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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fuliiru language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bantu language spoken in the Congo</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Fuliiru</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Fuliiru_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuliiru people">Fuliiru</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">400,000 (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta-Congo">Volta-Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Benue–Congo languages">Benue–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bantoid_languages" title="Bantoid languages">Bantoid</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Bantoid">Southern Bantoid</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Bantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Bantu">Northeast Bantu</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Bantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes Bantu">Great Lakes Bantu</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Shi%E2%80%93Havu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi–Havu languages">Shi-Havu</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Fuliiru</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Either:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/flr" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:flr">flr</a></code> – Fuliiru<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/job" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:job">job</a></code> – Joba (Vira)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fuli1240">fuli1240</a></code>  Fuliiru<br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/joba1238">joba1238</a></code>  Joba</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie code</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>JD.63,631</code><sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Fuliiru</b>, or <b>Kifuliiru</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Bantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes Bantu">Great Lakes Bantu</a> language spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Furiiru_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Furiiru people">Fuliiru people</a> (<i>Bafuliiru</i>), also known as the <i>Fuliru</i>, who live north and west of the town of <a href="/wiki/Uvira" title="Uvira">Uvira</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uvira_Territory" title="Uvira Territory">Uvira Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Kivu" title="South Kivu">South Kivu Province</a> in the far eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC). It is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Kinyindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinyindu">Kinyindu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011a_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuliiru_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuliiru_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below gives the consonant set of Fuliiru.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011a_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011b_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011b-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Laryngeal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenasalized plosive">prenasalized</a></span> </th> <td>mb </td> <td>nd </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ŋg </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This sound is very rare in Fuliiru, and only occurs after other consonants or as the result of a /u/ becoming a glide.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>Several sounds change when preceded by a nasal: voiceless sounds become voiced, and /β/ and /h/ are realized as [b]. </p><p>The phoneme /n/ assimilates to the place of consonants that follow it: it can be realized as [m], [ɱ], [n], [ɲ], or [ŋ]. </p><p>The phoneme /l/ is realized as [d] after /n/, as [ɾ] after the front vowels /e/ and /i/, and as [l] elsewhere. The phoneme /ɾ/ is likewise realized as [d] after /n/, but as [ɾ] elsewhere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuliiru_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below gives the vowel sounds of Fuliiru.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011a_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All five vowels occur in <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long</a> and <a href="/wiki/Short_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Short vowel">short</a> forms, a distinction that is <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemically distinctive</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vowel_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel quality">quality</a> of a vowel is not affected by its length. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuliiru_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most Bantu languages, Fuliiru is <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal</a>, with a two-way contrast between high and low tones. Morphemes can be underlyingly high (H), low (L), or toneless. Phonetically, high, low, mid, and falling tones can all occur; mid tones are the realization of an underlying LH sequence, and falling tones are the realization of an underlying HL sequence or an utterance-final H tone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphosyntax">Morphosyntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuliiru_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Morphosyntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fuliiru grammar is <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinating</a> and, typical of Bantu languages, heavily prefixed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201119_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201119-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, Fuliiru was not written and the language was suppressed in favor of Swahili and French;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011xxi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011xxi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition, Fuliiru has been subjected to significant influence by neighboring languages, to the point that many native speakers use a large number of loanwords or even French word order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011xxi_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011xxi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of this, it enjoys a high degree of internal cohesiveness throughout the area in which it is spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo20112_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo20112-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following treatment, after Van Otterloo (2011), represents the form of the language as it existed prior to such extensive outside influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011xviii_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011xviii-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basic word order of Fuliiru is <a href="/wiki/Subject-verb-object_word_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject-verb-object word order">SVO</a>, although there are a number of exceptions to this rule based on the rhetorical context of a given statement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011348_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011348-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuliiru_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fuliiru boasts 17 <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun classes</a>, with an additional unmarked class, dubbed 1a, that behaves as a subcategory of Class 1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201122_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201122-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Class is expressed by the addition of a prefix to the noun stem which further governs <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a> within the broader noun phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201119_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201119-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Grammatical number</a> is an intrinsic feature of class prefixing, with some noun classes inherently singular or inherently plural, and other classes lacking number entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201122_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201122-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are numerous homophonous noun stems in Fuliiru, making it possible to express multiple divergent meanings by applying different class prefixes to an identical noun stem, as in:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201121_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201121-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1088965794">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .columns-start .column{float:left;min-width:20em}.mw-parser-output .columns-2 .column{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .columns-3 .column{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .columns-4 .column{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .columns-5 .column{width:20%}}</style><div class="columns-start columns-2"><div class="column"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">búgángà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bú-gángà</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 14" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C14</abbr>-gángà</p></div><p style="display: none;">búgángà</p><p style="display: none;">bú-gángà</p><p style="display: none;">C14-gángà</p><p style="clear: left;">“malaria”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794" /></div><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mágángà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">má-gángà</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 6" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C6</abbr>-gángà</p></div><p style="display: none;">mágángà</p><p style="display: none;">má-gángà</p><p style="display: none;">C6-gángà</p><p style="clear: left;">“cow urine”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </div><div style="clear: both"></div></div> <p>Generally, words of a similar semantic type are grouped together into noun classes, although there are numerous exceptions to this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201137_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201137-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following is a list of all 17 Fuliiru noun classes utilizing the class numbering system traditionally used in Bantu linguistics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201131–5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201131–5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Singular / non-count classes </th> <th colspan="2">Plural classes </th> <th rowspan="2">Typical meaning(s) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number</th> <th>Prefix </th> <th>Number</th> <th>Prefix </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>mú- </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>Humans </td></tr> <tr> <td>1a</td> <td>[X] </td> <td>2</td> <td>bá- </td> <td>Humans, names, kinship terms </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>mú- </td> <td>4</td> <td>mí- </td> <td>Plants, round items, long items </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>(l)í- </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>Body parts </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>má- </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>Liquid masses </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>kí- </td> <td>8</td> <td>bí- </td> <td>Body parts, trees </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>n- </td> <td>10</td> <td>n- </td> <td>Man-made items, large animals, sensations </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>lú- </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>Places </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>ká- </td> <td>13</td> <td>tú- </td> <td>Small animals, birds, other body parts </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>bú- </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="6"> </td> <td>Abstract nouns </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>kú- </td> <td>Verbal infinitives </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>há- </td> <td>Locatives </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>hí- </td> <td>Diminutives </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuliiru_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fuliiru <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a> system is very richly developed. As is the case with many other Bantu languages, each noun class has an associated pronoun set.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201111_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201111-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free-standing personal pronouns are highly marked<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201137_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201137-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to show their specific function within the broader text; in all, Fuliiru pronouns function differently than those of other languages<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201143_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201143-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and correct pronoun usage serves an important rhetorical purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201111_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201111-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other parts of speech similarly contain bound pronominal <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> that show full agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201139_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201139-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are five different types of personal pronouns, with each type further subdivided into individual forms representing and showing agreement with each noun class. As each pronoun type corresponds to every noun class, there are dozens of personal pronouns in Fuliiru.