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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Traditional horse-drawn wagon of the Romanichal</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_Reading_waggon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Inside_Reading_waggon.JPG/220px-Inside_Reading_waggon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Inside_Reading_waggon.JPG/330px-Inside_Reading_waggon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Inside_Reading_waggon.JPG/440px-Inside_Reading_waggon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption> Interior of a Reading vardo, as used by the Romanichal, donated to the transport museum in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> by a family from the Scottish village of <a href="/wiki/Rhu" title="Rhu">Rhu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>vardo</b> (also <b>Romani wag(g)on</b>, <b>Gypsy wagon</b>, <b>living wagon</b>, <b>caravan</b>, <b>van</b> and <b>house-on-wheels</b>) is a four-wheeled <a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">horse-drawn vehicle</a> traditionally used by travelling <a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">Romanichal</a> as their home.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 89–90, 168">: 89–90, 168 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-walrond79_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walrond79-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 138">: 138 </span></sup> The name <i>vardo</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> term believed to have originated from the <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetic</a> <i>wærdon</i> meaning cart or carriage.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is pulled by a single horse in shafts, sometimes with a second horse (called a <i>sider</i> or <i>sideliner</i>) hitched on its right side outside the shafts to help pull heavier loads or assist in pulling up a hill.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 89–90, 168">: 89–90, 168 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hockensmith_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hockensmith-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 20">: 20 </span></sup> The vehicle is typically highly decorated, intricately carved, brightly painted, and even gilded. The Romanichal tradition of the vardo is seen as a high cultural point of both artistic design and a masterpiece of woodcrafter's art.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorburn_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorburn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The heyday of the caravan lasted for roughly 70 years, from the mid-nineteenth century through the first two decades of the twentieth century. Not used for year-round living today, they are shown at the cultural gatherings held throughout the year, the best known of which is <a href="/wiki/Appleby_Horse_Fair" title="Appleby Horse Fair">Appleby Horse Fair</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Appleby-in-Westmorland" title="Appleby-in-Westmorland">Appleby-in-Westmorland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, North West England.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vardo_(Romani_wagon)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A vardo's design includes large wheels set outside the body, whose sides slope outward considerably as they rise toward the <a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">eaves</a>. Beyond this characteristic, the six types of caravans differ in shape, size, placement of the wheels relative to the bed, where made, and maker.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-Jackson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 73–95">: 73–95 </span></sup> The roofs of the bow-top and open-lot types are canvas stretched over curved wooden frames; the others are roofed in wood.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-Jackson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 84, 88">: 84, 88 </span></sup> By the mid-nineteenth century, the designs were almost entirely standardized, and some features are common to all types. The door is almost always in the front.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-Jackson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 41">: 41 </span></sup> </p><p>The small cast-iron cooking stove was invented in America and was available there and in Great Britain from about 1830 on and is a common fixture of the wagons.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-Jackson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 49">: 49 </span></sup> A cooking stove necessitates a chimney to vent smoke. A caravan's chimney is always on its left side as viewed from its front doorway; as the caravan travels along the left side of the road, the chimney is in less danger from low-hanging tree limbs in that position.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-Jackson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 75">: 75 </span></sup> The stove rests in a wooden fireplace. </p><p>The wagon's interior is typically outfitted with built-in seats, cabinets, a wardrobe, bunks in the rear of the caravan, a chest of drawers, and a glass-fronted china cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-Jackson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 74–75">: 74–75 </span></sup> There are windows on the left side and rear. Some types have <a href="/wiki/Clerestories" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerestories">clerestories</a> which let in light and air.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-Jackson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 49–52">: 49–52 </span></sup> A bracket for an oil lamp is mounted over the chest of drawers opposite the fireplace; the chest's top functions as a table.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-Jackson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 75">: 75 </span></sup> Wagons' exteriors can range from fairly plain to intricately carved, painted in bright colours, and sheathed in places with gold leaf.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-Jackson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 168–184">: 168–184 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vardo_(Romani_wagon)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumnichal_Horse_Trotting_Cart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rumnichal_Horse_Trotting_Cart.jpg/220px-Rumnichal_Horse_Trotting_Cart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rumnichal_Horse_Trotting_Cart.jpg/330px-Rumnichal_Horse_Trotting_Cart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rumnichal_Horse_Trotting_Cart.jpg/440px-Rumnichal_Horse_Trotting_Cart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Romanichal-style trotting cart</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">Romanichal</a> began to live in vardos around 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-Jackson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 22">: 22 </span></sup> Prior to that, they travelled in tilted carts or afoot and slept either under or in these carts or in small tents.