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class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonotactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonotactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Phonotactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonotactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Glide_Phonotactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glide_Phonotactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Glide Phonotactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glide_Phonotactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonant_cluster_reduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_cluster_reduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Consonant cluster reduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_cluster_reduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Adverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prepositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prepositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Prepositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prepositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serial_verb_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serial_verb_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Serial verb construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serial_verb_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passive_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passive_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Passive construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passive_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Question_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Question_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Question formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Question_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nominal_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominal_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Nominal morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominal_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affixes_and_clitics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affixes_and_clitics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Affixes and clitics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affixes_and_clitics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subject_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subject_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Subject agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subject_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Negation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applicative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applicative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Applicative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applicative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>Essive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.5</span> <span>Locatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lexicon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lexicon subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Determiners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Determiners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Determiners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Determiners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinship_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinship_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Kinship system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinship_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics_of_fieldwork_in_the_Wamesa_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics_of_fieldwork_in_the_Wamesa_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ethics of fieldwork in the Wamesa community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics_of_fieldwork_in_the_Wamesa_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwandamen" title="Kiwandamen – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiwandamen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandamen" title="Wandamen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wandamen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Wandamen" title="Lenga Wandamen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Wandamen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_wamesa" title="Język wamesa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język wamesa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Wandamen" title="Basa Wandamen – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Wandamen" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="واندامین زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="واندامین زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wandamen_language&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandamen language">Wandamen language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austronesian language of West Papua, Indonesia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Wamesa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Wandamen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_Bay" title="Cenderawasih Bay">Cenderawasih Bay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wamesa people (page does not exist)">Wamesa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(5,000 cited 1993)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Eastern Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">South Halmahera–West New Guinea</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Yapen_languages_(Austronesian)" title="Yapen languages (Austronesian)">Yapen</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Central–Western<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Wamesa</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Windesi, Bintuni, Wandamen</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/wad" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:wad">wad</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/wand1267">wand1267</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Western_New_Guinea_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate location where Wamesa is spoken"><img alt="Approximate location where Wamesa is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Indonesia_Western_New_Guinea_location_map.png/250px-Indonesia_Western_New_Guinea_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Indonesia_Western_New_Guinea_location_map.png/375px-Indonesia_Western_New_Guinea_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Indonesia_Western_New_Guinea_location_map.png/500px-Indonesia_Western_New_Guinea_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="1031" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.08%;left:40%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wamesa"><img alt="Approximate location where Wamesa is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Wamesa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Western New Guinea</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate location where Wamesa is spoken"><img alt="Approximate location where Wamesa is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indonesia_location_map.svg/250px-Indonesia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indonesia_location_map.svg/375px-Indonesia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indonesia_location_map.svg/500px-Indonesia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="460" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.667%;left:84.043%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wamesa"><img alt="Approximate location where Wamesa is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Wamesa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Indonesia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wamesa_language&params=2.26_S_134_E_region:ID-PB_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">2°16′S</span> <span class="longitude">134°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">2.26°S 134.00°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-2.26; 134.00</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Wamesa</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language">Austronesian language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> New Guinea, spoken across the neck of the <a href="/wiki/Doberai_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Doberai Peninsula">Doberai Peninsula</a> or Bird's Head. There are currently 5,000–8,000 speakers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While it was historically used as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, it is currently considered an under-documented, <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered language</a>. This means that fewer and fewer children have an active command of Wamesa. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Papuan_Malay" title="Papuan Malay">Papuan Malay</a> has become increasingly dominant in the area. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language is often called <b>Wandamen</b> in the literature; however, several speakers of the Windesi dialect have stated that <i>Wandamen</i> and <i>Wondama</i> refer to a dialect spoken around the Wondama Bay, studied by early missionaries and linguists from <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL</a>. They affirm that the language as a whole is called <i>Wamesa</i>, the dialects of which are Windesi, Bintuni, and Wandamen.<sup id="cite_ref-Gasser_2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gasser_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Wamesa is spoken in <a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a>, Wamesa is not a <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan language</a> but rather a <a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">South Halmahera–West New Guinea</a> (SHWNG) language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Locations:<sup id="cite_ref-Ronsumbre-2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronsumbre-2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Bintuni_Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Teluk Bintuni Regency">Teluk Bintuni Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Wondama_Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Teluk Wondama Regency">Teluk Wondama Regency</a> <ul><li>Windesi District: Windesi, Wamesa Tengah, Sombokoro, Wamesa Timur (Yopmeos), and Sandey villages</li> <li>Sougb Jaya District: Kaprus village</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are five contrastive vowels in Wamesa, as is typical of Austronesian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Gasser_2014_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gasser_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These vowels are shown in the tables below. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Wamesa vowel phonemes<sup id="cite_ref-Gasser_2014_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gasser_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a></b> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a></b> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a></b> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>(Near) Minimal pairs for Wamesa vowel phonemes<sup id="cite_ref-Gasser_2014_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gasser_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Wamesa <p>Word </p> </th> <th>English <p>Gloss </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ra</i></span> </td> <td>go </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">re</i></span> </td> <td>eye </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ri</i></span> </td> <td>type of traditional dance </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ron</i></span> </td> <td>ironwood tree </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ru</i></span> </td> <td>head </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Five <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> appear in Wamesa: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/au/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ei/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oi/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ui/</span>. Two-vowel and three-vowel clusters are also common in Wamesa. Almost all VV-clusters contain at least one <a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">high vowel</a>, and no two non-high vowels may be adjacent in larger clusters. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>3-Vowel <p>Cluster </p> </th> <th>Wamesa <p>Word(s) </p> </th> <th>English <p>Gloss </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>iau</i> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">niau</i></span> </td> <td>cat </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ioi</i> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">nioi</i></span> </td> <td>knife </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>iai</i> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ai kiai dire</i></span> </td> <td>toenail </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>iou</i> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ariou</i></span> </td> <td>flower </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>iui</i> </td> <td><i><span title="Wamesa-language text"><span lang="wad">βiui</span></span></i> </td> <td>3sg-write </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 14 consonants in Wamesa, three of which are marginal (shown in parentheses in the table below). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Wamesa Consonants<sup id="cite_ref-Gasser_2014_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gasser_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> (<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">Tap</a>/<a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span>) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Labial, coronal and velar places of articulation are contrastive in Wamesa. Coronal plosives sound relatively dental and may therefore be referred to as alveolar or alveo-dental until palatography can be executed to corroborate this.<sup id="cite_ref-Gasser_2014_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gasser_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lateral <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> and affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span> appear only in loanwords, while all other sounds occur in native Wamesa words. The voiced velar fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/g/</span> is a marginal phoneme because it only appears following <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>. </p><p>The coronal tap and trill are in free variation, though the trill tends to occur more in word-initial or word-final position and in careful speech. </p><p>Place and manner contrasts as described above are supported by the minimal and near-minimal pairs found in the following table. Where possible, Wamesa words have been selected to show native (non-loan) phonemes in the environment /C<sub>[labial]</sub>a_a/. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>(Near) Minimal Pairs for Wamesa Consonant Phonemes<sup id="cite_ref-Gasser_2014_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gasser_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>Wamesa (IPA) </th> <th>English Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td>p </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="wad-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mapar</span> </td> <td>valley </td></tr> <tr> <td>b </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="wad-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">baba</span> </td> <td>big </td></tr> <tr> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="wad-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">βata</span> </td> <td>good, true </td></tr> <tr> <td>d </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="wad-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">padamara</span> </td> <td>lamp </td></tr> <tr> <td>k </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="wad-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">makarabat</span> </td> <td>eel </td></tr> <tr> <td>g </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="wad-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">maŋgar</span> </td> <td>yell </td></tr> <tr> <td>m </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="wad-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mamara</span> </td> <td>clear </td></tr> <tr> <td>n </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="wad-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">manau</span> </td> <td>already </td></tr> <tr> <td>ŋ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="wad-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">waŋgar</span> </td> <td>rat </td></tr> <tr> <td>β </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="wad-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">βaβa</span> </td> <td>under </td></tr> <tr> <td>s </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="wad-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">masabu</span> </td> <td>broken, cracked </td></tr> <tr> <td>r </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="wad-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">marapa<span class="wrap"> </span>rau</span> </td> <td>paddy oat leaf </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonotactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Velar plosive <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[g]</span> only appears following <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> can only appear without a following <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[g]</span> if it is stem-initial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glide_Phonotactics">Glide Phonotactics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Glide Phonotactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are no underlying glides in Wamesa; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> are <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> of the vowel phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>. This phonetic alternation is obligatory, permitted, or prohibited, depending upon the environment. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Vowel surfaces as Glide </th> <th>Env. 1 </th> <th>Env. 2 </th> <th>Env. 3 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Obligatorily </td> <td>#_V </td> <td>V_V </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Optionally </td> <td>C_V </td> <td>V_C </td> <td>V_# </td></tr> <tr> <td>Never </td> <td>C_C </td> <td>#_C </td> <td>C_# </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>High vowels <i>must</i> become glides word-initially preceding a vowel or intervocalically. They <i>may</i> optionally become glides when adjacent to a single vowel. Finally, high vowels <i>never</i> become glides between two consonants, depriving the syllable of a nucleus. Nor do glides appear word-initially preceding a consonant or word-finally following a consonant, in which case the syllable structure would be at odds with the <a href="/wiki/Sonority_Sequencing_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonority Sequencing Principle">Sonority Sequencing Principle</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flow_Chart_of_Consonant_Cluster_Phonotactics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flow_Chart_of_Consonant_Cluster_Phonotactics.png/267px-Flow_Chart_of_Consonant_Cluster_Phonotactics.png" decoding="async" width="267" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Flow_Chart_of_Consonant_Cluster_Phonotactics.png 1.5x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>Flow Chart of Consonant Cluster Phonotactics</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonant_cluster_reduction">Consonant cluster reduction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consonant cluster reduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Complex <a href="/wiki/Onset_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Onset (linguistics)">onsets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coda_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coda (linguistics)">codas</a> are not permitted in Wamesa, and consonant clusters across syllable boundaries are usually reduced, such that /C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>/ surfaces as [C<sub>2</sub>]. However, there are three exceptions to this; clusters of <a href="/wiki/Homorganic_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorganic consonants">homorganic</a> nasals and voiced plosives are permitted to surface, as are consonant-<a href="/wiki/Glide_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glide (linguistics)">glide</a> clusters that form through the morphophonological processes described above. Additionally, an underlying cluster of a consonant followed by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/β/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> does not reduce but surfaces as a nasal followed by a homorganic voiced plosive, both of which derive their place features from underlying /C<sub>2</sub>/. </p><p>Data from related languages of the <a href="/wiki/Yapen_languages_(Austronesian)" title="Yapen languages (Austronesian)">Yapen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biakic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Biakic languages">Biakic</a> groups suggests that <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historically</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/β/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> were <span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">b</i></span> <span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">d</i></span> and <span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">g</i></span> in Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian. In this case, these phones would have formed a <a href="/wiki/Natural_class" title="Natural class">natural class</a> of voiced plosives to which <a href="/wiki/Phonological_rule" title="Phonological rule">phonological rules</a> could uniformly apply.<sup id="cite_ref-Gasser_2014_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gasser_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wamesa is a bounded language with a three-syllable, right-aligned stress window, meaning that stress alternates and <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">primary stress</a> falls on the final, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable of the <a href="/wiki/Prosodic_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosodic word">Pword</a>. However, the distribution is not even; in a random sampling test of 105 audio clips, 66 tokens had primary stress on the penultimate syllable. With the addition of <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">enclitics</a>, primary stress sometimes shifts towards the end of the word to stay within the stress window, but since Wamesa <a href="/wiki/Optimality_theory" title="Optimality theory">prefers</a> its metrical feet to be <a href="/wiki/Trochee" title="Trochee">trochees</a>, stress usually jumps from the head of one foot to the next, rather than jumping single syllables. </p><p>Note that stress in Wamesa is not predictable, meaning there is no rule for where primary stress will occur. Therefore, stress is specified in the underlying form of words. However, as mentioned earlier, stress shift may occur in certain words in order to create a better phonological structure (i.e. create alternation while avoiding clash and lapse). </p><p>Secondary stresses are apparent in words of more than two syllables and, in cases of shifting stress, can be added at the beginnings of words to reduce lapses (several adjacent syllables without any stress). In the example below, the addition of the enclitic <a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiner</a> =<span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">pai</i></span> causes primary stress to shift to the right by two syllables (a single foot), and a secondary stress is added to the left in order to fill the lapse. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="wad" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma.rá.ri.a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">child</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="wad" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="wad" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma.rà.ri.á=pai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">child=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="determiner" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DET</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ma.rá.ri.a → ma.rà.ri.á=pai</p><p style="display: none;">child {} child=DET</p><p style="clear: left;">'the child'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>However, secondary stress always precedes primary stress and clitics are never able to carry stress in Wamesa. These two factors mean that the addition of multiple enclitics sometimes causes large lapses at the ends of words. For example, the construction below has a five-syllable lapse at the end. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="wad" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma.né.ta=pa-ta.ta=ma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">friend=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="determiner" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DET</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ma.né.ta=pa-ta.ta=ma</p><p style="display: none;">friend=DET-1PL.INCL=FOC</p><p style="clear: left;">'we friends'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>This would appear to be a violation of the three-syllable stress window, but the fact that clitics never carry stress indicates that they may combine with their hosts at the level of the Pphrase rather than at Pword, where the stress window is relevant. Additionally, lapse is evaluated at the level of the Pword, meaning that stress in the following word never shifts to compensate. That is to say, stress in a word following the above construction would never shift leftwards for the purpose of reducing the lapse between words. This is in contrast to clash, (adjacent stressed syllables) which is evaluated at the level of the phonological phrase. Thus, to avoid clash, stress can shift within a word to compensate for the presence of a stressed syllable across a word boundary. For example, the word <span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ka.tú</i></span> 'small' typically has a stressed final syllable. However, when followed by <span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">yá.na</i></span> 'there' as in the phrase below, stress within <span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ka.tú</i></span> shifts to avoid two adjacent stressed syllables. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="wad" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma.rá.ri.a ka.tú yá.na</p><p style="margin: 0px;">'child'</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="wad" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="wad" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma.rá.ri.a ká.tu yá.na</p><p style="margin: 0px;">'small there'</p></div><p style="display: none;">{ma.rá.ri.a ka.tú yá.na} → {ma.rá.ri.a ká.tu yá.na}</p><p style="display: none;">'child' {} {'small there'}</p><p style="clear: left;">'small child there'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In summary, lapse avoidance can only occur at the level of Pword, while clash avoidance is relevant at the level of Pphrase.<sup id="cite_ref-Gasser_2014_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gasser_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In much of the literature on Wamesa an orthography is used which is based on the orthographic system of <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>. This orthography diverges from IPA notation in the following cases: </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/β/</span> is notated <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span> is notated <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> is notated <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> is notated <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span> – clusters of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋg/</span> therefore appear as <span class="nowrap">⟨ngg⟩</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wamesa includes the following parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, determiner, preposition, complementizer, conjunction, numeral, interrogative, imperative, locative, demonstrative, particle, interjection, and adposition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wamesa is a <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> (SVO) language. Wamesa has NADQ (noun, adjective, demonstrative, quantifier) order, which is rare in the world's languages.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a sentence involves an applicative, the word order is as follows: (subject) instrument verb (object), with the items in parentheses as optional. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adjectives always follow nouns. Unlike verbs, they cannot take the applicative prefix. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verbs">Verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With regard to verbs, phrases must adhere to the following rules: </p> <ol><li>Subject agreement (person and number) must be marked on each verb and only on verbs.</li> <li>If direction is involved in the sentence, it must be marked on the verb.</li> <li>If there is an essive, it must attach to the verb that is describing a trait of the subject.</li> <li>The applicative must attach to the verb, not the instrument.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adverbs">Adverbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Adverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are only two manner adverbs in Wamesa: <span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">saira</i></span> 'quickly' and <span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">nanaria</i></span> 'slowly.' Reduplication is used for emphasis: (e.g. <span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">sasaira</i></span> 'very quickly'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prepositions">Prepositions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Prepositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prepositions are non-stackable, meaning they must not appear directly next to a location word nor another preposition. Additionally, they require an NP (noun phrase) complement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serial_verb_construction">Serial verb construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Serial verb construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wamesa does not have an infinitive construction, but it does have <a href="/wiki/Serial_verb_construction" title="Serial verb construction">serial verb constructions</a> (SVCs). This means that a sequence of multiple verbs may be used to describe a single event. SVCs in Wamesa include the following serializations: same subject, switch subject, multiple object, ambient, and conjoined participant.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passive_construction">Passive construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Passive construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wamesa does not have a true passive since subject agreement is always marked on the verb. However, when the subject is omitted and the object is moved to the beginning of the sentence and <a href="/wiki/Topicalization" title="Topicalization">topicalized</a>, a sort of passive construction results. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possession">Possession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wamesa distinguishes between <a href="/wiki/Alienable_and_inalienable_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Alienable and inalienable possession">alienable and inalienable</a> nouns. Inalienable nouns in Wamesa include human body parts and kinship terms, while alienable nouns in Wamesa include 'name', 'shadow', and everything else. Inalienable nouns in Wamesa can also be used with the alienable possessive construction, but alienable nouns can only be used with the alienable construction. In the dual and plural constructions of possessed nouns, the possessed root gets a prefix that agrees with the possessor in person, number, and animacy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Question_formation">Question formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Question formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wamesa primarily has <a href="/wiki/Wh_in_situ" class="mw-redirect" title="Wh in situ">WH-in-situ</a>, which means that the WH word does not move to the beginning of a sentence in question form and it instead takes the original place of the thing in question. In contrast, English primarily has WH-raising. That said, Wamesa has WH-raising with <span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">otopi</i></span> 'why'. Basic polar (yes–no) questions are created by inserting <span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">te</i></span> after a sentence that would otherwise be a declarative sentence. Tag questions are formed by inserting <span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ei</i></span> after the original sentence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominal_morphology">Nominal morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nominal morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A noun phrase (NP) in Wamesa may contain the following: noun, determiner, adjective, number, gender, class (human or nonhuman), relative clause, and quantifier. However, Wamesa does not have case, specificity, and tense. The marker for number goes on the determiner, not the noun. Number cannot be marked twice: it must either be marked explicitly on the determiner or implicitly with a quantifier. When constructing a sentence, there is a wide range of agreement options for human nouns but not for nonhuman nouns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affixes_and_clitics">Affixes and clitics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Affixes and clitics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wamesa has an applicative (<span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">it</i></span>), causative (<span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">on</i></span>), and essive (<span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ve-</i></span>). Additional <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> include markers for plural (<span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">-si</i></span>), singular (<span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">-i</i></span>), and third-person plural human (<span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">-sia</i></span>). Wamesa's <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitics</a> include the topicalizer =<span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ma</i></span>, focus =<span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ya</i></span>, =<span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ye</i></span>, =<span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">e</i></span>; and the proximal (=<span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ne</i></span>), default/medial (=<span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">pa</i></span>), and distal (=<span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">wa</i></span>) definite determiners. Note that Wamesa clitics are only phonological and not syntactic. </p><p>Certain verbs involve the use of the supplemental morpheme <span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">-i</i></span>. For example, the verb <span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">maso</i></span> 'sit' requires a location, which can either be explicitly stated or represented by the morpheme <span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">-i</i></span>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="wad" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Imasoi</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr>-sit-location</p></div><p style="display: none;">Imasoi</p><p style="display: none;">1sg-sit-location</p><p style="clear: left;">'I sit'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>When the verb <span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">sera</i></span> 'see' involves an object, it can either be explicitly stated or represented by the morpheme <span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">-i</i></span>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="wad" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Yau</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="wad" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">iserai.