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201144_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201144-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Contrastive</b> pronouns serve to clarify references in rhetorical situations in which the specific referent is ambiguous or unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201145_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201145-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ùyó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ùyó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="neuter gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">N</abbr>+<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">múnyérè</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mú-nyérè</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-girl</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ànáshùbì</p><p style="margin: 0px;">à-ná-shùbì</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="sequential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SQ</abbr>-<span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AGAIN</span></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mwágúlá</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mwágúl-á</p><p style="margin: 0px;">throw.down-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel A" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FA</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ífwárángà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">í=fwárángà</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="augment" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AU</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 10" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C10</abbr>+money</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">||</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hálìkó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hálìkó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">but</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ùyó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ùyó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="neuter gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">N</abbr>+<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mútàbínà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mú-tàbánà</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-young.man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>yêhé</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>y-ê-hé</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="contrastive pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CTR.P</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">àtànázìtwázà.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">à-tà-ná-zì-twáz-à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="sequential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SQ</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="object class 10" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">O10</abbr>-care-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel A" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FA</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Ùyó múnyérè ànáshùbì mwágúlá ífwárángà {} hálìkó ùyó mútàbínà <b>yêhé</b> àtànázìtwázà.</p><p style="display: none;">ùyó mú-nyérè à-ná-shùbì mwágúl-á í=fwárángà || hálìkó ùyó mú-tàbánà <b>y-ê-hé</b> à-tà-ná-zì-twáz-à</p><p style="display: none;">that.N+C1 C1-girl C1-SQ-<span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AGAIN</span> throw.down-FA AU=C10+money {} but that.N+C1 C1-young.man C1-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="contrastive pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CTR.P</abbr></b> C1-NEG-SQ-O10-care-FA</p><p style="clear: left;">“And that girl again threw down the money, but that young man, <b>he</b> did not pay attention to it.”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><b>Alternative</b> pronouns indicate that the referent is different than one that the listener would have incorrectly assumed; these forms are often used at crucial turning points of stories and exemplify the extreme importance of pronoun usage in Fuliiru discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201147_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201147-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Múgùmà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mú-gùmà</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-one</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ànábwîrà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">à-ná-bwîr-à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="sequential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SQ</abbr>-tell-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel A" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FA</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">úwábò</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ú=w-ábò</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="augment" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AU</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-<span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SAME.SET</span></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">|</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kwóyêhé</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kwó=y-ê-hé</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="complementizer" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CMP</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="contrastive pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CTR.P</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ndááyé</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ndáá-yé</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negative focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG.FOC</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">úwábò</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ú=w-ábò</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="augment" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AU</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-<span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SAME.SET</span></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">múndú</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mú-ndú</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-person</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">úwàngàmútébà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ú-w-àngà-mú-téb-à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject relative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">S.R</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="positional" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POS</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="object class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">O1</abbr>-trick-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel A" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FA</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">||</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">náyé</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ná-yé</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="additive pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ADD.P</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">úwábò</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ú=w-ábò</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="augment" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AU</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-<span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SAME.SET</span></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">|</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ànámúbwîrà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">à-ná-mú-bwîr-à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="sequential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SQ</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="object class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">O1</abbr>-tell-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel A" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FA</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kwó<b>yékì</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">kwó=<b>y-ékì</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="complementizer" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CMP</abbr>=<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="alternative pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ALT.P</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">|</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">àngàmútébà.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">à-ngà-mú-téb-à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="potential mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POT</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="object class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">O1</abbr>-trick-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel A" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FA</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Múgùmà ànábwîrà úwábò {} kwóyêhé ndááyé úwábò múndú úwàngàmútébà {} náyé úwábò {} ànámúbwîrà kwó<b>yékì</b> {} àngàmútébà.</p><p style="display: none;">mú-gùmà à-ná-bwîr-à ú=w-ábò | kwó=y-ê-hé ndáá-yé ú=w-ábò mú-ndú ú-w-àngà-mú-téb-à || ná-yé ú=w-ábò | à-ná-mú-bwîr-à kwó=<b>y-ékì</b> | à-ngà-mú-téb-à</p><p style="display: none;">C1-one C1-SQ-tell-FA AU=C1-<span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SAME.SET</span> {} CMP=C1-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="contrastive pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CTR.P</abbr> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negative focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG.FOC</abbr>-C1 AU=C1-<span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SAME.SET</span> C1-person <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject relative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">S.R</abbr>-C1-POS-O1-trick-FA {} <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="additive pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ADD.P</abbr>-C1 AU=C1-<span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SAME.SET</span> {} C1-SQ-O1-tell-FA CMP=<b>C1-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="alternative pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ALT.P</abbr></b> {} C1-POT-O1-trick-FA</p><p style="clear: left;">“A certain person told his fellow that nobody would be able to trick. And [the fellow] told him that <b>he</b> [the unexpected alternative] would be the one to trick him.”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><b>Exclusive</b> pronouns represent the “self” of the referent as opposed to others; thus, they indicate that the referent is alone, or is being referred to in opposition to any other referent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201149_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201149-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Sì</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sì=</p><p style="margin: 0px;">but</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">úmúhyà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ú=mú-hyà</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="augment" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AU</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-bride</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">||</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ànásìgálè</p><p style="margin: 0px;">à-ná-sìgál-è</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="continuative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CON</abbr>-remain-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel E" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FE</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hí</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hí=</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 16" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C16</abbr>+<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 5" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C5</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bándá</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bándá</p><p style="margin: 0px;">shelter</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>yêngwâ</b>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">y-<b>êngwâ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-<b>self</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">Sì úmúhyà {} ànásìgálè hí bándá <b>yêngwâ</b>.</p><p style="display: none;">sì= ú=mú-hyà || à-ná-sìgál-è hí= bándá y-<b>êngwâ</b></p><p style="display: none;">but AU=C1-bride {} C1-CON-remain-FE C16+C5 shelter C1-<b>self</b></p><p style="clear: left;">“But that bride remained behind in the shelter by <b>herself</b>.”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Another set of exclusive pronouns, <b>borrowed</b> from the neighboring Kiviira language, has the same meaning as above but is more typical of <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquial</a> speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201149_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201149-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Mwámì</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mwámì</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-king</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">||</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tì</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tì=</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="quotative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">QUOT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">niêhê</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ni-êhê</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="contrastive pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CTR.P</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">|</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ngámúyìyìtìrà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">n-gá-mú-yì-yìt-ìr-à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked future" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F2</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="object class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">O1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reflexive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RFX</abbr>-kill-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="applicative voice" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">APL</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel A" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FA</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">|</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>niêngwâ</b>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ni-<b>êngwâ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-<b>self</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">Mwámì {} tì niêhê {} ngámúyìyìtìrà {} <b>niêngwâ</b>.</p><p style="display: none;">mwámì || tì= ni-êhê | n-gá-mú-yì-yìt-ìr-à | ni-<b>êngwâ</b></p><p style="display: none;">C1-king {} QUOT 1SG-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="contrastive pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CTR.P</abbr> {} 1SG-F2-O1-RFX-kill-APL-FA {} 1SG-<b>self</b></p><p style="clear: left;">“The king said, 'I will just kill him <b>myself</b>.'”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><b>Additive</b> pronouns indicate that the referent is involved in the same set of actions as a different, previously mentioned referent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201150_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201150-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ànálámùsà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">à-ná-lámùs-à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="sequential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SQ</abbr>-greet-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel A" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FA</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yàbó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">yàbó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">those.