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-Jackson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 29">: 29 </span></sup> Originally <a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">Romanichal</a> would travel on foot, or with light, horse-drawn carts, typical of other Romani groups or would build <a href="/wiki/Bender_tent" title="Bender tent">"bender" tents</a>; so called because they were made from supple branches which they bent inwards to support a waterproof covering. The heyday of the Romani caravan was the latter part of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-Jackson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 51">: 51 </span></sup> </p><p>Initially using cheap or castoff horses to draw their chimneyed living wagons, the Romanichal gradually created their own breed of horse.<sup id="cite_ref-Hart_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 62–63">: 62–63 </span></sup> (See <a href="/wiki/Gypsy_horse" title="Gypsy horse">Gypsy horse</a>) </p><p>Wagons were first used as a form of living accommodation (as opposed to carrying people or goods) in France in 1810 by non-Romani circus troupes.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemke_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemke-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Large transport wagons combined storage space and living space into one vehicle, and were pulled by teams of horses. By the 19th century wagons became smaller, reducing the number of horses required, and around the mid-to-late-19th century (1840–1870), Romanichal in Britain started using wagons that incorporated living spaces on the inside, and added their own characteristic style of decoration. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Curiosity_Shop" title="The Old Curiosity Shop">The Old Curiosity Shop</a></i> (ch. xxvii), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> described Mrs. Jarley's well-appointed van: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One half of it...was carpeted, and so partitioned off at the further end as to accommodate a sleeping-place, constructed after the fashion of a berth on board ship, which was shaded, like the windows, with fair white curtains... The other half served for a kitchen, and was fitted up with a stove whose small chimney passed through the roof. It also held a closet or larder, several chests, a great pitcher of water, and a few cooking-utensils and articles of crockery. These latter necessaries hung upon the walls, which in that portion of the establishment devoted to the lady of the caravan, were ornamented with such gayer and lighter decorations as a triangle and a couple of well-thumbed tambourines.</p></blockquote> <p>These smaller wagons were called "vardo" in the Romani language (originating from the <a href="/wiki/Ossetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetic language">Ossetic word</a> <i>vurdon</i>) for cart.<sup id="cite_ref-Fraser_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burton_wagon">Burton wagon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vardo_(Romani_wagon)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Burton wagon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Popular with Romani, as well as <a href="/wiki/Funfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Funfair">Showmen</a> families and circus people, the Burton wagon is the oldest example of a wagon used as home in Britain. Originally undecorated, the Burton wagon evolved into an elaborate Romani vardo, but due to its smaller wheels it was not suited for off-road use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brush_wagon">Brush wagon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vardo_(Romani_wagon)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Brush wagon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Brush or <i>fen wagon</i> as it was also known, consists of a standard Romani vardo, with straight sides and the wheels located outside the body. The Brush was similar in construction to the Reading vardo, but unlike other styles, the brush wagon had two distinct features: a half-door with glazed shutters, located at the back of the vardo, with a set of steps, both set around the opposite way from other wagons <sup id="cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-Jackson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and lacked the mollycroft (skylight) on the roof. The exterior is equipped with racks and cases fitted on the outside frame and chase of the wagon allowing the owner to carry trade items like brushes, brooms, wicker chairs, and baskets. Additionally, three light iron rails ran around the entire roof, used for stowing bulkier goods, and sometimes trade-name boards. The wagons were elaborately and colourfully painted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reading_wagon">Reading wagon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vardo_(Romani_wagon)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reading wagon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanichal_wagon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Romanichal_wagon.JPG/220px-Romanichal_wagon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Romanichal_wagon.JPG/330px-Romanichal_wagon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Romanichal_wagon.JPG/440px-Romanichal_wagon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Romanichal Reading vardo, early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a> or <i>kite wagon</i> is so named due to its straight sides that slope outwards towards the eaves, high arched wheels, and relative light weight; there is no other vardo that epitomises the golden age of Romani horse travel. It dates from 1870 and is synonymous with the original builder Dunton and Sons of Reading from where the vardo takes its name. The wagon was highly prized by the Romani for its aesthetic design, beauty and practicality to cross fords, pull off-road and over rough ground, something smaller-wheeled wagons like the Burton were unable to do. The Reading wagon is 10 feet long, with a porch on the front and back. The rear wheels were 18 inches larger than the ones on the front. At the start of the 20th century the design incorporated raised skylights. </p><p>On either side of the bed space, quarter-inch thick bevelled mirrors were common, and were lavishly decorated. Cupboards and locker seats were built in to prevent movement whilst travelling. Side and back windows were decorated and shuttered, and the body of the vardo itself would have originally been made from beaded tongue-and-groove matchboard, painted red picked out in yellow and green. As with other vardo, the extent of the elaborate decoration reflected the wealth of the family, boasting carved lion heads and gargoyles; these would have been painted gold or extensively decorated with gold leaf.