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr>-see-object</p></div><p style="display: none;">Yau iserai.</p><p style="display: none;">I 1sg-see-object</p><p style="clear: left;">'I see (something).'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subject_agreement">Subject agreement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Subject agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>*The information presented below uses orthography rather than <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Subject Agreement Chart </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td>Prefix </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ase</i></span> 'to swim' </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">pera</i></span> 'to cut' </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ra</i></span> 'to go' </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Singular </th></tr> <tr> <td>1sg </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i-/</span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">y-ase</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">i-pera</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">i-ra</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2sg </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bu-/</span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">bu-ase</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">p<span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span>uera</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">r<span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span>a</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3sg </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/di-/</span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">di-ase</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">p<span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>era</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">r<span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>a</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>1du incl </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tur-/</span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">tur-ase</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">tu-pera</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">tun-da</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1du excl </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/amur-/</span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">amur-ase</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">amu-pera</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">amun-da</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2du </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mur-/</span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">mur-ase</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">mu-pera</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">mun-da</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3du </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sur-/</span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">sur-ase</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">su-pera</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">sun-da</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>1pl incl </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tat-/</span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">tat-ase</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ta-pera</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">tan-da</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1pl excl </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/amat-/</span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">amat-ase</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ama-pera</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">aman-da</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2pl </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/met-/</span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">met-ase</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">me-pera</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">men-da</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3pl hum </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/set-/</span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">set-ase</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">se-pera</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">sen-da</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3pl NH </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/si-/</span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">si-ase</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">si-pera</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">si-ra</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note that with 2sg and 3sg, the agreement is <a href="/wiki/Infix" title="Infix">infixed</a>. </p><p>Usually, <a href="/wiki/Infix" title="Infix">infixation</a> is used to improve <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable structure</a> by making a word CVCV (consonant vowel alternation). However, in the case of Wamesa, perceptual metathesis results in the opposite effect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negation">Negation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The clitic =<span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">va</i></span> is used to indicate negation, but when it is attached at the end of a sentence, the result is <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_ambiguity" title="Syntactic ambiguity">structurally ambiguous</a>, as the clitic may be negating any one of the words in the sentence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Applicative">Applicative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Applicative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The applicative <span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">it-</i></span> may function as instrumental or intensifier. Additionally, the applicative prefix in Wamesa can also give aspectual meaning, which is unusual for applicatives. Regarding the use of the applicative as an instrumental, the instrument must not be human nor a human body part, and the applicative verb must agree with the subject, not the instrument. Aspectual information includes the indication that an action is either sudden or completed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Essive">Essive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Essive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The essive <span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ve-</i></span> functions as a verbalizer, ordinal, <a href="/wiki/Relativizer" title="Relativizer">relativizer</a>, or indicator of inherent properties, depending on the context in which it appears. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Locatives">Locatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Locatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wamesa has a number of locatives, including ones that act like nouns syntactically. Clitics include =<span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ra</i></span> ('to.there'), =<span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ma</i></span> ('to.here'), =<span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">wa</i></span> ('down'), and =<span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">re</i></span> ('in progress'). </p><p>Direction depends on geography and the "salient area" rather than cardinal directions. Direction is specified with regard to land, sea, and elevation. </p> <ul><li><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">Ira ma re</i></span> 'I'm going to shore'</li></ul> <ul><li><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">Ira ra ye</i></span> 'I'm going over there (uphill/inland)'</li></ul> <ul><li><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ma</i></span> 'to here'</li></ul> <ul><li><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">ra</i></span> 'to there'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wamesa includes a number of loanwords and influences, particularly from Indonesian and Dutch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pronoun Chart </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Wamesa </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>1sg </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">yao</i></span> </td> <td>'I' </td></tr> <tr> <td>2sg </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">au</i></span> </td> <td>'you' </td></tr> <tr> <td>3sg </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">andi</i></span> </td> <td>'she/he/it' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Determiners">Determiners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Determiners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Determiners can indicate distance, and their meaning is context dependent. The meaning can either be literal or metaphorical. For example, figurative distance can indicate salience or importance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinship_system">Kinship system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Kinship system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wamesa's kinship system is an elaboration of the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois kinship system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as a result of Indonesian influence, over time, Wamesa has lost and collapsed distinctions such as mother's vs. father's side, sex, and parallel vs. cross-cousins. Wamesa does distinguish based on age (e.g. if a cousin is older or younger). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wamesa uses a quinary decimal system with bases 5, 10, and 20. Atomic numerals include 1–5, 10, 20, and 100 (<span title="Wamesa-language romanization"><i lang="wad-Latn">siaran</i></span>). Wamesa's number system is both additive and multiplicative. For example, <span title="Wamesa-language romanization"><i lang="wad-Latn">sinitue siri</i></span> '20 and 1' is 21. <span title="Wamesa-language romanization"><i lang="wad-Latn">Sinitu muandu</i></span> '20 2' is 40. The word for 20 is also the word for person, likely because a person has 10 fingers and 10 toes. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Numeral Chart </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>1 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">siri</i></span> </td> <td>11 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">surai siri</i></span> </td> <td>21 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">sinitue siri</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">muandu</i></span> </td> <td>12 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">surai muandu</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">toru</i></span> </td> <td>13 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">surai toru</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">at</i></span> </td> <td>14 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">surai at</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">rim</i></span> </td> <td>15 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">surai rim</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">rime siri</i></span> </td> <td>16 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">surai rime siri</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">rime muandu</i></span> </td> <td>17 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">surai rime muandu</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">rime toru</i></span> </td> <td>18 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">surai rime toru</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">rime at</i></span> </td> <td>19 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">surai rime at</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">sura</i></span> </td> <td>20 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">sinitu ~ utin</i></span> </td> <td>30 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">sinitue sura</i></span> </td> <td>40 </td> <td><span title="Wamesa-language text"><i lang="wad">sinitu muandu</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics_of_fieldwork_in_the_Wamesa_community">Ethics of fieldwork in the Wamesa community</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ethics of fieldwork in the Wamesa community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, Wamesa community members are very proud of their language and view it as a gift to be shared with everyone. Thus, they promote research, encourage the publication and sharing of results, and request that the linguistic data be freely accessible. Additionally, community members believe that the spreading of knowledge of the Wamesa language can bring them social prestige and spiritual benefits. While monetary compensation may be desired or accepted by some members of the community, gift-giving may often be more culturally appropriate and significant.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/wad/">Wamesa</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gasser_2014-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gasser_2014_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gasser_2014_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gasser_2014_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gasser_2014_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gasser_2014_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gasser_2014_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gasser_2014_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gasser_2014_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gasser_2014_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGasser2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Gasser, Emily A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elischolar.library.yale.edu/ling_graduate/1"><i>Windesi Wamesa Morphophonology</i></a> (PhD thesis). Yale University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Windesi+Wamesa+Morphophonology&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Yale+University&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Gasser&rft.aufirst=Emily+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felischolar.library.yale.edu%2Fling_graduate%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWamesa+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ronsumbre-2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ronsumbre-2020_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonsumbre2020" class="citation book cs1">Ronsumbre, Adolof (2020). <i>Ensiklopedia Suku Bangsa di Provinsi Papua Barat</i>. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kepel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-356-318-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-602-356-318-0"><bdi>978-602-356-318-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ensiklopedia+Suku+Bangsa+di+Provinsi+Papua+Barat&rft.place=Yogyakarta&rft.pub=Penerbit+Kepel+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-602-356-318-0&rft.aulast=Ronsumbre&rft.aufirst=Adolof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWamesa+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gasser, Emily (2015). <i>Wamesa Talking Dictionary, pilot version.