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="neuter gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">N</abbr>+<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 2" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C2</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bágénì</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bá-génì</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 2" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C2</abbr>-guests</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">|</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ìrí</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ìrí</p><p style="margin: 0px;">while</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ànáhúnúzà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">à-ná-hún-ìz-à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="sequential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SQ</abbr>-bow-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CS</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel A" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FA</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">îtwê.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">î-twê</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 5" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C5</abbr>-head</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">||</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Yàbó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">yàbó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">those.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="neuter gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">N</abbr>+<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 2" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C2</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bágùndà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bá-gùndà</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 2" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C2</abbr>-peasants</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">||</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">íkyânyà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">í=ky-ânyà</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="augment" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AU</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 7" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C7</abbr>-time</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bákábàlámúsâ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bá-ká-bà-lámús-â</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 2" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C2</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked past" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">P2</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="object class 2" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">O2</abbr>-greet-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel A" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FA</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">||</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>nábó</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>ná-b-ó</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="additive pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ADD.P</abbr></b>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 2" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C2</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bànàgírá</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bà-nà-gír-á</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 2" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C2</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="sequential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SQ</abbr>-do-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel A" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FA</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">|</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kwôkwò.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kwô-kw-ò</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMPH</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 15" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C15</abbr>-thus</p></div><p style="display: none;">Ànálámùsà yàbó bágénì {} ìrí ànáhúnúzà îtwê. {} Yàbó bágùndà {} íkyânyà bákábàlámúsâ {} <b>nábó</b> bànàgírá {} kwôkwò.</p><p style="display: none;">à-ná-lámùs-à yàbó bá-génì | ìrí à-ná-hún-ìz-à î-twê || yàbó bá-gùndà || í=ky-ânyà bá-ká-bà-lámús-â || <b>ná-b-ó</b> bà-nà-gír-á | kwô-kw-ò</p><p style="display: none;">C1-SQ-greet-FA those.N+C2 C2-guests {} while C1-SQ-bow-CS-FA C5-head {} those.N+C2 C2-peasants {} AU=C7-time C2-P2-O2-greet-FA {} <b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="additive pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ADD.P</abbr></b>-C2 C2-SQ-do-FA {} EMPH-C15-thus</p><p style="clear: left;">“And [the wedding host] greeted those guests while bowing his head. Those common folk, when they greeted [the guests], <b>they also</b> did the same thing.”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The breadth of pronominal forms in Fuliiru far exceeds the scope of this article.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201111_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201111-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuliiru_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fuliiru has a small number of <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> stems; Van Otterloo (2011) identifies only 39 in total.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201181_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201181-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adjectives follow nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201184_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201184-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these stems communicate very general concepts<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201181_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201181-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are in turn semantically fleshed out by the addition of a noun class prefix that strongly agrees with the referent,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo20113_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo20113-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201182_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201182-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">múndú</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mú-ndú</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-person</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">múbì</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mú-bì</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-bad</p></div><p style="display: none;">múndú múbì</p><p style="display: none;">mú-ndú mú-bì</p><p style="display: none;">C1-person C1-bad</p><p style="clear: left;">“bad person”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bándú</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bá-ndú</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 2" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C2</abbr>-person</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bábì</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bá-bì</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 2" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C2</abbr>-bad</p></div><p style="display: none;">bándú bábì</p><p style="display: none;">bá-ndú bá-bì</p><p style="display: none;">C2-person C2-bad</p><p style="clear: left;">“bad people”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Comparison_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison (linguistics)">comparative</a></b> form of an adjective is constructed using the locative prefix <i>ku</i>, as in the example below.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201190_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201190-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roughly, this construction expresses “greatness in relation to” the referent marked with <i>ku</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201189_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201189-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Úmwìgéndérézì</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ú=mw-ìgéndérézì</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="augment" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AU</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-patient.one</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">||</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yémúkùlù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">y-é=mú-kùlù</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-great</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kú</b>ndwánì.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>kú</b>=n-dwánì</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></b>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 9" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C9</abbr>-fighter</p></div><p style="display: none;">Úmwìgéndérézì {} yémúkùlù <b>kú</b>ndwánì.</p><p style="display: none;">ú=mw-ìgéndérézì || y-é=mú-kùlù <b>kú</b>=n-dwánì</p><p style="display: none;">AU=C1-patient.one {} C1-FOC=C1-great <b>LOC</b>=C9-fighter</p><p style="clear: left;">“The patient one is the one who is greater <b>than the fighter</b>.”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The comparative can also be constructed using the verb -<i>him</i>- (“to surpass”), as in:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201190_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201190-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Íkíshókómà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">í=kí=shókómà</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="augment" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AU</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 7" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C7</abbr>-leopard</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">||</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kyókìrì</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ky-ó=kì-rì</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 7" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C7</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 7" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C7</abbr>-have</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">némísí</p><p style="margin: 0px;">né=mí-sí</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="conjunctive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CNJ</abbr>+<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="augment" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AU</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 4" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C4</abbr>-strength</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">||</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">úkú<b>hím</b>à</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ú+kú-<b>hím</b>-à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="augment" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AU</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 15" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C15</abbr>-<b>surpass</b>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel A" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FA</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ìyó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ìyó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="neuter gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">N</abbr>+<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 9" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C9</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">shúúlì.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">shúúlì</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 9" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C9</abbr>+bull</p></div><p style="display: none;">Íkíshókómà {} kyókìrì némísí {} úkú<b>hím</b>à ìyó shúúlì.</p><p style="display: none;">í=kí=shókómà || ky-ó=kì-rì né=mí-sí || ú+kú-<b>hím</b>-à ìyó shúúlì</p><p style="display: none;">AU=C7-leopard {} C7-FOC=C7-have CNJ+AU=C4-strength {} AU=C15-<b>surpass</b>-FA that.N+C9 C9+bull</p><p style="clear: left;">“The leopard is the one which has strength <b>surpassing</b> the bull.”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuliiru_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs are constructed by the addition to the <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> stem of various prefixes which express categories of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negation (linguistics)">negation</a> and so forth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011204_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011204-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verbs are <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> according to the following paradigm:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011205_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011205-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>[subject-relative] + [subject] + [negation] + [TAM] + [additive] + [persistive] + [STEM] </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Subject Relative</b> marker indicates a <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clause</a> in which the subject of the clause is referenced to the noun phrase being modified, as in:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011409_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011409-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yàbó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">yàbó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">those.