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemke_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemke-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Today, surviving Reading wagons are prized exhibits in museums or private collections. A fine one is in <a href="/wiki/Reading_Museum" title="Reading Museum">Reading Museum's</a> Riverside Museum at Blake's Lock.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ledge_wagon">Ledge wagon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vardo_(Romani_wagon)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ledge wagon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romnichal_Wagon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Romnichal_Wagon.jpg/220px-Romnichal_Wagon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Romnichal_Wagon.jpg/330px-Romnichal_Wagon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Romnichal_Wagon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Romnichal-style Ledge vardo</figcaption></figure> <p>The characteristic design of the ledge or <i>cottage shaped</i> wagon incorporated a more robust frame and living area that extended over the large rear wheels of the wagon. Brass brackets supported the frame of the wagon and solid arched roof usually 12 feet high, extended over the length of the wagon to form porches at either end and panelled with tongue in groove boards. The porch roof was further supported by iron brackets, and the walls were highly decorated with ornate scrollwork and carvings across the length of the wagon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bow_top">Bow top</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vardo_(Romani_wagon)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bow top"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the design of the Ledge wagon, the Bow Top is significantly lighter, and less likely to turn over in a strong wind. The design incorporated a lightweight canvas top, supported by a wooden frame: a design reminiscent of the older “bender tents” used by the Romanichal.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemke_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemke-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Both back and front walls of the wagon were decorated in scrollwork and tongue and groove and the wagon was painted green to be less noticeable in woodland. The inside of the Bow Top also contained the same high scrollwork or <a href="/wiki/Chenille_fabric" title="Chenille fabric">Chenille fabric</a>, with a stove, table, and double bed. </p><p>The bow-top is commonly thought of as being covered in teal-coloured canvas. This is said to now be a tradition which began before World War II when <a href="/wiki/Cotton_duck" title="Cotton duck">cotton duck</a> was cheap and plentiful.<sup id="cite_ref-Hockensmith_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hockensmith-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 76">: 76 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_lot">Open lot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vardo_(Romani_wagon)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Open lot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost identical in size and construction of the bow top wagon, the open lot or "Yorkshire Bow" featured the same design but with a curtain instead of the door characteristic of other wagons.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wagon's entrance was covered by a curtain for privacy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decoration_and_painting">Decoration and painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vardo_(Romani_wagon)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Decoration and painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waggon_door_carving.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Waggon_door_carving.JPG/170px-Waggon_door_carving.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Waggon_door_carving.JPG/255px-Waggon_door_carving.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Waggon_door_carving.JPG/340px-Waggon_door_carving.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Door carving of a traditional Romanichal <i>Chiriklo</i> (bird). Reading vardo, early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Vardos were elaborately decorated, hand carved and ornately painted with traditional Romani symbols. Examples of famous Wagon Artists responsible for the early development of vardo art are Jim Berry, John Pockett, Tom Stevens, Tommy Gaskin, John Pickett, and modern contemporary decorators continuing to shape this colourful tradition included artists such as Yorkie Greenwood and Lol Thompson. </p><p>Much of the wealth of the vardo was on display in the carvings, which incorporated aspects of the Romani lifestyle such as <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, as well as stock decorative designs of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">griffins</a>, flowers, vines, and elaborate scrollwork. Carved details were often accented with gold, either painted or, in the most expensive wagons, the use of between 4–15 books of <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a> applied as decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemke_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemke-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many individual makers were identified by their particular designs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funeral_rites">Funeral rites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vardo_(Romani_wagon)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Funeral rites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Romanichal <a href="/wiki/Funeral_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral rite">funeral rite</a> during the <i>wagon time</i> of the 19th and 20th century included burning the wagon and belongings after the owner's death.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 109–10">: 109–10 </span></sup> The custom was that nothing whatsoever would have been sold, though some of the deceased's possessions, <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_china" title="Bone china">china</a>, or money would be left to the family. The rest, including the wagon, was destroyed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_traditional_use">Modern traditional use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vardo_(Romani_wagon)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern traditional use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Romani travellers in the 1920s proudly clung to their decorative vardos, although the economics of their way of life was in upheaval due to the contraction in the horse-trading industry and the changes from their traditional crafts.