;text-align: initial;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 1.8;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;}.section-content-tight {min-height: 0px;}.section-content-alt {background-color: #f0f0f0;border-top: 1px solid #ccc;border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd};.section-banner {background-size: 100%;background: url(https://aqicn.org/images//bluesky-banner-panoramic.jpg) no-repeat center bottom #eee;margin-top: -2px;z-index: -1;border-bottom: 1px solid #888;width: 100%;}.h2-title {font-family: inherit;font-size: 1.1em;overflow: hidden;text-align: center;text-transform: capitalize;}.h2-title:before,.h2-title:after {background-color: #ddd;content: '';display: inline-block;height: 1px;position: relative;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;}.h2-title:before {right: 0.5em;margin-left: -50%;}.h2-title:after {left: 0.5em;margin-right: -50%;}@media only screen and (max-width: 800px) {.section-content {line-height: 1.6;max-width: 98%;min-height: 10px;}.section-banner {display: none;}}</style><div class='whitebody' style='font-family:"Noto Serif",Cambria,"Palatino Linotype","Book Antiqua","URW Palladio L",serif;'><div class='section-outer'><div class='section-content' ><i>Posted on March 15<sup>th</sup> 2015</i><div style='height:1px;background-color:#aaaaaa;width:300px;margin-top:5px;'></div><small><i>(re-edited on January 12<sup>th</sup> 2020)</i></small><br><div id="gtrans-div-id" style="float:right" class="gtrans-div"></div><script>try { 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55.537 54.34 z" style="stroke: none; stroke-width: 1; stroke-dasharray: none; stroke-linecap: butt; stroke-linejoin: miter; stroke-miterlimit: 10; fill: #25a1de; fill-rule: nonzero; opacity: 1;" transform=" matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0) " stroke-linecap="round" /></g></svg></a><script>try{tlite.enable(document.getElementById('share-reddit'),{text:"<div style='font-size:120%'>Share on reddit:<\/div>A Beginner's Guide to Air Quality Instant-Cast and Now-Cast. <br>(https:\/\/aqicn.org\/faq\/2015-03-15\/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide\/pl\/)"});}catch(e){}</script></div><style>.ui-share-btns {display: block;margin: 0;vertical-align: middle;}.ui-share-btns svg {height: 20px;vertical-align: middle;fill: white;}.ui-share-btn {background-color: #25a1de;color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);font-size: 15px;line-height: 20px;display: inline-block;text-align: center;border: 1px solid #0086c8;cursor: pointer;border-radius: 4px;padding: 3px 5px;margin: 3px;max-width: 800px;min-width: 30px;}.ui-share-btn:first-child {margin-left: 0px;}.ui-share-btn:hover {background-color: #f8f8f8;border-color: #adadad;text-decoration: none;color: black;}.ui-share-btn:hover svg {fill: black;}.ui-share-btn:hover svg g {fill: black;}.ui-share-btn a:hover {text-decoration: none;}</style><i style='color:#888;font-size:13px;word-break: break-all;'>Udział: <a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide/pl/'>aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide/pl/</a></i><br><div class='entry-content' ng-controller='MainController as ctrl'> <div style='float:right;padding-left:10px;'> <img src='/images/nowcast/typhoon-asia-2004293.jpg' width=468> <center> <small> Typhoon and Dust on East Asia, Courtesy of NASA (<a href='http://alliance.la.asu.edu/mywonderfulworld/GeoLiteracy/WilliamsNature/williamsnature.html'>attribution</a>) </small> </center> <script> if (0) cityShowAd("6885275862", 300, 100); </script> <br> </div> <p>Już w marcu 2015 roku mieliśmy okazję spotkać się w Pekinie z kilkoma specjalistami ds. ochrony środowiska z Departamentu Stanu USA oraz China Mission ( <i>słynna jednostka posiadająca monitory PM <sub>2,5</sub> w ambasadzie USA w Pekinie</i> ).