</i> Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.talkingdictionary.org/wamesa">http://www.talkingdictionary.org/wamesa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCinque2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cinque, Guglielmo (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240677903">"Deriving Greenberg's Universal 20 and Its Exceptions"</a>. <i>Linguistic Inquiry</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 315–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F0024389054396917">10.1162/0024389054396917</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10278%2F30426">10278/30426</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12613830">12613830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Deriving+Greenberg%27s+Universal+20+and+Its+Exceptions&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=315-332&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10278%2F30426&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12613830%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F0024389054396917&rft.aulast=Cinque&rft.aufirst=Guglielmo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F240677903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWamesa+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenft2004" class="citation book cs1">Senft, Gunter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_59414_3/component/file_468455/content">"What Do We Really Know about Serial Verb Constructions in Austronesian and Papuan Languages?"</a>. In Bril, I.; Ozanne-Rivierre, F. (eds.). <i>Complex Predicates in Oceanic Languages</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 49–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Do+We+Really+Know+about+Serial+Verb+Constructions+in+Austronesian+and+Papuan+Languages%3F&rft.btitle=Complex+Predicates+in+Oceanic+Languages&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=49-64&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Senft&rft.aufirst=Gunter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.mpg.de%2Frest%2Fitems%2Fitem_59414_3%2Fcomponent%2Ffile_468455%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWamesa+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flaming, Rachel. Wandamen Kinship Terminology. Reprinted in: Merrifield, William R.; Gregerson, Marilyn; Ajamiseba, Daniel C., Editors. Gods, Heroes, Kinsmen: Ethnographic Studies from Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Jayapura and Dallas: Cenderawasih University and the International Museum of Cultures; 1983: 244-253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasser2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gasser, Emily (2017). "The Right to Say Yes: Language Documentation in West Papua". <i>Australian Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 502–526. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07268602.2017.1350131">10.1080/07268602.2017.1350131</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148821732">148821732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Right+to+Say+Yes%3A+Language+Documentation+in+West+Papua&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=502-526&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07268602.2017.1350131&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148821732%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gasser&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWamesa+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamesa_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://talkingdictionary.swarthmore.edu/wamesa/">Wamesa Talking Dictionary</a> (multilingual in English and Bahasa Indonesia)</li> <li>Student Projects, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emilygasser.wordpress.com/teaching/wads16/">2016</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emilygasser.wordpress.com/teaching/f17-student-projects/">2017</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Halmahera–West_New_Guinea_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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style="width:1%">Biakic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusner_language" title="Dusner language">Dusner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meoswar_language" title="Meoswar language">Meoswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roon_language" title="Roon language">Roon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yapen_languages_(Austronesian)" title="Yapen languages (Austronesian)">Yapen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambai_language" title="Ambai language">Ambai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansus_language" title="Ansus language">Ansus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busami_language" title="Busami language">Busami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurudu_language" title="Kurudu language">Kurudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munggui_language" title="Munggui language">Munggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marau_language" title="Marau language">Marau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pom_language" title="Pom language">Pom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuma_language" title="Papuma language">Papuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serui-Laut_language" title="Serui-Laut language">Serui-Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabo_language" title="Wabo language">Wabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandamen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandamen language">Wandamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woi_language" title="Woi language">Woi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iresim_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iresim language">Iresim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_language" title="Yaur language">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeretuar_language" title="Yeretuar language">Yeretuar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Halmahera Sea languages">Halmahera Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera_languages" title="South Halmahera languages">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Indonesia)" title="Buli language (Indonesia)">Buli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gane_language" title="Gane language">Gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebe_language" title="Gebe language">Gebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language_(Indonesia)" title="Maba language (Indonesia)">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_language" title="Patani language">Patani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawai_language" title="Sawai language">Sawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taba_language" title="Taba language">Taba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambel_language" title="Ambel language">Ambel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_language" title="As language">As</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biga_language" title="Biga language">Biga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maden_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maden language">Maden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matbat_language" title="Matbat language">Matbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ya language">Ma'ya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguni_language" title="Arguni language">Arguni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedoanas_language" title="Bedoanas language">Bedoanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erokwanas_language" title="Erokwanas language">Erokwanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irarutu_language" title="Irarutu language">Irarutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuri_language_(Austronesian)" title="Kuri language (Austronesian)">Kuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Austronesian)" title="Mor language (Austronesian)">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandia_language" title="Tandia language">Tandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waropen_language" title="Waropen language">Waropen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austronesian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austronesian_languages" title="Template talk:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austronesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East Formosan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sumatran*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_language" title="Nasal language">Nasal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Sasak%E2%80%93Sumbawa_languages" title="Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages">Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon_languages" title="Northern Luzon languages">Northern Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon_languages" title="Central Luzon languages">Central Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindoro_languages" title="Northern Mindoro languages">Northern Mindoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamian_languages" title="Kalamian languages">Kalamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">South Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater Barito*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>North Borneo * <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sarawakan_languages" title="North Sarawakan languages">North Sarawakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages" title="Melanau–Kajang languages">Melanau–Kajang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li>Malayo–Chamic *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moklenic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungku%E2%80%93Tolaki_languages" title="Bungku–Tolaki languages">Bungku–Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna%E2%80%93Buton_languages" title="Muna–Buton languages">Muna–Buton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluan%E2%80%93Banggai_languages" title="Saluan–Banggai languages">Saluan–Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomini%E2%80%93Tolitoli_languages" title="Tomini–Tolitoli languages">Tomini–Tolitoli</a>*</li> <li>Kaili–Wolio*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_languages" title="Makassar languages">Makassar</a></li> <li>Seko–Badaic*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Sulawesi_languages" title="Northern South Sulawesi languages">Northern South Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei%E2%80%93Tanimbar_languages" title="Kei–Tanimbar languages">Kei–Tanimbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoric_languages" title="Timoric languages">Timoric</a></li> <li>Kowiai?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">SHWNG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat%E2%80%93South_Halmahera_languages" title="Raja Ampat–South Halmahera languages">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_languages" title="Cenderawasih languages">Cenderawasih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_languages" title="Admiralty Islands languages">Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Matthias_languages" title="St. Matthias languages">St. Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temotu_languages" title="Temotu languages">Temotu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Solomonic_languages" title="Southeast Solomonic languages">Southeast Solomonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Melanesian_languages" title="Meso-Melanesian languages">Meso-Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_New_Guinea_languages" title="North New Guinea languages">North New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Tip_languages" title="Papuan Tip languages">Papuan Tip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vanuatu <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South</a></li></ul></li> <li>Loyalties–New Caledonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Template:Languages of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Languages of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Western_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Western Malayo-Polynesian languages">Western Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></span></b> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_slang" title="Indonesian slang">Slang</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Sumbawan_languages" title="Malayo-Sumbawan languages">Malayo-Sumbawan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakongan_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakongan language (page does not exist)">Bakongan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Anambas-Natuna Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacan_Malay" title="Bacan Malay">Bacan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali_Aga_Balinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bali Aga Balinese (page does not exist)">Bali Aga</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Penida_Balinese" title="Nusa Penida Balinese">Nusa Penida</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamayo_language" title="Bamayo language">Bamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batubara_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batubara Malay (page does not exist)">Batubara Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belitung_Malay" title="Belitung Malay">Belitung Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu_language" title="Bengkulu language">Bengkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malay" title="Berau Malay">Berau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besemah_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besemah language (page does not exist)">Besemah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukit_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bukit language (page does not exist)">Bukit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col_language" title="Col language">Col/Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deli_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deli Malay (page does not exist)">Deli Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enim_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Enim language">Enim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_language" title="Haji language">Haji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mualang_language" title="Mualang language">Mualang</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Seberuang_language" title="Seberuang language">Seberuang</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambi Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Jaring Halus Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangean_language" title="Kangean language">Kangean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapuas_Hulu_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapuas Hulu Malay (page does not exist)">Kapuas Hulu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaur_language" title="Kaur language">Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kayong_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kayong Malay (page does not exist)">Kayong Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keninjal_language" title="Keninjal language">Keninjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketapang_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketapang Malay (page does not exist)">Ketapang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kotawaringin_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kotawaringin Malay (page does not exist)">Kotawaringin Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kualuh_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kualuh Malay (page does not exist)">Kualuh Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubu_language" title="Kubu language">Kubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutainese_language" title="Kutainese language">Kutainese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_Bangun_Kutainese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kota Bangun Kutainese (page does not exist)">Kota Bangun</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenggarong_Kutainese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenggarong Kutainese (page does not exist)">Tenggarong</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landak_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landak Malay (page does not exist)">Landak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langkat_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langkat Malay (page does not exist)">Langkat Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loncong_language" title="Loncong language">Loncong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_language" title="Lubu language">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bawean_language" title="Bawean language">Bawean</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sapudi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sapudi language (page does not exist)">Sapudi</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jamee_language" title="Jamee language">Jamee </a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampar_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampar language (page does not exist)">Kampar</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuantan_language_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuantan language (Indonesia) (page does not exist)">Kuantan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mukomuko_language" title="Mukomuko language">Mukomuko</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pesisir_language" title="Pesisir language">Pesisir</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melawi_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melawi Malay (page does not exist)">Melawi Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mempawah_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mempawah Malay (page does not exist)">Mempawah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musi_language" title="Musi language">Musi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lematang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lematang language">Lematang</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Palembang_language" title="Palembang language">Palembang</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Penesak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Penesak language">Penesak</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penukal_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penukal language (page does not exist)">Penukal</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rawas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawas language">Rawas</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogan language">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palu_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palu Malay (page does not exist)">Palu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panai_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panai Malay (page does not exist)">Panai Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekal_language" title="Pekal language">Pekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Riau Malay">Riau Malay</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_Riau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coastal Riau Malay (page does not exist)">Coastal Riau</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangaraian_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangaraian Malay (page does not exist)">Pangaraian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokan_Hilir_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rokan Hilir Malay (page does not exist)">Rokan Hilir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siak_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siak Malay (page does not exist)">Siak</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembilahan_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembilahan Malay (page does not exist)">Tembilahan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sambas_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sambas Malay (page does not exist)">Sambas Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanggau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanggau Malay (page does not exist)">Sanggau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekadau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekadau Malay (page does not exist)">Sekadau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serdang_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serdang Malay (page does not exist)">Serdang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semende_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semende language (page does not exist)">Semende</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintang_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintang Malay (page does not exist)">Sintang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_language" title="Sumbawa language">Sumbawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baduy_language" title="Baduy language">Baduy</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Banten_Sundanese" title="Banten Sundanese">Bantenese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Brebes_Sundanese" title="Brebes Sundanese">Brebes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Priangan_Sundanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Priangan Sundanese">Priangan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamiang_Malay" title="Tamiang Malay">Tamiang Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanesic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Javanese <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arekan_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arekan Javanese (page does not exist)">Arekan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_dialect" title="Banyumasan dialect">Banyumasan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirebonese language">Cirebonese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indramayu_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indramayu Javanese (page does not exist)">Indramayu</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Osing_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Osing dialect">Osing</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serang_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serang Javanese (page does not exist)">Serang</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect" title="Tenggerese dialect">Tenggerese</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">Kawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andio_language" title="Andio language">Andio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bada_language" title="Bada language">Bada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahonsuai_language" title="Bahonsuai language">Bahonsuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaesang_language" title="Balaesang language">Balaesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balantak_language" title="Balantak language">Balantak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banggai_language" title="Banggai language">Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batui_language" title="Batui language">Batui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behoa_language" title="Behoa language">Behoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boano_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Boano language (Sulawesi)">Boano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobongko_language" title="Bobongko language">Bobongko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerate_language" title="Bonerate language">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungku_language" title="Bungku language">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busoa_language" title="Busoa language">Busoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cia-Cia_language" title="Cia-Cia language">Cia-Cia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dampelas_language" title="Dampelas language">Dampelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dondo_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dondo language (Austronesian)">Dondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalao_language" title="Kalao language">Kalao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaili_language" title="Kaili language">Kaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimbulawa_language" title="Kaimbulawa language">Kaimbulawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaru_language" title="Kamaru language">Kamaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodeoha_language" title="Kodeoha language">Kodeoha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulisusu_language" title="Kulisusu language">Kulisusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbewaha_language" title="Kumbewaha language">Kumbewaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasalimu_language" title="Lasalimu language">Lasalimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiyolo_language" title="Laiyolo language">Laiyolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauje_language" title="Lauje language">Lauje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liabuku_language" title="Liabuku language">Liabuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbelala_language" title="Mbelala language">Mbelala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moronene_language" title="Moronene language">Moronene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mori_Bawah_language" title="Mori Bawah language">Mori Bawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mori_Atas_language" title="Mori Atas language">Mori Atas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moma_language" title="Moma language">Moma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_language" title="Muna language">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napu_language" title="Napu language">Napu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padoe_language" title="Padoe language">Padoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancana_language" title="Pancana language">Pancana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendau_language" title="Pendau language">Pendau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahambuu_language" title="Rahambuu language">Rahambuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampi_language" title="Rampi language">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluan_language" title="Saluan language">Saluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarudu_language" title="Sarudu language">Sarudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedoa_language" title="Sedoa language">Sedoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamona_language" title="Pamona language">Pamona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taje_language" title="Taje language">Taje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajio_language" title="Tajio language">Tajio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukang_Besi_language" title="Tukang Besi language">Tukang Besi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolaki_language" title="Tolaki language">Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomadino_language" title="Tomadino language">Tomadino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoiyo_language" title="Topoiyo language">Topoiyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomini_language" title="Tomini language">Tomini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totoli_language" title="Totoli language">Totoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_language" title="Uma language">Uma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waru_language" title="Waru language">Waru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wawonii_language" title="Wawonii language">Wawonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolio_language" title="Wolio language">Wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotu_language" title="Wotu language">Wotu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komering_language" title="Komering language">Komering</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kayuagung_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kayuagung language (page does not exist)">Kayuagung</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–<br />Barrier Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Alas_language" title="Alas language">Alas</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Batak_Angkola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Angkola language">Angkola</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Batak_Dairi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Dairi language">Dairi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Batak_Karo_language" title="Batak Karo language">Karo</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Batak_Simalungun_language" title="Batak Simalungun language">Simalungun</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_language" title="Enggano language">Enggano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_language" title="Gayo language">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_language" title="Mentawai language">Mentawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_language" title="Nias language">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_language" title="Simeulue language">Simeulue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikule_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikule language">Sikule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aralle-Tabulahan_language" title="Aralle-Tabulahan language">Aralle-Tabulahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambam_language" title="Bambam language">Bambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentong_language" title="Bentong language">Bentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budong-Budong_language" title="Budong-Budong language">Budong-Budong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campalagian_language" title="Campalagian language">Campalagian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Konjo_language" title="Coastal Konjo language">Coastal Konjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakka_language" title="Dakka language">Dakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duri_language" title="Duri language">Duri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embaloh_language" title="Embaloh language">Embaloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrekang_language" title="Enrekang language">Enrekang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Konjo_language" title="Highland Konjo language">Highland Konjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalumpang_language" title="Kalumpang language">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemolang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemolang language">Lemolang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiwa_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Maiwa language (Sulawesi)">Maiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language">Makassarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malimpung_language" title="Malimpung language">Malimpung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_language" title="Mamasa language">Mamasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamuju_language" title="Mamuju language">Mamuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandar_language" title="Mandar language">Mandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasuan_language" title="Panasuan language">Panasuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannei_language" title="Pannei language">Pannei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selayar_language" title="Selayar language">Selayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seko_Padang_language" title="Seko Padang language">Seko Padang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seko_Tengah_language" title="Seko Tengah language">Seko Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tae%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tae’ language">Tae’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talondo%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Talondo’ language">Talondo’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Indonesia)" title="Taman language (Indonesia)">Taman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toraja-Sa%E2%80%99dan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja-Sa’dan language">Toraja-Sa’dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulumanda%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulumanda’ language">Ulumanda’</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampanang_language" title="Ampanang language">Ampanang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumpai_language" title="Bakumpai language">Bakumpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajaw language">Bajaw </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deyah_language" title="Deyah language">Deyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohin_language" title="Kohin language">Kohin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawangan_language" title="Lawangan language">Lawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'anyan language">Ma'anyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_Malang_language" title="Dusun Malang language">Malang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaju_language" title="Ngaju language">Ngaju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot_Danum_language" title="Ot Danum language">Ot Danum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siang_language" title="Siang language">Ot Siang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunjung_language" title="Tunjung language">Tunjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_Witu_language" title="Dusun Witu language">Witu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paku_language_(Indonesia)" title="Paku language (Indonesia)">Pakau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aoheng_language" title="Aoheng language">Aoheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aput_language" title="Aput language">Aput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovongan_language" title="Hovongan language">Hovongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_language" title="Krio Dayak language">Krio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modang_language" title="Modang language">Modang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Merah_language" title="Punan Merah language">Punan Merah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segai_language" title="Segai