<sup id="cite_ref-Gypsy_caravans_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gypsy_caravans-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the present day, Romanichal are more likely to live in <a href="/wiki/Travel_trailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel trailer">caravans</a>. It was estimated that by 1940 only about 1% of Romani travellers still lived in the traditional horse-drawn vardo.<sup id="cite_ref-Gypsy_caravans_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gypsy_caravans-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today's Romanichal still attend horse fairs,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the best known of which is <a href="/wiki/Appleby_Horse_Fair" title="Appleby Horse Fair">Appleby Horse Fair</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Appleby-in-Westmorland" title="Appleby-in-Westmorland">Appleby-in-Westmorland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, North West England.<sup id="cite_ref-Capstick_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capstick-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some attendees of the fairs travel there in the traditional manner via horse-drawn vardos.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American photographer John S. Hockensmith documented such a journey in 2004, travelling with and photographing the Harker family's 60-mile journey to Appleby in bow top living waggons.<sup id="cite_ref-Hockensmith_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hockensmith-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 12–13">: 12–13 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vardo_(Romani_wagon)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British writer <a href="/wiki/Roald_Dahl" title="Roald Dahl">Roald Dahl</a> acquired a traditional vardo in the 1960s which was used as a <a href="/wiki/Wendy_house" title="Wendy house">playhouse</a> for his children; later he used the vardo as a writing room, in which he wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Danny,_the_Champion_of_the_World" title="Danny, the Champion of the World">Danny, the Champion of the World</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Lennon%27s_psychedelic_Rolls-Royce" title="John Lennon's psychedelic Rolls-Royce">John Lennon's psychedelic Rolls-Royce</a> was painted in the style of a Romani gypsy wagon by artist Steve Weaver of private coach maker J.P. Fallon Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vardo_(Romani_wagon)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Boswell_Romany_Museum" title="Gordon Boswell Romany Museum">Gordon Boswell Romany Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_home" title="Mobile home">Mobile home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny-house_movement" title="Tiny-house movement">Tiny house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van-dwelling" title="Van-dwelling">Vanlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_vehicle" title="Recreational vehicle">Recreational vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_cart" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd's cart">Shepherd's cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">Wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcestershire_County_Museum" title="Worcestershire County Museum">Worcestershire County Museum</a> at Hartlebury Castle</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vardo_(Romani_wagon)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-smith-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith1988" class="citation book cs1">Smith, D.J.M. (1988). <i>A Dictionary of Horse Drawn Vehicles</i>. J. A. Allen & Co. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851314686" title="Special:BookSources/0851314686"><bdi>0851314686</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11597864M">11597864M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Horse+Drawn+Vehicles&rft.pub=J.+A.+Allen+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL11597864M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0851314686&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=D.J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walrond79-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-walrond79_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalrond1979" class="citation book cs1">Walrond, Sallie (1979). <i>The Encyclopaedia of Driving</i>. Country Life Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0600331822" title="Special:BookSources/0600331822"><bdi>0600331822</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4175648M">4175648M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Driving&rft.pub=Country+Life+Books&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL4175648M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0600331822&rft.aulast=Walrond&rft.aufirst=Sallie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheung2007" class="citation book cs1">Cheung, Johnny (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm71747954"><i>Etymological dictionary of the Iranian verb</i></a>. Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. Leiden: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">423–</span>425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15496-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15496-4"><bdi>978-90-04-15496-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71747954">71747954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+dictionary+of+the+Iranian+verb&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Leiden+Indo-European+etymological+dictionary+series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E423-%3C%2Fspan%3E425&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Focm71747954&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15496-4&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Johnny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Focm71747954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hockensmith-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hockensmith_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hockensmith_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hockensmith_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHockensmith2006" class="citation book cs1">Hockensmith, John Stephen (2006). <i>Gypsy Horses and the Travelers' Way: The Road to Appleby Fair</i>. Fine