</p> <p>Wśród wszystkich tematów, które zostały poruszone, warto napisać jeden, a mianowicie system „ <i><b>nowcast</b></i> ”. System ten stosowany przez amerykańską Agencję Ochrony Środowiska (EPA) do przeliczania odczytów surowych substancji zanieczyszczających, wyrażonych w µg/m3 lub <i>ppb</i> , na AQI (skala od 0 do 500). Jest używany do wszystkich wartości AQI zgłaszanych na stronie internetowej <a href='http://airnow.gov'>airnow.gov</a> .</p> <p>Koncepcja leżąca u podstaw <i>nowcastu</i> polega na kompensowaniu „ <i>uśredniania 24-godzinnego</i> ”, które należy stosować przy przeliczaniu stężeń na AQI. Powodem tego uśredniania jest to, że <a href='http://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi'>skala AQI</a> określa, że każdy z poziomów zagrożenia zdrowia (tj. dobry, umiarkowany,... niezdrowy...) obowiązuje w przypadku 24-godzinnego narażenia <sup><a href="#nowcast-footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> . Na przykład, gdy AQI wynosi 188 (niezdrowy), należy to odczytać w ten sposób: „ <i style='color:#888;'>jeśli zostanę poza domem przez 24 godziny, a AQI wyniesie 188 <span style='color:#cc0033;'>w ciągu tych 24 godzin</span> , wówczas skutkiem zdrowotnym będzie niezdrowy</i> ”. To zupełnie co innego niż stwierdzenie, że „ <i style='color:#888;'>jeśli raportowane obecnie AQI wynosi 188, wówczas skutki zdrowotne są niezdrowe</i> ”.</p> <p>Problem w tym, że uśrednianie 24-godzinne jest <b>bardzo złym pomysłem</b> i powinno zostać zniesione <sup><a href="#nowcast-footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> przynajmniej z tych dwóch powodów:</p> <ul> <li> <span>Po pierwsze, dynamika zanieczyszczenia powietrza jest taka, że wiatr całkowicie oczyszcza powietrze w mniej niż 30 minut!</span> <span>Zjawisko to jest często obserwowane w Pekinie, gdzie silne wiatry północne są w stanie podnieść AQI PM <sub>2,5</sub> z ponad 300 do mniej niż 50 w mniej niż godzinę <sup><a href="#nowcast-footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> . Kiedy tak się dzieje, nikt nie chce czekać 24 godzin, zanim dowie się, że jakość powietrza jest dobra (i wyjść na spacer, aby cieszyć się świeżym powietrzem!).</span> <br> <br> <li> <span>Drugim powodem jest nagłe pogorszenie jakości powietrza. Jednym ze znanych przypadków jest pożar w Indonezji, który spowodował smog singapurski, gdy wiatry zmierzają na północ, w których to okolicznościach AQI może spaść z poniżej 50 do ponad 150 w ciągu zaledwie jednej godziny. Prawdę mówiąc, otrzymaliśmy wiele próśb od osób cierpiących na astmę/wrażliwych, podczas gdy Singapur nadal udostępniał jedynie średnie odczyty z 24 godzin.</span> </ul> <p>Z tych powodów amerykańska EPA wprowadziła system <i>nowcast</i> : Jest to alternatywny wzór przeliczeniowy stosowany w celu zrównoważenia potrzeby uśredniania w zmieniających się warunkach jakości powietrza. Z <a href='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowcast_%28Air_Quality_Index%29'>Wikipedii</a> jest to opisane tak:</p> <blockquote> <span>NowCast jest obliczany na podstawie danych z monitorowania cząstek stałych z ostatnich 12 godzin, ale NowCast waży dane z ostatnich godzin w większym stopniu niż zwykła średnia z 12 godzin, gdy zmienia się poziom substancji zanieczyszczających. Do obliczania AQI zamiast 24-godzinnego średniego stężenia PM używa się narzędzia NowCast do czasu monitorowania stężeń godzinnych w całym dniu kalendarzowym.”