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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Charles de Gaulle’s speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_de_Gaulle’s_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditions_in_Algeria_prior_to_the_Constantine_Plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditions_in_Algeria_prior_to_the_Constantine_Plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Conditions in Algeria prior to the Constantine Plan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conditions_in_Algeria_prior_to_the_Constantine_Plan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conditions in Algeria prior to the Constantine Plan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conditions_in_Algeria_prior_to_the_Constantine_Plan-sublist" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French-French Algerian economic development program</div> <p><b>The Constantine Plan</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Plan de Constantine</i>) was an economic development program aiming to lessen the socio-economic gap between citizens of <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> and Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">France</a>. Financed by French capital, it was introduced in 1958 by President <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> during the height of the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> in an attempt to quell uprisings of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a> independence. The plan was structured based on the former Maspétiol Report, and the report entitled <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">“Les perspectives décennales du développement économique de l'Algérie”</i></span>, and officially commenced on October 3, 1958 after de Gaulle gave his speech in the Algerian city of <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>. </p><p>The long-term impact and progress made by the Constantine Plan ran through many spheres of Algerian society including education, public service and administration, housing, and land distribution in French Algeria. The plan was intended to serve two purposes: to weaken support for the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">Front de libération nationale (FLN)</a> in Algeria and to prevent the spread of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, keeping Algeria in the <a href="/wiki/Eurafrica" title="Eurafrica">Eurafrica</a> sphere. In the long run, the plan proved to be unsuccessful in most of its goals as its promises were either not kept or were poorly implemented. The Constantine Plan failed to quell the Algerian War (1954–1962), which led to Algeria's independence in July 1962. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Plan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the planning and legislature surrounding the Constantine Plan was developed from a compilation of earlier reports which had aimed to establish Algeria's overall situation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maspétiol_Report"><span id="Masp.C3.A9tiol_Report"></span>Maspétiol Report</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Plan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Maspétiol Report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Rapport général [dit Rapport Maspétiol]</i>, or the Maspétiol Report, also referred to as The Maspétiol Commission (1955) was a report that calculated the amount of French investment necessary in order to develop Algeria's economy. By taking into consideration colonies or countries whose size and developmental levels were similar to Algeria's, the report provided a quantitative and statistical basis for development.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roland Maspétio, who headed the study, stated that the French economy was fully capable of funding Algerian development, citing <a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Les Trente Glorieuses</a>, the period between 1945 and 1975 wherein France saw great economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Les_perspectives_décennales_du_développement_économique_de_l'Algérie"><span id="Les_perspectives_d.C3.A9cennales_du_d.C3.A9veloppement_.C3.A9conomique_de_l.27Alg.C3.A9rie"></span>Les perspectives décennales du développement économique de l'Algérie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Plan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Les perspectives décennales du développement économique de l'Algérie"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>“Les perspectives décennales du développement économique de l'Algérie”<i>,</i> or “The 10 year perspectives of the economic development of Algeria” followed the Maspétiol Report in 1957. It was drafted by a group of young civil servants formed by the Algerian General Government.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report mapped out Algeria's economic prospects for the period spanning 1957-1966. The report also analyzed Algeria's current economic conditions in order to explain hurdles — such as Algeria's rapidly growing population — which the country would face in the coming years.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would be presented to French authorities in 1957, and would ultimately contribute heavily to the contents of Charles de Gaulle's speech in 1958. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charles_de_Gaulle’s_speech"><span id="Charles_de_Gaulle.E2.80.99s_speech"></span>Charles de Gaulle’s speech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Plan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Charles de Gaulle’s speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpture_Charles_de_Gaulle_in_Dinant.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sculpture_Charles_de_Gaulle_in_Dinant.JPG/220px-Sculpture_Charles_de_Gaulle_in_Dinant.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sculpture_Charles_de_Gaulle_in_Dinant.JPG/330px-Sculpture_Charles_de_Gaulle_in_Dinant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sculpture_Charles_de_Gaulle_in_Dinant.JPG/440px-Sculpture_Charles_de_Gaulle_in_Dinant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A Statue of Charles de Gaulle in Dinant</figcaption></figure> <p>On October 3, 1958, French president Charles de Gaulle appeared before the people of Algeria, in the city of Constantine, and unveiled plans for a new development project to be financed by Metropolitan France. De Gaulle reaffirmed France's determination for renovation and his commitment towards developing French Algeria. He made bold promises for sweeping changes meant to improve every factor of Algeria's social, cultural, and economic system. He asserted that it was only through this transformation that Algeria would prosper, further elaborating that peace would be achieved, but only France was willing and able to provide the necessary aid to help Algeria accomplish these goals. De Gaulle denounced “extremism”, stating that turning towards extremist groups for guidance is a foolish endeavor that will only lead to destruction and that these groups that incite unrest and wage war on France are not capable of providing Algeria with the same means that France is offering to give them.