language">Segai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakati%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakati’ language">Bakati’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukar_Sadong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukar Sadong language">Bukar Sadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembayan_language" title="Kembayan language">Kembayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lara%CA%BC_language" title="Laraʼ language">Laraʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyadu%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyadu’ language">Nyadu’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejangese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejangese language">Rejangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribun_language" title="Ribun language">Ribun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanggau_language" title="Sanggau language">Sanggau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Bakati%27_language" title="Sara Bakati' language">Sara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semandang_language" title="Semandang language">Semandang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beginci_language" title="Beginci language">Beginci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerai_language" title="Gerai language">Gerai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Bah-Biau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukat_language" title="Bukat language">Bukat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_languages" title="Kenyah languages">Kenyah</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murutic_languages" title="Murutic languages">Murut</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Merap_language" title="Punan Merap language">Punan Merap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Tubu_language" title="Punan Tubu language">Punan Tubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajau_Basap_language" title="Sajau Basap language">Sajau</a></li> <li>Tidung <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Burusu_language" title="Burusu language">Burusu</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Philippine_languages" title="Central Philippine languages">Central Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo%E2%80%93Mongondow_languages" title="Gorontalo–Mongondow languages">Gorontalo-Mongondow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bintauna_language" title="Bintauna language">Bintauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolango_language" title="Bolango language">Bolango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buol_language" title="Buol language">Buol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_language" title="Gorontalo language">Gorontaloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidipang_language" title="Kaidipang language">Kaidipang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolak_language" title="Lolak language">Lolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponosakan_language" title="Ponosakan language">Ponosakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwawa_language" title="Suwawa language">Suwawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tombulu_language" title="Tombulu language">Tombulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondano_language" title="Tondano language">Tondano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsawang_language" title="Tonsawang language">Tonsawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsea_language" title="Tonsea language">Tonsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tontemboan_language" title="Tontemboan language">Tontemboan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantik_language" title="Bantik language">Bantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratahan_language" title="Ratahan language">Ratahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangir_language" title="Sangir language">Sangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaud_language" title="Talaud language">Talaud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central–Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barakai_language" title="Barakai language">Barakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batuley_language" title="Batuley language">Batuley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobel_language" title="Dobel language">Dobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karey_language" title="Karey language">Karey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koba_language" title="Koba language">Koba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_language" title="Kola language">Kola-Kompane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_language" title="Lola language">Lola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorang_language" title="Lorang language">Lorang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manombai_language" title="Manombai language">Manombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariri_language" title="Mariri language">Mariri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarangan_language" title="Tarangan language">Tarangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujir_language" title="Ujir language">Ujir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alune_language" title="Alune language">Alune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amahai_language" title="Amahai language">Amahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambelau_language" title="Ambelau language">Ambelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asilulu_language" title="Asilulu language">Asilulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_language_(Maluku)" title="Banda language (Maluku)">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bati_language_(Indonesia)" title="Bati language (Indonesia)">Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benggoi_language" title="Benggoi language">Benggoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boano_language_(Maluku)" title="Boano language (Maluku)">Boano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobot_language" title="Bobot language">Bobot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_language" title="Buru language">Buru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geser_language" title="Geser language">Geser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruku_language" title="Haruku language">Haruku</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulaliu_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hulaliu language (page does not exist)">Hulaliu</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kailolo_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kailolo language (page does not exist)">Kailolo</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelauw_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelauw language (page does not exist)">Pelauw</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohomoni-Kabauw_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rohomoni-Kabauw language (page does not exist)">Rohomoni-Kabauw</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitu_language" title="Hitu language">Hitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoti_language" title="Hoti language">Hoti</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaulu_language" title="Huaulu language">Huaulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukumina_language" title="Hukumina language">Hukumina</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulung_language" title="Hulung language">Hulung</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaibobo_language" title="Kaibobo language">Kaibobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarian_language" title="Kamarian language">Kamarian</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayeli_language" title="Kayeli language">Kayeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowiai_language" title="Kowiai language">Kowiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laha_language_(Indonesia)" title="Laha language (Indonesia)">Laha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakasihu_language" title="Wakasihu language">Larike-Wakasihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latu_language" title="Latu language">Latu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liana-Seti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liana-Seti language">Liana-Seti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisabata-Nuniali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisabata-Nuniali language">Lisabata-Nuniali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisela_language" title="Lisela language">Lisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loun_language" title="Loun language">Loun</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhu_language" title="Luhu language">Luhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangole_language" title="Mangole language">Mangole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipa_language" title="Manipa language">Manipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusela_language" title="Manusela language">Manusela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masiwang_language" title="Masiwang language">Masiwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naka%27ela_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naka'ela language">Naka'ela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuaulu_language" title="Nuaulu language">Nuaulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Laut_language" title="Nusa Laut language">Nusa Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulohi_language" title="Paulohi language">Paulohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salas_language" title="Salas language">Salas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleman_language" title="Saleman language">Saleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparua_language" title="Saparua language">Saparua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seit-Kaitetu_language" title="Seit-Kaitetu language">Seit-Kaitetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepa-Teluti_language" title="Sepa-Teluti language">Sepa-Teluti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sula_language" title="Sula language">Sula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliabo_language" title="Taliabo language">Taliabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teor-Kur_language" title="Teor-Kur language">Teor-Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulehu_language" title="Tulehu language">Tulehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watubela_language" title="Watubela language">Watubela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemale_language" title="Wemale language">Wemale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalahatan_language" title="Yalahatan language">Yalahatan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alorese_language" title="Alorese language">Alorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedang_language" title="Kedang language">Kedang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_language" title="Lamaholot language">Lamaholot</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Adonara_language" title="Adonara language">Adonara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ile_Ape_language" title="Ile Ape language">Ile Ape</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lamalera_language" title="Lamalera language">Lamalera</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lamatuka_language" title="Lamatuka language">Lamatuka</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Levuka_language" title="Levuka language">Levuka</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lewo_Eleng_language" title="Lewo Eleng language">Lewo Eleng</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/wiki/Lewotobi_language" title="Lewotobi language">Lewotobi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/South_Lembata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lembata language">South Lembata</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/West_Lembata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Lembata language">West Lembata</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sika language">Sika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">Halmahera-<br />Cenderawasih</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambai_language" title="Ambai language">Ambai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambel_language" title="Ambel language">Ambel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansus_language" title="Ansus language">Ansus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arguni_language" title="Arguni language">Arguni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_language" title="As language">As</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedoanas_language" title="Bedoanas language">Bedoanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biga_language" title="Biga language">Biga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Indonesia)" title="Buli language (Indonesia)">Buli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busami_language" title="Busami language">Busami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusner_language" title="Dusner language">Dusner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erokwanas_language" title="Erokwanas language">Erokwanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gane_language" title="Gane language">Gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Irarutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iresim_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iresim language">Iresim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuri_language_(Austronesian)" title="Kuri language (Austronesian)">Kuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurudu_language" title="Kurudu language">Kurudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language_(Indonesia)" title="Maba language (Indonesia)">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maden_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maden language">Maden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matbat_language" title="Matbat language">Matbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ya language">Ma'ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munggui_language" title="Munggui language">Munggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marau_language" title="Marau language">Marau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meoswar_language" title="Meoswar language">Meoswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Austronesian)" title="Mor language (Austronesian)">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuma_language" title="Papuma language">Papuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_language" title="Patani language">Patani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pom_language" title="Pom language">Pom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roon_language" title="Roon language">Roon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawai_language" title="Sawai language">Sawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serui-Laut_language" title="Serui-Laut language">Serui-Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taba_language" title="Taba language">Taba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandia_language" title="Tandia language">Tandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabo_language" title="Wabo language">Wabo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wamesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandamen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandamen language">Wandamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waropen_language" title="Waropen language">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woi_language" title="Woi language">Woi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_language" title="Yaur language">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeretuar_language" title="Yeretuar language">Yeretuar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeresiam_language" title="Yeresiam language">Yeresiam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kei-Tanimbar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kei-Tanimbar languages">Kei-Tanimbar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fordata_language" title="Fordata language">Fordata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei_language" title="Kei language">Kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onin_language" title="Onin language">Onin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekar_language" title="Sekar language">Sekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruangnirin_language" title="Uruangnirin language">Uruangnirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamdena_language" title="Yamdena language">Yamdena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mapia_language" title="Mapia language">Mapia</a> †</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selaru_language" title="Selaru language">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seluwasan_language" title="Seluwasan language">Seluwasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anakalangu_language" title="Anakalangu language">Anakalangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baliledo_language" title="Baliledo language">Baliledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhao_language" title="Dhao