</span> </blockquote> <p>Wzór używany do obliczenia AQI <i>NowCast</i> może wydawać się barbarzyński dla nienaukowców.</p> <center style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> <img src='/images/nowcast/nowcast-formula-generalized.png' width=600 style='vertical-align: middle;'> <span style='color:#888'>and </span> <i style='color:#1166c7'>W<sub>min</sub></i> = <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> <span style='color:#888'>and </span> <i style='color:#1166c7'>N</i> = 12 </center> <br> <p>Ale w rzeczywistości jest to całkiem proste, jeśli spojrzymy na zastosowany przykład dotyczący jakości powietrza w Pekinie.</p> <style type="text/css"> .axis path, .axis line { fill: none; font-size: 12px; stroke: black; shape-rendering: crispEdges; } .nowcastgraphs { font-size: 15px; border: 1px solid #cccccc; background-color: #f8f8f8; display: inline-block; width: 100%; padding: 10px; text-align: left; color: #888888; margin: 0 0 5px 0; box-sizing: border-box; } </style> <center> <span class='nowcastgraphs'> Instant AQI (no averaging, AQI converted directly from the 1 hour readings): <div id='instantAQI' style='font-size:12px;halign:center;'></div> <br> NowCast AQI: <div id='nowcastAQI' style='font-size:12px;halign:center;'></div> <br> </span> </center> <p>Wynik obliczonego <i>obecnie</i> wskaźnika AQI jest nadal bardzo wyraźny pod względem uśredniania, co najmniej znacznie większy niż oczekiwałby ktoś żyjący w azjatyckim pyle. Jednym z powodów jest to, że współczynnik wagi, który służył do określenia poziomu zmiany, ma próg ustawiony na minimum 0,5, podczas gdy w rzeczywistości jego wartość jest w wielu przypadkach znacznie niższa niż 0,5. Poniższy wykres przedstawia ten progowy współczynnik masy, gdzie kolor czerwony oznacza wagi poniżej 0,5</p> <center> <span class='nowcastgraphs'> NowCast weight factors: <div id='weightfactor' style='font-size:12px;halign:center;'></div> </span> </center> <p>Obecna formuła, tak jak jest obecnie definiowana, jest owocem badań opartych na poziomach jakości powietrza w Ameryce. Podczas gdy w przypadku USA zapewnia to dokładne raportowanie bieżących warunków, może nie mieć to miejsca w przypadku Azji, gdzie dynamika jakości powietrza jest znacznie większa. Z tego powodu uważamy, że <i>obecnie opracowaną</i> formułę należy dostosować do każdego kontynentu.</p> <span>W przypadku Azji można to zdefiniować jako</span> <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> <i style='color:#1166c7'>W<sub>min</sub></i> = <sup>1</sup>/<sub>10</sub> <span style='color:#888'>and </span> <i style='color:#1166c7'>N</i> = 3 </span>, <span>odpowiadający poniższemu wykresowi:</span> <center> <span class='nowcastgraphs'> <span>Zmodyfikowany NowCast dla Azji (znany również jako NowCast Asia AQI):</span> <div id='nowcastasiaAQI' style='font-size:12px;halign:center;'></div> <center> <small> <br> <span>Jeśli chcesz, możesz także bezpośrednio zmienić te dwa parametry samodzielnie:</span> <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> <i style='color:#1166c7'>W<sub>min</sub></i> = <input