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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>In antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nara_period_(710–794)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nara_period_(710–794)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Nara period (710–794)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nara_period_(710–794)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heian_period_(794–1185)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heian_period_(794–1185)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Heian period (794–1185)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heian_period_(794–1185)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kamakura_and_Muromachi_periods_(1185–1573)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamakura_and_Muromachi_periods_(1185–1573)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Kamakura and Muromachi periods (1185–1573)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamakura_and_Muromachi_periods_(1185–1573)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Momoyama_period_(1568–1600)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Momoyama_period_(1568–1600)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Momoyama period (1568–1600)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Momoyama_period_(1568–1600)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edo_period_(1615–1867)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edo_period_(1615–1867)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Edo period (1615–1867)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edo_period_(1615–1867)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meiji_period_(1868–1912)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meiji_period_(1868–1912)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Meiji period (1868–1912)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meiji_period_(1868–1912)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Japanese_gardens_(1912_to_present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Japanese_gardens_(1912_to_present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Modern Japanese gardens (1912 to present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Japanese_gardens_(1912_to_present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garden_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garden_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Garden elements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Garden_elements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Garden elements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Garden_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rocks_and_sand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rocks_and_sand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rocks and sand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rocks_and_sand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garden_bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garden_bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Garden bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garden_bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stone_lanterns_and_water_basins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stone_lanterns_and_water_basins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Stone lanterns and water basins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone_lanterns_and_water_basins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garden_fences,_gates,_and_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garden_fences,_gates,_and_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Garden fences, gates, and devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garden_fences,_gates,_and_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trees_and_flowers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trees_and_flowers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Trees and flowers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trees_and_flowers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetic_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetic_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aesthetic principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetic_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_between_Japanese_and_Chinese_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_between_Japanese_and_Chinese_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Differences between Japanese and Chinese gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_between_Japanese_and_Chinese_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garden_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garden_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Garden styles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Garden_styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Garden styles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Garden_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chisen-shoyū-teien_or_pond_garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chisen-shoyū-teien_or_pond_garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>Chisen-shoyū-teien</i> or pond garden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chisen-shoyū-teien_or_pond_garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Paradise_Garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Paradise_Garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>The Paradise Garden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Paradise_Garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karesansui_dry_rock_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karesansui_dry_rock_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Karesansui dry rock gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karesansui_dry_rock_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roji,_or_tea_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roji,_or_tea_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span><i>Roji</i>, or tea gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roji,_or_tea_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaiyū-shiki-teien,_or_promenade_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaiyū-shiki-teien,_or_promenade_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Kaiyū-shiki-teien, or promenade gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaiyū-shiki-teien,_or_promenade_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_urban_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_urban_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Small urban gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_urban_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hermitage_garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hermitage_garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Hermitage garden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hermitage_garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_art_of_the_Japanese_garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_art_of_the_Japanese_garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature and art of the Japanese garden</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature_and_art_of_the_Japanese_garden-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature and art of the Japanese garden subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_art_of_the_Japanese_garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Garden_manuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garden_manuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Garden manuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garden_manuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gardens_in_literature_and_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gardens_in_literature_and_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Gardens in literature and poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gardens_in_literature_and_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy,_painting,_and_the_Japanese_garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy,_painting,_and_the_Japanese_garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Philosophy, painting, and the Japanese garden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy,_painting,_and_the_Japanese_garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noteworthy_Japanese_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noteworthy_Japanese_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Noteworthy Japanese gardens</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Noteworthy_Japanese_gardens-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Noteworthy Japanese gardens subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Noteworthy_Japanese_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>In Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>In Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_English-speaking_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_English-speaking_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>In English-speaking countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_English-speaking_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.4</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>In other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources and citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حديقة يابانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حديقة يابانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapon_ba%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Yapon bağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yapon bağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Японскі сад – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Японскі сад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Японска градина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Японска градина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jard%C3%AD_japon%C3%A8s" title="Jardí japonès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jardí japonès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonsk%C3%A1_zahrada" title="Japonská zahrada – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Japonská zahrada" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansk_have" title="Japansk have – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Japansk have" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanischer_Garten" title="Japanischer Garten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Japanischer Garten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaapani_aed" title="Jaapani aed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaapani aed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jard%C3%ADn_japon%C3%A9s" title="Jardín japonés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jardín japonés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoniar_lorategia" title="Japoniar lorategia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Japoniar lorategia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C" title="باغ ژاپنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باغ ژاپنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_japonais" title="Jardin japonais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jardin japonais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanske_t%C3%BAn" title="Japanske tún – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Japanske tún" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8_%EC%A0%95%EC%9B%90" title="일본 정원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본 정원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB" title="Ճապոնական այգի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճապոնական այգի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="जापानी उद्यान-कला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जापानी उद्यान-कला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanski_vrt" title="Japanski vrt – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Japanski vrt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebun_Jepang" title="Kebun Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebun Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardino_giapponese" title="Giardino giapponese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giardino giapponese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99" title="גן יפני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גן יפני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98" title="იაპონური ბაღი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იაპონური ბაღი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoni%C5%A1kas_sodas" title="Japoniškas sodas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Japoniškas sodas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%A1nkert" title="Japánkert – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Japánkert" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="ജാപ്പനീസ് പൂന്തോട്ടം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജാപ്പനീസ് പൂന്തോട്ടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Jepun" title="Taman Jepun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Taman Jepun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanse_tuin" title="Japanse tuin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Japanse tuin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92" title="日本庭園 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本庭園" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansk_hage" title="Japansk hage – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Japansk hage" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapon_bog%27i" title="Yapon bog'i – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yapon bog'i" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جپانی پھلواری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جپانی پھلواری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogr%C3%B3d_japo%C5%84ski" title="Ogród japoński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ogród japoński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardim_japon%C3%AAs" title="Jardim japonês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jardim japonês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%83din%C4%83_japonez%C4%83" title="Grădină japoneză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grădină japoneză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Японский сад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Японский сад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Japanese garden" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonsk%C3%A1_z%C3%A1hrada" title="Japonská záhrada – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Japonská záhrada" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonski_vrt" title="Japonski vrt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Japonski vrt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Јапански вртови – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јапански вртови" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanski_vrt" title="Japanski vrt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Japanski vrt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanilainen_puutarha" title="Japanilainen puutarha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Japanilainen puutarha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansk_tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rd" title="Japansk trädgård – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Japansk trädgård" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சப்பானியத் தோட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சப்பானியத் தோட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon_bah%C3%A7esi" title="Japon bahçesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Japon bahçesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Японський сад – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Японський сад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dn_Nh%E1%BA%ADt" title="Vườn Nhật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vườn Nhật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92" title="日本庭園 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日本庭園" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15835#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of traditional garden</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg/350px-Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg/525px-Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg/700px-Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Moss_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Moss garden">moss garden</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Saih%C5%8D-ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Saihō-ji">Saihō-ji</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, started in 1339</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Japanese gardens</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本庭園</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">nihon teien</i></span>)</span> are traditional <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">gardens</a> whose designs are accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese aesthetics</a> and philosophical ideas, avoid artificial ornamentation, and highlight the natural landscape. Plants and worn, aged materials are generally used by Japanese <a href="/wiki/Garden_designer" title="Garden designer">garden designers</a> to suggest a natural landscape, and to express the fragility of existence as well as time's unstoppable advance.<sup id="cite_ref-Suga_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suga-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Ancient <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese art</a> inspired past garden designers.<sup id="cite_ref-Suga_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suga-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Water is an important feature of many gardens, as are rocks and often gravel. Despite there being many attractive Japanese flowering plants, herbaceous flowers generally play much less of a role in Japanese gardens than in the West, though seasonally flowering <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> and trees are important, all the more dramatic because of the contrast with the usual predominant green. Evergreen plants are "the bones of the garden" in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though a natural-seeming appearance is the aim, Japanese gardeners often shape their plants, including trees, with great rigour. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korakuen_31.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Korakuen_31.JPG/220px-Korakuen_31.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Korakuen_31.JPG/330px-Korakuen_31.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Korakuen_31.JPG/440px-Korakuen_31.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>An island in <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Draku-en" title="Kōraku-en">Kōraku-en</a> gardens, <a href="/wiki/Okayama" title="Okayama">Okayama</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Azalea" title="Azalea">azaleas</a> in flower</figcaption></figure> <p>Japanese literature on gardening goes back almost a thousand years, and several different styles of garden have developed, some with religious or philosophical implications. A characteristic of Japanese gardens is that they are designed to be seen from specific points. Some of the most significant different traditional styles of Japanese garden are the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chisen-shoyū-teien</i></span> ("lake-spring-boat excursion garden"), which was imported from China during the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> (794–1185). These were designed to be seen from small boats on the central lake. No original examples of these survive, but they were replaced by the "paradise garden" associated with <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a>, with a Buddha shrine on an island in the lake. Later large gardens are often in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaiyū-shiki-teien</i></span>, or promenade garden style, designed to be seen from a path circulating around the garden, with fixed stopping points for viewing. Specialized styles, often small sections in a larger garden, include the <a href="/wiki/Moss_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Moss garden">moss garden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_dry_garden" title="Japanese dry garden">dry garden</a> with gravel and rocks, associated with <a href="/wiki/Zen_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a>, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">roji</a></i></span> or teahouse garden, designed to be seen only from a short pathway, and the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsubo-niwa" title="Tsubo-niwa">tsubo-niwa</a></i></span>, a very small urban garden. </p><p>Most modern Japanese homes have little space for a garden, though the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tsubo-niwa</i></span> style of tiny gardens in passages and other spaces, as well as <a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a> (in Japan always grown outside) and <a href="/wiki/Houseplant" title="Houseplant">houseplants</a> mitigates this, and domestic <a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">garden tourism</a> is very important. The Japanese tradition has long been to keep a well-designed garden as near as possible to its original condition,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many famous gardens appear to have changed little over several centuries, apart from the inevitable turnover of plants, in a way that is extremely rare in the West. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritsurin_park15s3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ritsurin_park15s3200.jpg/220px-Ritsurin_park15s3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ritsurin_park15s3200.jpg/330px-Ritsurin_park15s3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ritsurin_park15s3200.jpg/440px-Ritsurin_park15s3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Carefully positioned stones around the pond in <a href="/wiki/Ritsurin_Garden" title="Ritsurin Garden">Ritsurin Garden</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Garden,_Tatton_Park,_wide_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Japanese_Garden%2C_Tatton_Park%2C_wide_view.jpg/400px-Japanese_Garden%2C_Tatton_Park%2C_wide_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Japanese_Garden%2C_Tatton_Park%2C_wide_view.jpg/600px-Japanese_Garden%2C_Tatton_Park%2C_wide_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Japanese_Garden%2C_Tatton_Park%2C_wide_view.jpg/800px-Japanese_Garden%2C_Tatton_Park%2C_wide_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7584" data-file-height="2072" /></a><figcaption>Japanese Garden in the <a href="/wiki/Tatton_Park_Gardens" title="Tatton Park Gardens">Tatton Park Gardens</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>Awareness of the Japanese style of gardening reached the West near the end of the 19th century, and was enthusiastically received as part of the fashion for <a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a>, and as Western gardening taste had by then turned away from rigid geometry to a more naturalistic style, of which the Japanese style was an attractive variant. There were immediately popular in the UK, where the climate was similar and Japanese plants grew well. Japanese gardens, typically a section of a larger garden, continue to be popular in the West, and many typical Japanese garden plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Prunus_serrulata" title="Prunus serrulata">cherry trees</a> and the many varieties of <i><a href="/wiki/Acer_palmatum" title="Acer palmatum">Acer palmatum</a></i> or Japanese maple, are also used in all types of garden, giving a faint hint of the style to very many gardens. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ideas central to Japanese gardens were first introduced to Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th to 7th century</span>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IseShrine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/IseShrine.jpg/220px-IseShrine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/IseShrine.jpg/330px-IseShrine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/IseShrine.jpg/440px-IseShrine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ise_Jingu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ise Jingu">Ise Jingu</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrine</a> begun in the 7th century, surrounded by white gravel</figcaption></figure> <p>Japanese gardens first appeared on the island of <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a>, the large central island of Japan. Their aesthetic was influenced by the distinct characteristics of the Honshu landscape: rugged volcanic peaks, narrow valleys, mountain streams with waterfalls and cascades, lakes, and beaches of small stones. They were also influenced by the rich variety of flowers and different species of trees, particularly evergreen trees, on the islands, and by the four distinct seasons in Japan, including hot, wet summers and snowy winters.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese gardens have their roots in the national religion of <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, with its story of the creation of eight perfect islands, and of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shinchi</i></span>, the lakes of the gods. Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrines</a> to the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a></i></span>, the gods and spirits, are found on beaches and in forests all over the island. They often took the form of unusual rocks or trees marked with cords of rice fiber (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shimenawa" title="Shimenawa">shimenawa</a></i></span>) and surrounded with white stones or pebbles, a symbol of purity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The white gravel courtyard became a distinctive feature of Shinto shrines, Imperial Palaces, Buddhist temples, and <a href="/wiki/Zen_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen garden">Zen gardens</a>. Although its original meaning is somewhat obscure, one of the Japanese words for garden—<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">niwa</i></span>—came to mean a place that had been cleansed and purified in anticipation of the arrival of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>, and the Shinto reverence for great rocks, lakes, ancient trees, and other "dignitaries of nature" would exert an enduring influence on Japanese garden design.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuitert_2002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuitert_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese gardens were also strongly influenced by the Chinese philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amida</a> Buddhism, imported from China in or around 552 CE. Daoist legends spoke of five mountainous islands inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Immortals" title="Eight Immortals">Eight Immortals</a>, who lived in perfect harmony with nature. Each Immortal flew from his mountain home on the back of a <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">crane</a>. The islands themselves were located on the back of an enormous <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtle</a>. In Japan, the five islands of the Chinese legend became one island, called Horai-zen, or Mount <a href="/wiki/Horai" class="mw-redirect" title="Horai">Horai</a>. Replicas of this legendary mountain, the symbol of a perfect world, are a common feature of Japanese gardens, as are rocks representing turtles and cranes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_antiquity">In antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest recorded Japanese gardens were the <a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">pleasure gardens</a> of the emperors and nobles. They are mentioned in several brief passages of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></i></span>, the first chronicle of Japanese history, published in 720 CE. In spring 74 CE, the chronicle recorded: "The <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Keik%C5%8D" title="Emperor Keikō">Emperor Keikō</a> put a few carp into a pond, and rejoiced to see them morning and evening". The following year, "The Emperor launched a double-hulled boat in the pond of Ijishi at Ihare, and went aboard with his imperial concubine, and they feasted sumptuously together". In 486, the chronicle recorded that "The <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kenz%C5%8D" title="Emperor Kenzō">Emperor Kenzō</a> went into the garden and feasted at the edge of a winding stream".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese gardens had a very strong influence on early Japanese gardens. In or around 552 CE, Buddhism was officially installed from China, via Korea, into Japan. Between 600 and 612 CE, the Japanese emperor sent four legations to the court of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a>. Between 630 and 838 CE, the Japanese court sent fifteen more legations to the court of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. These legations, with more than five hundred members each, included diplomats, scholars, students, Buddhist monks, and translators. They brought back Chinese writing, art objects, and detailed descriptions of Chinese gardens. </p><p>In 612 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Suiko" title="Empress Suiko">Empress Suiko</a> had a garden built with an artificial mountain, representing Shumi-Sen, or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sumeru" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Sumeru">Mount Sumeru</a>, reputed in Hindu and Buddhist legends to be located at the centre of the world. During the reign of the same empress, one of her ministers, Soga no Umako, had a garden built at his palace featuring a lake with several small islands, representing the islands of the Eight Immortals famous in Chinese legends and <a href="/wiki/Daoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoist">Daoist</a> philosophy. This palace became the property of the Japanese emperors, was named "The Palace of the Isles", and was mentioned several times in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Man'yōshū">Man'yōshū</a></i></span>, the "Collection of Countless Leaves", the oldest known collection of Japanese poetry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nara_period_(710–794)"><span id="Nara_period_.28710.E2.80.93794.29"></span>Nara period (710–794)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nara period (710–794)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heijyokyo_Tointeien3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Heijyokyo_Tointeien3.jpg/220px-Heijyokyo_Tointeien3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Heijyokyo_Tointeien3.jpg/330px-Heijyokyo_Tointeien3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Heijyokyo_Tointeien3.jpg/440px-Heijyokyo_Tointeien3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A view of the Eastern Palace gardens<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">東院庭園</span></span>)</span> main pavilion</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a> is named after its capital city <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>. The first authentically Japanese gardens were built in this city at the end of the 8th century. Shorelines and stone settings were naturalistic, different from the heavier, earlier continental mode of constructing pond edges. Two such gardens have been found at excavations, both of which were used for poetry-writing festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these gardens, the East Palace garden at <a href="/wiki/Heij%C5%8D_Palace" title="Heijō Palace">Heijō Palace</a>, Nara, has been faithfully reconstructed using the same location and even the original <a href="/wiki/Garden_feature" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden feature">garden features</a> that had been excavated.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears from the small amount of literary and archaeological evidence available that the Japanese gardens of this time were modest versions of the Imperial gardens of the Tang dynasty, with large lakes scattered with artificial islands and artificial mountains. Pond edges were constructed with heavy rocks as embankment. While these gardens had some Buddhist and Daoist symbolism, they were meant to be pleasure gardens, and places for festivals and celebrations. </p><p>Recent archaeological excavations in the ancient capital of Nara have brought to light the remains of two 8th-century gardens associated with the Imperial Court, a pond and stream garden – the To-in – located within the precinct of the Imperial Palace and a stream garden – Kyuseki – found within the modern city. They may be modeled after Chinese gardens, but the rock formations found in the To-in would appear to have more in common with prehistoric Japanese stone monuments than with Chinese antecedents, and the natural, serpentine course of the Kyuseki stream garden may be far less formal than what existed in Tang China. Whatever their origins, both the To-in and Kyuseki clearly anticipate certain developments in later Japanese gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuitert_2002_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuitert_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C._E._Tuttle_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._E._Tuttle-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heian_period_(794–1185)"><span id="Heian_period_.28794.E2.80.931185.29"></span>Heian period (794–1185)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Heian period (794–1185)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 794 CE, at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> (794–1185 CE), the Japanese court moved its capital to <a href="/wiki/Heian-ky%C5%8D" title="Heian-kyō">Heian-kyō</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>). During this period, there were three different kinds of gardens: palace gardens and the gardens of nobles in the capital, the gardens of villas at the edge of the city, and the gardens of temples. </p><p>The architecture of the palaces, residences and gardens in the Heian period followed Chinese practice. Houses and gardens were aligned on a north-south axis, with the residence to the north and the ceremonial buildings and main garden to the south, there were two long wings to the south, like the arms of an armchair, with the garden between them. The gardens featured one or more lakes connected by bridges and winding streams. The south garden of the imperial residences had a uniquely Japanese feature: a large empty area of white sand or gravel. The emperor was the chief priest of Japan, and the white sand represented purity, and was a place where the gods could be invited to visit. The area was used for religious ceremonies and dances for the welcoming of the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The layout of the garden itself was strictly determined according to the principles of traditional Chinese <a href="/wiki/Geomancy" title="Geomancy">geomancy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Feng_Shui" class="mw-redirect" title="Feng Shui">Feng Shui</a>. The first known book on the art of the Japanese garden, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sakuteiki" title="Sakuteiki">Sakuteiki</a></i></span> (<i>Records of Garden Keeping</i>), written in the 11th century, said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is a good omen to make the stream arrive from the east, to enter the garden, pass under the house, and then leave from the southeast. In this way, the water of the blue dragon will carry away all the bad spirits from the house toward the white tiger.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Imperial gardens of the Heian period were <a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">water gardens</a>, where visitors promenaded in elegant lacquered boats, listening to music, viewing the distant mountains, singing, reading poetry, painting, and admiring the scenery. The social life in the gardens was memorably described in the classic Japanese novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji" title="The Tale of Genji">The Tale of Genji</a></i>, written in about 1005 by <a href="/wiki/Murasaki_Shikibu" title="Murasaki Shikibu">Murasaki Shikibu</a>, a lady-in-waiting to the empress. The traces of one such artificial lake, Osawa no ike, near the <a href="/wiki/Daikaku-ji" title="Daikaku-ji">Daikaku-ji</a> temple in Kyoto, still can be seen. It was built by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Saga" title="Emperor Saga">Emperor Saga</a>, who ruled from 809 to 823, and was said to be inspired by <a href="/wiki/Dongting_Lake" title="Dongting Lake">Dongting Lake</a> in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Danielle_Ellisseeff_p._16_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danielle_Ellisseeff_p._16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A scaled-down replica of the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Imperial_Palace" title="Kyoto Imperial Palace">Kyoto Imperial Palace</a> of 794, the <a href="/wiki/Heian_Shrine" title="Heian Shrine">Heian-jingū</a>, was built in Kyoto in 1895 to celebrate the 1100th birthday of the city. The south garden is famous for its <a href="/wiki/Cherry_blossom" title="Cherry blossom">cherry blossom</a> in spring, and for azaleas in the early summer. The west garden is known for its irises in June, and the large east garden lake recalls the leisurely boating parties of the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Danielle_Ellisseeff_p._16_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danielle_Ellisseeff_p._16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near the end of the Heian period, a new garden architecture style appeared, created by the followers of <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a>. These were called "Paradise Gardens", built to represent the legendary Paradise of the West, where the Amida Buddha ruled. These were built by noblemen who wanted to assert their power and independence from the Imperial household, which was growing weaker. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg/220px-Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg/330px-Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg/440px-Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4440" data-file-height="2960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dd%C5%8D-in" title="Byōdō-in">Byōdō-in</a>: <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Jōdo-shiki</i></span> garden</figcaption></figure> <p>The best surviving example of a Paradise Garden is <a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dd%C5%8D-in" title="Byōdō-in">Byōdō-in</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uji" title="Uji">Uji</a>, near Kyoto. It was originally the villa of <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_Michinaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujiwara Michinaga">Fujiwara Michinaga</a> (966–1028), who married his daughters to the sons of the Emperor. After his death, his son transformed the villa into a temple, and in 1053 built the Hall of Phoenix, which still stands. </p><p>The Hall is built in the traditional style of a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> temple, on an island in the lake. It houses a gilded statue of the <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a> Buddha, looking to the west. In the lake in front of the temple is a small island of white stones, representing Mount Horai, the home of the Eight Immortals of the Daoists, connected to the temple by a bridge, which symbolized the way to paradise. It was designed for mediation and contemplation, not as a pleasure garden. It was a lesson in Daoist and Buddhist philosophy created with landscape and architecture, and a prototype for future Japanese gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>Notable existing or recreated Heian gardens include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daikaku-ji" title="Daikaku-ji">Daikaku-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dd%C5%8D-in" title="Byōdō-in">Byōdō-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Imperial_Palace" title="Kyoto Imperial Palace">Kyoto Imperial Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Druri-ji" title="Jōruri-ji">Jōruri-ji</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osawaike_spring_Kyoto_001_JPN.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Osawa lake in Kyoto was part of the old imperial gardens of the Emperor Saga (809–823)."><img alt="Osawa lake in Kyoto was part of the old imperial gardens of the Emperor Saga (809–823)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Osawaike_spring_Kyoto_001_JPN.jpg/120px-Osawaike_spring_Kyoto_001_JPN.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Osawaike_spring_Kyoto_001_JPN.jpg/180px-Osawaike_spring_Kyoto_001_JPN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Osawaike_spring_Kyoto_001_JPN.jpg/240px-Osawaike_spring_Kyoto_001_JPN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Osawa lake in Kyoto was part of the old imperial gardens of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Saga" title="Emperor Saga">Emperor Saga</a> (809–823).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miniature_Model_of_HigashiSanjoDono.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Model of a residence and garden at Heian-kyō (Kyoto), around 1000"><img alt="Model of a residence and garden at Heian-kyō (Kyoto), around 1000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Miniature_Model_of_HigashiSanjoDono.jpg/120px-Miniature_Model_of_HigashiSanjoDono.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Miniature_Model_of_HigashiSanjoDono.jpg/180px-Miniature_Model_of_HigashiSanjoDono.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Miniature_Model_of_HigashiSanjoDono.jpg/240px-Miniature_Model_of_HigashiSanjoDono.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model of a residence and garden at Heian-kyō (Kyoto), around 1000</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heian-jingu_shinen09bs3216.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 19th-century scaled-down reconstruction of the Heian-jingū, the first Kyoto Imperial Palace garden, as it was in 794"><img alt="A 19th-century scaled-down reconstruction of the Heian-jingū, the first Kyoto Imperial Palace garden, as it was in 794" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Heian-jingu_shinen09bs3216.jpg/120px-Heian-jingu_shinen09bs3216.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Heian-jingu_shinen09bs3216.jpg/180px-Heian-jingu_shinen09bs3216.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Heian-jingu_shinen09bs3216.jpg/240px-Heian-jingu_shinen09bs3216.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2144" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 19th-century scaled-down reconstruction of the Heian-jingū, the first <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Imperial_Palace" title="Kyoto Imperial Palace">Kyoto Imperial Palace</a> garden, as it was in 794</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heian-jingu_shinen_IMG_5748_0-25.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stepping stones in the garden of the first Kyoto Imperial Palace. These stones were originally part of a 16th-century bridge over the Kamo River, which was destroyed by an earthquake.[17]"><img alt="Stepping stones in the garden of the first Kyoto Imperial Palace. These stones were originally part of a 16th-century bridge over the Kamo River, which was destroyed by an earthquake.[17]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Heian-jingu_shinen_IMG_5748_0-25.JPG/120px-Heian-jingu_shinen_IMG_5748_0-25.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Heian-jingu_shinen_IMG_5748_0-25.JPG/180px-Heian-jingu_shinen_IMG_5748_0-25.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Heian-jingu_shinen_IMG_5748_0-25.JPG/240px-Heian-jingu_shinen_IMG_5748_0-25.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stepping stones in the garden of the first Kyoto Imperial Palace. These stones were originally part of a 16th-century bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Kamo_River" title="Kamo River">Kamo River</a>, which was destroyed by an earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oike-Niwa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Recreated garden of the old Kyoto Imperial Palace"><img alt="Recreated garden of the old Kyoto Imperial Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Oike-Niwa.JPG/120px-Oike-Niwa.