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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Head of the United States Department of Finance</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">Superintendent of Finance</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Morris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Robert_Morris.jpg/220px-Robert_Morris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Robert_Morris.jpg/330px-Robert_Morris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Robert_Morris.jpg/440px-Robert_Morris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span></div><b>Only office holder<br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a></b><br />June 27, 1781 - November 1, 1784</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Department of Finance</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">Term length</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No fixed term</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constituting instrument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">February 7, 1781<span class="noprint">; 243 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1781-02-07</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Final holder</th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Morris</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abolished</th><td class="infobox-data">November 1, 1784<span class="noprint">; 240 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1784-11-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Succession</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (Indirectly, see below)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data">Assistant Superintendent of Finance</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Superintendent of Finance of the United States</b> was the head of Department of Finance, which is an executive office during the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> with power similar to a <a href="/wiki/Finance_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance ministry">finance ministry</a>. The only person to hold the office was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a>, who served from 1781 to 1784,<sup id="cite_ref-sdbis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdbis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ssc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various boards and committees were formed from June 3, 1775 on to handle financial matters for the provisional government of the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>. But, as early as 1776, dissatisfaction with this system led Robert Morris, in a message to a Committee of Secret Correspondence, to argue for the use of executives.<sup id="cite_ref-ahr_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congress was open to other methods of finance administration.<sup id="cite_ref-ahr_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1778 after the <a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a> formed, a congressional appeal to Welsh finance writer Dr. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Richard Price</a> was made for him to come and reorganize their finances, which he declined.<sup id="cite_ref-ahr_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1779, Congress requested that their European agents look into methods of administration for war, treasury and naval departments and other offices, but nothing came of that request.<sup id="cite_ref-ahr_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Morris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Robert_Morris.jpg/220px-Robert_Morris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Robert_Morris.jpg/330px-Robert_Morris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Robert_Morris.jpg/440px-Robert_Morris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>Robert Morris</figcaption></figure> <p>Three executive departments were formed in early 1781, finance, foreign affairs and military affairs under the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a> on Wednesday, February 7, 1781, formed a department of finance with its chief officer titled superintendent of finance. Robert Morris was nominated on February 20, accepted on May 14 and took the oath of office in June.<sup id="cite_ref-ahr_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the terrible state of the economy, Congress gave him a huge grant of powers and agreed to Morris's demand to allow him to continue his private business activities.<sup id="cite_ref-sdbis_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdbis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The superintendent and his assistant served as part of an informal cabinet during this end phase of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-ssc_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The office of Secretary of Marine, basically a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> predecessor, was also formed in 1781 with Major General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McDougall" title="Alexander McDougall">Alexander McDougall</a> initially holding the position. This position was soon replaced by the office of Agent of the Marine, which was not directly filled, but taken on voluntarily by the Superintendent.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morris reduced all governmental expenditures, including those on the military. He purchased military supplies using his own money; at times by borrowing from friends or issuing notes on his credit. Accounting procedures were tightened by his direction. The states were pressed by Morris to come up with money and supplies per their quotas.<sup id="cite_ref-sdbis_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdbis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The superintendent took out various personal loans and pushed states for funding for the 1781 <a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown campaign</a> of General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>. Additional funds were needed for the campaign, for which a large loan was obtained from France.<sup id="cite_ref-sdbis_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdbis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_North_America" title="Bank of North America">Bank of North America</a> was chartered in December 1781 by the Congress of the Confederation and opened on January 7, 1782, at the prodding of Robert Morris. Morris funded the bank with the French loan and his own fortune. The bank was used as a financier of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-sdbis_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdbis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was thus the union's first de facto <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a>, being the United States' first government-incorporated bank,<sup id="cite_ref-sdbis_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdbis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following in the footsteps of the Bank of England until 1785, when the Bank’s charter within the Commonwealth of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> was revoked.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1782, Gouverneur Morris initiated the <a href="/wiki/Decimalisation" title="Decimalisation">decimal coinage</a> idea while coining the word "cent" that later became standard for the country's currency.<sup id="cite_ref-ssc_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Morris left the superintendency on November 1, 1784, the post was superseded by a board.