type='number' value=.1 class='nowcastparams' id='nowcastwmin'> <span style='color:#888'> and </span> <i style='color:#1166c7'>N</i> = <input type='number' value=3 class='nowcastparams' id='nowcastn'> </span> </small> </center> <span>Dla porównania, natychmiastowe AQI:</span> <div id='instantAQI2' style='font-size:12px;halign:center;'></div> </span> </center> <style type="text/css"> .nowcastparams { padding: 3px; font-size: 18px; text-align: center; width: 50px; } </style> <p>Na razie formuła konwersji stosowana w <a href='/home/pl/'>projekcie Światowego Wskaźnika Jakości Powietrza,</a> a także w chińskiej misji AQI (aka ambasada USA w Pekinie, konsulat USA w Szanghaju itp.) jest nadal oparta na „ <b>Instant AQI</b> ”, czyli „InstantCast”. (tj. żadnego uśredniania). Jednak biorąc pod uwagę wyniki tej propozycji „Asian Nowcast”, być może wkrótce zostanie ona zaktualizowana.</p> <script src='/jscripts/d3/d3.min.js?_=20190418.093123&type=script'></script><script src='/jscripts/moment/bundle.min.js?_=20200103.150752&type=script'></script><script src='/air/view/stats/plot.js?_=20190418.093129&type=script'></script><script src='/air/view/stats/nowcast-plot.js?_=20190418.093129&type=script'></script><link href='/air/view/stats/style.css?_=20190418.093129&type=css' rel='stylesheet'/> <script type='text/javascript'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> function calculatePm25Aqi(val) { var c = parseFloat(val); var range = [0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500]; var scale = [0, 12, 35.5, 55.5, 150.5, 250.5, 350.5, 500.5]; for (var i = 0; i < scale.length - 1; i++) { if (c >= scale[i] && c < scale[i + 1]) { var aqi = range[i] + (c - scale[i]) * (range[i + 1] - range[i]) / (scale[i + 1] - scale[i]); aqi = Math.round(aqi); return aqi; } } return 500; } function instantAQI(val) { return calculatePm25Aqi(val / 1000); } function nowcastAQI(val, p, opt) { var minweight = opt.minweight || .5; var cmin = -1, cmax = -1; p.forEach(function(c) { if (cmin == -1 || cmin > c) cmin = c; if (cmax == -1 || cmax < c) cmax = c; }); var w = Math.max(minweight, cmin / cmax); var v = (val / 1000); var i = 1, div = 1, s = 1; p.forEach(function(c) { s *= w; v += c * s / 1000; div += s; }); v /= div; v = calculatePm25Aqi(v); return Math.round(v); } function weightfactor(val, p) { var cmin = -1, cmax = -1; p.forEach(function(c) { if (cmin == -1 || cmin > c) cmin = c; if (cmax == -1 || cmax < c) cmax = c; }); return Math.round(100 * cmin / cmax) / 100; } function weightcolor(v) { var colors = [ '#ff0000','#cc1b28','#993650','#665078','#336ba0','#0086c8','#0086c8','#339ed3','#66b6de','#99cfe9','#cce7f4','#ffffff',]; return colors[Math.round(v * 10)]; } var beijing = { "cityID": "Beijing", "pol": "pm25", "ndays": "15", "data": [1426316400, 67000, "", -11000, "", -2000, "", 5000, "", 3000, "", 5000, "", 3000, "", 22000, "", 4000, "", -55000, "", 0, "", -7000, "", -7000, "", -15000, "", 4000, "", 2000, "", -9000, "", 8000, "", 4000, "", -4000, "", 9000, "", 14000, "", 78000, "", 37000, "", -25000, "", -4000, "", -15000, "", -1000, "", 13000, "", 11000, "", 12000, "", -21000, "", -14000, "", -27000, "", 2000, "", 4000, "", -15000, "", -16000, "", -13000, "", -16000, "", 12000, "", 5000, "", 16000, "", 23000, "", -8000, "", 11000, "", -4000, "", 3000, "", 6000, "", -1000, "", -10000, "", -2000, "", -7000, "", -1000, "", 4000, "", -1000, "", -21000, "", -11000, "", -5000, "", -6000, "", -10000, "", -5000, "", -3000, "", 