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Oike-Niwa.JPG/180px-Oike-Niwa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Oike-Niwa.JPG/240px-Oike-Niwa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Recreated garden of the old <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Imperial_Palace" title="Kyoto Imperial Palace">Kyoto Imperial Palace</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamakura_and_Muromachi_periods_(1185–1573)"><span id="Kamakura_and_Muromachi_periods_.281185.E2.80.931573.29"></span>Kamakura and Muromachi periods (1185–1573)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kamakura and Muromachi periods (1185–1573)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_The_Golden_Pavilion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Temple_of_The_Golden_Pavilion.jpg/220px-Temple_of_The_Golden_Pavilion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Temple_of_The_Golden_Pavilion.jpg/330px-Temple_of_The_Golden_Pavilion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Temple_of_The_Golden_Pavilion.jpg/440px-Temple_of_The_Golden_Pavilion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4888" data-file-height="3263" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kinkaku-ji" title="Kinkaku-ji">Kinkaku-ji</a>, the Golden Pavilion (1398)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RyoanJi-Dry_garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/RyoanJi-Dry_garden.jpg/220px-RyoanJi-Dry_garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/RyoanJi-Dry_garden.jpg/330px-RyoanJi-Dry_garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/RyoanJi-Dry_garden.jpg/440px-RyoanJi-Dry_garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>The zen rock garden of Ryōan-ji (late 15th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>The weakness of the emperors and the rivalry of feudal warlords resulted in two civil wars (1156 and 1159), which destroyed most of Kyoto and its gardens. The capital moved to <a href="/wiki/Kamakura" title="Kamakura">Kamakura</a>, and then in 1336 back to the Muromachi quarter of Kyoto. The emperors ruled in name only; real power was held by a military governor, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōgun</a></i></span>. During this period, the government reopened relations with China, which had been broken off almost three hundred years earlier. Japanese monks went again to study in China, and Chinese monks came to Japan, fleeing the Mongol invasions. The monks brought with them a new form of Buddhism, called simply <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>, or "meditation". Japan enjoyed a renaissance in religion, in the arts, and particularly in gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Zen garden</i> appears in English writing in the 1930s for the first time, in Japan <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">zen teien</i></span>, or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">zenteki teien</i></span> comes up even later, from the 1950s. It applies to a <a href="/wiki/Sung_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Sung China">Song China</a>-inspired composition technique derived from ink-painting. The composition or construction of such small, scenic gardens have no relation to religious Zen.<sup id="cite_ref-C._E._Tuttle_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._E._Tuttle-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many famous temple gardens were built early in this period, including <a href="/wiki/Kinkaku-ji" title="Kinkaku-ji">Kinkaku-ji, the Golden Pavilion</a>, built in 1398, and <a href="/wiki/Ginkaku-ji" title="Ginkaku-ji">Ginkaku-ji, the Silver Pavilion</a>, built in 1482. In some ways they followed Zen principles of spontaneity, extreme simplicity and moderation, but in other ways they were traditional Chinese Song-dynasty temples; the upper floors of the Golden Pavilion were covered with gold leaf, and they were surrounded by traditional water gardens. </p><p>The most notable garden style invented in this period was the Zen garden, <a href="/wiki/Dry_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry garden">dry garden</a>, or Japanese <a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">rock garden</a>. One of the finest examples, and one of the best-known of all Japanese gardens is <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dan-ji" title="Ryōan-ji">Ryōan-ji</a> in Kyoto. This garden is just 9 metres (30 ft) wide and 24 metres (79 ft) long, composed of white sand carefully raked to suggest water, and fifteen rocks carefully arranged, like small islands. It is meant to be seen from a seated position on the porch of the residence the abbot of the monastery. There have been many debates about what the rocks are supposed to represent, but, as garden historian Gunter Nitschke wrote, "The garden at Ryōan-ji does not symbolize. It does not have the value of representing any natural beauty that can be found in the world, real or mythical. I consider it as an abstract composition of "natural" objects in space, a composition whose function is to incite mediation."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several of the famous Zen gardens of Kyoto were the work of one man, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C5%8D_Soseki" title="Musō Soseki">Musō Soseki</a> (1275–1351). He was a monk, a ninth-generation descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Uda" title="Emperor Uda">Emperor Uda</a> and a formidable court politician, writer and organizer, who armed and financed ships to open trade with China, and founded an organization called the Five Mountains, made up of the most powerful Zen monasteries in Kyoto. He was responsible for the building of the zen gardens of <a href="/wiki/Nanzen-ji" title="Nanzen-ji">Nanzen-ji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saih%C5%8D-ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Saihō-ji">Saihō-ji</a> (the Moss Garden), and <a href="/wiki/Tenry%C5%AB-ji" title="Tenryū-ji">Tenryū-ji</a>. </p><p>Notable gardens of the Kamakura and Muromachi periods include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinkaku-ji" title="Kinkaku-ji">Kinkaku-ji</a> (the Golden Pavilion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkaku-ji" title="Ginkaku-ji">Ginkaku-ji</a> (the Silver Pavilion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanzen-ji" title="Nanzen-ji">Nanzen-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saih%C5%8D-ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Saihō-ji">Saihō-ji</a> (the Moss Garden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenry%C5%AB-ji" title="Tenryū-ji">Tenryū-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisen-in" title="Daisen-in">Daisen-in</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ginkaku-ji_after_being_restored_in_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ginkaku-ji, or the Silver Pavilion, in Kyoto, a Zen Buddhist temple (1482)"><img alt="Ginkaku-ji, or the Silver Pavilion, in Kyoto, a Zen Buddhist temple (1482)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ginkaku-ji_after_being_restored_in_2008.jpg/120px-Ginkaku-ji_after_being_restored_in_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ginkaku-ji_after_being_restored_in_2008.jpg/180px-Ginkaku-ji_after_being_restored_in_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ginkaku-ji_after_being_restored_in_2008.jpg/240px-Ginkaku-ji_after_being_restored_in_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4002" data-file-height="3422" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ginkaku-ji" title="Ginkaku-ji">Ginkaku-ji</a>, or the Silver Pavilion, in Kyoto, a Zen Buddhist temple (1482)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zen_garden_at_Ginkaku-ji_(90).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Zen rock garden of Ginkaku-ji features a miniature mountain shaped like Mount Fuji."><img alt="The Zen rock garden of Ginkaku-ji features a miniature mountain shaped like Mount Fuji." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Zen_garden_at_Ginkaku-ji_%2890%29.jpg/120px-Zen_garden_at_Ginkaku-ji_%2890%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Zen_garden_at_Ginkaku-ji_%2890%29.jpg/180px-Zen_garden_at_Ginkaku-ji_%2890%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Zen_garden_at_Ginkaku-ji_%2890%29.jpg/240px-Zen_garden_at_Ginkaku-ji_%2890%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Zen rock garden of Ginkaku-ji features a miniature mountain shaped like Mount Fuji.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daisen-in1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The garden of Daisen-in Kyoto (1513)"><img alt="The garden of Daisen-in Kyoto (1513)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Daisen-in1.jpg/120px-Daisen-in1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Daisen-in1.jpg/180px-Daisen-in1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Daisen-in1.jpg/240px-Daisen-in1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The garden of <a href="/wiki/Daisen-in" title="Daisen-in">Daisen-in</a> Kyoto (1513)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NanzenjiNanzenin_teien.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nanzen-ji garden, Kyoto, built by Musō Soseki. Not all Zen gardens were made of rock and sand; monks here contemplated a forest scene."><img alt="Nanzen-ji garden, Kyoto, built by Musō Soseki. Not all Zen gardens were made of rock and sand; monks here contemplated a forest scene." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/NanzenjiNanzenin_teien.jpg/120px-NanzenjiNanzenin_teien.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/NanzenjiNanzenin_teien.jpg/180px-NanzenjiNanzenin_teien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/NanzenjiNanzenin_teien.jpg/240px-NanzenjiNanzenin_teien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nanzen-ji" title="Nanzen-ji">Nanzen-ji</a> garden, Kyoto, built by <a href="/wiki/Mus%C5%8D_Soseki" title="Musō Soseki">Musō Soseki</a>. Not all Zen gardens were made of rock and sand; monks here contemplated a forest scene.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenryuji_Kyoto05s3s4592.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tenryū-ji garden in Kyoto. The Sogen pond, created by Musō Soseki, is one of the few surviving features of the original garden."><img alt="Tenryū-ji garden in Kyoto. The Sogen pond, created by Musō Soseki, is one of the few surviving features of the original garden." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tenryuji_Kyoto05s3s4592.jpg/120px-Tenryuji_Kyoto05s3s4592.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tenryuji_Kyoto05s3s4592.jpg/180px-Tenryuji_Kyoto05s3s4592.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tenryuji_Kyoto05s3s4592.jpg/240px-Tenryuji_Kyoto05s3s4592.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tenry%C5%AB-ji" title="Tenryū-ji">Tenryū-ji</a> garden in Kyoto. The Sogen pond, created by Musō Soseki, is one of the few surviving features of the original garden.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Momoyama_period_(1568–1600)"><span id="Momoyama_period_.281568.E2.80.931600.29"></span>Momoyama period (1568–1600)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Momoyama period (1568–1600)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden01s3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden01s3200.jpg/220px-Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden01s3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden01s3200.jpg/330px-Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden01s3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden01s3200.jpg/440px-Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden01s3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2142" /></a><figcaption>The garden at Tokushima Castle (1592) on the island of Shikoku features water and enormous rocks. It was meant to be seen from above, from a viewing pavilion.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Momoyama_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Momoyama period">Momoyama period</a> was short, just 32 years, and was largely occupied with the wars between the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyō</a></i></span>, the leaders of the feudal Japanese clans. The new centers of power and culture in Japan were the fortified castles of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">daimyō</i></span>, around which new cities and gardens appeared. The characteristic garden of the period featured one or more ponds or lakes next to the main residence, or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shoin" title="Shoin">shoin</a></i></span>, not far from the castle. These gardens were meant to be seen from above, from the castle or residence. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">daimyō</i></span> had developed the skills of cutting and lifting large rocks to build their castles, and they had armies of soldiers to move them. The artificial lakes were surrounded by beaches of small stones and decorated with arrangements of boulders, with natural stone bridges and <a href="/wiki/Stepping_stones" title="Stepping stones">stepping stones</a>. The gardens of this period combined elements of a promenade garden, meant to be seen from the winding garden paths, with elements of the Zen garden, such as artificial mountains, meant to be contemplated from a distance.<sup id="cite_ref-Nitschke,_p._120_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nitschke,_p._120-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most famous garden of this kind, built in 1592, is situated near the Tokushima castle on the island of <a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a>. Its notable features include a bridge 10.5 metres (34 ft) long made of two natural stones. </p><p>Another notable garden of the period still existing is <a href="/wiki/Sanb%C5%8D-in" title="Sanbō-in">Sanbō-in</a>, rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> in 1598 to celebrate the festival of the cherry blossom and to recreate the splendor of an ancient garden. Three hundred garden-builders worked on the project, digging the lakes and installing seven hundred boulders in a space of 540 square metres (5,800 sq ft). The garden was designed to be seen from the veranda of the main pavilion, or from the "Hall of the Pure View", located on a higher elevation in the garden. </p><p>In the east of the garden, on a peninsula, is an arrangement of stones designed to represent the mythical Mount Horai. A wooden bridge leads to an island representing a crane, and a stone bridge connects this island to another representing a tortoise, which is connected by an earth-covered bridge back to the peninsula. The garden also includes a waterfall at the foot of a wooded hill. One characteristic of the Momoyama period garden visible at Sanbō-in is the close proximity of the buildings to the water.<sup id="cite_ref-Nitschke,_p._120_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nitschke,_p._120-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Momoyama period also saw the development of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">chanoyu</a></i></span> (tea ceremony), the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chashitsu" title="Chashitsu">chashitsu</a></i></span> (teahouse), and the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">roji</a></i></span> (tea garden). Tea had been introduced to Japan from China by Buddhist monks, who used it as a stimulant to keep awake during long periods of meditation. The first great tea master, <a href="/wiki/Sen_no_Riky%C5%AB" title="Sen no Rikyū">Sen no Rikyū</a> (1522–1591), defined in the most minute detail the appearance and rules of the tea house and tea garden, following the principle of <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">wabi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">侘び</span></span>, "sober refinement and calm")</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Sen no Rikyū's rules, the teahouse was supposed to suggest the cottage of a hermit-monk. It was a small and very plain wooden structure, often with a thatched roof, with just enough room inside for two <a href="/wiki/Tatami" title="Tatami">tatami</a> mats. The only decoration allowed inside a scroll with an inscription and a branch of a tree. It did not have a view of the garden. </p><p>The garden was also small, and constantly watered to be damp and green. It usually had a cherry tree or elm to bring color in the spring, but otherwise did not have bright flowers or exotic plants that would distract the attention of the visitor. A path led to the entrance of the teahouse. Along the path was waiting bench for guests and a privy, and a stone water-basin near the teahouse, where the guests rinsed their hands and mouths before entering the tea room through a small, square door called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">nijiri-guchi</i></span>, or "crawling-in entrance", which requires bending low to pass through. Sen no Rikyū decreed that the garden should be left unswept for several hours before the ceremony, so that leaves would be scattered in a natural way on the path.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable gardens of the period include: </p> <ul><li>Tokushima Castle garden on the island of <a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a>.</li> <li>Tai-an tea house at Myōki-an Temple in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, built in 1582 by <a href="/wiki/Sen_no_Riky%C5%AB" title="Sen no Rikyū">Sen no Rikyū</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanb%C5%8D-in" title="Sanbō-in">Sanbō-in</a> at <a href="/wiki/Daigo-ji" title="Daigo-ji">Daigo-ji</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture" title="Kyoto Prefecture">Kyoto Prefecture</a> (1598)</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden02s3872.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garden at the Tokushima Castle, dominated by rocks"><img alt="Garden at the Tokushima Castle, dominated by rocks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden02s3872.jpg/120px-Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden02s3872.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden02s3872.jpg/180px-Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden02s3872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden02s3872.jpg/240px-Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden02s3872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Garden at the Tokushima Castle, dominated by rocks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Momiji_Daigoji4.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The garden at Daigo-ji (1598) is famous for its cherry blossoms."><img alt="The garden at Daigo-ji (1598) is famous for its cherry blossoms." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Momiji_Daigoji4.JPG/120px-Momiji_Daigoji4.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Momiji_Daigoji4.JPG/180px-Momiji_Daigoji4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Momiji_Daigoji4.JPG/240px-Momiji_Daigoji4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The garden at <a href="/wiki/Daigo-ji" title="Daigo-ji">Daigo-ji</a> (1598) is famous for its cherry blossoms.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edo_period_(1615–1867)"><span id="Edo_period_.281615.E2.80.931867.29"></span>Edo period (1615–1867)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Edo period (1615–1867)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katsurarikyu01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Katsurarikyu01.jpg/220px-Katsurarikyu01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Katsurarikyu01.jpg/330px-Katsurarikyu01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Katsurarikyu01.jpg/440px-Katsurarikyu01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The garden of <a href="/wiki/Katsura_Imperial_Villa" title="Katsura Imperial Villa">Katsura Imperial Villa</a> in Kyoto (1641–1662), the prototype for the promenade, or stroll garden</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geppa-ro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Geppa-ro.jpg/220px-Geppa-ro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Geppa-ro.jpg/330px-Geppa-ro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Geppa-ro.jpg/440px-Geppa-ro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the Geppa Pavilion of the <a href="/wiki/Katsura_Imperial_Villa" title="Katsura Imperial Villa">Katsura Imperial Villa</a>, perfectly integrated into the garden</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, power was won and consolidated by the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_clan" title="Tokugawa clan">Tokugawa clan</a>, who became the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shōgun</i></span>, and moved the capital to <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a>, which became <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. The emperor remained in Kyoto as a figurehead leader, with authority only over cultural and religious affairs. While the political center of Japan was now Tokyo, Kyoto remained the cultural capital, the center for religion and art. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shōgun</i></span> provided the emperors with little power, but with generous subsidies for building gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Edo period saw the widespread use of a new kind of Japanese architecture, called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sukiya-zukuri" title="Sukiya-zukuri">sukiya-zukuri</a></i></span>, which means literally "building according to chosen taste". The term first appeared at the end of the 16th century referring to isolated tea houses. It originally applied to the simple country houses of samurai warriors and Buddhist monks, but in the Edo period it was used in every kind of building, from houses to palaces. </p><p>The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sukiya</i></span> style was used in the most famous garden of the period, the <a href="/wiki/Katsura_Imperial_Villa" title="Katsura Imperial Villa">Katsura Imperial Villa</a> in Kyoto. The buildings were built in a very simple, undecorated style, a prototype for future Japanese architecture. They opened up onto the garden, so that the garden seemed entirely part of the building; whether the visitor was inside or outside of the building, they would ideally always feel they were in the center of nature. The garden buildings were arranged so that were always seen from a diagonal, rather than straight on. This arrangement had the poetic name <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ganko</i></span>, which meant literally "a formation of wild geese in flight".