Art Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781599755977" title="Special:BookSources/9781599755977"><bdi>9781599755977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsy+Horses+and+the+Travelers%27+Way%3A+The+Road+to+Appleby+Fair&rft.pub=Fine+Art+Editions&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781599755977&rft.aulast=Hockensmith&rft.aufirst=John+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thorburn-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thorburn_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorburnBaxter2007" class="citation book cs1">Thorburn, Gordon; Baxter, John (2007). <i>Travelling Art: Gypsy and Canal Barges</i>. The History Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0752455020" title="Special:BookSources/978-0752455020"><bdi>978-0752455020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travelling+Art%3A+Gypsy+and+Canal+Barges&rft.pub=The+History+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0752455020&rft.aulast=Thorburn&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Baxter%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.applebyfair.org/">"Appleby Horse Fair"</a>. Appleby Fair Strategic Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917170749/https://www.applebyfair.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appleby+Horse+Fair&rft.pub=Appleby+Fair+Strategic+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.applebyfair.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward-Jackson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward-Jackson_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard-JacksonHarvey1973" class="citation book cs1">Ward-Jackson, C. H.; Harvey, Denis E. (1973) [1972]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UvJPMwEACAAJ&q=The+English+Gypsy+Caravan"><i>The English Gypsy Caravan: Its Origins, Builders, Technology and Conservation</i></a>. David & Charles Publisher Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0715356801" title="Special:BookSources/0715356801"><bdi>0715356801</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5287914M">5287914M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Gypsy+Caravan%3A+Its+Origins%2C+Builders%2C+Technology+and+Conservation&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles+Publisher+Limited&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5287914M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0715356801&rft.aulast=Ward-Jackson&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Denis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUvJPMwEACAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BEnglish%2BGypsy%2BCaravan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hart-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hart_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1993" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Edward (1993). "The gypsy horse type of coloured pony". <i>The Coloured Horse and Pony</i>. Allen Breed Series. London: J. A. Allen & Co. Limited. pp. <span class="nowrap">58–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85131-572-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85131-572-0"><bdi>0-85131-572-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11597914M">11597914M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+gypsy+horse+type+of+coloured+pony&rft.btitle=The+Coloured+Horse+and+Pony&rft.place=London&rft.series=Allen+Breed+Series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=J.+A.+Allen+%26+Co.+Limited&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL11597914M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-85131-572-0&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lemke-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lemke_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lemke_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lemke_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lemke_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemke2007" class="citation book cs1">Lemke, Timothy (2007). <i>The New Gypsy Caravan</i>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1430302704" title="Special:BookSources/978-1430302704"><bdi>978-1430302704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Gypsy+Caravan&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1430302704&rft.aulast=Lemke&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fraser_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1995" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Angus (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gypsies0000fras"><i>The Gypsies</i></a></span>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631196056" title="Special:BookSources/0631196056"><bdi>0631196056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gypsies&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0631196056&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgypsies0000fras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.readingmuseum.org.uk/index.asp?page=record&mwsquery=(%7Bsearch%7D=*%7Broman%7D)&filename=REDMG&hitsStart=19">"Reading Ledge Caravan or Vardo"</a>. <i>collections.readingmuseum.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collections.readingmuseum.org.uk&rft.atitle=Reading+Ledge+Caravan+or+Vardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.readingmuseum.org.uk%2Findex.asp%3Fpage%3Drecord%26mwsquery%3D%28%257Bsearch%257D%3D%2A%257Broman%257D%29%26filename%3DREDMG%26hitsStart%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/your-visit/what-see/riverside-museum-blakes-lock">"Riverside Museum at Blake's Lock"</a>. <i>Reading Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reading+Museum&rft.atitle=Riverside+Museum+at+Blake%27s+Lock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.readingmuseum.org.uk%2Fyour-visit%2Fwhat-see%2Friverside-museum-blakes-lock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190309061716/http://gypsywaggons.co.uk/varsuk.htm">"Vardos of the United Kingdom Picture Library"</a>. <i>gypsywaggons.