3000, "", -3000, "", -1000, "", -3000, "", 5000, "", -10000, "", 11000, "", 14000, "", 0, "", 54000, "", 8000, "", 8000, "", -3000, "", 6000, "", -11000, "", -18000, "", 3000, "", -6000, "", 0, "", -1000, "", -5000, "", -30000, "", -6000, "", 5000, "", 4000, "", -2000, "", -11000, "", -11000, "", 1000, "", -8000, "", 17000, "", 13000, "", -5000, "", -11000, "", -14000, "", -1000, "", -5000, "", 2000, "", 3000, "", 2000, "", -1000, "", 2000, "", -2000, "", 1000, "", -1000, "", 0, "", -3000, "", 3000, "", 3000, "", -1000, "", -2000, "", 1000, "", 1000, "", -2000, "", 7000, "", -9000, "", -4000, "", 1000, "", 1000, "", 0, "", 1000, "", 0, "", 5000, "", -3000, "", 3000, "", 7000, "", -8000, "", 5000, "", -6000, "", -1000, "", 3000, "", -1000, "", 3000, "", -1000, "", 1000, "", 0, "", 113000, "", 112000, "", 8000, "", 11000, "", -18000, "", -24000, "", -11000, "", 20000, "", 5000, "", -11000, -7200, -16000, "", 12000, "", 7000, "", 11000, "", -5000, "", -12000, "", -13000, "", -1000, "", -6000, "", -4000, "", -14000, "", 21000, "", 14000, "", 8000, "", 15000, "", -12000, "", -2000, "", 1000, "", 23000, "", -4000, "", 22000, "", 14000, "", 5000, "", -1000, "", 21000, "", 12000, "", 3000, "", -28000, "", -2000, "", -33000, "", -10000, "", -12000, "", -20000, "", -22000, "", 26000, "", 0, "", -2000, "", -10000, "", -23000, "", -9000, "", -17000, "", 1000, "", 10000, "", -1000, "", 14000, "", 3000, "", 20000, "", -57000, "", -26000, "", 24000, "", 11000, "", 9000, "", -22000, "", -47000, "", -18000, "", -2000, "", 0, "", -3000, "", -8000, "", 3000, "", 28000, "", 4000, "", 65000, "", -18000, "", -10000, "", 1000, "", -2000, "", -15000, "", -7000, "", 21000, "", -9000, "", -13000, "", -15000, "", -20000, "", -15000, "", -5000, "", -13000, "", -4000, "", -7000, "", -10000, "", 2000, "", 0, "", 8000, "", -13000, "", -6000, "", -3000, "", 6000, "", 3000, "", 2000, "", -2000, "", -8000, "", 2000, "", 1000, "", -1000, "", -1000, "", -4000, "", 1000, "", 0, "", 0, "", 3000, "", 3000, "", -2000, "", 1000, "", -1000, "", -5000, "", -1000, "", 1000, "", 1000, "", 3000, "", -5000, "", 0, "", 1000, "", 1000, "", -1000, "", -1000, "", -2000, "", -1000, "", 1000, "", 1000, "", 2000, "", -1000, "", -2000, "", 2000, "", 3000, "", 2000, "", 5000, "", -2000, "", 4000, "", 8000, "", -4000, "", -4000, "", 12000, "", 25000, "", 45000, "", 30000, "", 1000, "", 7000, "", 7000, "", -11000, "", -17000, "", -14000, "", -21000, "", -5000, "", -3000, "", 0, "", -5000, "", -11000, "", -11000, "", 4000, "", -11000, "", -15000, "", -8000, "", -4000, "", 7000, "", 7000, "", -1000, "", -4000, "", 17000, "", 14000, "", 7000, "", 8000, "", -2000, "", -35000, "", -16000, "", -3000, "", 0, "", 9000, "", 23000, "", 71000, "", -63000, "", 71000, "", 85000, "", 12000, "", 7000, "", -3000, "", -7000, "", -6000, "", 2000, "", 21000, "", -19000, "", -5000, "", -24000, "", -15000, "", -49000, "", -19000, "", -9000, "", -20000, "", -13000, "", -10000, "", -8000, "", 5000, "", -5000, "", 2000, "", 4000, "", -1000, "", -10000, "", 0, "", 4000, "", 1000, "", -2000, "", 6000, "", -9000, "", -10000, "", 3000, "", -4000, "", 4000, "", -12000, "", 0, "", 1000, "", -2000, "", -9000, "", 1000, "", -2000, "", 2000, "", 4000, "", -6000, "", 0, "", 4000, "", -1000, "", 5000, "", 2000, "", -3000, "", 0, "", -6000, "", 7000, "", -3000, "", 4000, "", -3000, "", 7000, "", -11000, "", 4000, "", 1000, "", -5000, "", 