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the gardens of the Edo period were either promenade gardens or dry rock Zen gardens, and they were usually much larger than earlier gardens. The promenade gardens of the period made extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Borrowed_scenery" title="Borrowed scenery">borrowed scenery</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shakkei</i></span>). Vistas of distant mountains are integrated in the design of the garden; or, even better, building the garden on the side of a mountain and using the different elevations to attain views over landscapes outside the garden. Edo promenade gardens were often composed of a series of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Meisho" title="Meisho">meisho</a></i></span>, or "famous views", similar to postcards. These could be imitations of famous natural landscapes, like <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a>, or scenes from Taoist or Buddhist legends, or landscapes illustrating verses of poetry. Unlike Zen gardens, they were designed to portray nature as it appeared, not the internal rules of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Well-known Edo-period gardens include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shugakuin_Imperial_Villa" title="Shugakuin Imperial Villa">Shugakuin Imperial Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shisen-d%C5%8D" title="Shisen-dō">Shisen-dō</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suizen-ji_J%C5%8Dju-en" title="Suizen-ji Jōju-en">Suizen-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_Rikyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hama Rikyu">Hama Rikyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Draku-en" title="Kōraku-en">Kōraku-en</a> (<a href="/wiki/Okayama" title="Okayama">Okayama</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritsurin_Garden" title="Ritsurin Garden">Ritsurin Garden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Takamatsu,_Kagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Takamatsu, Kagawa">Takamatsu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koishikawa_K%C5%8Drakuen_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Koishikawa Kōrakuen Garden">Koishikawa Kōraku-en</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>) (1629)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninna-ji" title="Ninna-ji">Ninna-ji</a>, Kyoto</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enman-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enman-in (page does not exist)">Enman-in</a>, Otsu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanzen-in" title="Sanzen-in">Sanzen-in</a>, north of Kyoto</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengan-en" title="Sengan-en">Sengan-en</a>, Kagoshima (1658)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chishaku-in" title="Chishaku-in">Chishaku-in</a>, southeast of Kyoto</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C5%8Dju-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jōju-in (page does not exist)">Jōju-in</a>, in the temple of <a href="/wiki/Kiyomizu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiyomizu">Kiyomizu</a>, southeast of Kyoto (1688–1703)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manshu-in" title="Manshu-in">Manshu-in</a>, northeast of Kyoto (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanzen-ji" title="Nanzen-ji">Nanzen-ji</a>, east of Kyoto (1688–1703)</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:160319_Korakuen_Okayama_Japan04s3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kōraku-en in Okayama, begun in 1700"><img alt="Kōraku-en in Okayama, begun in 1700" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/160319_Korakuen_Okayama_Japan04s3.jpg/120px-160319_Korakuen_Okayama_Japan04s3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/160319_Korakuen_Okayama_Japan04s3.jpg/180px-160319_Korakuen_Okayama_Japan04s3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/160319_Korakuen_Okayama_Japan04s3.jpg/240px-160319_Korakuen_Okayama_Japan04s3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Draku-en" title="Kōraku-en">Kōraku-en</a> in Okayama, begun in 1700</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:150504_Ritsurin_Park_Takamatsu_Kagawa_pref_Japan01s3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ritsurin Garden in Takamatsu, begun in 1625"><img alt="Ritsurin Garden in Takamatsu, begun in 1625" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/150504_Ritsurin_Park_Takamatsu_Kagawa_pref_Japan01s3.jpg/120px-150504_Ritsurin_Park_Takamatsu_Kagawa_pref_Japan01s3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/150504_Ritsurin_Park_Takamatsu_Kagawa_pref_Japan01s3.jpg/180px-150504_Ritsurin_Park_Takamatsu_Kagawa_pref_Japan01s3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/150504_Ritsurin_Park_Takamatsu_Kagawa_pref_Japan01s3.jpg/240px-150504_Ritsurin_Park_Takamatsu_Kagawa_pref_Japan01s3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ritsurin_Garden" title="Ritsurin Garden">Ritsurin Garden</a> in Takamatsu, begun in 1625</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shisendo_DSC0480.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The hermitage garden of the poet and scholar Ishikawa Jozan at Shisen-dō, built in 1641. It later became a temple."><img alt="The hermitage garden of the poet and scholar Ishikawa Jozan at Shisen-dō, built in 1641. It later became a temple." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shisendo_DSC0480.jpg/120px-Shisendo_DSC0480.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shisendo_DSC0480.jpg/180px-Shisendo_DSC0480.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shisendo_DSC0480.jpg/240px-Shisendo_DSC0480.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The hermitage garden of the poet and scholar Ishikawa Jozan at <a href="/wiki/Shisen-d%C5%8D" title="Shisen-dō">Shisen-dō</a>, built in 1641. It later became a temple.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ninnaji_Kyoto16s3s4592.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The north garden at Ninna-ji in Kyoto, a classic promenade garden"><img alt="The north garden at Ninna-ji in Kyoto, a classic promenade garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ninnaji_Kyoto16s3s4592.jpg/120px-Ninnaji_Kyoto16s3s4592.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ninnaji_Kyoto16s3s4592.jpg/180px-Ninnaji_Kyoto16s3s4592.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ninnaji_Kyoto16s3s4592.jpg/240px-Ninnaji_Kyoto16s3s4592.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The north garden at <a href="/wiki/Ninna-ji" title="Ninna-ji">Ninna-ji</a> in Kyoto, a classic promenade garden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ninnaji_Kyoto18s3s4320.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The south garden at Ninna-ji, a Zen rock garden"><img alt="The south garden at Ninna-ji, a Zen rock garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ninnaji_Kyoto18s3s4320.jpg/120px-Ninnaji_Kyoto18s3s4320.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ninnaji_Kyoto18s3s4320.jpg/180px-Ninnaji_Kyoto18s3s4320.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ninnaji_Kyoto18s3s4320.jpg/240px-Ninnaji_Kyoto18s3s4320.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The south garden at Ninna-ji, a Zen rock garden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koishikawa_Korakuen_060607.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Koishikawa Kōrakuen Garden in Tokyo, begun in 1629, is now surrounded by office buildings."><img alt="Koishikawa Kōrakuen Garden in Tokyo, begun in 1629, is now surrounded by office buildings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koishikawa_Korakuen_060607.jpg/120px-Koishikawa_Korakuen_060607.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koishikawa_Korakuen_060607.jpg/180px-Koishikawa_Korakuen_060607.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koishikawa_Korakuen_060607.jpg/240px-Koishikawa_Korakuen_060607.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Koishikawa_K%C5%8Drakuen_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Koishikawa Kōrakuen Garden">Koishikawa Kōrakuen Garden</a> in Tokyo, begun in 1629, is now surrounded by office buildings.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TofukujiReiunin1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The most famous view of Suizen-ji is a miniature mountain resembling Mount Fuji."><img alt="The most famous view of Suizen-ji is a miniature mountain resembling Mount Fuji." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/TofukujiReiunin1.jpg/120px-TofukujiReiunin1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/TofukujiReiunin1.jpg/180px-TofukujiReiunin1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/TofukujiReiunin1.jpg/240px-TofukujiReiunin1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="748" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The most famous view of Suizen-ji is a miniature mountain resembling Mount Fuji.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meiji_period_(1868–1912)"><span id="Meiji_period_.281868.E2.80.931912.29"></span>Meiji period (1868–1912)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Meiji period (1868–1912)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> saw the modernization of Japan, and the re-opening of Japan to the West. Many of the old private gardens had been abandoned and left to ruin. In 1871, a new law transformed many gardens from the earlier Edo period into public parks, preserving them. Garden designers, confronted with ideas from the West experimented with western styles, leading to such gardens as <a href="/wiki/Kyu-Furukawa_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyu-Furukawa Gardens">Kyu-Furukawa Gardens</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku_Gyoen" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinjuku Gyoen">Shinjuku Gyoen</a>. Others, more in the north of Japan kept to Edo period blueprint design. A third wave was the naturalistic style of gardens, invented by captains of industry and powerful politicians like <a href="/wiki/Aritomo_Yamagata" class="mw-redirect" title="Aritomo Yamagata">Aritomo Yamagata</a>. Many gardeners soon were designing and constructing gardens catering to this taste. One of the gardens well-known for his technical perfection in this style was <a href="/wiki/Ogawa_Jihei_VII" title="Ogawa Jihei VII">Ogawa Jihei VII</a>, also known as Ueji.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable gardens of this period include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyu-Furukawa_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyu-Furukawa Gardens">Kyu-Furukawa Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenroku-en" title="Kenroku-en">Kenroku-en</a>, 18th and 19th centuries, finished in 1874.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinzan-so" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinzan-so">Chinzan-so</a> in Tokyo in 1877.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murin-an" title="Murin-an">Murin-an</a> in Kyoto, finished 1898.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenrokuen10-r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kenroku-en in Kanazawa"><img alt="Kenroku-en in Kanazawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kenrokuen10-r.jpg/120px-Kenrokuen10-r.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kenrokuen10-r.jpg/180px-Kenrokuen10-r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kenrokuen10-r.jpg/240px-Kenrokuen10-r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kenroku-en in Kanazawa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinzan-so4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinzan-so in Tokyo"><img alt="Chinzan-so in Tokyo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Chinzan-so4.jpg/120px-Chinzan-so4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Chinzan-so4.jpg/180px-Chinzan-so4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Chinzan-so4.jpg/240px-Chinzan-so4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinzan-so in Tokyo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Murin-an,_Kyoto_-_IMG_5104.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Murin-an in Kyoto"><img alt="Murin-an in Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Murin-an%2C_Kyoto_-_IMG_5104.JPG/120px-Murin-an%2C_Kyoto_-_IMG_5104.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Murin-an%2C_Kyoto_-_IMG_5104.JPG/180px-Murin-an%2C_Kyoto_-_IMG_5104.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Murin-an%2C_Kyoto_-_IMG_5104.JPG/240px-Murin-an%2C_Kyoto_-_IMG_5104.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Murin-an in Kyoto</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Japanese_gardens_(1912_to_present)"><span id="Modern_Japanese_gardens_.281912_to_present.29"></span>Modern Japanese gardens (1912 to present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern Japanese gardens (1912 to present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa period">Shōwa period</a> (1926–1989), many traditional gardens were built by businessmen and politicians. After World War II, the principal builders of gardens were no longer private individuals, but banks, hotels, universities and government agencies. The Japanese garden became an extension of the landscape architecture with the building. New gardens were designed by <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architects" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape architects">landscape architects</a>, and often used modern building materials such as concrete. </p><p>Some modern Japanese gardens, such as <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Tōfuku-ji">Tōfuku-ji</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Mirei_Shigemori" title="Mirei Shigemori">Mirei Shigemori</a>, were inspired by classical models. Other modern gardens have taken a much more radical approach to the traditions. One example is <a href="/wiki/Awaji_Yumebutai" title="Awaji Yumebutai">Awaji Yumebutai</a>, a garden on the island of <a href="/wiki/Awaji_Island" title="Awaji Island">Awaji</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a> of Japan, designed by <a href="/wiki/Tadao_Ando" title="Tadao Ando">Tadao Ando</a>. It was built as part of a resort and conference center on a steep slope, where land had been stripped away to make an island for an airport. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TofukujiGarden1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tōfuku-ji, a modern Japanese garden from 1934, designed by Mirei Shigemori, built on grounds of a 13th-century Zen temple in Kyoto"><img alt="Tōfuku-ji, a modern Japanese garden from 1934, designed by Mirei Shigemori, built on grounds of a 13th-century Zen temple in Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/TofukujiGarden1.jpg/120px-TofukujiGarden1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/TofukujiGarden1.jpg/180px-TofukujiGarden1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/TofukujiGarden1.jpg/240px-TofukujiGarden1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Tōfuku-ji">Tōfuku-ji</a>, a modern Japanese garden from 1934, designed by <a href="/wiki/Mirei_Shigemori" title="Mirei Shigemori">Mirei Shigemori</a>, built on grounds of a 13th-century Zen temple in Kyoto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toufuku-ji_hojyo7.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The moss garden at Tōfuku-ji, Kyoto"><img alt="The moss garden at Tōfuku-ji, Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Toufuku-ji_hojyo7.JPG/120px-Toufuku-ji_hojyo7.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Toufuku-ji_hojyo7.JPG/180px-Toufuku-ji_hojyo7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Toufuku-ji_hojyo7.JPG/240px-Toufuku-ji_hojyo7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The moss garden at Tōfuku-ji, Kyoto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Museum_of_Art_Kochi06s3872.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A contemporary Japanese garden at the Kochi Museum of Art"><img alt="A contemporary Japanese garden at the Kochi Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Museum_of_Art_Kochi06s3872.jpg/120px-The_Museum_of_Art_Kochi06s3872.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Museum_of_Art_Kochi06s3872.jpg/180px-The_Museum_of_Art_Kochi06s3872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Museum_of_Art_Kochi06s3872.jpg/240px-The_Museum_of_Art_Kochi06s3872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A contemporary Japanese garden at the <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naoshima05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The garden at the Naoshima Fukutake Art Museum, using sculpture to imitate the form of island on the horizon"><img alt="The garden at the Naoshima Fukutake Art Museum, using sculpture to imitate the form of island on the horizon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Naoshima05.jpg/120px-Naoshima05.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Naoshima05.jpg/180px-Naoshima05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Naoshima05.jpg/240px-Naoshima05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The garden at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naoshima_Fukutake_Art_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naoshima Fukutake Art Museum (page does not exist)">Naoshima Fukutake Art Museum</a>, using sculpture to imitate the form of island on the horizon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adachi_Museum_of_Art_Garden_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garden of the Adachi Museum of Art"><img alt="Garden of the Adachi Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Adachi_Museum_of_Art_Garden_02.jpg/120px-Adachi_Museum_of_Art_Garden_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Adachi_Museum_of_Art_Garden_02.jpg/180px-Adachi_Museum_of_Art_Garden_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Adachi_Museum_of_Art_Garden_02.jpg/240px-Adachi_Museum_of_Art_Garden_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2587" data-file-height="1802" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Garden of the Adachi Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Awaji_yumebutai01s3872.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Awaji Yumebutai, a contemporary garden on the island of Awaji, Hyōgo (2000)"><img alt="Awaji Yumebutai, a contemporary garden on the island of Awaji, Hyōgo (2000)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Awaji_yumebutai01s3872.jpg/120px-Awaji_yumebutai01s3872.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Awaji_yumebutai01s3872.jpg/180px-Awaji_yumebutai01s3872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Awaji_yumebutai01s3872.jpg/240px-Awaji_yumebutai01s3872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Awaji_Yumebutai" title="Awaji Yumebutai">Awaji Yumebutai</a>, a contemporary garden on the island of <a href="/wiki/Awaji,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Awaji, Hyōgo">Awaji, Hyōgo</a> (2000)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Awaji_yumebutai04s3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shell beach garden, part of the Awaji Yumebutai on the island of Awaji, Hyōgo (2000)"><img alt="Shell beach garden, part of the Awaji Yumebutai on the island of Awaji, Hyōgo (2000)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Awaji_yumebutai04s3200.jpg/120px-Awaji_yumebutai04s3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Awaji_yumebutai04s3200.jpg/180px-Awaji_yumebutai04s3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Awaji_yumebutai04s3200.jpg/240px-Awaji_yumebutai04s3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2142" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shell beach garden, part of the Awaji Yumebutai on the island of <a href="/wiki/Awaji,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Awaji, Hyōgo">Awaji, Hyōgo</a> (2000)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jissoin-Temple-Stone-Garden.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jissō-in rock garden in Iwakura (Kyoto), reformed in 2013"><img alt="Jissō-in rock garden in Iwakura (Kyoto), reformed in 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Jissoin-Temple-Stone-Garden.JPG/120px-Jissoin-Temple-Stone-Garden.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Jissoin-Temple-Stone-Garden.JPG/180px-Jissoin-Temple-Stone-Garden.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Jissoin-Temple-Stone-Garden.JPG/240px-Jissoin-Temple-Stone-Garden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="1878" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiss%C5%8D-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jissō-in (page does not exist)">Jissō-in</a> rock garden in Iwakura (Kyoto), reformed in 2013</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Garden_elements">Garden elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Garden elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japanese gardens are distinctive in their symbolism of nature, with traditional Japanese gardens being very different in style from occidental gardens: "Western gardens are typically optimised for visual appeal while Japanese gardens are modelled with spiritual and philosophical ideas in mind."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese gardens are conceived as a representation of a natural setting, tying in to Japanese connections between the land and <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> spiritualism, where spirits are commonly found in nature; as such, Japanese gardens tend to incorporate natural materials, with the aim of creating a space that captures the beauties of nature in a realistic manner. </p><p>Traditional Japanese gardens can be categorized into three types: <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukiyama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsukiyama (page does not exist)">tsukiyama</a></i></span> (hill gardens), <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Karesansui" class="mw-redirect" title="Karesansui">karesansui</a></i></span> (dry gardens) and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chaniwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaniwa">chaniwa</a></i></span> gardens (tea gardens). </p><p>The small space given to create these gardens usually poses a challenge for the gardeners. Due to the absolute importance of the arrangement of natural rocks and trees, finding the right material becomes highly selective. The serenity of a Japanese landscape and the simple but deliberate structures of the Japanese gardens are a unique quality, with the two most important principles of garden design being "scaled reduction and symbolization".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanzen-in_-_Nanzenji_-_IMG_5393.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nanzen-in_-_Nanzenji_-_IMG_5393.JPG/170px-Nanzen-in_-_Nanzenji_-_IMG_5393.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nanzen-in_-_Nanzenji_-_IMG_5393.JPG/255px-Nanzen-in_-_Nanzenji_-_IMG_5393.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nanzen-in_-_Nanzenji_-_IMG_5393.JPG/340px-Nanzen-in_-_Nanzenji_-_IMG_5393.