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speech noted a dichotomy of choice between either war or brotherhood. De Gaulle made it clear that of the two he preferred brotherhood, but only under French terms.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical experts have identified the speech as being perceived by De Gaulle as an opportunity to undermine the growing unrest and support for the Front de libération nationale (FLN), or the National Liberation Front in Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This claim is based on the fact that the speech came during the peak of the Algerian War as France and the FLN were locked in a heated battle for Algerian independence. The Constantine Plan also served as an attempt to keep Algeria squarely in the Eurafrican zone. By taking hold of the country's economic development, France hoped to be able to prevent the spread of communism.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conditions_in_Algeria_prior_to_the_Constantine_Plan">Conditions in Algeria prior to the Constantine Plan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Plan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conditions in Algeria prior to the Constantine Plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_colonialism_in_Algeria">French colonialism in Algeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Plan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: French colonialism in Algeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Plan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to France's conquest of Algeria in 1830, the Algerian educational system only provided schooling until the secondary level. Education was also not state run, and instead, was funded by wealthy religious donors.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary and middle school education focused on teaching reading and writing in Arabic as well as memorization of Qur’anic verses. Secondary education taught theology, jurisprudence, and law, and took place in mosques or independent quarters known as <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa"><i>madaris</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French officials initially promised that they would continue to allow the operation of Qur’anic schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, new French legislation undermined the pre-existing system to spread French culture. Over time, many of these schools were forced to shut down due to lack of funding.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French officials created state-run publicly funded schools that competed with traditional Qur’anic schools. Consequently, the French administration's influence on Algeria's educational system steadily grew.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the roles of colonial officials were expanded, the instruction of French was added to all curriculums, and more focus was placed on non-religious programs such as arithmetic, history, and geography.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as free modern Arabic schools that did not teach French had developed throughout the 1930s, French officials refused to shut down Arabic <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a> schools due to the fact that French public schools were beginning to lack the capacity to take in more students by the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constructing enough schools and training enough teachers to cope with approximately two million 5 to 15 year old Algerians was a colossal task and financial burden for French administrators.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the French government's refusal to close Ulama schools, the Arabic schools provided education to those the French could not. The increasing demands for education later informed decisions regarding Algerian education in the development of the Constantine Plan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_service_and_administration">Public service and administration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Plan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Public service and administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A result of France's steadily growing influence on the Algerian education system was the gradual replacement of various institutional leaders. After the French government installed state run madaris, they stipulated that any man charged with teaching at a level leading directly to higher education had to be educated at one of France's state run schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approved representatives at all levels of administration— from school officials to Muslim preachers — were installed to influence Algerian culture from the ground up.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This policy was applied to such an extent that an Algerian minister commented prior to the implementation of the Constantine Plan, that of the 864 administrative high posts, 8 were Muslim held.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goals">Goals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Plan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constantine Plan was an ambitious project that aimed to increase wages, housing, and public infrastructure across colonial French Algeria. It was an overarching program meant to target all levels of Algeria's society.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan focused on modernizing Algeria in order to mitigate the socio-economic discrepancy that had existed both statistically and in the eyes of the colonial French government between the Algerian people and Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan would ultimately be the result of several years of work completed by economists, academics, and statisticians.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:71_House_construction_Algeria_(6778001240).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/71_House_construction_Algeria_%286778001240%29.jpg/220px-71_House_construction_Algeria_%286778001240%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/71_House_construction_Algeria_%286778001240%29.jpg/330px-71_House_construction_Algeria_%286778001240%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/71_House_construction_Algeria_%286778001240%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Workers in Algeria constructing a house, 1956</figcaption></figure> <p>It promised comprehensive improvements including, but not limited to: </p> <ol><li>Raising national revenue by 7.5%</li> <li>Increasing the number of children able to access education to 1.5 million</li> <li>The creation of large-scale industry, especially metallurgical and chemical industries through the use of oil and gas from the Sahara<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Creation of housing for a million people</li> <li>Increasing of employment levels through the creation of 400,000 new Algerian-based jobs, and an additional 100,000 France-based jobs for Algerians.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Redistribution of 250,000 hectares of land.</li> <li>Promising that at least 10% of France's judiciary, administrative, and education roles would be set aside for Arab Algerians.