3000, "", -5000, "", 2000, "", 4000, "", 16000, "", -8000, "", -4000, "", 8000, "", -12000], "utime": "2015-03-14 07:00:00", "step": -3600 }; function initPage() { $('.nowcastparams').bind('input propertychange', function() { var wmin = $("#nowcastwmin").val(); var n = $("#nowcastn").val(); console.log(typeof parseInt(n)); if (typeof parseInt(wmin) == 'number' && typeof parseInt(n) == 'number') { $("#nowcastasiaAQI").html(""); new NowCastGraph("#nowcastasiaAQI").plot(beijing, width, height, nowcastAQI, { minweight: wmin, qlen: n }); } }); var width = document.getElementById("instantAQI").clientWidth - 20; var height = 100; new NowCastGraph("#instantAQI2").plot(beijing, width, 80, instantAQI); new NowCastGraph("#instantAQI").plot(beijing, width, height, instantAQI); new NowCastGraph("#nowcastAQI").plot(beijing, width, height, nowcastAQI, { minweight: .5 }); new NowCastGraph("#weightfactor").plot(beijing, width, 88, weightfactor, { colorf: weightcolor, minv: -.1, maxv: 1 }); new NowCastGraph("#nowcastasiaAQI").plot(beijing, width, height, nowcastAQI, { minweight: .1, qlen: 3 }); } </script> <br> <br> ... <br> <br> <div style='border-top:1px solid black;width:120px;'></div> <small> <div id='nowcast-footnote-1'> <span>[1] Czas trwania 24 godzin opiera się na dziesięcioleciach <a href='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology'>badań epidemiologicznych</a> stosowanych do korelacji narażenia na zanieczyszczenia powietrza i zwiększonego ryzyka dla zdrowia. Prowadzone są nowe badania epidemiologiczne mające na celu korelację skutków <b>natychmiastowego narażenia</b> (tj. narażenia trwającego około 1 godziny lub krócej), ale może minąć kilka lat, zanim ich wyniki będą mogły zostać przeliczone na nową oficjalną „natychmiastową skalę AQI”.</span> </div> <div id='nowcast-footnote-2'> <span>[2] Silny wiatr dość często wpływa na zwiększenie AQI PM <sub>10</sub> z powodu resuspensji pyłu.</span> </div> <div id='nowcast-footnote-3'> <span>[3] W momencie pisania tego tekstu, w marcu 2015 r., wiele krajów nadal zapewniało jedynie średnią 24-godzinną. Obecnie, we wrześniu 2016 r., jedynymi dwoma znanymi krajami, które nadal zapewniają jedynie średnią 24-godzinną, są <a href='http://apims.doe.gov.my'>Malezja</a> i <a href='http://www.env.gov.bn/'>Brunei</a> . Wszystkie pozostałe kraje dostarczają nie tylko dane dotyczące nieletnich (godzinowe), ale także indywidualne stężenia każdej substancji zanieczyszczającej.</span> </small> <br> <br> </div></div></div></div><center style='border-top: 1px solid #ccc'><center style='margin:10px 0;'><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-0281575029452656" data-ad-slot="2455076269" data-ad-format="auto"></ins></center><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script><div class='section-content'><a href='/faq/" . srvLang() . "'><span>Kliknij tutaj, aby zobaczyć wszystkie wpisy w często zadawanych pytaniach</span></a><div style='margin-left: 20px;line-heigh:1.5;color:#888;' class='faqmore'><style type='text/css'>.faqmore li a:hover {background: #62a6c8;color: white;text-decoration: none;}.faqmore li a {color: #888;}</style><li><a href='https://aqicn.org/scale/pl/'>AQI Scale: What do the colors and numbers mean?