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Cascade at <a href="/wiki/Nanzen-ji" title="Nanzen-ji">Nanzen-ji</a> garden in Kyoto</figcaption></figure> <p>Japanese gardens always feature water, either physically with a pond or stream, or symbolically, represented by white sand in a dry rock garden. In <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> symbolism, water and stone are thought of as <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin and yang</a>, two opposites that complement and complete each other. A traditional garden will usually have an irregular-shaped pond or, in larger gardens, two or more ponds connected by a channel or stream, and a cascade, a miniature version of Japan's famous mountain waterfalls. </p><p>In traditional gardens, the ponds and streams are carefully placed according to Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Geomancy" title="Geomancy">geomancy</a>, the art of putting things in the place most likely to attract good fortune. The rules for the placement of water were laid out in the first manual of Japanese gardens, the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sakuteiki" title="Sakuteiki">Sakuteiki</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> ("Records of Garden Making")</span>, in the 11th century. According to the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sakuteiki</i></span>, water should enter the garden from the east or southeast and flow toward the west, because the east is the home of the Green Dragon (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">seiryu</i></span>), an ancient Chinese divinity adopted in Japan, and the west is the home of the White Tiger, the divinity of the east. Water flowing from east to west will carry away evil, and the owner of the garden will be healthy and have a long life. According to the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sakuteiki</i></span>, another favorable arrangement is for the water to flow from north, which represents water in Buddhist cosmology, to the south, which represents fire, which are opposites (<a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin and yang</a>) and therefore will bring good luck.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sakuteiki</i></span> recommends several possible miniature landscapes using lakes and streams: the "ocean style", which features rocks that appear to have been eroded by waves, a sandy beach, and pine trees; the "broad river style", recreating the course of a large river, winding like a serpent; the "marsh pond" style, a large still pond with aquatic plants; the "mountain torrent style", with many rocks and cascades; and the "rose letters" style, an austere landscape with small, low plants, gentle relief and many scattered flat rocks. </p><p>Traditional Japanese gardens have small islands in the lakes. In sacred temple gardens, there is usually an island which represents <a href="/wiki/Mount_Penglai" title="Mount Penglai">Mount Penglai</a> or Mount <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Drai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hōrai">Hōrai</a>, the traditional home of the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Immortals" title="Eight Immortals">Eight Immortals</a>. </p><p>The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sakuteiki</i></span> describes different kinds of artificial island which can be created in lakes, including the "mountainous island", made up of jagged vertical rocks mixed with pine trees, surrounded by a sandy beach; the "rocky island", composed of "tormented" rocks appearing to have been battered by sea waves, along with small, ancient pine trees with unusual shapes; the "cloud island", made of white sand in the rounded white forms of a cumulus cloud; and the "misty island", a low island of sand, without rocks or trees. </p><p>A cascade or waterfall is an important element in Japanese gardens, a miniature version of the waterfalls of Japanese mountain streams. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sakuteiki</i></span> describes seven kinds of cascades. It notes that if possible, a cascade should face toward the moon and should be designed to capture the moon's reflection in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also mentioned in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sakuteiki</i></span> that cascades benefit from being located in such a manner that they are half-hidden in shadows. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enjo-ji_Garden_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lotus pond at Enjo-ji, a Heian period paradise garden (12th century)"><img alt="Lotus pond at Enjo-ji, a Heian period paradise garden (12th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Enjo-ji_Garden_05.jpg/90px-Enjo-ji_Garden_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Enjo-ji_Garden_05.jpg/135px-Enjo-ji_Garden_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Enjo-ji_Garden_05.jpg/180px-Enjo-ji_Garden_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="2220" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lotus pond at Enjo-ji, a Heian period paradise garden (12th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Motsuji_yarimizu2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A winding stream at Mōtsū-ji garden in Hiraisumi"><img alt="A winding stream at Mōtsū-ji garden in Hiraisumi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Motsuji_yarimizu2.jpg/120px-Motsuji_yarimizu2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Motsuji_yarimizu2.jpg/180px-Motsuji_yarimizu2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Motsuji_yarimizu2.jpg/240px-Motsuji_yarimizu2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A winding stream at <a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Dts%C5%AB-ji" title="Mōtsū-ji">Mōtsū-ji</a> garden in Hiraisumi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:697_Suizenji_Pond.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The spring-fed pond at Suizen-ji Jōju-en garden (1636), whose water was reputed to be excellent for making tea"><img alt="The spring-fed pond at Suizen-ji Jōju-en garden (1636), whose water was reputed to be excellent for making tea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/697_Suizenji_Pond.JPG/120px-697_Suizenji_Pond.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/697_Suizenji_Pond.JPG/180px-697_Suizenji_Pond.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/697_Suizenji_Pond.JPG/240px-697_Suizenji_Pond.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The spring-fed pond at <a href="/wiki/Suizen-ji_J%C5%8Dju-en" title="Suizen-ji Jōju-en">Suizen-ji Jōju-en</a> garden (1636), whose water was reputed to be excellent for making tea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Youkoukan03s4592.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Youkoukan Garden in Fukui Prefecture recreates a miniature beach and a mountain."><img alt="Youkoukan Garden in Fukui Prefecture recreates a miniature beach and a mountain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Youkoukan03s4592.jpg/120px-Youkoukan03s4592.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Youkoukan03s4592.jpg/180px-Youkoukan03s4592.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Youkoukan03s4592.jpg/240px-Youkoukan03s4592.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Youkoukan Garden in <a href="/wiki/Fukui_Prefecture" title="Fukui Prefecture">Fukui Prefecture</a> recreates a miniature beach and a mountain.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horaijima-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An island of weathered rocks and a single pine tree in Rikugi-en garden in Tokyo represents Mount Hōrai, the legendary home of the Eight Immortals."><img alt="An island of weathered rocks and a single pine tree in Rikugi-en garden in Tokyo represents Mount Hōrai, the legendary home of the Eight Immortals." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Horaijima-2.JPG/120px-Horaijima-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Horaijima-2.JPG/180px-Horaijima-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Horaijima-2.JPG/240px-Horaijima-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An island of weathered rocks and a single pine tree in <a href="/wiki/Rikugi-en" class="mw-redirect" title="Rikugi-en">Rikugi-en</a> garden in Tokyo represents Mount <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Drai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hōrai">Hōrai</a>, the legendary home of the Eight Immortals.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rocks_and_sand">Rocks and sand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rocks and sand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rock, sand and gravel are an essential feature of the Japanese garden. A vertical rock may represent Mount Horai, the legendary home of the Eight Immortals, or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sumeru" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Sumeru">Mount Sumeru</a> of Buddhist teaching, or a carp jumping from the water. A flat rock might represent the earth. Sand or gravel can represent a beach, or a flowing river. Rocks and water also symbolize yin and yang (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">in</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yō</i></span> in Japanese) in Buddhist philosophy; the hard rock and soft water complement each other, and water, though soft, can wear away rock. </p><p>Rough volcanic rocks (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kasei-gan</i></span>) are usually used to represent mountains or as stepping stones. Smooth and round <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary">sedimentary</a> rocks (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">suisei-gan</i></span>) are used around lakes or as stepping stones. Hard <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic">metamorphic</a> rocks are usually placed by waterfalls or streams. Rocks are traditionally classified as tall vertical, low vertical, arching, reclining, or flat. Rocks should vary in size and color but from each other, but not have bright colors, which would lack subtlety. Rocks with strata or veins should have the veins all going in the same direction, and the rocks should all be firmly planted in the earth, giving an appearance of firmness and permanence. Rocks are arranged in careful compositions of two, three, five or seven rocks, with three being the most common. In a three-arrangement, a tallest rock usually represents heaven, the shortest rock is the earth, and the medium-sized rock is humanity, the bridge between heaven and earth. Sometimes one or more rocks, called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">suteishi</i></span> ("nameless" or "discarded"), are placed in seemingly random locations in the garden, to suggest spontaneity, though their placement is carefully chosen.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient Japan, sand (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">suna</i></span>) and gravel (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">jari</i></span>) were used around Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples. Later it was used in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Japanese rock garden</a> or Zen Buddhist gardens to represent water or clouds. White sand represented purity, but sand could also be gray, brown or bluish-black.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daitokuji-Zuihoin-Zuihotei-M1827.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rocks in the Garden of the Blissful Mountain at Daitoku-ji"><img alt="Rocks in the Garden of the Blissful Mountain at Daitoku-ji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Daitokuji-Zuihoin-Zuihotei-M1827.jpg/120px-Daitokuji-Zuihoin-Zuihotei-M1827.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Daitokuji-Zuihoin-Zuihotei-M1827.jpg/180px-Daitokuji-Zuihoin-Zuihotei-M1827.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Daitokuji-Zuihoin-Zuihotei-M1827.jpg/240px-Daitokuji-Zuihoin-Zuihotei-M1827.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rocks in the Garden of the Blissful Mountain at <a href="/wiki/Daitoku-ji" title="Daitoku-ji">Daitoku-ji</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toufuku-ji_kaizandou3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sand in checkerboard pattern at Tōfuku-ji, in Kyoto"><img alt="Sand in checkerboard pattern at Tōfuku-ji, in Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Toufuku-ji_kaizandou3.JPG/120px-Toufuku-ji_kaizandou3.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Toufuku-ji_kaizandou3.JPG/180px-Toufuku-ji_kaizandou3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Toufuku-ji_kaizandou3.JPG/240px-Toufuku-ji_kaizandou3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sand in checkerboard pattern at <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Tōfuku-ji">Tōfuku-ji</a>, in Kyoto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toufuku-ji_hojyo3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tōfuku-ji garden in Kyoto"><img alt="Tōfuku-ji garden in Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Toufuku-ji_hojyo3.JPG/120px-Toufuku-ji_hojyo3.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Toufuku-ji_hojyo3.JPG/180px-Toufuku-ji_hojyo3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Toufuku-ji_hojyo3.JPG/240px-Toufuku-ji_hojyo3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Tōfuku-ji">Tōfuku-ji</a> garden in Kyoto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MyoshinjiTaizoin3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Myōshin-ji garden"><img alt="Myōshin-ji garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/MyoshinjiTaizoin3.jpg/120px-MyoshinjiTaizoin3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/MyoshinjiTaizoin3.jpg/180px-MyoshinjiTaizoin3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/MyoshinjiTaizoin3.jpg/240px-MyoshinjiTaizoin3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/My%C5%8Dshin-ji" title="Myōshin-ji">Myōshin-ji</a> garden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shitennoj_honbo_garden06s3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shitenno-ji garden. Note the three-rock composition in the center."><img alt="Shitenno-ji garden. Note the three-rock composition in the center." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Shitennoj_honbo_garden06s3200.jpg/120px-Shitennoj_honbo_garden06s3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Shitennoj_honbo_garden06s3200.jpg/180px-Shitennoj_honbo_garden06s3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Shitennoj_honbo_garden06s3200.jpg/240px-Shitennoj_honbo_garden06s3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2142" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shitenno-ji garden. Note the three-rock composition in the center.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankokuji04_960.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ankokuji garden in Hiroshima features rocks of different but harmonious sizes and colors."><img alt="Ankokuji garden in Hiroshima features rocks of different but harmonious sizes and colors." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ankokuji04_960.jpg/120px-Ankokuji04_960.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ankokuji04_960.jpg/180px-Ankokuji04_960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ankokuji04_960.jpg/240px-Ankokuji04_960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2130" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ankokuji garden in <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> features rocks of different but harmonious sizes and colors.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toufuku-ji_hojyo5.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rock composition at Tōfuku-ji (1934)"><img alt="Rock composition at Tōfuku-ji (1934)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Toufuku-ji_hojyo5.JPG/120px-Toufuku-ji_hojyo5.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Toufuku-ji_hojyo5.JPG/180px-Toufuku-ji_hojyo5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Toufuku-ji_hojyo5.JPG/240px-Toufuku-ji_hojyo5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rock composition at <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Tōfuku-ji">Tōfuku-ji</a> (1934)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KoishikawaKorakuen8981.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A large flat rock on an island in Korakuen garden in Tokyo, which represents a turtle's head"><img alt="A large flat rock on an island in Korakuen garden in Tokyo, which represents a turtle's head" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/KoishikawaKorakuen8981.jpg/120px-KoishikawaKorakuen8981.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/KoishikawaKorakuen8981.jpg/180px-KoishikawaKorakuen8981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/KoishikawaKorakuen8981.jpg/240px-KoishikawaKorakuen8981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="951" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A large flat rock on an island in <a href="/wiki/Koishikawa_K%C5%8Drakuen_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Koishikawa Kōrakuen Garden">Korakuen</a> garden in Tokyo, which represents a turtle's head</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock-garden-Negoro-temple-Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Combination of checkerboard pattern and water patterns at the Negoro-ji Temple, Prefecture Wakayama"><img alt="Combination of checkerboard pattern and water patterns at the Negoro-ji Temple, Prefecture Wakayama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Rock-garden-Negoro-temple-Japan.jpg/90px-Rock-garden-Negoro-temple-Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Rock-garden-Negoro-temple-Japan.jpg/135px-Rock-garden-Negoro-temple-Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Rock-garden-Negoro-temple-Japan.jpg/180px-Rock-garden-Negoro-temple-Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Combination of checkerboard pattern and water patterns at the <a href="/wiki/Negoro-ji" title="Negoro-ji">Negoro-ji</a> Temple, Prefecture Wakayama</div> </li> </ul> <p>Selection and subsequent placement of rocks was and still is a central concept in creating an aesthetically pleasing garden by the Japanese. During the Heian period, the concept of placing stones as symbolic representations of islands – whether physically existent or nonexistent – began to take hold, and can be seen in the Japanese word <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shima</i></span>, which is of "particular importance<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] because the word contained the meaning 'island<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>". Furthermore, the principle of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kowan ni shitagau</i></span>, or "obeying (or following) the request of an object", was, and still is, a guiding principle of Japanese rock design that suggests "the arrangement of rocks be dictated by their innate characteristics". The specific placement of stones in Japanese gardens to symbolically represent islands (and later to include mountains), is found to be an aesthetically pleasing property of traditional Japanese gardens. </p><p>Thomas Heyd outlines some of the aesthetic principles of Japanese gardens in <i>Encountering Nature</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Stones, which constitute a fundamental part of Japanese gardens, are carefully selected for their weathering and are placed in such a way that they give viewers the sense that they 'naturally' belong where they are, and in combinations in which the viewers [sic] find them. As such, this form of gardening attempts to emblematically represent (or present) the processes and spaces found in wild nature, away from city and practical concerns of human life.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Thomas Heyd, <i>Encountering Nature</i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Rock placement is a general "aim to portray nature in its essential characteristics"<sup id="cite_ref-auto_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – the essential goal of all Japanese gardens. Furthermore, Heyd states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[...]while the cult of stones is also central to Japanese gardening<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] as stones were part of an aesthetic design and had to be placed so that their positions appeared natural and their relationships harmonious. The concentration of the interest on such detail as the shape of a rock or the moss on a stone lantern led at times to an overemphatic picturesqueness and accumulation of minor features that, to Western eyes accustomed to a more general survey, may seem cluttered and restless.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Thomas Heyd, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, Garden and Landscape Design: Japanese<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Such attention to detail can be seen at places such as Midori Falls in <a href="/wiki/Kenroku-en" title="Kenroku-en">Kenroku-en</a> Garden in Kanazawa, Ishikawa Prefecture, as the rocks at the waterfall's base were changed at various times by six different <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">daimyō</i></span>. </p><p>In Heian-period Japanese gardens, built in the Chinese model, buildings occupied as much or more space than the garden. The garden was designed to be seen from the main building and its verandas, or from small pavilions built for that purpose. In later gardens, the buildings were less visible. Rustic teahouses were hidden in their own little gardens, and small benches and open pavilions along the garden paths provided places for rest and contemplation. In later garden architecture, walls of houses and teahouses could be opened to provide carefully framed views of the garden. The garden and the house became one.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byodo-in_Uji01pbs2640.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The symmetrical and highly ornamental architecture of the Phoenix Hall in Byōdō-in Garden, Kyoto (1052) was inspired by Chinese Song dynasty architecture."><img alt="The symmetrical and highly ornamental architecture of the Phoenix Hall in Byōdō-in Garden, Kyoto (1052) was inspired by Chinese Song dynasty architecture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Byodo-in_Uji01pbs2640.jpg/120px-Byodo-in_Uji01pbs2640.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Byodo-in_Uji01pbs2640.jpg/180px-Byodo-in_Uji01pbs2640.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Byodo-in_Uji01pbs2640.jpg/240px-Byodo-in_Uji01pbs2640.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4530" data-file-height="3020" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The symmetrical and highly ornamental architecture of the Phoenix Hall in <a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dd%C5%8D-in" title="Byōdō-in">Byōdō-in</a> Garden, Kyoto (1052) was inspired by Chinese <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> architecture.