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="neuter gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">N</abbr>+<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 2" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C2</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bátàbánà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bá-tàbánà</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 2" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C2</abbr>-young.men</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>á</b>bákázíndì</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>á</b>-bá-ká-zíndì</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject reflexive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">S.R</abbr></b>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 2" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C2</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked past" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">P2</abbr>-<span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LASTLY</span></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yíjà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">yíj-à</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel A" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FA</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">yàbó bátàbánà <b>á</b>bákázíndì yíjà</p><p style="display: none;">yàbó bá-tàbánà <b>á</b>-bá-ká-zíndì yíj-à</p><p style="display: none;">those.N+C2 C2-young.men <b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject reflexive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">S.R</abbr></b>-C2-P2-<span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LASTLY</span> come-FA</p><p style="clear: left;">“those young men <b>who</b> came last”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In this passage, the relative clause “who came last” refers to “those young men” and therefore takes the Subject Relative marker, shown in bold. The marker takes the form of an initial high-tone vowel identical to the vowel of the following subject prefix; thus, it is always á, í or ú.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011408_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011408-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>Subject</b> marker, displayed in the chart below, shows agreement with the noun class of the verb's <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011205_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011205-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note that in this category, in addition to the standard noun classes, there are also prefixes corresponding to first/second person singular and plural subjects. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Subject Prefixes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2S</abbr></th> <th>1</th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr></th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10</th> <th>11</th> <th>12</th> <th>13</th> <th>14</th> <th>15</th> <th>16</th> <th>19 </th></tr> <tr> <td>n-</td> <td>u-</td> <td>a-</td> <td>tu-</td> <td>mu-</td> <td>ba-</td> <td>gu-</td> <td>i-</td> <td>li-</td> <td>ga-</td> <td>ki-</td> <td>bi-</td> <td>i-</td> <td>zi-</td> <td>lu-</td> <td>ka-</td> <td>tu-</td> <td>bu-</td> <td>ku-</td> <td>ha-</td> <td>hi- </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Negation</b> marker <i>ta</i>- negates the entire construction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011206_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011206-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>TAM</b> marker can be any of several possible prefixes that express tense, aspect, mood or some combination of them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011206_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011206-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fuliiru features complex multi-word <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary</a> constructions for many TAM forms,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011227_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011227-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including copulas<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011209–10_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011209–10-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many <a href="/wiki/Continuous_and_progressive_aspects" title="Continuous and progressive aspects">progressive</a> expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011238_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011238-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these constructions may have subtle narrative or <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective</a> connotations.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following is a small selection of TAM prefixes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011229–34_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011229–34-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="display:inline-table"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Prefix </th> <th>TAM meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>-à </td> <td>Simple Past (P1) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ká </td> <td>Unmarked Past (P2) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-áàli </td> <td>Remote Past (P3) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-àmú </td> <td>Immediate Future (F1) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-gáá </td> <td>Unmarked Future (F2) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ááyè </td> <td>Remote Future (F3) </td></tr> <tr> <td>[null] </td> <td>Timeless / Habitual </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>The <b>Additive</b> prefix <i>ná</i>- expresses that the action of the verb occurs alongside or in addition to something else.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011206_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011206-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nângà,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nângà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">no</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">|</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ndágá<b>ná</b>kìshèènyà.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">n-dá-gá-<b>ná</b>-kì-shèèny-à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unmarked future" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F2</abbr>-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="additive verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ADD.V</abbr></b>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persistive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PERS</abbr>-cut.firewood-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel A" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FA</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Nângà, {} ndágá<b>ná</b>kìshèènyà.</p><p style="display: none;">nângà | n-dá-gá-<b>ná</b>-kì-shèèny-à</p><p style="display: none;">no {} 1SG-NEG-F2-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="additive verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ADD.V</abbr></b>-PERS-cut.firewood-FA</p><p style="clear: left;">“No, and <b>in addition</b> I will no longer cut firewood.”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Similarly, the <b>Persistive</b> prefix <i>kì</i>- indicates that the verb's action continues or persists; with the negative, it means that the action has ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011207_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011207-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Bàtàná<b>kì</b>ményà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bà-tà-ná-<b>kì</b>-mény-à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 2" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C2</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="additive verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ADD.V</abbr>-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persistive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PERS</abbr></b>-know-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel A" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FA</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">||</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">háyì</p><p style="margin: 0px;">háyì</p><p style="margin: 0px;">where</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hóbàlì</p><p style="margin: 0px;">h-ó=bà-lì</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 16" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C16</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="object relative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">O.R</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 2" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C2</abbr>-is</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">múgéndà.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mú=génd-à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="progressive aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROG</abbr>=go-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel A" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FA</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Bàtàná<b>kì</b>ményà {} háyì hóbàlì múgéndà.</p><p style="display: none;">bà-tà-ná-<b>kì</b>-mény-à || háyì h-ó=bà-lì mú=génd-à</p><p style="display: none;">C2-NEG-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="additive verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ADD.V</abbr>-<b>PERS</b>-know-FA {} where C16-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="object relative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">O.R</abbr>=C2-is PROG=go-FA</p><p style="clear: left;">“And they <b>no longer</b> knew where they were going.”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Stems themselves are often complex structures consisting of <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">reflexive</a> prefixes which are in turn attached to a verb root to create what Van Otterloo (2011) terms a "macrostem."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011204_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011204-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stems are constructed as:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011205_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011205-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>[object] + [reflexive] + [ROOT] + [TAM ending] </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Object</b> prefix comes at the beginning of the stem and agrees with the noun class of the verb's direct object.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011207_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011207-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note that in this category, in addition to the standard noun classes, there are also prefixes corresponding to first/second person singular and plural objects. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Object Prefixes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2S</abbr></th> <th>1</th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr></th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10</th> <th>11</th> <th>12</th> <th>13</th> <th>14</th> <th>15</th> <th>16</th> <th>19 </th></tr> <tr> <td>n-</td> <td>kú-</td> <td>mú-</td> <td>tù-</td> <td>mù-</td> <td>bà-</td> <td>gù-</td> <td>gì-</td> <td>lì-</td> <td>gà-</td> <td>kì-</td> <td>bì-</td> <td>gì-</td> <td>zì-</td> <td>lù-</td> <td>kà-</td> <td>tù-</td> <td>bù-</td> <td>kù-</td> <td>hà-</td> <td>hì- </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Reflexive</b> marker <i>yì</i>- comes immediately before the verbal root.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011208_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011208-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marker is unusual because it is CV-shaped instead of V-shaped like in most other Bantu languages.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Àtànákìshóbòlà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">à-tà-ná-kì-shóbòl-à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="sequential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SQ</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="persistive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PERS</abbr>-be.able-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel A" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FA</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">||</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">úkúmú<b>yì</b>lyósákwò.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ú=kú-mú-<b>yì</b>-lyó-s-á=kwò</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="augment" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AU</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 15" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C15</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="object class 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">O1</abbr>-<b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reflexive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RFX</abbr></b>-leave-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CS</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel A" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FA</abbr>=+<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 17" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C17</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Àtànákìshóbòlà {} úkúmú<b>yì</b>lyósákwò.</p><p style="display: none;">à-tà-ná-kì-shóbòl-à || ú=kú-mú-<b>yì</b>-lyó-s-á=kwò</p><p style="display: none;">C1-NEG-SQ-PERS-be.able-FA {} AU=C15=O1-<b>RFX</b>-leave-CS-FA=+C17</p><p style="clear: left;">“And he was no longer able to remove <b>himself</b> from [another person].”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Lastly, the <b>Final Vowel ending</b> is placed at the end of the root and depends upon the TAM prefix occurring earlier in the verb construction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011208_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011208-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific tense, aspect or mood expressed by the TAM prefix varies depending on this final vowel, so that identical TAM prefixes can have divergent meanings when paired with different final vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011408_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011408-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of note, the verb root itself can also be composed of a number of extensions and suffixes, some of them multi-word constructions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo20115_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo20115-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making Fuliiru verbs highly complex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011208_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011208-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fuliiru <b><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitives</a></b> are essentially nominalized verb forms constructed according to the following paradigm:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011208_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011208-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>[augment] + [class 15] + [negative] + [object] + [reflexive] + STEM + [final vowel] </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Infinitive forms contain the <a href="/wiki/Augment_(Bantu_languages)" title="Augment (Bantu languages)">augment</a> <i>ú</i>- and the noun class 15 prefix <i>kú</i>-, and may also be negated by <i>ta</i>-. The final vowel is -<i>a</i>, with the tone changing according to the lexical tone of the verb stem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011208–9_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011208–9-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">úkútàsìmbáhà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ú=kú-tà-sìmbáh-à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="augment" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AU</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="noun class 15" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">C15</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>-obey-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="final vowel A" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FA</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">úkútàsìmbáhà</p><p style="display: none;">ú=kú-tà-sìmbáh-à</p><p style="display: none;">AU=C15-NEG-obey-FA</p><p style="clear: left;">“to not obey”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discourse">Discourse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuliiru_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Discourse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modes of <a href="/wiki/Discourse_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Discourse (linguistics)">discourse</a> are extremely important in Fuliiru, much more so than in European languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201113_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201113-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fuliiru has a rich vocabulary of ideophones – <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idioms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a> and quotatives – that shape narrative and discursive speech acts. Fuliiru has a far wider range of these words and expressions than even other Bantu languages where these modes are especially emphasized.