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gypsywaggons.co.uk/varsuk.htm">the original</a> on 9 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gypsywaggons.co.uk&rft.atitle=Vardos+of+the+United+Kingdom+Picture+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgypsywaggons.co.uk%2Fvarsuk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wood_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1979" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Manfri Frederick (1979). <i>In the Life of a Romany Gypsy</i>. Routledge & Kegan Paul Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0710075952" title="Special:BookSources/0710075952"><bdi>0710075952</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5437826M">5437826M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Life+of+a+Romany+Gypsy&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul+Books&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5437826M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0710075952&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Manfri+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gypsy_caravans-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gypsy_caravans_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gypsy_caravans_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gypsy caravans</i> in <i>Journal of the GLS</i> (3rd series), 19 (4), pp 114-146, F.G. Huth, 1940</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2002" class="citation book cs1">Jones, E. Alan (2002) [1986]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQR6AAAACAAJ&q=0907033431"><i>Yorkshire Gypsy Fairs Customs & Caravans: 1885 to the Present</i></a>. North Yorkshire, England: The Appleby Fair Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0907033431" title="Special:BookSources/0907033431"><bdi>0907033431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yorkshire+Gypsy+Fairs+Customs+%26+Caravans%3A+1885+to+the+Present&rft.place=North+Yorkshire%2C+England&rft.pub=The+Appleby+Fair+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0907033431&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=E.+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnQR6AAAACAAJ%26q%3D0907033431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Capstick-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Capstick_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapstickDonoghue2002" class="citation book cs1">Capstick, Tony; Donoghue, Paul (2002). <i>Appleby Horse Fair: A Collection of Stories, Poems and Photographs</i>. North Yorkshire, England: The Appleby Fair Company. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B008QXQE4O">B008QXQE4O</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appleby+Horse+Fair%3A+A+Collection+of+Stories%2C+Poems+and+Photographs&rft.place=North+Yorkshire%2C+England&rft.pub=The+Appleby+Fair+Company&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB008QXQE4O%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Capstick&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Donoghue%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120705021740/http://www.applebyfair.org/stopping.html">"Appleby Horse Fair"</a>. applebyfair.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.applebyfair.org/stopping.html">the original</a> on 5 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appleby+Horse+Fair&rft.pub=applebyfair.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.applebyfair.org%2Fstopping.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gypsywaggons.co.uk/varsuk.htm">"Vardos of the United Kingdom"</a>. <i>Gypsy waggons UK</i>. ValleyStream Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gypsy+waggons+UK&rft.atitle=Vardos+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgypsywaggons.co.uk%2Fvarsuk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuntagh2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Runtagh, Jordan (27 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/john-lennons-phantom-v-the-story-of-the-psychedelic-beatle-mobile-253088/">"John Lennon's Phantom V: The Story of the Psychedelic Beatle-Mobile"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=John+Lennon%27s+Phantom+V%3A+The+Story+of+the+Psychedelic+Beatle-Mobile&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft.aulast=Runtagh&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-features%2Fjohn-lennons-phantom-v-the-story-of-the-psychedelic-beatle-mobile-253088%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vardo_(Romani_wagon)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1979" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Denis E. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3N0AAAAMAAJ&q=editions%3AqQQHT-60QkAC"><i>The Gypsies: Waggon-Time and After</i></a>. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0713415487" title="Special:BookSources/0713415487"><bdi>0713415487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gypsies%3A+Waggon-Time+and+After&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0713415487&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Denis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR3N0AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Deditions%253AqQQHT-60QkAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVardo+%28Romani+wagon%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vardo_(Romani_wagon)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vardo_(Romani_wagon)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vardo (Romani wagon)">Vardo (Romani wagon)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKY3lNRmYpE">A video sample of a Dunton Reading wagon c.1914. pt1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ch4u5XNt2Vc">A video sample of the original interior of a Dunton Reading wagon c.1914. pt3</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9O8LyVnz9ls">A video of Nick Dowe a traditional vardo painter and wagon restorer.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instructables.com/id/Building-a-Gypsy-Wagon/">How to Build a Modern Gypsy Wagon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hartleburycastle.com/county-museum/">Gypsy wagons at the Worcestershire County Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horse-drawn_vehicles_and_carriages304" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horse-drawn_carriages" title="Template:Horse-drawn carriages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horse-drawn_carriages" title="Template talk:Horse-drawn carriages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horse-drawn_carriages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horse-drawn carriages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horse-drawn_vehicles_and_carriages304" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">carriages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Four-wheeled<br />carriages and coaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araba_(carriage)" title="Araba (carriage)">Araba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barouche" title="Barouche">Barouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_(carriage)" title="Berlin (carriage)">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_(carriage)" title="Brake (carriage)">Brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britzka" title="Britzka">Britzka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_(carriage)" title="Brougham (carriage)">Brougham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckboard" title="Buckboard">Buckboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buggy_(carriage)" title="Buggy (carriage)">Buggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calash" class="mw-redirect" title="Calash">Calash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariole" title="Cariole">Cariole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carryall" title="Carryall">Carryall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaise" title="Chaise">Chaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charabanc" title="Charabanc">Charabanc</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_(carriage)" title="Clarence (carriage)">Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coach_(carriage)" title="Coach (carriage)">Coach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord_coach" title="Concord coach">Concord coach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_(carriage)" title="Coupé (carriage)">Coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diligence (vehicle)">Diligence</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dos-%C3%A0-dos_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dos-à-dos (carriage)">Dos-à-dos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag (carriage)">Drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droshky" title="Droshky">Droshky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiacre_(carriage)" title="Fiacre (carriage)">Fiacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_(carriage)" title="Fly (carriage)">Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-in-hand_(carriage)" title="Four-in-hand (carriage)">Four-in-hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Hackney carriage</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearse#History" title="Hearse">Hearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herdic" title="Herdic">Herdic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsebus" title="Horsebus">Horsebus/Omnibus</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_(carriage)" title="Jingle (carriage)">Jingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karozzin" title="Karozzin">Karozzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibitka" title="Kibitka">Kibitka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau_(carriage)" title="Landau (carriage)">Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_coach" title="Mail coach">Mail coach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_carriage" title="Marathon carriage">Marathon carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Drag">Park Drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(carriage)" title="Phaeton (carriage)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_chaise" title="Post chaise">Post chaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_Coach" class="mw-redirect" title="Road Coach">Road Coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockaway_(carriage)" title="Rockaway (carriage)">Rockaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runabout_(carriage)" title="Runabout (carriage)">Runabout (carriage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociable_(carriage)" title="Sociable (carriage)">Sociable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_phaeton" class="mw-redirect" title="Spider phaeton">Spider phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">Stagecoach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_wagon" title="Stage wagon">Stage wagon</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_coach" title="State coach">State coach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_coach" title="Gold coach">Gilded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_(carriage)" title="Surrey (carriage)">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantass" title="Tarantass">Tarantass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triga_(chariot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triga (chariot)">Triga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(carriage)" title="Victoria (carriage)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-%C3%A0-vis_(carriage)" title="Vis-à-vis (carriage)">Vis-à-vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vozok" title="Vozok">Vozok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagonette" title="Wagonette">Wagonette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Two-wheeled<br />carriages and carts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandy_(carriage)" title="Bandy (carriage)">Bandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabriolet_(carriage)" title="Cabriolet (carriage)">Cabriolet</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_cart" title="Cape cart">Cape cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">Cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariot_(carriage)" title="Chariot (carriage)">Chariot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biga_(chariot)" title="Biga (chariot)">Biga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triga_(chariot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triga (chariot)">Triga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">Quadriga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasse-mar%C3%A9e_(cart)" title="Chasse-marée (cart)">Chasse-marée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cidomo" title="Cidomo">Cidomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croydon_(carriage)" title="Croydon (carriage)">Croydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curricle" title="Curricle">Curricle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogcart" title="Dogcart">Dogcart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dokar">Dokar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekka_(carriage)" title="Ekka (carriage)">Ekka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(horse-drawn)" title="Float (horse-drawn)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gari_(vehicle)" title="Gari (vehicle)">Gari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharry" title="Gharry">Gharry</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig_(carriage)" title="Gig (carriage)">Gig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governess_cart" title="Governess cart">Governess cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansom_cab" title="Hansom cab">Hansom cab</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunting_car" title="Jaunting car">Jaunting car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalesa" title="Kalesa">Kalesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons" title="Limbers and caissons">Limbers and caissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralli_car" title="Ralli car">Ralli car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_cart" title="Red River cart">Red River cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-horse_shay" class="mw-redirect" title="One-horse shay">Shay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cart" title="Sicilian cart">Sicilian cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjees" title="Sjees">Sjees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprung_cart" title="Sprung