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The implementation of the plan necessitated the creation of <i>le Conseil supérieur du plan</i>, or the Constantine Plan Superior Council. With 43 members, the original council was led by three individuals. The First was <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mass%C3%A9" title="Pierre Massé">Pierre Massé</a>, a top French government official who served as both the Commissioner General regarding equipment and modernization and the council chair. Alongside Pierre Masse were <a href="/wiki/Salah_Bouakouir" title="Salah Bouakouir">Salah Bouakouir</a>, the Secretary of both economic affairs and the general delegation, and Jean Vibert, the general director of the Constantine Plan and of economic research.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the project's planned 5-year run, France promised to commit 350 million <a href="/wiki/Franc" title="Franc">francs</a> towards agriculture, forestry and hydraulics and another 460 million francs towards the development of industry and energy.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Plan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_and_employment">Industry and employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Plan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Industry and employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estimations state that 80,000 new jobs had to be created every year in order to keep up with the exponential growth of Muslim workers entering the Algerian economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this fact, only 400 new factories were either built or planned to be built in the two years following the implementation of the Constantine Plan. These 400 factories would have only provided 28,000 of the needed 80,000 jobs, and even then these numbers were over inflated and the true number was believed to be only half of the estimated 28,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following years did not see an increase in the rate of job growth, and the planned 400,000 new jobs would not have been possible in the 5-year span first set about by the Constantine Plan.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In promising the creation of these 400,000 new jobs, the industries in which these jobs would be created had not yet been determined. The agriculture industry was already oversaturated (about 65% of the male working population), and the service industry was also considerably developed due to the war (about 20% of the male working population). Most of the jobs would eventually be created in heavy industry (mining, energy, construction) fuelled largely by the public infrastructure works financed by the plan itself, as well as hydrocarbon research and extraction given the plan to utilize gas and oil reserves in the Sahara. Ultimately, the plan would create 106,810 new jobs — approximately 25% of its originally promised numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_2">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Plan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the plan's first year of implementation, the enrollment rate of Muslim children in schools doubled; however, over half of the country's school-age children continued to lack access to any kind of formal education. The schools were heavily dependent on French capital and teachers, and were ultimately criticized for being unsustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, with funding being concentrated in urban centres, the accessibility issue intensified in rural regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_service_and_administration_2">Public service and administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Plan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Public service and administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the implementation of the Constantine Plan and General de Gaulle's promise to open up new administrative posts for Arab Algerians, Muslim participation in administration increased from 21,000 to 37,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim involvement in military ranks also saw exponential growth as more and more posts became open to the greater Muslim population.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_construction_at_Constantine,_Algeria_(6959837563).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/House_construction_at_Constantine%2C_Algeria_%286959837563%29.jpg/220px-House_construction_at_Constantine%2C_Algeria_%286959837563%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/House_construction_at_Constantine%2C_Algeria_%286959837563%29.jpg/330px-House_construction_at_Constantine%2C_Algeria_%286959837563%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/House_construction_at_Constantine%2C_Algeria_%286959837563%29.jpg/440px-House_construction_at_Constantine%2C_Algeria_%286959837563%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>House construction in Constantine, Algeria, 1961</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Plan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Gaulle's promise to create more housing culminated in the creation of both <i>Le campagne de mille villages</i> and <i>Les villages de regroupement.</i> While <i>Le campagne de mille villages</i> served its purpose of housing 1 million Algerian people, <i>Les villages de regroupement</i> brought together 2 million, many of whom were forcefully removed from their villages, and subjected to abject poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_distribution">Land distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Plan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Land distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The redistribution of land ended in failure. Originally promising to redistribute 250,000 hectares amongst 15,000 families, the plan managed to redistribute less than 20% of their promised goal. By 1961 only 41,000 hectares had been distributed to 1800 families.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan ultimately failed to address chronic land shortage, a pressing problem of economic survival in the Algerian countryside given that 6.5-million Algerians at the time still depended on an agricultural sector in which about 22,000 settler-owned farms produced a volume of saleable produce equivalent to that of approximately 600,000 Algerian-owned smallholdings.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Plan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the purpose of the Constantine Plan was to reduce popular support for the FLN, then the shortcomings of the Constantine plan doomed the public relations aspect to failure. The launching of the Constantine Plan is viewed by scholars as largely an attempt to further integrate Algeria into France's sphere of influence, particularly in an economic sense.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since many of the bodies created by the plan continued to operate after 1962, the plan cannot be solely identified as a colonial phenomenon or an effort to subjugate Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Plan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Thomas_(historian)" title="Martin Thomas (historian)">Martin Thomas</a> adopted a critical outlook on the plan. Although the plan was meant to be a transformative development scheme, Thomas believed that the execution of the Constantine Plan was doomed to fail due to sheer financial issues arising from France ramping up costly military operations such as its nuclear program.