<sup id="cite_ref-ahr_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powers">Powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Its powers were analogous to that of <a href="/wiki/US_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="US Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a><sup id="cite_ref-ssc_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> of many <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a> countries. Unlike the office of prime minister, the office of superintendent was not held by an individual who was at the time a member of the government. In this way, it was more like the prototype for the soon to be devised office of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">presidency</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">United States Secretary of the Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ferguson, E. James. <i>The power of the purse: A history of American public finance, 1776-1790</i> (1961)</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRappleye2010" class="citation book cs1">Rappleye, Charles (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertm_rap_2010_00_1148"><i>Robert Morris: Financier of the American Revolution</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416570912" title="Special:BookSources/9781416570912"><bdi>9781416570912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Morris%3A+Financier+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781416570912&rft.aulast=Rappleye&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertm_rap_2010_00_1148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperintendent+of+Finance+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ver Steeg, Clarence L. <i>Robert Morris, Revolutionary Financier.</i> Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1954 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-98078-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-98078-0">0-374-98078-0</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sdbis-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sdbis_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sdbis_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sdbis_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sdbis_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sdbis_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sdbis_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/declaration/bio33.htm">"Robert Morris"</a>. <i>Signers of the Declaration Biographically Sketches</i>. National Park Services<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Signers+of+the+Declaration+Biographically+Sketches&rft.atitle=Robert+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fparkhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fdeclaration%2Fbio33.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperintendent+of+Finance+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssc-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ssc_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssc_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssc_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssc_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightMacGregor1987" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Robert K. Jr.; MacGregor, Morris J. Jr. (1987). "Gouverneur Morris". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ss/morrisg.htm"><i>Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History. pp. 112–114<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gouverneur+Morris&rft.btitle=Soldier-Statesmen+of+the+Constitution&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=112-114&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.+Jr.&rft.au=MacGregor%2C+Morris+J.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2FRevWar%2Fss%2Fmorrisg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperintendent+of+Finance+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahr-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ahr_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahr_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahr_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahr_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahr_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahr_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLearned1905" class="citation journal cs1">Learned, Henry Barrett (January 1, 1905). "Origin of the Title Superintendent of Finance". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 565–573. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1832280">10.2307/1832280</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1832280">1832280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Title+Superintendent+of+Finance&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=565-573&rft.date=1905-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1832280&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1832280%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Learned&rft.aufirst=Henry+Barrett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperintendent+of+Finance+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Price, Richard"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Price,_Richard">"Price, Richard" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Price%2C+Richard&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=John+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperintendent+of+Finance+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightMacGregor1987" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Robert K. Jr.; MacGregor, Morris J. Jr. (1987). "The Articles of Confederation". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ss/ch3.htm"><i>Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History. p. 27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Articles+of+Confederation&rft.btitle=Soldier-Statesmen+of+the+Constitution&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.+Jr.&rft.au=MacGregor%2C+Morris+J.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2FRevWar%2Fss%2Fch3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperintendent+of+Finance+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLossing1877" class="citation book cs1">Lossing, Benson J. (1877). "Continental Navy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/Our_Country_vol_2/continenta_bce.html"><i>Household History for All Readers</i></a> (Our Country vol. 2 ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Continental+Navy&rft.btitle=Household+History+for+All+Readers&rft.edition=Our+Country+vol.+2&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Lossing&rft.aufirst=Benson+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publicbookshelf.com%2Fpublic_html%2FOur_Country_vol_2%2Fcontinenta_bce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperintendent+of+Finance+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Confederation_Government" title="Template:Confederation Government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Confederation_Government" title="Template talk:Confederation Government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Confederation_Government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Confederation Government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Government_of_the_United_States_under_the_Articles_of_Confederation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government of the United States under the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Congresses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_States" title="Committee of the States">Committee of the States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Congressional Officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Secretary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil Offices/Officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Superintendent of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Agent of the Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary at War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_in_Cases_of_Capture" title="Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture">Court of Appeals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_War" title="Board of War">Board of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Commander in Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Continental Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meeting sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall (1779–1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_Hall" title="Nassau Hall">Nassau Hall (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_State_House" title="Maryland State House">Maryland State House (1783–1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Arms_Tavern" title="French