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_lantern_Kenrokuen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kotoji Tōrō, a two-legged stone lantern that is one of the most well-known symbols of the Kenroku-en garden"><img alt="The Kotoji Tōrō, a two-legged stone lantern that is one of the most well-known symbols of the Kenroku-en garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Stone_lantern_Kenrokuen.jpg/120px-Stone_lantern_Kenrokuen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Stone_lantern_Kenrokuen.jpg/180px-Stone_lantern_Kenrokuen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Stone_lantern_Kenrokuen.jpg/240px-Stone_lantern_Kenrokuen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5110" data-file-height="3343" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kotoji Tōrō</i></span>, a two-legged stone lantern that is one of the most well-known symbols of the <a href="/wiki/Kenroku-en" title="Kenroku-en">Kenroku-en</a> garden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_in_Urakuen,_Gomonsaki_Inuyama_Inuyama_City_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A chashitsu or teahouse in Jo-an garden in Inuyama, from 1618. The simple and unadorned zen teahouse style began to be used on all Japanese buildings, from garden pavilions to palaces. This teahouse was declared a National Treasure of Japan in 1951."><img alt="A chashitsu or teahouse in Jo-an garden in Inuyama, from 1618. The simple and unadorned zen teahouse style began to be used on all Japanese buildings, from garden pavilions to palaces. This teahouse was declared a National Treasure of Japan in 1951." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Joan_in_Urakuen%2C_Gomonsaki_Inuyama_Inuyama_City_2023.jpg/120px-Joan_in_Urakuen%2C_Gomonsaki_Inuyama_Inuyama_City_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Joan_in_Urakuen%2C_Gomonsaki_Inuyama_Inuyama_City_2023.jpg/180px-Joan_in_Urakuen%2C_Gomonsaki_Inuyama_Inuyama_City_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Joan_in_Urakuen%2C_Gomonsaki_Inuyama_Inuyama_City_2023.jpg/240px-Joan_in_Urakuen%2C_Gomonsaki_Inuyama_Inuyama_City_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <i><a href="/wiki/Chashitsu" title="Chashitsu">chashitsu</a></i> or teahouse in Jo-an garden in <a href="/wiki/Inuyama,_Aichi" title="Inuyama, Aichi">Inuyama</a>, from 1618. The simple and unadorned zen teahouse style began to be used on all Japanese buildings, from garden pavilions to palaces. This teahouse was declared a <a href="/wiki/National_Treasure_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Treasure of Japan">National Treasure of Japan</a> in 1951.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The architecture of the main house of the Katsura Imperial Villa (1619–1662) was inspired by the simplicity of the tea house."><img alt="The architecture of the main house of the Katsura Imperial Villa (1619–1662) was inspired by the simplicity of the tea house." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Shoin.jpg/120px-Shoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Shoin.jpg/180px-Shoin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Shoin.jpg/240px-Shoin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The architecture of the main house of the <a href="/wiki/Katsura_Imperial_Villa" title="Katsura Imperial Villa">Katsura Imperial Villa</a> (1619–1662) was inspired by the simplicity of the tea house.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garden_bridges">Garden bridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Garden bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bridges first appeared in the Japanese garden during the Heian period. At the <a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dd%C5%8D-in" title="Byōdō-in">Byōdō-in</a> garden in Kyoto, a wooden bridge connects the Phoenix pavilion with a small island of stones, representing the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Penglai" title="Mount Penglai">Mount Penglai</a> or Mount Horai, the island home of the Eight Immortals of <a href="/wiki/Daoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoist">Daoist</a> teaching, The bridge symbolized the path to paradise and immortality.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bridges could be made of stone (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ishibashi</i></span>), or of wood, or made of logs with earth on top, covered with moss (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">dobashi</i></span>); they could be either arched (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">soribashi</i></span>) or flat (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">hirabashi</i></span>). Sometimes if they were part of a temple garden, they were painted red, following the Chinese tradition, but for the most part they were unpainted.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Edo period, when large promenade gardens became popular, streams and winding paths were constructed, with a series of bridges, usually in a rustic stone or wood style, to take visitors on a tour of the scenic views of the garden. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pawilon_Feniksa3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The bridge at Byōdō-in temple (1052) represented the way to the island of the immortals, and paradise."><img alt="The bridge at Byōdō-in temple (1052) represented the way to the island of the immortals, and paradise." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pawilon_Feniksa3.JPG/120px-Pawilon_Feniksa3.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pawilon_Feniksa3.JPG/180px-Pawilon_Feniksa3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pawilon_Feniksa3.JPG/240px-Pawilon_Feniksa3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The bridge at <a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dd%C5%8D-in" title="Byōdō-in">Byōdō-in</a> temple (1052) represented the way to the island of the immortals, and paradise.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden04s3872.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A bridge at Tokushima castle made of two stones resting on a third stone (1592)"><img alt="A bridge at Tokushima castle made of two stones resting on a third stone (1592)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden04s3872.jpg/120px-Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden04s3872.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden04s3872.jpg/180px-Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden04s3872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden04s3872.jpg/240px-Tokushima_Castle_lordly_Front_Palace_Garden04s3872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A bridge at <a href="/wiki/Tokushima" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokushima">Tokushima</a> castle made of two stones resting on a third stone (1592)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen05n4272.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wood and stone bridge at Suizen-ji garden. The garden was begun in 1636."><img alt="Wood and stone bridge at Suizen-ji garden. The garden was begun in 1636." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen05n4272.jpg/120px-Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen05n4272.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen05n4272.jpg/180px-Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen05n4272.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen05n4272.jpg/240px-Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen05n4272.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wood and stone bridge at <a href="/wiki/Suizen-ji_J%C5%8Dju-en" title="Suizen-ji Jōju-en">Suizen-ji</a> garden. The garden was begun in 1636.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritsurin.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wooden bridge in Ritsurin Garden (between 1642 and 1745)"><img alt="Wooden bridge in Ritsurin Garden (between 1642 and 1745)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ritsurin.JPG/120px-Ritsurin.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ritsurin.JPG/180px-Ritsurin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ritsurin.JPG/240px-Ritsurin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wooden bridge in <a href="/wiki/Ritsurin_Garden" title="Ritsurin Garden">Ritsurin Garden</a> (between 1642 and 1745)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenrokuen1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Flying Geese Bridge in Kenroku-en garden (between 1822 and 1874)"><img alt="The Flying Geese Bridge in Kenroku-en garden (between 1822 and 1874)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kenrokuen1.jpg/120px-Kenrokuen1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kenrokuen1.jpg/180px-Kenrokuen1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kenrokuen1.jpg/240px-Kenrokuen1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Flying Geese Bridge in <a href="/wiki/Kenroku-en" title="Kenroku-en">Kenroku-en</a> garden (between 1822 and 1874)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korakuen_24.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Zig-zag stone bridge in Koishikawa Kōrakuen"><img alt="Zig-zag stone bridge in Koishikawa Kōrakuen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Korakuen_24.JPG/120px-Korakuen_24.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Korakuen_24.JPG/180px-Korakuen_24.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Korakuen_24.JPG/240px-Korakuen_24.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zig-zag_bridge" title="Zig-zag bridge">Zig-zag stone bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Koishikawa_K%C5%8Drakuen" class="mw-redirect" title="Koishikawa Kōrakuen">Koishikawa Kōrakuen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenshaen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rustic bridge at Tensha-en garden in Uwajima (1866)"><img alt="Rustic bridge at Tensha-en garden in Uwajima (1866)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tenshaen.jpg/120px-Tenshaen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tenshaen.jpg/180px-Tenshaen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tenshaen.jpg/240px-Tenshaen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rustic bridge at <a href="/wiki/Tensha-en" title="Tensha-en">Tensha-en</a> garden in Uwajima (1866)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sorakuen09n3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A wooden bridge covered with earth and moss (dobashi) at Sorakuen"><img alt="A wooden bridge covered with earth and moss (dobashi) at Sorakuen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sorakuen09n3200.jpg/120px-Sorakuen09n3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sorakuen09n3200.jpg/180px-Sorakuen09n3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sorakuen09n3200.jpg/240px-Sorakuen09n3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2130" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A wooden bridge covered with earth and moss (dobashi) at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorakuen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorakuen (page does not exist)">Sorakuen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sankeien_Rinshukaku_and_Teisha_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A rare covered bridge from the Sankeien Garden in Yokohama"><img alt="A rare covered bridge from the Sankeien Garden in Yokohama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sankeien_Rinshukaku_and_Teisha_Bridge.jpg/120px-Sankeien_Rinshukaku_and_Teisha_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sankeien_Rinshukaku_and_Teisha_Bridge.jpg/180px-Sankeien_Rinshukaku_and_Teisha_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sankeien_Rinshukaku_and_Teisha_Bridge.jpg/240px-Sankeien_Rinshukaku_and_Teisha_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A rare covered bridge from the <a href="/wiki/Sankeien" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankeien">Sankeien</a> Garden in <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stone_lanterns_and_water_basins">Stone lanterns and water basins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Stone lanterns and water basins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dr%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōrō">Tōrō</a></div> <p>Japanese stone lanterns<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">台灯籠</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">dai-dōrō</i></span>, "platform lamp")</span> date back to the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>. Originally they were located only at Buddhist temples, where they lined the paths and approaches to the temple, but in the Heian period they began to be used at Shinto shrines as well. According to tradition, during the <a href="/wiki/Momoyama_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Momoyama period">Momoyama period</a> they were introduced to the tea garden by the first great tea masters, and in later gardens they were used purely for decoration. </p><p>In its complete and original form, a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">dai-dōrō</i></span>, like the <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagoda</a>, represents the five elements of Buddhist cosmology. The piece touching the ground represents <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chi</i></span>, the earth; the next section represents <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sui</i></span>, or water; <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ka</i></span> or fire, is represented by the section encasing the lantern's light or flame, while <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">fū</i></span> (air) and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kū</i></span> (void or spirit) are represented by the last two sections, top-most and pointing towards the sky. The segments express the idea that after death our physical bodies will go back to their original, elemental form.<sup id="cite_ref-OMP_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMP-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stone water basins (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsukubai" title="Tsukubai">tsukubai</a></i></span>) were originally placed in gardens for visitors to wash their hands and mouth before the tea ceremony. The water is provided to the basin by a bamboo pipe, or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kakei</i></span>, and they usually have a wooden ladle for drinking the water. In tea gardens, the basin was placed low to the ground, so the drinker had to bend over to get water.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HiroshimaShukkeienLantern7324.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lantern in Shukkei-en garden in Hiroshima."><img alt="Lantern in Shukkei-en garden in Hiroshima." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/HiroshimaShukkeienLantern7324.jpg/120px-HiroshimaShukkeienLantern7324.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/HiroshimaShukkeienLantern7324.jpg/180px-HiroshimaShukkeienLantern7324.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/HiroshimaShukkeienLantern7324.jpg/240px-HiroshimaShukkeienLantern7324.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lantern in <a href="/wiki/Shukkei-en" title="Shukkei-en">Shukkei-en</a> garden in <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korakuen_26.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lantern in Kōraku-en garden"><img alt="Lantern in Kōraku-en garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Korakuen_26.JPG/120px-Korakuen_26.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Korakuen_26.JPG/180px-Korakuen_26.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Korakuen_26.JPG/240px-Korakuen_26.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lantern in <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Draku-en" title="Kōraku-en">Kōraku-en</a> garden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsukubai2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Water basin at Ryōan-ji, Kyoto"><img alt="Water basin at Ryōan-ji, Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tsukubai2.JPG/90px-Tsukubai2.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tsukubai2.JPG/135px-Tsukubai2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tsukubai2.JPG/180px-Tsukubai2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water basin at <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dan-ji" title="Ryōan-ji">Ryōan-ji</a>, Kyoto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenrokuen05-r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone water basin in Kenroku-en garden."><img alt="Stone water basin in Kenroku-en garden." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kenrokuen05-r.jpg/120px-Kenrokuen05-r.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kenrokuen05-r.jpg/180px-Kenrokuen05-r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kenrokuen05-r.jpg/240px-Kenrokuen05-r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone water basin in <a href="/wiki/Kenroku-en" title="Kenroku-en">Kenroku-en</a> garden.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saikyoji26s4592.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone water basin in Sakamotu, Ōtsu, Shiga"><img alt="Stone water basin in Sakamotu, Ōtsu, Shiga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Saikyoji26s4592.jpg/80px-Saikyoji26s4592.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Saikyoji26s4592.jpg/120px-Saikyoji26s4592.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Saikyoji26s4592.jpg/160px-Saikyoji26s4592.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone water basin in Sakamotu, <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctsu" title="Ōtsu">Ōtsu</a>, Shiga</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_at_Tenryuji_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water basin at Tenryū-ji Temple in Kyoto"><img alt="Water basin at Tenryū-ji Temple in Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Font_at_Tenryuji_Temple.jpg/90px-Font_at_Tenryuji_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Font_at_Tenryuji_Temple.jpg/135px-Font_at_Tenryuji_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Font_at_Tenryuji_Temple.jpg/180px-Font_at_Tenryuji_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water basin at <a href="/wiki/Tenry%C5%AB-ji" title="Tenryū-ji">Tenryū-ji</a> Temple in Kyoto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenroku-en-winter-lantern.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Snow lanterns, like this one in Kenroku-en garden, have wide brims which catch the snow, to create picturesque scenes."><img alt="Snow lanterns, like this one in Kenroku-en garden, have wide brims which catch the snow, to create picturesque scenes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kenroku-en-winter-lantern.jpg/120px-Kenroku-en-winter-lantern.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kenroku-en-winter-lantern.jpg/180px-Kenroku-en-winter-lantern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kenroku-en-winter-lantern.jpg/240px-Kenroku-en-winter-lantern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Snow lanterns, like this one in <a href="/wiki/Kenroku-en" title="Kenroku-en">Kenroku-en</a> garden, have wide brims which catch the snow, to create picturesque scenes.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Garden_Stone_Cistern_Fountain_NBG_6_LR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone water fountain and cistern at the Japanese Garden at Norfolk Botanical Garden, Norfolk, Virginia"><img alt="Stone water fountain and cistern at the Japanese Garden at Norfolk Botanical Garden, Norfolk, Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Japanese_Garden_Stone_Cistern_Fountain_NBG_6_LR.jpg/120px-Japanese_Garden_Stone_Cistern_Fountain_NBG_6_LR.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Japanese_Garden_Stone_Cistern_Fountain_NBG_6_LR.jpg/180px-Japanese_Garden_Stone_Cistern_Fountain_NBG_6_LR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Japanese_Garden_Stone_Cistern_Fountain_NBG_6_LR.jpg/240px-Japanese_Garden_Stone_Cistern_Fountain_NBG_6_LR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5350" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone water fountain and cistern at the Japanese Garden at Norfolk Botanical Garden, Norfolk, Virginia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garden_fences,_gates,_and_devices"><span id="Garden_fences.2C_gates.2C_and_devices"></span>Garden fences, gates, and devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Garden fences, gates, and devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_wall_katsura.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The exterior wall of Katsura Imperial Villa, designed, like all the garden, for purity and simplicity"><img alt="The exterior wall of Katsura Imperial Villa, designed, like all the garden, for purity and simplicity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Exterior_wall_katsura.jpg/80px-Exterior_wall_katsura.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Exterior_wall_katsura.jpg/120px-Exterior_wall_katsura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Exterior_wall_katsura.jpg/159px-Exterior_wall_katsura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The exterior wall of <a href="/wiki/Katsura_Imperial_Villa" title="Katsura Imperial Villa">Katsura Imperial Villa</a>, designed, like all the garden, for purity and simplicity</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adachi_Museum_of_Art05s4592.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The traditional garden gate of the Adachi Museum of Art"><img alt="The traditional garden gate of the Adachi Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Adachi_Museum_of_Art05s4592.jpg/120px-Adachi_Museum_of_Art05s4592.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Adachi_Museum_of_Art05s4592.jpg/180px-Adachi_Museum_of_Art05s4592.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Adachi_Museum_of_Art05s4592.jpg/240px-Adachi_Museum_of_Art05s4592.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The traditional garden gate of the Adachi Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shishiodoshi.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="A shishi-odoshi is garden device, made of bamboo and wood, designed to scare away birds. As the bamboo tube fills with water, it clacks against a stone, empties, then fills with water again."><img alt="A shishi-odoshi is garden device, made of bamboo and wood, designed to scare away birds. As the bamboo tube fills with water, it clacks against a stone, empties, then fills with water again." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Shishiodoshi.gif/120px-Shishiodoshi.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Shishiodoshi.gif/180px-Shishiodoshi.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Shishiodoshi.gif/240px-Shishiodoshi.gif 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shishi-odoshi" title="Shishi-odoshi">shishi-odoshi</a></i></span> is garden device, made of bamboo and wood, designed to scare away birds. As the bamboo tube fills with water, it clacks against a stone, empties, then fills with water again.