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regard to domestic reaction, Algerian socialists believed the plan was proof that de Gaulle shared similar values referring to public infrastructure projects, state-funded employment, and public housing.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others believed the plan as a whole to be a misguided economic solution to a program that was primarily political. <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Pickles" title="Dorothy Pickles">Dorothy Pickles</a>, in her book <i>Algeria and France From Colonialism to Cooperation</i>, argues that even if the Constantine Plan had accomplished all that it had set out to do it still would not have been enough to meet all of Algeria's growing needs and fully develop it to a level equal to Europe, as Charles de Gaulle claimed. For Pickles, the goals set about by the plan would have no doubt eased France's plan for the creation of a new French Algeria, “but they [were] only the beginning of the beginning”. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Plan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMayer" class="citation web cs1">Mayer, René. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdha.fr/le-plan-de-constantine#page">"Le Plan de Constantine"</a>. <i>www.cdhl.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdhl.fr&rft.atitle=Le+Plan+de+Constantine&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdha.fr%2Fle-plan-de-constantine%23page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+Plan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotta1959" class="citation journal cs1">Cotta, A. (1959). "Les perspectives decennales du developpement economique de l'Algerie et le plan de Constantine". <i>Revue économique</i>. <b>10</b> (6): 913–946. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3498606">10.2307/3498606</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-2764">0035-2764</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3498606">3498606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+%C3%A9conomique&rft.atitle=Les+perspectives+decennales+du+developpement+economique+de+l%27Algerie+et+le+plan+de+Constantine&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=913-946&rft.date=1959&rft.issn=0035-2764&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3498606%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3498606&rft.aulast=Cotta&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+Plan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Muriam Haleh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eui.eu/Research/HistoricalArchivesOfEU/News/2013/07-30-EurafricaandDeGaullesConstantinePlan">"Eurafrica and De Gaulle's Constantine Plan - Algeria and the European Communities 1958-1962"</a>. <i>Historical Archives of the EU</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Archives+of+the+EU&rft.atitle=Eurafrica+and+De+Gaulle%27s+Constantine+Plan+-+Algeria+and+the+European+Communities+1958-1962&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Muriam+Haleh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eui.eu%2FResearch%2FHistoricalArchivesOfEU%2FNews%2F2013%2F07-30-EurafricaandDeGaullesConstantinePlan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+Plan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeggoy1975" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Heggoy, Alf Andrew (1975). "Arab Education in Colonial Algeria". <i>Journal of African Studies</i>. 2 (issue 2): 149–160. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1303250564">1303250564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Arab+Education+in+Colonial+Algeria&rft.volume=2+%28issue+2%29&rft.pages=149-160&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Heggoy&rft.aufirst=Alf+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+Plan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickles2015" class="citation book cs1">Pickles, Dorothy Maud (2015). <i>Algeria and France; From Colonialism to Cooperation</i>. Routledge. pp. 66–184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algeria+and+France%3B+From+Colonialism+to+Cooperation&rft.pages=66-184&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Pickles&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+Maud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+Plan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2010" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Muriam Haleh (2010). "Restaging Mise en Valeur: "Postwar Imperialism" and The Plan de Constantine". <i>Review of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 176–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS215134810000149X">10.1017/S215134810000149X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2151-3481">2151-3481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Restaging+Mise+en+Valeur%3A+%22Postwar+Imperialism%22+and+The+Plan+de+Constantine&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=176-186&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS215134810000149X&rft.issn=2151-3481&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Muriam+Haleh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+Plan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2016" class="citation book cs1">Choi, Sung-Eun (2016). <i>Decolonization and the French of Algeria: Bringing the Settler Colony Home</i>. 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Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1958degaulle-algeria1.asp">https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1958degaulle-algeria1.asp</a> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2014" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Martin (2014). <i>Fight or Flight: Britain, France, and their Roads from Empire</i>. 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Algerian_War_(1954–1962)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Algerian_War" title="Template:Algerian War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Algerian_War" title="Template talk:Algerian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Algerian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Algerian War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Algerian_War_(1954–1962)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (1954–1962)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler<br />colonialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1830)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1830)">Invasion of Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Atrocities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokrani_Revolt" title="Mokrani Revolt">Mokrani Revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerians_of_the_Pacific" title="Algerians of the Pacific">Deportations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French_Algeria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_popular_resistance_against_French_invasion" title="Algerian popular resistance against French invasion">Algerian popular resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Algerian nationalism</a></li> <li>Attempted