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following is a small selection of this specialized vocabulary:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011114–5_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011114–5-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word </th> <th>Category </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>tì</i> </td> <td>quotative </td> <td>indicates a quoted line </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ngágì-ngágì</i> </td> <td>onomatopoeia </td> <td>two people fighting </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tóò-tóò</i> </td> <td>onomatopoeia </td> <td>sound of rain </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>shólyò-shólyò </i> </td> <td>onomatopoeia </td> <td>a witch moving in the night </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Hálììbwî!</i> </td> <td>interjection </td> <td>“How stupid!” </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Yóò!</i> </td> <td>interjection </td> <td>“Oh my!” </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ààhô</i> </td> <td>interjection </td> <td>“okay then” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In addition to the numerous ideophones that characterize Fuliiru discourse, <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> is a pervasive feature of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011509_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011509-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This linguistic phenomenon, which can occur in any part of speech, expresses various meanings like repetition, extensiveness, emphasis or pejorative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011513_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011513-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is ultimately this category of discursive language that “brings life” to Fuliiru.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201112_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201112-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuliiru_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/flr/">Fuliiru</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/job/">Joba (Vira)</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guthrie-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guthrie_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203191542/http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf">New Updated Guthrie List Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011a-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011a_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011a_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011a_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011a">Van Otterloo 2011a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011b-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011b_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011b">Van Otterloo 2011b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201119-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201119_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201119_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 19.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011xxi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011xxi_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011xxi_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. xxi.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo20112-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo20112_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 2.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011xviii-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011xviii_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. xviii.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011348-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011348_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 348.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201122-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201122_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201122_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 22.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201121-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201121_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 21.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201137-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201137_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201137_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 37.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201131–5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201131–5_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, pp. 31–5.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201111-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201111_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201111_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201111_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 11.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201143-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201143_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 43.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201139-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201139_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 39.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201144-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201144_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 44.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201145-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201145_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 45.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201147-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201147_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 47.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201149-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201149_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201149_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 49.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201150-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201150_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 50.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201181-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201181_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201181_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 81.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201184-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201184_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 84.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo20113-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo20113_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 3.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201182-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201182_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 82.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201190-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201190_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201190_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 90.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201189-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201189_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 89.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011204-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011204_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011204_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 204.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011205-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011205_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011205_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011205_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 205.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011409-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011409_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 409.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011408-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011408_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011408_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 408.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011206-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011206_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011206_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011206_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 206.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011227-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011227_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 227.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011209–10-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011209–10_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, pp. 209–10.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011238-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011238_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 238.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nurse, Derek and Maud Devos (2019). “Aspect, Tense and Mood.” <i>The Bantu Languages</i> edited by Mark Van De Velde, et al.: Routledge, pp. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011229–34-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011229–34_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, pp. 229–34.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011207-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011207_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011207_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 207.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011208-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011208_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011208_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011208_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011208_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 208.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marlo, Michael R (2014). “The Exceptional Properties of the 1SG and Reflexive Object Markers in Bantu: Syntax, Phonology, or Both?” <i>45th Annual Conference on African Linguistics</i> [conference presentation]. University of Kansas, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo20115-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo20115_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 5.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011208–9-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011208–9_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, pp. 208–9.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201113-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201113_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 13.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolle, Steve (2016). “A Linguistic Cycle for Quotatives in Eastern Bantu Languages.” <i>6th International Conference on Bantu Languages</i> [conference presentation]. Helsinki, Finland, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011114–5-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011114–5_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, pp. 114–5.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011509-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011509_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 509.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011513-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo2011513_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 513.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201112-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Otterloo201112_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011">Van Otterloo 2011</a>, p. 12.