</a></li><li><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/using-statistical-distances-for-real-time-sensor-networks-validation/pl/'>Using Statistical Distances for Real-time Sensor Networks Validation</a></li><li><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2017-01-10/nitrogen-dioxyde-no2-in-our-atmosphere/pl/'>Nitrogen Dioxyde (NO<sub>2</sub>) in our atmosphere</a></li></div><div style='height:1px;background-color:#aaaaaa;width:220px;margin-top:5px;'></div><center><script>var i18nTexts=(i18nTexts||[]);i18nTexts.push({"wa.KqlOlZrllRNJ+7u88XlbL2RQFwo=":"Ups! Co\u015b posz\u0142o nie tak. 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Większość populacji może nie odczuwać negatywnych objawów.</td></tr><tr style="background-color:#cc0033;"><td class='aqiwtxt' nowrap="true">151-200</td><td class='aqiwtxt'>Niezdrowa</td><td class='aqiwtxt'>150-200: Niezdrowe - Każdy może zacząć doświadczać negatywnych skutków zdrowotnych; U osób wrażliwych mogą wystąpić poważniejsze skutki zdrowotne.</td></tr><tr style="background-color:#660099;"><td class='aqiwtxt' nowrap="true">201-300</td><td class='aqiwtxt'>Bardzo niezdrowa</td><td class='aqiwtxt'>200-300: Bardzo niezdrowe - Ostrzeżenie zdrowotne, poziom alarmowy. Bardzo prawdopodobny negatywny wpływ na całą populację.</td></tr><tr style="background-color:#7e0023;"><td class='aqiwtxt' nowrap="true">300+</td><td class='aqiwtxt'>Zagrożenie dla życia</td><td class='aqiwtxt'>300 : Niebezpieczny - Alarm Zdrowotny: każdy może doświadczyć poważniejszych skutków zdrowotnych.</td></tr></table></div><br>Aby dowiedzieć się więcej na temat jakości powietrza i zanieczyszczenia, sprawdź w wikipedii temat <a href='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality'>"jakość powietrza"</a> lub nasz poradnik o <a href='http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi'>jakości powietrza i jego wpływie na Twoje zdrowie</a>.<br><br>Więcej przydatnych informacji zdrowotnych na blogu doktora Richarda Sainta z Pekinu: <a href='http://www.myhealthbeijing.com/'> www.myhealthbeijing.com </a>.<br><br></center></div></div></div><center><br><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block"data-ad-client="ca-pub-0281575029452656"data-ad-slot="2455076269"data-ad-format="auto"></ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script><style type='text/css'>.usage-notice {line-height:1.5;max-width:95%;width:1000px;margin-top:10px;padding:5px;font-size: 15px;background-color:#ffffff;text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px white;-webkit-box-shadow: 1px 1px 8px -3px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);}</style><div class="textshadowwhite usage-notice" style=''><b>Uwaga dotycząca użytkowania</b>: Wszystkie dane dotyczące jakości powietrza mogą być nieważne w chwili publikacji, a w celu zapewnienia jakości dane te mogą być w dowolnym momencie zmieniane bez powiadomienia. 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Turkish</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//uk' >українська - Ukrainian</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//cs' >čeština - Czech</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//be' >беларускі - Belarusian</option></select></div><br><table><tr><td><center><i>Temperature unit:</i><br><span style='font-size:18px'><span style='display:;' id='settings-temp-label-on'>Celcius</span><span style='display:none;' id='settings-temp-label-off'>Fahrenheit</span></span></center></td><td><div class="onoffswitch" onclick='settingsMenu.click("temp")'><input type="checkbox" name="onoffswitch" class="onoffswitch-checkbox" id="settings-temp" checked ><label