language">Dhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ende_language_(Indonesia)" title="Ende language (Indonesia)">Ende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaura_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaura language">Gaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawu_language" title="Hawu language">Hawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambera_language" title="Kambera language">Kambera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9o_language" title="Kéo language">Kéo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodi_language" title="Kodi language">Kodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_language" title="Komodo language">Komodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamboya_language" title="Lamboya language">Lamboya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lio_language" title="Lio language">Lio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamboru_language" title="Mamboru language">Mamboru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggarainese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manggarainese language">Manggarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nage_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage language">Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngadha_language" title="Ngadha language">Ngadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palu%27e_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palu'e language">Palu'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondok_language" title="Pondok language">Pondok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajong_language" title="Rajong language">Rajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembong_language" title="Rembong language">Rembong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riung_language" title="Riung language">Riung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongga_language" title="Rongga language">Rongga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="So'a language">So'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepo%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepo' language">Kepo'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wae_Rana_language" title="Wae Rana language">Wae Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanukaka_language" title="Wanukaka language">Wanukaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wejewa_language" title="Wejewa language">Wejewa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Babar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor–Babar languages">Timor–Babar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarasi_language" title="Amarasi language">Amarasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekais language">Bekais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilba_language" title="Bilba language">Bilba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dai language (Austronesian)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawera-Daweloor_language" title="Dawera-Daweloor language">Dawera-Daweloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dela-Oenale_language" title="Dela-Oenale language">Dela-Oenale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengka_language" title="Dengka language">Dengka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Damar_language" title="East Damar language">East Damar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emplawas_language" title="Emplawas language">Emplawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galoli_language" title="Galoli language">Galoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong_language" title="Helong language">Helong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imroing_language" title="Imroing language">Imroing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_language" title="Kemak language">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisar_language" title="Kisar language">Kisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_language" title="Leti language">Leti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lole_language" title="Lole language">Lole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luang_language" title="Luang language">Luang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masela_language" title="Masela language">Masela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nila_language" title="Nila language">Nila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Babar_language" title="North Babar language">North Babar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringgou_language" title="Ringgou language">Ringgou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romang_language" title="Romang language">Romang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serili_language" title="Serili language">Serili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serua_language" title="Serua language">Serua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Babar_language" title="Southeast Babar language">Southeast Babar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tela%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tela'a language">Tela'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termanu_language" title="Termanu language">Termanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te%27un_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Te'un language">Te'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tii_language" title="Tii language">Tii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uab_Meto_language" title="Uab Meto language">Uab Meto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Damar_language" title="West Damar language">West Damar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welaun_language" title="Welaun language">Welaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetarese_language" title="Wetarese language">Wetar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anus_language" title="Anus language">Anus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggo_language" title="Bonggo language">Bonggo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayupulau_language" title="Kayupulau language">Kayupulau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liki_language" title="Liki language">Liki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masimasi_language" title="Masimasi language">Masimasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormu_language" title="Ormu language">Ormu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podena_language" title="Podena language">Podena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Kaptiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobei_language" title="Sobei language">Sobei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpia_language" title="Tarpia language">Tarpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_language" title="Tobati language">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakde_language" title="Wakde language">Wakde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamna_language" title="Yamna language">Yamna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Papuan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Halmahera_languages" title="North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galela_language" title="Galela language">Galela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamkonora_language" title="Gamkonora language">Gamkonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kao_language" title="Kao language">Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loloda_language" title="Loloda language">Loloda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modole_language" title="Modole language">Modole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagu_language" title="Pagu language">Pagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahu_language" title="Sahu language">Sahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaru_language" title="Tabaru language">Tabaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_language" title="Ternate language">Ternate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore_language" title="Tidore language">Tidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobelo_language" title="Tobelo language">Tobelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togutil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Togutil language">Togutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waioli_language" title="Waioli language">Waioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Makian_language" title="West Makian language">West Makian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor–Alor–Pantar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abui_language" title="Abui language">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adang_language" title="Adang language">Adang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blagar_language" title="Blagar language">Blagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_language" title="Bunak language">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaera_language" title="Kaera language">Kaera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafoa_language" title="Kafoa language">Kafoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamang language">Kamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klon_language" title="Klon language">Klon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(Indonesia)" title="Kui language (Indonesia)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_language" title="Kula language">Kula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedebang_language" title="Nedebang language">Nedebang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirata_language" title="Oirata language">Oirata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retta_language" title="Retta language">Retta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawila_language" title="Sawila language">Sawila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teiwa_language" title="Teiwa language">Teiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wersing_language" title="Wersing language">Wersing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pantar_language" title="Western Pantar language">Western Pantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woisika_language" title="Woisika language">Woisika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Mombum_languages" title="Asmat–Mombum languages">Asmat–Mombum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buruwai_language" title="Buruwai language">Buruwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuarina_Coast_Asmat_language" title="Casuarina Coast Asmat language">Casuarina Coast Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asmat_language" title="Central Asmat language">Central Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asmat_language" title="North Asmat language">North Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citak_language" title="Citak language">Citak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mombum_language" title="Mombum language">Mombum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamberau_language" title="Kamberau language">Kamberau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamoro_language" title="Kamoro language">Kamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koneraw_language" title="Koneraw language">Koneraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sempan_language" title="Sempan language">Sempan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalabra_language" title="Kalabra language">Kalabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwani_language" title="Kuwani language">Kuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moi_language" title="Moi language">Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraid_language" title="Moraid language">Moraid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seget_language" title="Seget language">Seget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehit_language" title="Tehit language">Tehit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arandai_languages" title="Arandai languages">Arandai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombano_language" title="Dombano language">Dombano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duriankari_language" title="Duriankari language">Duriankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanwatan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inanwatan language">Inanwatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaburi_language" title="Kaburi language">Kaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kais_language" title="Kais language">Kais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemberano_language" title="Kemberano language">Kemberano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_language" title="Kokoda language">Kokoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konda_language_(Papuan)" title="Konda language (Papuan)">Konda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovojab_language" title="Kovojab language">Kovojab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puragi_language" title="Puragi language">Puragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahadian_language" title="Yahadian language">Yahadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatam_language" title="Hatam language">Hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansim_language" title="Mansim language">Mansim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyah_language" title="Meyah language">Meyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moskona_language" title="Moskona language">Moskona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sougb_language" title="Sougb language">Sougb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baham_language" title="Baham language">Baham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iha_language" title="Iha language">Iha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karas language">Karas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_Dani_language" title="Grand Valley Dani language">Grand Valley Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupla_language" title="Hupla language">Hupla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_language" title="Nduga language">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nggem_language" title="Nggem language">Nggem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silimo_language" title="Silimo language">Silimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walak_language" title="Walak language">Walak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wano_language" title="Wano language">Wano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Dani_language" title="Western Dani language">Western Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_language" title="Yali language">Yali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Auye language">Auye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_language_(Papuan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dao language (Papuan)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_language" title="Ekari language">Ekari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_language" title="Moni language">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_language" title="Wolani language">Wolani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digul_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Digul River languages">Digul River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghu_language" title="Aghu language">Aghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awbono_language" title="Awbono language">Awbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayono_language" title="Bayono language">Bayono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densar_language" title="Densar language">Densar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edera_River_Awyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Edera River Awyu">Edera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jair language">Jair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_language" title="Kombai language">Kombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komyandaret_language" title="Komyandaret language">Komyandaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_language" title="Korowai language">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandobo_language" title="Mandobo language">Mandobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisa_language" title="Pisa language">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Papuan)" title="Sawi language (Papuan)">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiaxa_language" title="Shiaxa language">Shiaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsaukambo_language" title="Tsaukambo language">Tsaukambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wambon_language" title="Wambon language">Wambon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airoran_language" title="Airoran language">Airoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagusa_language" title="Bagusa language">Bagusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berik_language" title="Berik language">Berik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaf_language" title="Betaf language">Betaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerif_language" title="Bonerif language">Bonerif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabe_language" title="Dabe