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suikinkutsu_in_Enkoji.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The suikinkutsu is a subtle garden instrument hidden beneath the gravel in some water basins."><img alt="The suikinkutsu is a subtle garden instrument hidden beneath the gravel in some water basins." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Suikinkutsu_in_Enkoji.jpg/120px-Suikinkutsu_in_Enkoji.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Suikinkutsu_in_Enkoji.jpg/180px-Suikinkutsu_in_Enkoji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Suikinkutsu_in_Enkoji.jpg/240px-Suikinkutsu_in_Enkoji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="937" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Suikinkutsu" title="Suikinkutsu">suikinkutsu</a></i></span> is a subtle garden instrument hidden beneath the gravel in some water basins.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trees_and_flowers">Trees and flowers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Trees and flowers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cloud_tree" title="Cloud tree">Cloud tree</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Momiji_in_Ginkaku-ji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Momiji_in_Ginkaku-ji.jpg/220px-Momiji_in_Ginkaku-ji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Momiji_in_Ginkaku-ji.jpg/330px-Momiji_in_Ginkaku-ji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Momiji_in_Ginkaku-ji.jpg/440px-Momiji_in_Ginkaku-ji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Momiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Momiji">Momiji</a></i></span> in the temple of <a href="/wiki/Ginkaku-ji" title="Ginkaku-ji">Ginkaku-ji</a>, Kyoto</figcaption></figure> <p>Nothing in a Japanese garden is natural or left to chance; each plant is chosen according to aesthetic principles, either to hide undesirable sights, to serve as a backdrop to certain garden features, or to create a picturesque scene. Trees are carefully chosen and arranged for their autumn colors.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Moss</a> is often used to suggest that the garden is ancient. Flowers are also carefully chosen by their season of flowering. Formal <a href="/wiki/Flowerbed" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowerbed">flowerbeds</a> are rare in older gardens, but more common in modern gardens. Some plants are chosen for their religious symbolism, such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_lotus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian lotus">lotus</a>, sacred in Buddhist teachings, or the <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, which represents longevity. </p><p>The trees are carefully trimmed to provide attractive scenes, and to prevent them from blocking other views of the garden. Their growth is also controlled, in a technique called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Niwaki" title="Niwaki">niwaki</a></i></span>, to give them more picturesque shapes, and to make them look more ancient. It has been suggested that the characteristic shape of pruned Japanese garden trees resemble trees found naturally in savannah landscapes. This resemblance has been used to motivate the so-called <a href="/wiki/Savannah_hypothesis" title="Savannah hypothesis">Savannah hypothesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trees are sometimes constrained to bend, in order to provide shadows or better reflections in the water. Very old pine trees are often supported by wooden crutches called <i>tsurazue</i> or <i>hōdzue shichū</i>, or their branches are held by cords, to keep them from breaking under the weight of snow. </p><p>In the late 16th century, a new art was developed in the Japanese garden; that of <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ōkarikomi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大刈込</span></span>)</span>, the technique of trimming bushes into balls or rounded shapes which imitate waves. According to tradition this art was developed by <a href="/wiki/Kobori_Masakazu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobori Masakazu">Kobori Enshū</a> (1579–1647), and it was most frequently practiced on <a href="/wiki/Azalea" title="Azalea">azalea</a> bushes. It was similar to the <a href="/wiki/Topiary" title="Topiary">topiary</a> gardens made in Europe at the same time, except that European topiary gardens tried to make trees look like geometric solid objects, while <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ōkarikomi</i></span> sought to make bushes look as if they were almost liquid, or in flowing natural shapes. It created an artistic play of light on the surface of the bush, and, according to garden historian Michel Baridon, "it also brought into play the sense of 'touching things' which even today succeeds so well in Japanese design."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common trees and plants found in Japanese gardens are the <a href="/wiki/Azalea" title="Azalea">azalea</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tsutsuji</i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Camellia" title="Camellia">camellia</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tsubaki</i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kashiwa</i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">elm</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">nire</i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_apricot" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese apricot">Japanese apricot</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ume</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherry</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sakura</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">momiji</i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yanagi</i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">ginkgo</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ichō</i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis_obtusa" title="Chamaecyparis obtusa">Japanese cypress</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">hinoki</i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese cedar">Japanese cedar</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sugi</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">matsu</i></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">take</i></span>). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chionin23n4272.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The style of topiary plant sculpture known as ōkarikomi in Chionin Garden"><img alt="The style of topiary plant sculpture known as ōkarikomi in Chionin Garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chionin23n4272.jpg/120px-Chionin23n4272.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chionin23n4272.jpg/180px-Chionin23n4272.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chionin23n4272.jpg/240px-Chionin23n4272.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The style of <a href="/wiki/Topiary" title="Topiary">topiary</a> plant sculpture known as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ōkarikomi</i></span> in Chionin Garden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiran_Samurai_Residence02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ōkarikomi sculpted trees and bushes at Chiran Samurai Residence"><img alt="Ōkarikomi sculpted trees and bushes at Chiran Samurai Residence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Chiran_Samurai_Residence02.jpg/120px-Chiran_Samurai_Residence02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Chiran_Samurai_Residence02.jpg/180px-Chiran_Samurai_Residence02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Chiran_Samurai_Residence02.jpg/240px-Chiran_Samurai_Residence02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ōkarikomi</i></span> sculpted trees and bushes at Chiran Samurai Residence</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sorakuen15st3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Azaleas at Soraku-en Garden"><img alt="Azaleas at Soraku-en Garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sorakuen15st3200.jpg/120px-Sorakuen15st3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sorakuen15st3200.jpg/180px-Sorakuen15st3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sorakuen15st3200.jpg/240px-Sorakuen15st3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2130" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Azaleas" class="mw-redirect" title="Azaleas">Azaleas</a> at Soraku-en Garden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TenryujiMomiji.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bamboo and Japanese maple combined at Tenryū-ji Garden in Kyoto"><img alt="Bamboo and Japanese maple combined at Tenryū-ji Garden in Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/TenryujiMomiji.jpg/105px-TenryujiMomiji.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/TenryujiMomiji.jpg/158px-TenryujiMomiji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/TenryujiMomiji.jpg/211px-TenryujiMomiji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3412" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_maple" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese maple">Japanese maple</a> combined at <a href="/wiki/Tenry%C5%AB-ji" title="Tenryū-ji">Tenryū-ji</a> Garden in Kyoto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Podocarpus_macrophyllus,katori-city,japan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cloud tree at Katori"><img alt="Cloud tree at Katori" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Podocarpus_macrophyllus%2Ckatori-city%2Cjapan.JPG/90px-Podocarpus_macrophyllus%2Ckatori-city%2Cjapan.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Podocarpus_macrophyllus%2Ckatori-city%2Cjapan.JPG/135px-Podocarpus_macrophyllus%2Ckatori-city%2Cjapan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Podocarpus_macrophyllus%2Ckatori-city%2Cjapan.JPG/180px-Podocarpus_macrophyllus%2Ckatori-city%2Cjapan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cloud_tree" title="Cloud tree">Cloud tree</a> at Katori</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yukitsuri-standalonepine-02-2006-03-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Some ancient pine trees at Kenroku-en supported by cords in winter to keep their limbs from breaking"><img alt="Some ancient pine trees at Kenroku-en supported by cords in winter to keep their limbs from breaking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Yukitsuri-standalonepine-02-2006-03-03.jpg/120px-Yukitsuri-standalonepine-02-2006-03-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Yukitsuri-standalonepine-02-2006-03-03.jpg/180px-Yukitsuri-standalonepine-02-2006-03-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Yukitsuri-standalonepine-02-2006-03-03.jpg/240px-Yukitsuri-standalonepine-02-2006-03-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Some ancient pine trees at <a href="/wiki/Kenroku-en" title="Kenroku-en">Kenroku-en</a> supported by cords in winter to keep their limbs from breaking</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenroku-en.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pine trees at Kenroku-en garden supported by braces to support the weight of snow without breaking"><img alt="Pine trees at Kenroku-en garden supported by braces to support the weight of snow without breaking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kenroku-en.jpg/120px-Kenroku-en.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kenroku-en.jpg/180px-Kenroku-en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kenroku-en.jpg/240px-Kenroku-en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pine trees at <a href="/wiki/Kenroku-en" title="Kenroku-en">Kenroku-en</a> garden supported by braces to support the weight of snow without breaking</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritsurin_park05s3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landscape in Ritsurin Garden"><img alt="Landscape in Ritsurin Garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ritsurin_park05s3200.jpg/120px-Ritsurin_park05s3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ritsurin_park05s3200.jpg/180px-Ritsurin_park05s3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ritsurin_park05s3200.jpg/240px-Ritsurin_park05s3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2142" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Landscape in <a href="/wiki/Ritsurin_Garden" title="Ritsurin Garden">Ritsurin Garden</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritsurin_park02s3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ōkarikomi; trimmed bushes in Ritsurin Garden"><img alt="Ōkarikomi; trimmed bushes in Ritsurin Garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ritsurin_park02s3200.jpg/120px-Ritsurin_park02s3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ritsurin_park02s3200.jpg/180px-Ritsurin_park02s3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ritsurin_park02s3200.jpg/240px-Ritsurin_park02s3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3690" data-file-height="2460" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ōkarikomi</i></span>; trimmed bushes in <a href="/wiki/Ritsurin_Garden" title="Ritsurin Garden">Ritsurin Garden</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish">Fish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Koi_pond" title="Koi pond">Koi pond</a></div> <p>The use of fish, particularly <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Koi" title="Koi">nishiki-goi</a></i></span> (colored carp), <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Medaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Medaka">medaka</a></i></span> or <a href="/wiki/Goldfish" title="Goldfish">goldfish</a> as a decorative element in gardens was borrowed from the Chinese garden. Goldfish were developed in China more than a thousand years ago by <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selectively breeding</a> Prussian carp for color <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279), yellow, orange, white and red-and-white colorations had been developed. Goldfish were introduced to Japan in the 16th century. Koi were developed from <a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common carp</a> (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) in Japan in the 1820s. Koi are domesticated common carp that are selected or <a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">culled</a> for color; they are not a different species, and will revert to the original coloration within a few generations if allowed to breed freely.<sup id="cite_ref-Aquatic-oasis_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aquatic-oasis-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to fish, turtles are kept in some gardens. Natural environments in the gardens offer habitats that attract wild animals; frogs and birds are notable as they contribute with a pleasant soundscape.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Onkamikoi.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Nishiki-goi in the Ise Grand Shrine 2005"><img alt="Nishiki-goi in the Ise Grand Shrine 2005" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Onkamikoi.JPG/120px-Onkamikoi.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Onkamikoi.JPG/180px-Onkamikoi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Onkamikoi.JPG/240px-Onkamikoi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nishiki-goi</i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Ise_Grand_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ise Grand Shrine">Ise Grand Shrine</a> 2005</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Six_koi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nishiki-goi"><img alt="Nishiki-goi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Six_koi.jpg/120px-Six_koi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Six_koi.jpg/180px-Six_koi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Six_koi.jpg/240px-Six_koi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="662" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nishiki-goi</i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Himeji_Koukoen08s4592.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Koi in Himeji Koko-en Garden"><img alt="Koi in Himeji Koko-en Garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Himeji_Koukoen08s4592.jpg/120px-Himeji_Koukoen08s4592.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Himeji_Koukoen08s4592.jpg/180px-Himeji_Koukoen08s4592.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Himeji_Koukoen08s4592.jpg/240px-Himeji_Koukoen08s4592.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Koi" title="Koi">Koi</a> in Himeji <a href="/wiki/Koko-en_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Koko-en Garden">Koko-en Garden</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suizenji_Carp.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A large carp in the garden of Suizen-ji"><img alt="A large carp in the garden of Suizen-ji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Suizenji_Carp.JPG/90px-Suizenji_Carp.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Suizenji_Carp.JPG/135px-Suizenji_Carp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Suizenji_Carp.JPG/180px-Suizenji_Carp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A large carp in the <a href="/wiki/Suizen-ji_J%C5%8Dju-en" title="Suizen-ji Jōju-en">garden of Suizen-ji</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aesthetic_principles">Aesthetic principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aesthetic principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early Japanese gardens largely followed the Chinese model, but gradually Japanese gardens developed their own principles and aesthetics. These were spelled out by a series of landscape gardening manuals, beginning with <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sakuteiki</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> ("Records of Garden Making")</span> in the Heian period (794–1185).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principles of <a href="/wiki/Sacred_garden" title="Sacred garden">sacred gardens</a>, such as the gardens of Zen Buddhist temples, were different from those of pleasure or promenade gardens; for example, Zen Buddhist gardens were designed to be seen, while seated, from a platform with a view of the whole garden, without entering it, while promenade gardens were meant to be seen by walking through the garden and stopping at a series of view points. However, they often contain common elements and used the same techniques. </p> <ul><li>Miniaturisation: The Japanese garden is a miniature and idealized view of nature. Rocks can represent mountains, and ponds can represent seas. The garden is sometimes made to appear larger by <a href="/wiki/Forced_perspective" title="Forced perspective">forced perspective</a>: placing larger rocks and trees in the foreground, and smaller ones in the background.</li> <li>Concealment <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">miegakure</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> ("hide and reveal")</span>: The Zen Buddhist garden is meant to be seen all at once, but the promenade garden is meant to be seen one landscape at a time, like a scroll of painted landscapes unrolling. Features are hidden behind hills, trees groves or bamboo, walls or structures, to be discovered when the visitor follows the winding path.</li> <li>Borrowed scenery<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shakkei</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>: Smaller gardens are often designed to incorporate <a href="/wiki/Borrowed_scenery" title="Borrowed scenery">borrowed scenery</a>, the view of features outside the garden such as hills, trees or temples, as part of the view. This makes the garden seem larger than it really is.</li> <li>Asymmetry: Japanese gardens are not laid on straight axes, or with a single feature dominating the view. Buildings and garden features are usually placed to be seen from a diagonal, and are carefully composed into scenes that contrast right angles, such as buildings with natural features, and vertical features, such as rocks, bamboo or trees, with horizontal features, such as water.<sup id="cite_ref-Young,_p._20_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young,_p._20-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>According to garden historians David and Michigo Young, at the heart of the Japanese garden is the principle that a garden is a work of art. "Though inspired by nature, it is an interpretation rather than a copy; it should appear to be natural, but it is not wild."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landscape gardener Seyemon Kusumoto wrote that the Japanese generate "the best of nature's handiwork in a limited space".<sup id="cite_ref-Vincent2008_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vincent2008-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been mathematical analysis of some traditional Japanese garden designs. These designs avoid contrasts, symmetries and groupings that would create points which dominate <a href="/wiki/Visual_spatial_attention" title="Visual spatial attention">visual attention</a>. Instead, they create scenes in which visual <a href="/wiki/Salience_(neuroscience)" title="Salience (neuroscience)">salience</a> is evenly distributed across the field of view. Stand-out colours, textures, objects, and groups are avoided. The size of objects, groupings, and the spacings between them are arranged to be <a href="/wiki/Self-similar" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-similar">self-similar</a> at multiple <a href="/wiki/Spatial_scale" title="Spatial scale">spatial scales</a>; that is, they produce similar patterns when <a href="/wiki/Scale_(ratio)" title="Scale (ratio)">scaled up or down</a> (zoomed in or out). This property is also seen in <a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fractal#Natural_phenomena_with_fractal_features" title="Fractal">many natural scenes</a>. This fractal-like self-similarity may be extended all the way down to the scale of surface textures (such as those of rocks and <a href="/wiki/Moss_lawns" class="mw-redirect" title="Moss lawns">moss lawns</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-visual_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visual-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These textures are considered to express a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">wabi-sabi</a></i></span> aesthetic.