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuliiru_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Van Otterloo, Karen (2011a). <i>The Kifuliiru Language</i>. Vol. 1 - Phonology, Tone, and Morphological Derivation. Dallas, TX: <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-261-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-261-6"><bdi>978-1-55671-261-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kifuliiru+Language&rft.place=Dallas%2C+TX&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55671-261-6&rft.aulast=Van+Otterloo&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuliiru+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Otterloo2011b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Van Otterloo, Roger (2011b). <i>The Kifuliiru Language</i>. Vol. 2 - A Descriptive Grammar. Dallas, TX: <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-270-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-270-8"><bdi>978-1-55671-270-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kifuliiru+Language&rft.place=Dallas%2C+TX&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55671-270-8&rft.aulast=Van+Otterloo&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuliiru+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div style="display:none;"> <p>AU:augment NEG:negative CNJ:conjunctive SQ:sequential CMP:complementizer POS:positional CON:continuative RFX:reflexive CS:causative PERS:persistive </p><p>FA:final vowel A FE:final vowel E </p><p>P1:simple past P2:unmarked past P3:remote past F1:immediate future 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template talk:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo200" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kituba_language" title="Kituba language">Kituba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congo_Swahili" title="Congo Swahili">Congo Swahili</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba-Kasai_language" title="Luba-Kasai language">Tshiluba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages<br />(by <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">province</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bandundu_Province" title="Bandundu Province">Bandundu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boma_language" title="Boma language">Boma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_language" title="Ding language">Ding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungana_language" title="Hungana language">Hungana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwese_language" title="Kwese language">Kwese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lia-Ntomba_language" title="Lia-Ntomba language">Lia-Ntomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbala_language" title="Mbala language">Mbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpuono_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpuono language">Mpuono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzadi_language" title="Nzadi language">Nzadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pende_language" title="Pende language">Pende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakata_language" title="Sakata language">Sakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengele_language" title="Sengele language">Sengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinji_language" title="Shinji language">Shinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonde_language" title="Sonde language">Sonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suku_language" title="Suku language">Suku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiene_language" title="Tiene language">Tiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaka_language_(Congo%E2%80%93Angola)" title="Yaka language (Congo–Angola)">Yaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yansi_language" title="Yansi language">Yansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89quateur_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Équateur Province">Équateur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bala_language" title="Bala language">Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangi_language" title="Bangi language">Bangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bango_language" title="Bango language">Bango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Budza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Banda_language" title="Central Banda language">Central Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furu_language" title="Furu language">Furu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losengo_language" title="Losengo language">Losengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbaka_language" title="Mbaka language">Mbaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbandja_language" title="Mbandja language">Mbandja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongo_language" title="Mongo language">Mongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(Congo)" title="Mono language (Congo)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndolo_dialect" title="Ndolo dialect">Ndolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndunga_language" title="Ndunga language">Ndunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbaka_Minagende_language" title="Ngbaka Minagende language">Ngbaka Minagende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbandi_language" title="Ngbandi language">Ngbandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbinda_language" title="Ngbinda language">Ngbinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbundu_language" title="Ngbundu language">Ngbundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngombe_language_(Bantu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngombe language (Bantu)">Ngombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagibete_language" title="Pagibete language">Pagibete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sango_language" title="Sango language">Sango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Banda_language" title="South Banda language">South Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangere_language" title="Yangere language">Yangere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kasai-Occidental" title="Kasai-Occidental">Kasai-Occidental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binji_language" title="Binji language">Binji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushong_language" title="Bushong language">Bushong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lele_language_(Bantu)" title="Lele language (Bantu)">Lele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lwalu_language" title="Lwalu language">Lwalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wongo_language" title="Wongo language">Wongo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kasai-Oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasai-Oriental">Kasai-Oriental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budya_language" title="Budya language">Budya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengese_language" title="Dengese language">Dengese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_language" title="Luna language">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkutu_language" title="Nkutu language">Nkutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salampasu_language" title="Salampasu language">Salampasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songe_language" title="Songe language">Songe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetela_language" title="Tetela language">Tetela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangubangu_language" title="Bangubangu language">Bangubangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemba_language" title="Bemba language">Bemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwile_language" title="Bwile language">Bwile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemba_language" title="Hemba language">Hemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaonde_language" title="Kaonde language">Kaonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebwe_language" title="Kebwe language">Kebwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba-Katanga_language" title="Luba-Katanga language">Luba-Katanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunda_language" title="Lunda language">Lunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruund_language" title="Ruund language">Ruund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_language_(Bantu)" title="Sanga language (Bantu)">Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabwa language">Tabwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zela_language" title="Zela language">Zela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazi language">Yazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mfinu_language" title="Mfinu language">Mfinu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maniema_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniema Province">Maniema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hendo_language" title="Hendo language">Hendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimba_language" title="Zimba language">Zimba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nord-Kivu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nord-Kivu">Nord-Kivu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amba_language_(Bantu)" title="Amba language (Bantu)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havu_language" title="Havu language">Havu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunde_language" title="Hunde language">Hunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nande_language" title="Nande language">Nande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanga_language" title="Nyanga language">Nyanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talinga_language" title="Talinga language">Talinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembo_(Kitembo)_language" title="Tembo (Kitembo) language">Tembo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuma_language" title="Vanuma language">Vanuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaka_language_(Kivu)" title="Yaka language (Kivu)">Yaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orientale_Province" title="Orientale Province">Orientale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alur_language" title="Alur language">Alur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoa_language" title="Asoa language">Asoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avokaya_language" title="Avokaya language">Avokaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangala_language" title="Bangala language">Bangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangba_language" title="Bangba language">Bangba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barambu_language" title="Barambu language">Barambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeke_language" title="Beeke language">Beeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bila_language" title="Bila language">Bila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budu_language" title="Budu language">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwa_language" title="Bwa language">Bwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwela_language" title="Bwela language">Bwela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_language" title="Dongo language">Dongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_language" title="Guru language">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hema_language" title="Hema language">Hema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliko_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliko language">Kaliko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kango_language_(Bas-U%C3%A9l%C3%A9_District)" title="Kango language (Bas-Uélé District)">Kango (Bas-Uélé District)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kango_language_(Tshopo_District)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kango language (Tshopo District)">Kango (Tshopo District)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kari_language" title="Kari language">Kari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kele_language_(Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kele language (Congo)">Kele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendu_language" title="Lendu language">Lendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lese_language" title="Lese language">Lese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lika_language" title="Lika language">Lika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likile_language" title="Likile language">Likile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_language" title="Linga language">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki_dialect" title="Loki dialect">Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logo_language" title="Logo language">Logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombo_language" title="Lombo language">Lombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_language" title="Lugbara language">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_language" title="Ma language">Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbetu_language" title="Mangbetu language">Mangbetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbutu_language" title="Mangbutu language">Mangbutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayogo_language" title="Mayogo language">Mayogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mba_language" title="Mba language">Mba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbo_language_(Congo)" title="Mbo language (Congo)">Mbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndaka_language" title="Ndaka language">Ndaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbee_language" title="Ngbee language">Ngbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngelima_language" title="Ngelima language">Ngelima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyali_language" title="Nyali language">Nyali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanga-li_language" title="Nyanga-li language">Nyanga-li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzakara_language" title="Nzakara language">Nzakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omi_language" title="Omi language">Omi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pambia_language" title="Pambia language">Pambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poke_language" title="Poke language">Poke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soko_language" title="Soko language">Soko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbo_language" title="Tagbo language">Tagbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zande_language" title="Zande language">Zande</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sud-Kivu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sud-Kivu">Sud-Kivu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buyu_language" title="Buyu language">Buyu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fuliiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havu_language" title="Havu language">Havu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabwari_language" title="Kabwari language">Kabwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_language" title="Shi language">Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembo_(Kitembo)_language" title="Tembo (Kitembo) language">Tembo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language#Francophone_African_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">French African Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C–D)_(by_Guthrie_classification)787" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C%E2%80%93D)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C%E2%80%93D)" title="Template talk:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C%E2%80%93D)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C–D)_(by_Guthrie_classification)787" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Narrow <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> (Zones C–D) (by <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone C</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C11 <a href="/wiki/Ngondi_language" title="Ngondi language">Ngondi</a></li> <li>C12a <a href="/wiki/Pande_language" title="Pande language">Pande</a></li> <li>C12b <a href="/wiki/Pande_language" title="Pande language">Bogongo</a></li> <li>C13 <a href="/wiki/Mbati_language" title="Mbati language">Mbati</a></li> <li>C14 <a href="/wiki/Bomitaba_language" title="Bomitaba language">Mbomotaba</a></li> <li>C15 <a href="/wiki/Bongili_language" title="Bongili language">Bongili</a></li> <li>C16 <a href="/wiki/Bala_language" title="Bala language">Lobala</a></li> <li>[C101 <a href="/wiki/Bole_language_(Bantu)" title="Bole language (Bantu)">Dibole</a></li> <li>C102 <a href="/wiki/Ngando_language_(Central_African_Republic)" title="Ngando language (Central African Republic)">Ngando</a></li> <li>C103 <a href="/wiki/Ngando_language_(Central_African_Republic)" title="Ngando language (Central African