language">Dabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dineor_language" title="Dineor language">Dineor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwas_language" title="Edwas language">Edwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresi_language" title="Gresi language">Gresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isirawa_language" title="Isirawa language">Isirawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itik_language" title="Itik language">Itik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapori_language" title="Kapori language">Kapori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauwera_language" title="Kauwera language">Kauwera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keijar_language" title="Keijar language">Keijar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemtuik_language" title="Kemtuik language">Kemtuik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwerba_language" title="Kwerba language">Kwerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwerba_Mamberamo_language" title="Kwerba Mamberamo language">Kwerba Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwesten_language" title="Kwesten language">Kwesten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwinsu_language" title="Kwinsu language">Kwinsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mander_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mander language">Mander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massep_language" title="Massep language">Massep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekwei_language" title="Mekwei language">Mekwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlap_language" title="Mlap language">Mlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namblong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Namblong language">Namblong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimboran_language" title="Nimboran language">Nimboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orya_language" title="Orya language">Orya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sause_language" title="Sause language">Sause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksapmin_language" title="Oksapmin language">Oksapmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarokena_language" title="Samarokena language">Samarokena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimuris_language" title="Trimuris language">Trimuris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitou_language" title="Vitou language">Vitou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awera_language" title="Awera language">Awera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biritai_language" title="Biritai language">Biritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doutai_language" title="Doutai language">Doutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvle_language" title="Duvle language">Duvle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritai_language" title="Eritai language">Eritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_language" title="Fayu language">Fayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Foau language">Foau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iau_language" title="Iau language">Iau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiy_language" title="Kaiy language">Kaiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keuw_language" title="Keuw language">Keuw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirikiri_language" title="Kirikiri language">Kirikiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwerisa_language" title="Kwerisa language">Kwerisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obokuitai_language" title="Obokuitai language">Obokuitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papasena_language" title="Papasena language">Papasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasawa_language" title="Rasawa language">Rasawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaritai_language" title="Sikaritai language">Sikaritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tause_language" title="Tause language">Tause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taworta_language" title="Taworta language">Taworta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waritai_language" title="Waritai language">Waritai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Cenderawasih_Bay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cenderawasih Bay languages">East Cenderawasih Bay</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baropasi_language" title="Baropasi language">Baropasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauzi_language" title="Bauzi language">Bauzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burate_language" title="Burate language">Burate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisa_language" title="Demisa language">Demisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofei_language" title="Kofei language">Kofei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa-Anasi_language" title="Nisa-Anasi language">Nisa-Anasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauri_language" title="Sauri language">Sauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefaro_language" title="Tefaro language">Tefaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunggare_language" title="Tunggare language">Tunggare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woria_language" title="Woria language">Woria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saweru_language" title="Saweru language">Saweru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_language" title="Yawa language">Yawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demta_language" title="Demta language">Demta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafri_language" title="Nafri language">Nafri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentani_language" title="Sentani language">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla_language" title="Tabla language">Tabla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ok_languages" title="Ok languages">Ok</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burumakok_language" title="Burumakok language">Burumakok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiwol_language" title="Faiwol language">Faiwol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwur_language" title="Iwur language">Iwur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopka_language" title="Kopka language">Kopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyu_language" title="Muyu language">Muyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakai_language" title="Nakai language">Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngalum_language" title="Ngalum language">Ngalum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninggerum_language" title="Ninggerum language">Ninggerum </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangko_language" title="Tangko language">Tangko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifal_language" title="Tifal language">Tifal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonggom_language" title="Yonggom language">Yonggom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Momuna%E2%80%93Mek_languages" title="Momuna–Mek languages">Momuna–Mek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eipo_language" title="Eipo language">Eipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath_language" title="Goliath language">Goliath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketengban_language" title="Ketengban language">Ketengban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosarek_language" title="Kosarek language">Kosarek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korupun_language" title="Korupun language">Korupun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalca_language" title="Nalca language">Nalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipsan_language" title="Nipsan language">Nipsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somahai_language" title="Somahai language">Somahai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skou_language" title="Skou language">Skou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Pauwasi_languages" title="South Pauwasi languages">South Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biksi-Yetfa_language" title="Biksi-Yetfa language">Biksi-Yetfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembra_language" title="Kembra language">Kembra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimki_language" title="Kimki language">Kimki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepki_language" title="Lepki language">Lepki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murkim_language" title="Murkim language">Murkim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Pauwasi_languages" title="East Pauwasi languages">East Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emem_language" title="Emem language">Emem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorop_language" title="Zorop language">Zorop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Pauwasi_languages" title="West Pauwasi languages">West Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namla_language" title="Namla language">Namla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebi_language" title="Tebi language">Tebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofanma_language" title="Tofanma language">Tofanma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towei_language" title="Towei language">Towei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaure_language" title="Kaure language">Kaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosare_language" title="Kosare language">Kosare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marind%E2%80%93Yaqai_languages" title="Marind–Yaqai languages">Marind–Yaqai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipim_language" title="Bipim language">Bipim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_language" title="Marind language">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqay_language" title="Yaqay language">Yaqay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maklew_language" title="Maklew language">Maklew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelmek_language" title="Yelmek language">Yelmek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayagar_languages" title="Kayagar languages">Kayagar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atohwaim_language" title="Atohwaim language">Atohwaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayagar_language" title="Kayagar language">Kayagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamagario_language" title="Tamagario language">Tamagario</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awyi_language" title="Awyi language">Awyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elseng_language" title="Elseng language">Elseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taikat_language" title="Taikat language">Taikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manem_language" title="Manem language">Manem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sowanda_language" title="Sowanda language">Sowanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viid_language" title="Viid language">Viid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waris_language" title="Waris language">Waris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dera_language" title="Dera language">Dera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_language" title="Mairasi language">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mer_language" title="Mer language">Mer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semimi_language" title="Semimi language">Semimi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimaghama_language" title="Kimaghama language">Kimaghama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morori_language" title="Morori language">Morori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndom_language" title="Ndom language">Ndom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riantana_language" title="Riantana language">Riantana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngkolmpu_Kanum_language" title="Ngkolmpu Kanum language">Ngkolmpu Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rema_language" title="Rema language">Rema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smerki_language" title="Smerki language">Smerki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamer_language" title="Tamer language">Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_language" title="Yei language">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warembori_language" title="Warembori language">Warembori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_language" title="Yoke language">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amung language">Amung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanum_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanum language">Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maklew_language" title="Maklew language">Maklew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Momina language">Momina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Papuan)" title="Pyu language (Papuan)">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumuri_language" title="Sumuri language">Sumuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhunduni_languages" title="Uhunduni languages">Uhunduni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin language">Pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Malay-based_creoles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay-based creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alor_Malay" title="Alor Malay">Alor Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Banda Malay">Banda Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Balinese Malay">Balinese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorap_language" title="Gorap language">Gorap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorontalo_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorontalo Malay (page does not exist)">Gorontalo Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupang_Malay" title="Kupang Malay">Kupang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larantuka_Malay" title="Larantuka Malay">Larantuka Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Manado Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Makassar Malay">Makassar Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maumere_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maumere Malay (page does not exist)">Maumere Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Moluccan_Malay" title="North Moluccan Malay">North Moluccan Malay</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sula_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sula Malay (page does not exist)">Sula Malay</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Pulo_language" title="Orang Pulo language">Orang Pulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Malay" title="Papuan Malay">Papuan Malay</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Serui_Malay" title="Serui Malay">Serui Malay</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Peranakan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surabayan_Peranakan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surabayan Peranakan (page does not exist)">Surabayan</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other creoles and pidgins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidau_Creole_Portuguese" title="Bidau Creole Portuguese">Bidau Creole Portuguese</a> †</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores_Creole_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flores Creole Portuguese (page does not exist)">Flores Creole Portuguese</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javindo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Javindo language">Javindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardijker language">Mardijker</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petjo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Petjo language">Petjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iha_language" title="Iha language">Pidgin Iha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onin_language" title="Onin language">Pidgin Onin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugis_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugis language">Portugis</a> †</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tansi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tansi language (page does not exist)">Tansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukang_Besi_language" title="Tukang Besi language">Pidgin Tukang Besi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhounese">Fuzhounese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainanese language">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien Chinese">Hokkien</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Riau_Hokkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Riau Hokkien">Riau</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Hinghwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic languages">Arabic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Arabic" title="Indonesian Arabic">Indonesian Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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