reforms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Algerian_Political_Rights_Petition" title="1920 Algerian Political Rights Petition">1920 petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonnart_Law" title="Jonnart Law">Jonnart Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Algerian_People" title="Manifesto of the Algerian People">1943 manifesto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and rule</a> policies <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9mieux_Decree" title="Crémieux Decree">Crémieux Decree</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_myth" title="Kabyle myth">Kabyle myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indig%C3%A9nat#Indigénat_regime_in_Algeria" title="Indigénat">Indigénat</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_status_of_Indigenous_Algerians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal status of Indigenous Algerians (page does not exist)">Legal status</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statut_juridique_des_indig%C3%A8nes_d%27Alg%C3%A9rie" class="extiw" title="fr:Statut juridique des indigènes d'Algérie">fr</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pied_noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied noir">Pied noir</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre" title="Sétif and Guelma massacre">Sétif and Guelma massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_Conference" title="Brazzaville Conference">Brazzaville Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a> (1946–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Uprising" title="Malagasy Uprising">Malagasy Uprising</a> (1947–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_14_July_1953_in_Paris" title="Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris">Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_the_Algerian_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chronology of the Algerian War (page does not exist)">Chronology</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronologie_de_la_guerre_d%27Alg%C3%A9rie" class="extiw" title="fr:Chronologie de la guerre d'Algérie">fr</a>]</span><br />of key events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_1_November_1954" title="Declaration of 1 November 1954">Declaration of 1 November 1954</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Rouge" title="Toussaint Rouge">Toussaint Rouge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippeville" title="Battle of Philippeville">Battle of Philippeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soummam_conference" title="Soummam conference">Soummam conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956%E2%80%931957)" title="Battle of Algiers (1956–1957)">Battle of Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_hijacking_of_the_FLN_plane" title="French hijacking of the FLN plane">Hijacking of the FLN plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Corsica" title="Operation Corsica">Operation Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Week_of_barricades&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Week of barricades (page does not exist)">Week of barricades</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaine_des_barricades" class="extiw" title="fr:Semaine des barricades">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War crimes /<br />human rights<br />violations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torture_during_the_Algerian_War" title="Torture during the Algerian War">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Saadia_Mebarek" title="Killing of Saadia Mebarek">Killing of Saadia Mebarek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charonne_subway_massacre" title="Charonne subway massacre">Charonne subway massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_massacre_of_1961" title="Paris massacre of 1961">Paris massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community"><i>Communauté française</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constantine Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLN_football_team" title="FLN football team">FLN football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_121" title="Manifesto of the 121">Manifesto of the 121</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partition_of_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partition of Algeria (page does not exist)">Proposed partition of Algeria</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_de_l%27Alg%C3%A9rie" class="extiw" title="fr:Partition de l'Algérie">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">End of the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1961_French_referendum_on_Algerian_self-determination" title="1961 French referendum on Algerian self-determination">1961 French referendum on Algerian self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Évian Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1962_French_%C3%89vian_Accords_referendum" title="1962 French Évian Accords referendum">referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Algerian_independence_referendum" title="1962 Algerian independence referendum">Algerian independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_1958_crisis_in_France" title="May 1958 crisis in France">May 1958 crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Fifth Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_Africa" title="Year of Africa">Year of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria_(1962%E2%80%931999)#Aftermath_of_the_war" title="History of Algeria (1962–1999)">Aftermath in Algeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_Algerian_crisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 Algerian crisis (page does not exist)">1962 Algerian crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War#Lasting_effects_in_Algerian_politics" title="Algerian War">Effects in Algerian politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_Algerian_War" title="List of films about the Algerian War">Films</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monuments_andcommemorations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments and<br />commemorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1 November 1954 Stadiums <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_November_1954_Stadium_(Algiers)" title="1 November 1954 Stadium (Algiers)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_November_1954_Stadium_(Batna)" title="1 November 1954 Stadium (Batna)">Batna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_November_1954_Stadium_(El_Oued)" title="1 November 1954 Stadium (El Oued)">El Oued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_November_1954_Stadium_(Tizi_Ouzou)" title="1 November 1954 Stadium (Tizi Ouzou)">Tizi Ouzou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Memorial,_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrs' Memorial, Algiers">Martyrs' Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_Liberation_of_Algeria" title="Memorial to the Liberation of Algeria">Memorial to the Liberation of Algeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Army (Algeria)">National Liberation Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_National_Movement" title="Algerian