Republic)">Kota</a></li> <li>C104 <a href="/wiki/Aka_language" title="Aka language">Yaka</a></li> <li>C105 <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Pygmy_languages#Mbenga" title="Classification of Pygmy languages">Mbenga</a></li> <li>C141 <a href="/wiki/Bomitaba_language" title="Bomitaba language">Enyele</a></li> <li>C142 <a href="/wiki/Bomitaba_language" title="Bomitaba language">Bondongo</a></li> <li>C143 <a href="/wiki/Bomitaba_language" title="Bomitaba language">Mbonzo</a></li> <li>C161 <a href="/wiki/Bomboli%E2%80%93Bozaba_language" title="Bomboli–Bozaba language">Bomboli</a></li> <li>C162 <a href="/wiki/Bomboli%E2%80%93Bozaba_language" title="Bomboli–Bozaba language">Bozaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C21 <a href="/wiki/Mboko_language" title="Mboko language">Mboko</a></li> <li>C22 <a href="/wiki/Akwa_language" title="Akwa language">Akwa</a></li> <li>C23[21] <a href="/wiki/Mboko_language" title="Mboko language">Ngare</a></li> <li>C24 <a href="/wiki/Koyo_language_(Congo)" title="Koyo language (Congo)">Koyo</a></li> <li>C25 <a href="/wiki/Mbosi_language" title="Mbosi language">Mbosi</a></li> <li>C26 <a href="/wiki/Kwala_language" title="Kwala language">Kwala</a></li> <li>C27 <a href="/wiki/Kuba_language" title="Kuba language">Kuba</a></li> <li>[C201 <a href="/wiki/Bwenyi_language" title="Bwenyi language">Bwenyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C31a <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Loi</a></li> <li>C31b <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Ngiri</a></li> <li>C31c <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Nunu</a></li> <li>C32 <a href="/wiki/Bangi_language" title="Bangi language">Bobangi</a></li> <li>C33 <a href="/wiki/Sengele_language" title="Sengele language">Sengele</a></li> <li>C34 <a href="/wiki/Sakata_language" title="Sakata language">Sakata</a></li> <li>C35a <a href="/wiki/Lia-Ntomba_language" title="Lia-Ntomba language">Ntomba</a></li> <li>C35b <a href="/wiki/Lia-Ntomba_language" title="Lia-Ntomba language">Bolia</a></li> <li>C36a <a href="/wiki/Losengo_language" title="Losengo language">Poto</a></li> <li>C36b <a href="/wiki/Losengo_language" title="Losengo language">Mpesa</a></li> <li>C36c <a href="/wiki/Losengo_language" title="Losengo language">Mbudza</a></li> <li>C36d <a href="/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala">Mangala</a></li> <li>C36e <a href="/wiki/Loki_dialect" title="Loki dialect">Boloki</a></li> <li>C36f <a href="/wiki/Losengo_language" title="Losengo language">Kangana</a></li> <li>C36g <a href="/wiki/Ndolo_dialect" title="Ndolo dialect">Ndolo</a></li> <li>C37 <a href="/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Buja</a></li> <li>[C301 <a href="/wiki/Doko_language_(Bantu)" title="Doko language (Bantu)">Doko</a></li> <li>C302 <a href="/wiki/Londo_language" title="Londo language">Bolondo</a></li> <li>C311 <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Mabaale</a></li> <li>C312 <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Ndoobo</a></li> <li>C313 <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Litoka</a></li> <li>C314 <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Balobo</a></li> <li>C315 <a href="/wiki/Ngiri_language" title="Ngiri language">Enga</a></li> <li>C321 <a href="/wiki/Binza_language" title="Binza language">Binza</a></li> <li>C322 <a href="/wiki/Zamba_language" title="Zamba language">Dzamba</a></li> <li>C323 <a href="/wiki/Mpama_language" title="Mpama language">Mpama</a></li> <li>C371 <a href="/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Tembo</a></li> <li>C372 <a href="/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Kunda</a></li> <li>C373 <a href="/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Gbuta</a></li> <li>C374 <a href="/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Babale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C41 <a href="/wiki/Ngombe_language" title="Ngombe language">Ngombe</a></li> <li>C42 <a href="/wiki/Bwela_language" title="Bwela language">Bwela</a></li> <li>C43 <a href="/wiki/Bwa_language" title="Bwa language">Bati</a></li> <li>C44 <a href="/wiki/Bwa_language" title="Bwa language">Boa</a></li> <li>C45 <a href="/wiki/Ngelima_language" title="Ngelima language">Angba</a></li> <li>[C401 <a href="/wiki/Pagibete_language" title="Pagibete language">Pagibete</a></li> <li>C403 <a href="/wiki/Kango_language_(Bas-U%C3%A9l%C3%A9_District)" title="Kango language (Bas-Uélé District)">Kango</a></li> <li>C411 <a href="/wiki/Bomboma_language" title="Bomboma language">Bomboma</a></li> <li>C412 <a href="/wiki/Bamwe_language" title="Bamwe language">Bamwe</a></li> <li>C413 <a href="/wiki/Dzando_language" title="Dzando language">Dzando</a></li> <li>C414 <a href="/wiki/Gendza_language" title="Gendza language">Ligendza</a></li> <li>C415 <a href="/wiki/Kula_language_(Bantu)" title="Kula language (Bantu)">Likula</a></li> <li>C441 <a href="/wiki/Bango_language" title="Bango language">Bango</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C51 <a href="/wiki/Mbesa_language" title="Mbesa language">Mbesa</a></li> <li>C52 <a href="/wiki/Soko_language" title="Soko language">So</a></li> <li>C53 <a href="/wiki/Poke_language" title="Poke language">Poke</a></li> <li>C54 <a href="/wiki/Lombo_language" title="Lombo language">Lombo</a></li> <li>C55 <a href="/wiki/Kele-Foma_language" title="Kele-Foma language">Kele</a></li> <li>C56 <a href="/wiki/Kele-Foma_language" title="Kele-Foma language">Foma</a></li> <li>[C501 <a href="/wiki/Likile_language" title="Likile language">Likile</a></li> <li>C502 <a href="/wiki/Linga_language" title="Linga language">Linga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C60</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C61a <a href="/wiki/Mongo_language" title="Mongo language">Northeast Mongo</a></li> <li>C61b <a href="/wiki/Mongo_language" title="Mongo language">Northwest Mongo</a></li> <li>C62 <a href="/wiki/Lalia_language" title="Lalia language">Lalia</a></li> <li>[C63 <a href="/wiki/Ngando_language" title="Ngando language">Ngando</a></li> <li>C611 <a href="/wiki/Mongo_language" title="Mongo language">Bafoto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C70</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C71 <a href="/wiki/Tetela_language" title="Tetela language">Tetela</a></li> <li>C72 <a href="/wiki/Kusu_language" title="Kusu language">Kusu</a></li> <li>C73 <a href="/wiki/Nkutu_language" title="Nkutu language">Nkutu</a></li> <li>C74 <a href="/wiki/Yela-Kela_language" title="Yela-Kela language">Yela</a></li> <li>C75 <a href="/wiki/Yela-Kela_language" title="Yela-Kela language">Kela</a></li> <li>C76 <a href="/wiki/Ombo_language" title="Ombo language">Ombo</a></li> <li>[C701 <a href="/wiki/Langa_language" title="Langa language">Langa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C80</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>C81 <a href="/wiki/Dengese_language" title="Dengese language">Dengese</a></li> <li>C82 <a href="/wiki/Hendo_language" title="Hendo language">Songomeno</a></li> <li>C83 <a href="/wiki/Bushong_language" title="Bushong language">Busoong</a></li> <li>C84 <a href="/wiki/Lele_language_(Bantu)" title="Lele language (Bantu)">Lele</a></li> <li>C85 <a href="/wiki/Wongo_language" title="Wongo language">Wongo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">D10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>D11 <a href="/wiki/Mbole_language" title="Mbole language">Mbole</a></li> <li>D12 <a href="/wiki/Lengola_language" title="Lengola language">Lengola</a></li> <li>D13 <a href="/wiki/Mituku_language" title="Mituku language">Metoko</a></li> <li>D14 <a href="/wiki/Enya_language" title="Enya language">Enya</a></li> <li>[D141 <a href="/wiki/Enya_language" title="Enya language">Zura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">D20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>D21 <a href="/wiki/Bali_language_(DRC)" title="Bali language (DRC)">Bali</a></li> <li>D22 <a href="/wiki/Amba_language_(Bantu)" title="Amba language (Bantu)">Amba</a></li> <li>D23 <a href="/wiki/Komo_language_(Bantu)" title="Komo language (Bantu)">Komo</a></li> <li>D24 <a href="/wiki/Songola_language" title="Songola language">Songola</a></li> <li>D25 <a href="/wiki/Lega_language" title="Lega language">Lega</a></li> <li>D26 <a href="/wiki/Zimba_language" title="Zimba language">Zimba</a></li> <li>D27 <a href="/wiki/Bangubangu_language" title="Bangubangu language">Bangubangu</a></li> <li>D28a <a href="/wiki/Holoholo_language" title="Holoholo language">West Holoholo</a></li> <li>D28b <a href="/wiki/Holoholo_language" title="Holoholo language">East Holoholo</a></li> <li>[D201 <a href="/wiki/Lika_language" title="Lika language">Liko</a></li> <li>D211 <a href="/wiki/Bila_language" title="Bila language">Kango</a></li> <li>D251 <a href="/wiki/Lega_language" title="Lega language">Lega-Malinga</a></li> <li>D281 <a href="/wiki/Holoholo_language" title="Holoholo language">Tumbwe</a></li> <li>D282 <a href="/wiki/Holoholo_language" title="Holoholo language">Lumbwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">D30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>D31 <a href="/wiki/Bhele_language" title="Bhele language">Peri</a></li> <li>D32 <a href="/wiki/Bira_language" title="Bira language">Bira</a></li> <li>D33 <a href="/wiki/Nyali_language" title="Nyali language">Nyali</a></li> <li>[D301 <a href="/wiki/Kari_language" title="Kari language">Kari</a></li> <li>D302 <a href="/wiki/Guru_language" title="Guru language">Guru</a></li> <li>D303 <a href="/wiki/Ngbinda_language" title="Ngbinda language">Ngbinda</a></li> <li>D304 <a href="/wiki/Homa_language" title="Homa language">Homa</a></li> <li>D305 <a href="/wiki/Nyanga-li_language" title="Nyanga-li language">Nyanga-li</a></li> <li>D306 <a href="/wiki/Nyanga-li_language" title="Nyanga-li language">Gbati-ri</a></li> <li>D307 <a href="/wiki/Nyanga-li_language" title="Nyanga-li language">Mayeka</a></li> <li>D308 <a href="/wiki/Bodo_language_(Bantu)" title="Bodo language (Bantu)">Bodo</a></li> <li>D311 <a href="/wiki/Bila_language" title="Bila language">Bila</a></li> <li>D312 <a href="/wiki/Kaiku_language" title="Kaiku language">Kaiku</a></li> <li>D313 <a href="/wiki/Bila_language" title="Bila language">Ibutu</a></li> <li>D331 <a href="/wiki/Vanuma_language" title="Vanuma language">Bvanuma</a></li> <li>D332 <a href="/wiki/Budu_language" title="Budu language">Budu</a></li> <li>D333 <a href="/wiki/Ndaka_language" title="Ndaka language">Ndaaka</a></li> <li>D334 <a href="/wiki/Mbo_language_(Congo)" title="Mbo language (Congo)">Mbo</a></li> <li>D335 <a href="/wiki/Beeke_language" title="Beeke language">Beeke</a></li> <li>D336 <a href="/wiki/Ngbee_language" title="Ngbee language">Ngbee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]D40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]D41 <a href="/wiki/Konjo_language_(Bantu)" title="Konjo language (Bantu)">Konzo</a></li> <li>[J]D42 <a href="/wiki/Nande_language" title="Nande language">Ndandi</a></li> <li>[J]D43 <a href="/wiki/Nyanga_language" title="Nyanga language">Nyanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]D50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]D51 <a href="/wiki/Hunde_language" title="Hunde language">Hunde</a></li> <li>[J]D52 <a href="/wiki/Havu_language" title="Havu language">Haavu</a></li> <li>[J]D53 <a href="/wiki/Shi_language" title="Shi language">Nyabungu</a></li> <li>[J]D54 <a href="/wiki/Bembe_language_(Ibembe)" title="Bembe language (Ibembe)">Bembe</a></li> <li>[J]D55 <a href="/wiki/Buyu_language" title="Buyu language">Buyi</a></li> <li>[J]D56 <a href="/wiki/Kabwari_language" title="Kabwari language">Kabwari</a></li> <li>[JD501 <a href="/wiki/Shi_language" title="Shi language">Nyindu</a></li> <li>[J]JD502 <a href="/wiki/Yaka_language_(Kivu)" title="Yaka language (Kivu)">Yaka</a></li> <li>[J]JD531 <a href="/wiki/Tembo_(Kitembo)_language" title="Tembo (Kitembo) language">Tembo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]D60</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]D61 <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Ruanda</a></li> <li>[J]D62 <a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Rundi</a></li> <li>[J]D63 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fuliiro</a></li> <li>[J]D64 <a href="/wiki/Shubi_language" title="Shubi language">Shubi</a></li> <li>[J]D65 <a href="/wiki/Hangaza_language" title="Hangaza language">Hangaza</a></li> <li>[J]D66 <a href="/wiki/Ha_language" title="Ha language">Ha</a></li> <li>[J]D67 <a href="/wiki/Vinza_language" title="Vinza language">Vinza</a></li> <li>[JD631 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie classification</a> is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_A%E2%80%93B)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C%E2%80%93D)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_E%E2%80%93H)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_J%E2%80%93M)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_N%E2%80%93S)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_J–M)_(by_Guthrie_classification)800" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_J%E2%80%93M)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_J%E2%80%93M)" title="Template talk:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_J%E2%80%93M)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_J–M)_(by_Guthrie_classification)800" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Narrow <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> (Zones J–M) (by <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone J*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]D40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]D41 <a href="/wiki/Konjo_language_(Bantu)" title="Konjo language (Bantu)">Konzo</a></li> <li>[J]D42 <a href="/wiki/Nande_language" title="Nande language">Ndandi</a></li> <li>[J]D43 <a href="/wiki/Nyanga_language" title="Nyanga language">Nyanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]D50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]D51 <a href="/wiki/Hunde_language" title="Hunde language">Hunde</a></li> <li>[J]D52 <a href="/wiki/Havu_language" title="Havu language">Haavu</a></li> <li>[J]D53 <a href="/wiki/Shi_language" title="Shi language">Nyabungu</a></li> <li>[J]D54 <a href="/wiki/Bembe_language_(Ibembe)" title="Bembe language (Ibembe)">Bembe</a></li> <li>[J]D55 <a href="/wiki/Buyu_language" title="Buyu language">Buyi</a></li> <li>[J]D56 <a href="/wiki/Kabwari_language" title="Kabwari language">Kabwari</a></li> <li>[JD501 <a href="/wiki/Shi_language" title="Shi language">Nyindu</a></li> <li>[J]JD502 <a href="/wiki/Yaka_language_(Kivu)" title="Yaka language (Kivu)">Yaka</a></li> <li>[J]JD531 <a href="/wiki/Tembo_(Kitembo)_language" title="Tembo (Kitembo) language">Tembo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]D60</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]D61 <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Ruanda</a></li> <li>[J]D62 <a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Rundi</a></li> <li>[J]D63 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fuliiro</a></li> <li>[J]D64 <a href="/wiki/Subi_language" title="Subi language">Subi</a></li> <li>[J]D65 <a href="/wiki/Hangaza_language" title="Hangaza language">Hangaza</a></li> <li>[J]D66 <a href="/wiki/Ha_language" title="Ha language">Ha</a></li> <li>[J]D67 <a href="/wiki/Vinza_language" title="Vinza language">Vinza</a></li> <li>[JD631 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]E10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]E11 <a href="/wiki/Nyoro_language" title="Nyoro language">Nyoro</a></li> <li>[J]E12 <a href="/wiki/Tooro_language" title="Tooro language">Tooro</a></li> <li>[J]E13 <a href="/wiki/Nkore_language" title="Nkore language">Nyankore</a></li> <li>[J]E14 <a href="/wiki/Kiga_language" title="Kiga language">Ciga</a></li> <li>[J]E15 <a href="/wiki/Luganda" title="Luganda">Ganda</a></li> <li>[J]E16 <a href="/wiki/Soga_language" title="Soga language">Soga</a></li> <li>[J]E17 <a href="/wiki/Gwere_language" title="Gwere language">Gwere</a></li> <li>[J]E18 <a href="/wiki/Luhya_language" title="Luhya language">Nyala</a></li> <li>[JE101 <a href="/wiki/Gungu_language" title="Gungu language">Gungu</a></li> <li>JE102 <a href="/wiki/Talinga_language" title="Talinga language">Talinga-Bwisi</a></li> <li>JE103 <a href="/wiki/Ruuli_language" title="Ruuli language">Ruli</a></li> <li>JE121 <a href="/wiki/Hema_language" title="Hema language">Hema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]E20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]E21 <a href="/wiki/Nyambo_language" title="Nyambo language">Nyambo</a></li> <li>[J]E22 <a href="/wiki/Haya_language" title="Haya language">Ziba</a></li> <li>[J]E23 <a href="/wiki/Zinza_language" title="Zinza language">Dzindza</a></li> <li>[J]E24 <a href="/wiki/Kerewe_language" title="Kerewe language">Kerebe</a></li> <li>[J]E25 <a href="/wiki/Jita_language" title="Jita language">Jita</a></li> <li>[JE221 <a href="/wiki/Haya_language" title="Haya language">Rashi</a></li> <li>JE251 <a href="/wiki/Kwaya_language" title="Kwaya language">Kwaya</a></li> <li>JE252 <a href="/wiki/Kara_language_(Tanzania)" title="Kara language (Tanzania)">Kara</a></li> <li>JE253 <a href="/wiki/Kwaya_language" title="Kwaya language">Ruri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]E30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]E31a <a href="/wiki/Masaba_language" title="Masaba language">Gisu</a></li> <li>[J]E31b <a href="/wiki/Masaba_language" title="Masaba language">Kisu</a></li> <li>[J]E31c <a href="/wiki/Bukusu_dialect" title="Bukusu dialect">Bukusu</a></li> <li>[J]E32a <a href="/wiki/Luhya_language" title="Luhya language">Hanga</a></li> <li>[J]E32b <a href="/wiki/Luhya_language" title="Luhya language">Tsotso</a></li> <li>[J]E33 <a href="/wiki/Nyole_language_(Kenya)" title="Nyole language (Kenya)">Nyore</a></li> <li>[J]E34 <a href="/wiki/Samia_language" title="Samia language">Saamia</a></li> <li>[J]E35 <a href="/wiki/Nyole_language_(Uganda)" title="Nyole language (Uganda)">Nyuli</a></li> <li>[JE341 <a href="/wiki/Khayo_language" title="Khayo language">Xaayo</a></li> <li>JE342 <a href="/wiki/Marachi_language" title="Marachi language">Marachi</a></li> <li>JE343 <a href="/wiki/Samia_language" title="Samia language">Songa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]E40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]E41 <a href="/wiki/Logooli_language" title="Logooli language">Logooli</a></li> <li>[J]E42 <a href="/wiki/Gusii_language" title="Gusii language">Gusii</a></li> <li>[J]E43 <a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Koria</a></li> <li>[J]E44 <a href="/wiki/Zanaki_language" title="Zanaki language">Zanaki</a></li> <li>[J]E45 <a href="/wiki/Ikoma_language" title="Ikoma language">Nata</a></li> <li>E46 <a href="/wiki/Sonjo_language" title="Sonjo language">Sonjo</a></li> <li>[JE401 <a href="/wiki/Ngoreme_language" title="Ngoreme language">Nguruimi</a></li> <li>JE402 <a href="/wiki/Ikizu_language" title="Ikizu language">Ikizu</a></li> <li>JE403 <a href="/wiki/Suba_language" title="Suba language">Suba</a>/<a href="/wiki/Suba-Simbiti_language" title="Suba-Simbiti language">Suba-Simbiti</a></li> <li>JE404 <a href="/wiki/Ikizu_language" title="Ikizu language">Shashi</a></li> <li>JE405 <a href="/wiki/Kabwa_language" title="Kabwa language">Kabwa</a></li> <li>JE406 <a href="/wiki/Singa_language" title="Singa language">Singa</a></li> <li>JE407 <a href="/wiki/Ware_language" title="Ware language">Ware</a></li> <li>JE411 <a href="/wiki/Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki_language" title="Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki language">Idaxo</a></li> <li>JE412 <a href="/wiki/Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki_language" title="Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki language">Isuxa</a></li> <li>JE413 <a href="/wiki/Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki_language" title="Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki language">Tiriki</a></li> <li>JE431 <a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Simbiti</a></li> <li>JE432 <a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Hacha</a></li> <li>JE433 <a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Surwa</a></li> <li>JE434 <a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Sweta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]F20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]F21 <a href="/wiki/Sukuma_language" title="Sukuma language">Sukuma</a></li> <li>[J]F22 <a href="/wiki/Nyamwezi_language" title="Nyamwezi language">Nyamwezi</a></li> <li>[J]F23 <a href="/wiki/Sumbwa_language" title="Sumbwa language">Sumbwa</a></li> <li>[J]F24 <a href="/wiki/Kimbu_language" title="Kimbu language">Kimbu</a></li> <li>[J]F25 <a href="/wiki/Bungu_language" title="Bungu language">Bungu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone K</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">K10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>K11 <a href="/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a></li> <li>K12a <a href="/wiki/Luimbi_language" title="Luimbi language">Luimbi</a></li> <li>K12b <a href="/wiki/Luchazi" title="Luchazi">Nyemba</a></li> <li>K13 <a href="/wiki/Luchazi" title="Luchazi">Lucazi</a></li> <li>K14 <a href="/wiki/Luvale_language" title="Luvale language">Lwena</a></li> <li>K15 <a href="/wiki/Mbunda_language" title="Mbunda language">Mbunda</a></li> <li>K16 <a href="/wiki/Nyengo_language" title="Nyengo language">Nyengo</a></li> <li>K17 <a href="/wiki/Luchazi" title="Luchazi">Mbwela</a></li> <li>K18 <a href="/wiki/Mbunda_language" title="Mbunda language">Nkangala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">K20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>K21 <a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">K30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>K31 <a href="/wiki/Luyana_language" title="Luyana language">Luyana</a></li> <li>K32 <a href="/wiki/Mbowe_language" title="Mbowe language">Mbowe</a></li> <li>K33 <a href="/wiki/Kwangali_language" title="Kwangali language">Kwangali</a></li> <li>K34 <a href="/wiki/Mashi_language" title="Mashi language">Mashi</a></li> <li>K35 <a href="/wiki/Simaa_language" title="Simaa language">Simaa</a></li> <li>K36 <a href="/wiki/Shanjo_language" title="Shanjo language">Sanjo</a></li> <li>K37 <a href="/wiki/Kwangwa_language" title="Kwangwa language">Kwangwa</a></li> <li>[K321 <a href="/wiki/Mbowe_language" title="Mbowe language">Mbume</a></li> <li>K322 <a href="/wiki/Mbowe_language" title="Mbowe language">Liyuwa</a></li> <li>K332 <a href="/wiki/Dciriku_language" title="Dciriku language">Manyo</a></li> <li>K333 <a href="/wiki/Mbukushu_language" title="Mbukushu language">Mbukushu</a></li> <li>K334 <a href="/wiki/Dciriku_language" title="Dciriku language">Mbogedu</a></li> <li>K351 <a href="/wiki/Simaa_language" title="Simaa language">Mulonga</a></li> <li>K352 <a href="/wiki/Simaa_language" title="Simaa language">Mwenyi</a></li> <li>K353 <a href="/wiki/Simaa_language" title="Simaa language">Koma</a></li> <li>K354 <a href="/wiki/Simaa_language" title="Simaa language">Imilangu</a></li> <li>K371 <a href="/wiki/Kwangwa_language" title="Kwangwa language">Kwandi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">K40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>K41 <a href="/wiki/Totela_language" title="Totela language">Totela</a></li> <li>K42 <a href="/wiki/Kuhane_language" title="Kuhane language">Subiya</a></li> <li>[K402 <a href="/wiki/Fwe_language" title="Fwe language">Fwe</a></li> <li>K411 <a href="/wiki/Totela_language" title="Totela language">Totela of Namibia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">L10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>L11 <a href="/wiki/Pende_language" title="Pende language">Pende</a></li> <li>L12 <a href="/wiki/Holu_language" title="Holu language">Samba</a> & <a href="/wiki/Holu_language" title="Holu language">Holu</a></li> <li>L13 <a href="/wiki/Kwese_language" title="Kwese language">Kwese</a></li> <li>[L101 <a href="/wiki/Sonde_language" title="Sonde language">Sonde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">L20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>L21 <a href="/wiki/Kete_language" title="Kete language">Kete</a></li> <li>L22 <a href="/wiki/Binji_language" title="Binji language">Binji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lwalu_language" title="Lwalu language">Mbagani</a></li></ul></li> <li>L23 <a href="/wiki/Songe_language" title="Songe language">Songe</a></li> <li>L24 <a href="/wiki/Luna_language" title="Luna language">Luna</a></li> <li>[L201 <a href="/wiki/Budya_language" title="Budya language">Budya</a></li> <li>L202 <a href="/wiki/Hemba_language" title="Hemba language">Yazi</a></li> <li>L221 <a href="/wiki/Lwalu_language" title="Lwalu language">Lwalwa</a></li> <li>L231 <a href="/wiki/Binji_language" title="Binji language">Binji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">L30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>L31a <a href="/wiki/Luba-Kasai_language" title="Luba-Kasai language">Luba-Kasai</a></li> <li>L31b <a href="/wiki/Luba-Kasai_language" title="Luba-Kasai language">Lulua</a></li> <li>L32 <a href="/wiki/Kanyok_language" title="Kanyok language">Kanyoka</a></li> <li>L33 <a href="/wiki/Luba-Katanga_language" title="Luba-Katanga language">Luba-Katanga</a></li> <li>L34 <a href="/wiki/Hemba_language" title="Hemba language">Hemba</a></li> <li>L35 <a href="/wiki/Sanga_language_(Bantu)" title="Sanga language (Bantu)">Sanga</a></li> <li>[L301 <a href="/wiki/Kebwe_language" title="Kebwe language">Kebwe</a></li> <li>L331 <a href="/wiki/Zela_language" title="Zela language">Zeela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">L40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>L41 <a href="/wiki/Kaonde_language" title="Kaonde language">Kaonde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">L50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>L51 <a href="/wiki/Salampasu_language" title="Salampasu language">Salampasu</a></li> <li>L52 <a href="/wiki/Lunda_language" title="Lunda language">Lunda</a></li> <li>L53 <a href="/wiki/Ruund_language" title="Ruund language">Ruund</a></li> <li>[L511 <a href="/wiki/Salampasu_language" title="Salampasu language">Luntu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">L60</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>L61 <a href="/wiki/Nkoya_language" title="Nkoya language">Mbwera</a></li> <li>L62 <a href="/wiki/Nkoya_language" title="Nkoya language">Nkoya</a></li> <li>[L601 <a href="/wiki/Nkoya_language" title="Nkoya language">Kolwe</a></li> <li>L602 <a href="/wiki/Nkoya_language" title="Nkoya language">Lushangi</a></li> <li>L603 <a href="/wiki/Nkoya_language" title="Nkoya language">Shasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone M</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>M11 <a href="/wiki/Pimbwe_language" title="Pimbwe language">Pimbwe</a></li> <li>M12 <a href="/wiki/Rungwa_language" title="Rungwa language">Rungwa</a></li> <li>M13 <a href="/wiki/Fipa_language" title="Fipa language">Fipa</a></li> <li>M14 <a href="/wiki/Mambwe-Lungu_language" title="Mambwe-Lungu language">Rungu</a></li> <li>M15 <a href="/wiki/Mambwe-Lungu_language" title="Mambwe-Lungu language">Mambwe</a></li> <li>[M131 <a href="/wiki/Fipa_language" title="Fipa language">Kuulwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>M21 <a href="/wiki/Wanda_language" title="Wanda language">Wanda</a></li> <li>M22 <a href="/wiki/Mwanga_language" title="Mwanga language">Mwanga</a></li> <li>M23 <a href="/wiki/Nyiha_language" title="Nyiha language">Nyiha</a></li> <li>M24 <a href="/wiki/Malila_language" title="Malila language">Malila</a></li> <li>M25 <a href="/wiki/Safwa_language" title="Safwa language">Safwa</a></li> <li>M26 <a href="/wiki/Mwanga_language" title="Mwanga language">Iwa</a></li> <li>M27 <a href="/wiki/Mwanga_language" title="Mwanga language">Tambo</a></li> <li>[M201 <a href="/wiki/Lambya_language" title="Lambya language">Lambya</a></li> <li>M202 <a href="/wiki/Lambya_language" title="Lambya language">Sukwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>M31 <a href="/wiki/Nyakyusa_language" title="Nyakyusa language">Nyakyusa</a></li> <li>[M301 <a href="/wiki/Ndali_language" title="Ndali language">Ndali</a></li> <li>M302 <a href="/wiki/Penja_language" title="Penja language">Penja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>M41 <a href="/wiki/Taabwa_language" title="Taabwa language">Taabwa</a></li> <li>M42 <a href="/wiki/Bemba_language" title="Bemba language">Bemba</a></li> <li>[M401 <a href="/wiki/Bwile_language" title="Bwile language">Bwile</a></li> <li>M402 <a href="/wiki/Aushi_language" title="Aushi language">Aushi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>M51 <a href="/wiki/Lala-Bisa_language" title="Lala-Bisa language">Biisa</a></li> <li>M52 <a href="/wiki/Lala-Bisa_language" title="Lala-Bisa language">Lala</a></li> <li>M53 <a href="/wiki/Lala-Bisa_language" title="Lala-Bisa language">Swaka</a></li> <li>M54 <a href="/wiki/Lamba_language" title="Lamba language">Lamba</a></li> <li>M55 <a href="/wiki/Seba_language" title="Seba language">Seba</a></li> <li>[M521 <a href="/wiki/Lala-Bisa_language" title="Lala-Bisa language">Ambo</a></li> <li>M522 <a href="/wiki/Lala-Bisa_language" title="Lala-Bisa language">Luano</a></li> <li>M541 <a href="/wiki/Lamba_language" title="Lamba language">Lima</a></li> <li>M542 <a href="/wiki/Lamba_language" title="Lamba language">Temba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M60</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>M61 <a href="/wiki/Lenje_language" title="Lenje language">Lenje</a></li> <li>M62 <a href="/wiki/Soli_language" title="Soli language">Soli</a></li> <li>M63 <a href="/wiki/Ila_language" title="Ila language">Ila</a></li> <li>M64 <a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga</a></li> <li>[M611 <a href="/wiki/Lenje_language" title="Lenje language">Lukanga Twa</a></li> <li>M631 <a href="/wiki/Ila_language" title="Ila language">Sala</a></li> <li>M632 <a href="/wiki/Ila_language" title="Ila language">Lundwe</a></li> <li>M633 <a href="/wiki/Kafwe_Twa" title="Kafwe Twa">Kafue Twa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie classification</a> is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_A%E2%80%93B)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C%E2%80%93D)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_E%E2%80%93H)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_J%E2%80%93M)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_N%E2%80%93S)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7166821#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata767" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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</div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>6 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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