class="onoffswitch-label" for="myonoffswitch"><span class="onoffswitch-inner"></span><span class="onoffswitch-switch"></span></label></div></table></center><br></div><div style='display:none;height:0px;' id='settingsdiv-arrow'><div style='width: 0; height: 0; border: 7px solid transparent;top:0px;border-top: 7px solid #fff;position:relative;;margin-left:100px;'></div></div></div><script>function CSettingsMenu(){var self=this;var isInit = false;var timeout = null;var isPopup = false;this.show = function(){log("show!");if (isPopup) {this.close();return;}isPopup = true;$("#settingsdiv-arrow").hide();$("#settingsdiv").show();var pos = $("#footer-settings-img").offset();$("#settingsdiv-outer").css({left: "0px",width: "100%",bottom: "30px"});$("#settingsdiv").css({width: "100%",textAlign: "center",boxSizing: "border-box"});};this.close = function() {log("close!");$("#settingsdiv").hide();isPopup = false;};this.onmouseover = function(){if (isPopup) return;if (!footer || !footer.isFloating()) return;if (getWindowWidth()<800) return;if (!isInit) {$('#settingsdiv-outer').show().mouseleave(function(){ self.onmouseout(); }).mouseenter(function(){ self.onmouseover(); });display("temp");isInit = true;}if (timeout) clearTimeout(timeout);timeout = null;var pos = $("#footer-settings-img").offset();var px = (pos.left+6-100);$("#settingsdiv-outer").css({left: px + "px",bottom: (30) + "px"});$("#settingsdiv").show();$("#settingsdiv-arrow").delay(150).show();var tb = document.getElementById("settingsdiv").getBoundingClientRect(), w =getWindowWidth();var ml = Math.min((w-tb.right-2),0);$("#settingsdiv-outer").css({left:(px+ml)+"px"});};this.onmouseout = function(){if (isPopup) return;isShown = false;if (timeout) clearTimeout(timeout);timeout = setTimeout(function(){$("#settingsdiv").slideUp(200);$("#settingsdiv-arrow").hide();},150);};this.click = function(item){var status = store.get('aqicn-settings-'+item);store.set('aqicn-settings-'+item,status==1?2:1);display(item);if (item=="temp") convertTemperature();};this.val = function(item) {var status = store.get('aqicn-settings-'+item);return status!=1;};var display = function(item) {var status = store.get('aqicn-settings-'+item);if (status==1){$("#settings-"+item+"-label-off").show();$("#settings-"+item+"-label-on").hide();}else{$("#settings-"+item+"-label-on").show();$("#settings-"+item+"-label-off").hide();}var o = document.getElementById("settings-"+item);if (o) o.checked = status!=1;};document.getElementById('settingsdiv-outer').addEventListener('touchmove', function(e) {e.preventDefault();}, false);return this;}var settingsMenu = new CSettingsMenu();</script><script type="text/javascript"> fitLine(".link",.9); </script><script src='https://aqicn.org/air-cache/jquery-3.4.1.min.js?_=20191127.152416' type='text/javascript'></script><script type="text/javascript">function initTime(){if (isMobileUA) return;function setTimeText(){var monthNames = [ "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December" ]; var dayNames= ["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"];var newDate = new Date();newDate.setDate(newDate.getDate());var od = document.getElementById("ClockTime");if (od) od.innerHTML = dayNames[newDate.getDay()] + " " + monthNames[newDate.getMonth()] + ' ' + newDate.getDate() + ', ' + newDate.getFullYear();var minutes = new Date().getMinutes();var hours = new Date().getHours();var time = ( hours < 10 ? 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