National Movement">Algerian National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Communist_Party" title="Algerian Communist Party">Algerian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oujda_Group" title="Oujda Group">Oujda Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">French Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Commandos_de_Chasse" title="Commandos de Chasse">Commandos de Chasse</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Main_Rouge" title="La Main Rouge">La Main Rouge</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Alg%C3%A9rie_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Front Algérie Française">Front Algérie Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Organisation armée secrète">Organisation armée secrète</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defectors_from_the_French_army_to_the_ALN" title="Defectors from the French army to the ALN">Defectors from the French army to the ALN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harki" title="Harki">Harkis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Algerian_War" title="Women in the Algerian War">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Algerian_War" title="Category:Algerian War">Category</a></b> /  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Template:Charles de Gaulle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Template talk:Charles de Gaulle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charles de Gaulle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Charles_de_Gaulle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_and_terms_of_address_used_for_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="List of names and terms of address used for Charles de Gaulle">Names and terms of address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before WWII</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Early life <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Birthplace of Charles de Gaulle">Birthplace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Gaulle_family" title="De Gaulle family">Family</a></li> <li>World War I <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5th_Army_(France)" title="5th Army (France)">5th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dinant" title="Battle of Dinant">Battle of Dinant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Interwar period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Military_Mission_to_Poland" title="French Military Mission to Poland">French Military Mission to Poland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_during_World_War_II" title="Charles de Gaulle during World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of<br />France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Armored_Division_(France,_1940)" title="4th Armored Division (France, 1940)">4th Armored Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montcornet" title="Battle of Montcornet">Battle of Montcornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abbeville" title="Battle of Abbeville">Battle of Abbeville</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Free_French" title="Template:Campaignbox Free French">Campaigns</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Defense_Council" title="Empire Defense Council">Empire Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National_Committee" title="French National Committee">CNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">CFLN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_Conference" title="Brazzaville Conference">Brazzaville Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945–1958</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Crisis" title="Levant Crisis">Levant Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1958_crisis_in_France" title="May 1958 crisis in France">May 1958 crisis</a></li> <li>1958 elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_French_presidential_election" title="1958 French presidential election">presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_French_legislative_election" title="1958 French legislative election">legislative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">1958 constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1958 French constitutional referendum">referendum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Presidency of Charles de Gaulle">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constantine Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch of 1961</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouchet_Plan" title="Fouchet Plan">Fouchet Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit-Clamart_attack" title="Petit-Clamart attack">1962 assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_French_presidential_election_referendum" title="1962 French presidential election referendum">1962 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Treaty" title="Élysée Treaty">Élysée Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle%27s_trip_to_South_America" title="Charles de Gaulle's trip to South America">Trip to South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_French_presidential_election" title="1965 French presidential election">1965 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1969 French constitutional referendum">1969 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle#Later_life" title="Charles de Gaulle">Later life and death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments and<br />political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_French_People" title="Rally of the French People">Rally of the French People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Union of Democrats for the Republic">Union of Democrats for the Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches and<br />statements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_of_18_June" title="Appeal of 18 June">Appeal of 18 June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayeux_speeches" title="Bayeux speeches">Bayeux speeches</a></li> <li><i>"<a href="/wiki/Vive_le_Qu%C3%A9bec_libre" title="Vive le Québec libre">Vive le Québec libre</a> !"</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_Charles-de-Gaulle" title="Mémorial Charles-de-Gaulle">Mémorial Charles-de-Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenauer-de_Gaulle_Prize" title="Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize">Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth French Republic">Fifth French Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaullist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaullist Party">Gaullist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="List of things named after Charles de Gaulle">Things named after Charles de Gaulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Resurrection" title="Operation Resurrection">Operation Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Liberation" title="Order of Liberation">Order of Liberation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resistance_Medal" title="Resistance Medal">Resistance Medal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngol" title="Ngol">Ngol</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span 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