cart">Sprung cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanhope_(carriage)" title="Stanhope (carriage)">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulky" title="Sulky">Sulky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanga_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanga (carriage)">Tanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilbury_(carriage)" title="Tilbury (carriage)">Tilbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_(carriage)" title="Trap (carriage)">Trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbrel" title="Tumbrel">Tumbrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-wheeled_calash" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-wheeled calash">Two-wheeled calash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un-sprung_cart" class="mw-redirect" title="Un-sprung cart">Un-sprung cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volante_(carriage)" title="Volante (carriage)">Volante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey (carriage)">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-wheeled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sled" title="Sled">Sled/sleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travois" title="Travois">Travois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troika_(driving)" title="Troika (driving)">Troika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wagons & freight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuckwagon" title="Chuckwagon">Chuckwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_wagon" title="Conestoga wagon">Conestoga wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covered_wagon" title="Covered wagon">Covered wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(horse-drawn)" title="Float (horse-drawn)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorry_(horse-drawn)" title="Lorry (horse-drawn)">Lorry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telega" title="Telega">Telega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolley_(horse-drawn)" title="Trolley (horse-drawn)">Trolley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolley_and_lift_van" title="Trolley and lift van">Trolley and lift van</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">Wagon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carriage_builder" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriage builder">Vehicle construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coachbuilder#Horse-drawn_origins" title="Coachbuilder">Coachbuilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_axle_assembly" title="Front axle assembly">Front axle assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammercloth" title="Hammercloth">Hammercloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaft_bow" title="Shaft bow">Shaft bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swingletree" title="Swingletree">Swingletree/singletree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage#Undercarriage" title="Carriage">Undercarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wainwright_(occupation)" title="Wainwright (occupation)">Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelwright" title="Wheelwright">Wheelwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whippletree_(mechanism)" title="Whippletree (mechanism)">Whippletree/double tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">Harness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_rein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearing rein">Bearing rein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blinkers_(horse_tack)" title="Blinkers (horse tack)">Blinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastplate_(tack)#Harness" title="Breastplate (tack)">Breast collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeching_(tack)" title="Breeching (tack)">Breeching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle#Harness_bridles" title="Bridle">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_collar" title="Horse collar">Collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crupper" title="Crupper">Crupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_brass" title="Horse brass">Horse brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rein#Harness_reins" title="Rein">Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harness_saddle" title="Harness saddle">Saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terret" title="Terret">Terret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(tack)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trace (tack)">Trace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coachman" title="Coachman">Coachman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footman" title="Footman">Footman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postilion" title="Postilion">Postilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">Livery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">Draft horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_club" title="Driving club">Driving club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem#Horse_driving" title="Tandem">Tandem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_carriage_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="List of carriage museums">Museums and collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_use_of_roadways" title="Equestrian use of roadways">Equestrian use of roadways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carriages" title="Category:Carriages">Carriages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carts" title="Category:Carts">Carts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coachbuilders" title="Category:Coachbuilders">Coachbuilders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carriage_museums" title="Category:Carriage museums">Carriage museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horse_driving" title="Category:Horse driving">Horse driving</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carriages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carriages">Images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>‡ indicates vehicles that were used historically in public transport services</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vardo_(Romani_wagon)&oldid=1274961565">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vardo_(Romani_wagon)&oldid=1274961565</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal-powered_vehicles" title="Category:Animal-powered vehicles">Animal-powered vehicles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trailers" title="Category:Trailers">Trailers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romani_society" title="Category:Romani society">Romani 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