Arms Tavern">French Arms Tavern (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall (1785–1789)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_Congress_Proclamation_of_1783" title="Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783">Proclamation of 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1784" title="Land Ordinance of 1784">1784 Land Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1785" title="Land Ordinance of 1785">1785 Land Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Journals of the Continental Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robert_Morris" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robert_Morris" title="Template:Robert Morris"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robert_Morris" title="Template talk:Robert Morris"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robert_Morris" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robert Morris"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robert_Morris" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">United States Senator, Pennsylvania, 1789–1795</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Superintendent of Finance of the United States, 1781–1784</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress, 1775–1778</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">United States<br />Founding events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)#Financed_the_war" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Financier of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Signed, Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Signed, Articles of Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Signed, United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">1776 Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence, Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committees of safety (American Revolution)">Chairman, Pennsylvania Committee of Safety</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">U.S. Superintendent of Finance</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agent of the Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_North_America" title="Bank of North America">Bank of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Constellatio" title="Nova Constellatio">Nova Constellatio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Hall#Temporary_capitol" title="Congress Hall">Philadelphia as U.S. capital city, 1790–1800</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia)" title="President's House (Philadelphia)">President's House</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)#Shipping_and_slavery" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Willing, Morris & Co. (Slavery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_sign#Later_history" title="Dollar sign">Use of the dollar sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_of_China_(1783)" title="Empress of China (1783)"><i>Empress of China</i> merchant ship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_China_Trade" title="Old China Trade">Old China Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelps_and_Gorham_Purchase" title="Phelps and Gorham Purchase">Phelps and Gorham Purchase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)#Early_life" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerseat_(Morrisville,_Pennsylvania)" title="Summerseat (Morrisville, Pennsylvania)">Summerseat home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections_in_Pennsylvania,_1788" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate elections in Pennsylvania, 1788">1788 U.S. Senate election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%9397" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic of 1796–97">Panic of 1796–97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Philadelphia" title="Christ Church, Philadelphia">Christ Church, Philadelphia, burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_University" title="Robert Morris University">Robert Morris University, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_University_Illinois" title="Robert Morris University Illinois">Robert Morris University, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(Bartlett)" title="Robert Morris (Bartlett)"><i>Robert Morris</i> statue, Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">Depicted in <i>The Apotheosis of Washington</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heald_Square_Monument" title="Heald Square Monument"><i>Heald Square Monument</i>, Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Morris,_New_York" title="Mount Morris, New York">Mount Morris, New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Morris_(village),_New_York" title="Mount Morris (village), New York">village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Morris_Dam" title="Mount Morris Dam">dam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrisville,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Morrisville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Morrisville, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Morris" title="USS Morris">USS <i>Morris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morris_(New_York_politician)" title="Thomas Morris (New York politician)">Thomas Morris (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Willing" title="Thomas Willing">Thomas Willing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haym_Salomon" title="Haym Salomon">Haym Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross_flag" title="Betsy Ross flag">Betsy Ross flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Alfred_(1774)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Alfred (1774)">USS <i>Alfred</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Money_and_central_banking_within_the_contemporary_United_States_(pre%E2%80%931913)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Money and central banking within the contemporary United States (pre–1913) (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Money_and_central_banking_within_the_contemporary_United_States_(pre%E2%80%931913)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Money and central banking within the contemporary United States (pre–1913)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monetary_policy_and_central_banking_in_the_United_States_(pre–1913)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_monetary_policy_in_the_United_States" title="History of monetary policy in the United States">Monetary policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_central_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of central banking in the United States">central banking in the United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">pre–1913</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Monetary policy of the United States">Monetary policy of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Revolution">Commercial Revolution</a><br />(1607–1760)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bills_of_credit" title="Bills of credit">Bills of credit</a> (c. 1690–1750)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Inspection_Act" title="Tobacco Inspection Act">Tobacco Inspection Act</a> (1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Tobacco_Inspection_Act_of_1747" title="Maryland Tobacco Inspection Act of 1747">Maryland Tobacco Inspection Act of 1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency Acts</a> (1751; 1764)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">1st Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1760–1840)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> (1776–1780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_United_States_dollar" title="Banknotes of the United States dollar">U.S. dollar banknotes</a> (1775–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a> (1775–1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Pennsylvania" title="Bank of Pennsylvania">Bank of Pennsylvania</a> (1780–1781)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">U.S. Finance Superintendent</a> (1781–1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_North_America" title="Bank of North America">Bank of North America</a> (1781–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I of the U.S. Constitution</a> <ul><li>1787–1788; <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8:_Powers_of_Congress" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Section VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_10:_Limits_on_the_States" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Section X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">U.S. Treasury Department</a> <ul><li>1789–1913; <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">U.S. Treasury Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Treasury_security" title="United States Treasury security">U.S. Treasury security</a> (1789–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First Bank of the United States</a> (1791–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1792" title="Coinage Act of 1792">Coinage Act of 1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a> (1792–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_United_States_dollar" title="Coins of the United States dollar">U.S. dollar coins</a> (1792–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_dime" title="Half dime">Half dime</a> (1792–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_half_disme" title="1792 half disme">1792 half disme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_cent_(United_States_coin)" title="Half cent (United States coin)">Half cent</a> (1793–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_cent" title="Large cent">Large cent</a> (1793–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasury_Note_(19th_century)" title="Treasury Note (19th century)">Treasury Note</a> (1812–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_Jacksonian_Era" title="Banking in the Jacksonian Era">Banking in the Jacksonian Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a>, 1816–1836</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Bank" title="Suffolk Bank">Suffolk Bank</a>, 1818–1858</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McCulloch_v._Maryland" title="McCulloch v. Maryland">McCulloch v. Maryland</a></i>, 1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Fund_System" title="Safety Fund System">New York Safety Fund System</a>, 1829–1842</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_War" title="Bank War">Bank War</a>, 1832–1836</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1834" title="Coinage Act of 1834">Coinage Act of 1834</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">Civil War Era</a><br />(1840–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">Free banking</a> (1836–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_banking" title="Wildcat banking">Wildcat banking</a> (1836–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forstall_System" title="The Forstall System">Forstall System</a> (1842–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Treasury" title="Independent Treasury">Independent U.S. Treasury</a> (1846–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1849" title="Coinage Act of 1849">Coinage Act of 1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-cent_silver" title="Three-cent silver">Three-cent silver</a> (1851–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1853" title="Coinage Act of 1853">Coinage Act of 1853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clearing_House" title="The Clearing House">New York Clearing House Association</a> (1853–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1857" title="Coinage Act of 1857">Coinage Act of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_Note" title="Demand Note">Demand Note</a> (1861–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Tender_Cases" title="Legal Tender Cases">Legal Tender Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Note" title="United States Note">United States Note</a> (1862–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_currency" title="Fractional currency">Fractional currency</a> (1862–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_Act" title="National Bank Act">National Bank Acts</a> (1863; 1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_bearing_note" title="Interest bearing note">Interest bearing note</a> (1863–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_central_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of central banking in the United States">National banks system</a> (1863–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_Note" title="National Bank Note">National Bank Note</a> (1863–c. 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_certificate_(United_States)" title="Gold certificate (United States)">Gold certificate</a> (1863–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_interest_treasury_note" title="Compound interest treasury note">Compound interest treasury note</a> (1863–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1864" title="Coinage Act of 1864">Coinage Act of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cent_piece_(United_States)" title="Two-cent piece (United States)">Two-cent piece</a> (1864–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-cent_nickel" title="Three-cent nickel">Three-cent nickel</a> (1865–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraction_Act_of_1866" title="Contraction Act of 1866">Contraction Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Credit_Act_of_1869" title="Public Credit Act of 1869">Public Credit Act of 1869</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">2nd Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1870–1914)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legal_Tender_Cases" title="Legal Tender Cases">Legal Tender Cases</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_v._Griswold" title="Hepburn v. Griswold">Hepburn v. Griswold</a></i> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act_of_1870" title="Currency Act of 1870">Currency Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gold_Bank_Note" title="National Gold Bank Note">National Gold Bank Note</a> (1870–1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knox_v._Lee" title="Knox v. Lee">Knox v. Lee</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1873" title="Coinage Act of 1873">Coinage Act of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">Free silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specie_Payment_Resumption_Act" title="Specie Payment Resumption Act">Specie Payment Resumption Act</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-cent_piece_(United_States_coin)" title="Twenty-cent piece (United States coin)">Twenty-cent piece</a> (1875–1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bland%E2%80%93Allison_Act" title="Bland–Allison Act">Bland–Allison Act</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_certificate_(United_States)" title="Silver certificate (United States)">Silver certificate</a> (1878–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refunding_Certificate" title="Refunding Certificate">Refunding Certificate</a> (1879–1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juilliard_v._Greenman" title="Juilliard v. Greenman">Juilliard v. Greenman</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Silver_Purchase_Act" title="Sherman Silver Purchase Act">Sherman Silver Purchase Act</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasury_Note_(1890%E2%80%931891)" title="Treasury Note (1890–1891)">Treasury Note</a> (1890–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_Act" title="Gold Standard Act">Gold Standard Act</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldrich%E2%80%93Vreeland_Act" title="Aldrich–Vreeland Act">Aldrich–Vreeland Act</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monetary_Commission" title="National Monetary Commission">National Monetary Commission</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States&oldid=1255102646">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States&oldid=1255102646</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_Congress" title="Category:Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 November 2024, at 04:16<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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