<sup id="cite_ref-heat_isle_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heat_isle-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_between_Japanese_and_Chinese_gardens">Differences between Japanese and Chinese gardens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Differences between Japanese and Chinese gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japanese gardens during the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> were modeled upon Chinese gardens, but by the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> there were distinct differences. </p> <ul><li>Architecture: Chinese gardens have buildings in the center of the garden, occupying a large part of the garden space. The buildings are placed next to or over the central body of water. The garden buildings are very elaborate, with much architectural decoration. In later Japanese gardens, the buildings are well apart from the body of water, and the buildings are simple, with very little ornament. The architecture in a Japanese garden is largely or partly concealed.</li> <li>Viewpoint: Chinese gardens are designed to be seen from the inside, from the buildings, galleries and pavilions in the center of the garden. Japanese gardens are designed to be seen from the outside, as in the Japanese rock garden or zen garden; or from a path winding through the garden.</li> <li>Use of rocks: in a Chinese garden, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scholar%27s_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholar's rock">scholar's rocks</a> were selected for their extraordinary shapes or resemblance to animals or mountains, and used for dramatic effect. They were often the stars and centerpieces of the garden. In later Japanese gardens, rocks were smaller and placed in more natural arrangements, integrated into the garden.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Marine landscapes: Chinese gardens were inspired by Chinese inland landscapes, particularly Chinese lakes and mountains, while Japanese gardens often use miniaturized scenery from the Japanese coast. Japanese gardens frequently include white sand or pebble beaches and rocks which seem to have been worn by the waves and tide, which rarely appear in Chinese gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Garden_styles">Garden styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Garden styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chisen-shoyū-teien_or_pond_garden"><span id="Chisen-shoy.C5.AB-teien_or_pond_garden"></span><i>Chisen-shoyū-teien</i> or pond garden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Chisen-shoyū-teien or pond garden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>chisen-shoyū-teien</i> ("lake-spring-boat excursion garden") was imported from China during the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> (794–1185). It is also called the <i><a href="/wiki/Shinden-zukuri" title="Shinden-zukuri">shinden-zukuri</a></i> style, after the architectural style of the main building. It featured a large, ornate residence with two long wings reaching south to a large lake and garden. Each wing ended in a pavilion from which guests could enjoy the views of the lake. Visitors made tours of the lake in small boats. These gardens had large lakes with small islands, where musicians played during festivals and ceremonies worshippers could look across the water at the Buddha. No original gardens of this period remain, but reconstructions can be seen at <a href="/wiki/Heian_Shrine" title="Heian Shrine">Heian-jingū</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daikaku-ji" title="Daikaku-ji">Daikaku-ji</a> temple in Kyoto. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_at_Heian_Shrine,_Kyoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heian-jingū is a recreation of the old imperial pond garden of Kyoto."><img alt="Heian-jingū is a recreation of the old imperial pond garden of Kyoto." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lake_at_Heian_Shrine%2C_Kyoto.jpg/120px-Lake_at_Heian_Shrine%2C_Kyoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lake_at_Heian_Shrine%2C_Kyoto.jpg/180px-Lake_at_Heian_Shrine%2C_Kyoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lake_at_Heian_Shrine%2C_Kyoto.jpg/240px-Lake_at_Heian_Shrine%2C_Kyoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Heian_Shrine" title="Heian Shrine">Heian-jingū</a> is a recreation of the old imperial pond garden of Kyoto.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Paradise_Garden">The Paradise Garden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The Paradise Garden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Paradise Garden appeared in the late <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, created by nobles belonging to the Amida Buddhism sect. They were meant to symbolize Paradise or the <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Land">Pure Land</a> (<i>Jōdo</i>), where the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> sat on a platform contemplating a lotus pond. These gardens featured a lake island called Nakajima, where the Buddha hall was located, connected to the shore by an arching bridge. The most famous surviving example is the garden of the Phoenix Hall of <a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dd%C5%8D-in" title="Byōdō-in">Byōdō-in</a> Temple, built in 1053, in Uji, near Kyoto. Other examples are <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Druri-ji" title="Jōruri-ji">Jōruri-ji</a> temple in Kyoto, Enro-ji temple in <a href="/wiki/Nara_Prefecture" title="Nara Prefecture">Nara Prefecture</a>, the Hokongoin in Kyoto, <a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Dts%C5%AB-ji" title="Mōtsū-ji">Mōtsū-ji</a> Temple in <a href="/wiki/Hiraizumi" title="Hiraizumi">Hiraizumi</a>, and Shiramizu Amidado Garden in <a href="/wiki/Iwaki_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwaki City">Iwaki City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Byōdō-in Temple in Uji, near Kyoto"><img alt="Byōdō-in Temple in Uji, near Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg/120px-Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg/180px-Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg/240px-Byodo-in_in_Uji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4440" data-file-height="2960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dd%C5%8D-in" title="Byōdō-in">Byōdō-in</a> Temple in Uji, near Kyoto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enjo-ji_Garden_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Enjō-ji Temple in Nara Prefecture is a good example of a paradise garden of the late Heian period."><img alt="Enjō-ji Temple in Nara Prefecture is a good example of a paradise garden of the late Heian period." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Enjo-ji_Garden_04.jpg/120px-Enjo-ji_Garden_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Enjo-ji_Garden_04.jpg/180px-Enjo-ji_Garden_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Enjo-ji_Garden_04.jpg/240px-Enjo-ji_Garden_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1278" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Enj%C5%8D-ji" title="Enjō-ji">Enjō-ji</a> Temple in <a href="/wiki/Nara_Prefecture" title="Nara Prefecture">Nara Prefecture</a> is a good example of a paradise garden of the late Heian period.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joruriji_Hondo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jōruri-ji, a paradise garden in Kyoto. The pond was dug by monks in 1150."><img alt="Jōruri-ji, a paradise garden in Kyoto. The pond was dug by monks in 1150." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Joruriji_Hondo.jpg/120px-Joruriji_Hondo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Joruriji_Hondo.jpg/180px-Joruriji_Hondo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Joruriji_Hondo.jpg/240px-Joruriji_Hondo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Druri-ji" title="Jōruri-ji">Jōruri-ji</a>, a paradise garden in Kyoto. The pond was dug by monks in 1150.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karesansui_dry_rock_gardens">Karesansui dry rock gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Karesansui dry rock gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karesansui" class="mw-redirect" title="Karesansui">Karesansui</a> gardens (枯山水) or <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock gardens">Japanese rock gardens</a>, became popular in Japan in the 14th century thanks to the work of a Buddhist monk, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C5%8D_Soseki" title="Musō Soseki">Musō Soseki</a> (1275–1351) who built zen gardens at the five major monasteries in Kyoto. These gardens have white sand or raked gravel in place of water, carefully arranged rocks, and sometimes rocks and sand covered with moss. Their purpose is to facilitate meditation, and they are meant to be viewed while seated on the porch of the residence of the <i>hōjō</i>, the abbot of the monastery. The most famous example is <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dan-ji" title="Ryōan-ji">Ryōan-ji</a> temple in Kyoto. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RosanjiTeien.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rosan-ji garden, Kyoto"><img alt="Rosan-ji garden, Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/RosanjiTeien.jpg/120px-RosanjiTeien.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/RosanjiTeien.jpg/180px-RosanjiTeien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/RosanjiTeien.jpg/240px-RosanjiTeien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2236" data-file-height="1444" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rosan-ji garden, Kyoto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuihou-in2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Zuihō-in garden, Kyoto"><img alt="Zuihō-in garden, Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Zuihou-in2.JPG/120px-Zuihou-in2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Zuihou-in2.JPG/180px-Zuihou-in2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Zuihou-in2.JPG/240px-Zuihou-in2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zuihō-in garden, Kyoto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daisen-in3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daisen-in, Kyoto"><img alt="Daisen-in, Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Daisen-in3.jpg/120px-Daisen-in3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Daisen-in3.jpg/180px-Daisen-in3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Daisen-in3.jpg/240px-Daisen-in3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Daisen-in" title="Daisen-in">Daisen-in</a>, Kyoto</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roji,_or_tea_gardens"><span id="Roji.2C_or_tea_gardens"></span><i>Roji</i>, or tea gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Roji, or tea gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">tea garden</a> was created during the <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> (1333–1573) and <a href="/wiki/Momoyama_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Momoyama period">Momoyama period</a> (1573–1600) as a setting for the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Japanese tea ceremony</a>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Chanoyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanoyu">chanoyu</a></i>. The style of garden takes its name from the <i><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">roji</a></i>, or path to the teahouse, which is supposed to inspire the visitor to meditation to prepare him for the ceremony. There is an outer garden, with a gate and covered arbor where guests wait for the invitation to enter. They then pass through a gate to the inner garden, where they wash their hands and rinse their mouth, as they would before entering a Shinto shrine, before going into the teahouse itself. The path is always kept moist and green, so it will look like a remote mountain path, and there are no bright flowers that might distract the visitor from his meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early teahouses had no windows, but later teahouses have a wall which can be opened for a view of the garden. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jingu_Chashitsu04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A teahouse and roji, or tea garden, at Ise Jingu"><img alt="A teahouse and roji, or tea garden, at Ise Jingu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jingu_Chashitsu04.jpg/120px-Jingu_Chashitsu04.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jingu_Chashitsu04.jpg/180px-Jingu_Chashitsu04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jingu_Chashitsu04.jpg/240px-Jingu_Chashitsu04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A teahouse and roji, or tea garden, at <a href="/wiki/Ise_Jingu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ise Jingu">Ise Jingu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2002_kenrokuen_hanami_0123.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional teahouse and tea garden at Kenroku-en Garden"><img alt="Traditional teahouse and tea garden at Kenroku-en Garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/2002_kenrokuen_hanami_0123.jpg/120px-2002_kenrokuen_hanami_0123.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/2002_kenrokuen_hanami_0123.jpg/180px-2002_kenrokuen_hanami_0123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/2002_kenrokuen_hanami_0123.jpg/240px-2002_kenrokuen_hanami_0123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional teahouse and tea garden at <a href="/wiki/Kenroku-en" title="Kenroku-en">Kenroku-en</a> Garden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urakuen_tea_garden_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garden of the Urakuen teahouse"><img alt="Garden of the Urakuen teahouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Urakuen_tea_garden_01.jpg/90px-Urakuen_tea_garden_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Urakuen_tea_garden_01.jpg/135px-Urakuen_tea_garden_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Urakuen_tea_garden_01.jpg/180px-Urakuen_tea_garden_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Garden of the Urakuen teahouse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keishun-in_4.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rustic gate of the Keishun-in garden teahouse in Kyoto"><img alt="Rustic gate of the Keishun-in garden teahouse in Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Keishun-in_4.JPG/120px-Keishun-in_4.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Keishun-in_4.JPG/180px-Keishun-in_4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Keishun-in_4.JPG/240px-Keishun-in_4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rustic gate of the Keishun-in garden teahouse in Kyoto</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaiyū-shiki-teien,_or_promenade_gardens"><span id="Kaiy.C5.AB-shiki-teien.2C_or_promenade_gardens"></span>Kaiyū-shiki-teien, or promenade gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Kaiyū-shiki-teien, or promenade gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Promenade or stroll gardens (landscape gardens in the go-round style) appeared in Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1600–1854), at the villas of <a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">nobles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">warlords</a>. These gardens were designed to complement the houses in the new <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sukiya-zukuri" title="Sukiya-zukuri">sukiya-zukuri</a></i></span> style of architecture, which were modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Chashitsu" title="Chashitsu">teahouse</a>. These gardens were meant to be seen by following a path clockwise around the lake from one carefully composed scene to another. These gardens used two techniques to provide interest: <a href="/wiki/Borrowed_scenery" title="Borrowed scenery">borrowed scenery</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">借景</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shakkei</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, which took advantage of views of scenery outside the garden such as mountains or temples, incorporating them into the view so the garden looked larger than it really was, and <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">miegakure</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">見え隠れ</span></span>)</span>, or "hide-and-reveal", which used winding paths, fences, bamboo and buildings to hide the scenery so the visitor would not see it until he was at the best view point. Edo period gardens also often feature recreations of famous scenery or scenes inspired by literature; <a href="/wiki/Suizen-ji_J%C5%8Dju-en" title="Suizen-ji Jōju-en">Suizen-ji Jōju-en</a> Garden in <a href="/wiki/Kumamoto" title="Kumamoto">Kumamoto</a> has a miniature version of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Katsura_Villa" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsura Villa">Katsura Villa</a> in Kyoto has a miniature version of the <a href="/wiki/Ama-no-hashidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ama-no-hashidate">Ama-no-hashidate</a> sandbar in Miyazu Bay, near Kyoto. The <a href="/wiki/Rikugi-en" class="mw-redirect" title="Rikugi-en">Rikugi-en</a> Garden in Tokyo creates small landscapes inspired by eighty-eight famous Japanese poems.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shokin-tei_seen_from_the_Geppa-ro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Katsura Imperial Villa, the prototype for the promenade garden"><img alt="Katsura Imperial Villa, the prototype for the promenade garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Shokin-tei_seen_from_the_Geppa-ro.jpg/120px-Shokin-tei_seen_from_the_Geppa-ro.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Shokin-tei_seen_from_the_Geppa-ro.jpg/180px-Shokin-tei_seen_from_the_Geppa-ro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Shokin-tei_seen_from_the_Geppa-ro.jpg/240px-Shokin-tei_seen_from_the_Geppa-ro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Imperial_Villa" title="Katsura Imperial Villa">Katsura Imperial Villa</a>, the prototype for the promenade garden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shugakuin_Imperial_Villa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shugaku-in Imperial Villa, completed in 1659, another classic example of a promenade garden of the Edo period"><img alt="Shugaku-in Imperial Villa, completed in 1659, another classic example of a promenade garden of the Edo period" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Shugakuin_Imperial_Villa.jpg/120px-Shugakuin_Imperial_Villa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Shugakuin_Imperial_Villa.jpg/180px-Shugakuin_Imperial_Villa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Shugakuin_Imperial_Villa.jpg/240px-Shugakuin_Imperial_Villa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3556" data-file-height="2012" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shugaku-in" class="mw-redirect" title="Shugaku-in">Shugaku-in</a> Imperial Villa, completed in 1659, another classic example of a promenade garden of the Edo period</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KoishikawaKorakuen8965.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two hills covered with trimmed bamboo grass which represent Mount Lu in China. This feature is in Koishikawa Kōrakuen Garden in Tokyo."><img alt="Two hills covered with trimmed bamboo grass which represent Mount Lu in China. This feature is in Koishikawa Kōrakuen Garden in Tokyo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/KoishikawaKorakuen8965.jpg/120px-KoishikawaKorakuen8965.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/KoishikawaKorakuen8965.jpg/180px-KoishikawaKorakuen8965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/KoishikawaKorakuen8965.jpg/240px-KoishikawaKorakuen8965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two hills covered with trimmed bamboo grass which represent <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lu" title="Mount Lu">Mount Lu</a> in China. This feature is in <a href="/wiki/Koishikawa_K%C5%8Drakuen" class="mw-redirect" title="Koishikawa Kōrakuen">Koishikawa Kōrakuen</a> Garden in Tokyo.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen04n4272.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Suizen-ji Jōju-en Garden, begun in 1636, has a miniature replica of Mount Fuji. The trees on the upper part of the hill are trimmed to be smaller, to make the mountain look taller."><img alt="Suizen-ji Jōju-en Garden, begun in 1636, has a miniature replica of Mount Fuji. The trees on the upper part of the hill are trimmed to be smaller, to make the mountain look taller." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen04n4272.jpg/120px-Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen04n4272.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen04n4272.jpg/180px-Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen04n4272.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen04n4272.jpg/240px-Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen04n4272.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Suizen-ji_J%C5%8Dju-en" title="Suizen-ji Jōju-en">Suizen-ji Jōju-en</a> Garden, begun in 1636, has a miniature replica of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a>. The trees on the upper part of the hill are trimmed to be smaller, to make the mountain look taller.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_urban_gardens">Small urban gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Small urban gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shima-Tsuboniwa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Shima-Tsuboniwa.JPG/220px-Shima-Tsuboniwa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Shima-Tsuboniwa.JPG/330px-Shima-Tsuboniwa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Shima-Tsuboniwa.JPG/440px-Shima-Tsuboniwa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <i>naka-niwa</i> or courtyard garden of a former <a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">geisha</a> house in <a href="/wiki/Kanazawa,_Ishikawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanazawa, Ishikawa">Kanazawa, Ishikawa</a>. The trees are covered with straw to protect them from the snow.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tsubo-niwa" title="Tsubo-niwa">Tsubo-niwa</a></div> <p>Small gardens were originally found in the interior courtyards (<i>naka-niwa</i>, "inner garden") of <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> palaces, and were designed to give a glimpse of nature and some privacy to the residents of the rear side of the building. They were as small as one <i><a href="/wiki/Tsubo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsubo">tsubo</a></i>, or about 3.3 square meters, whence the name <i>tsubo-niwa</i>. During the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, merchants began building small gardens in the space behind their shops, which faced the street, and their residences, located at the rear. These tiny gardens were meant to be seen, not entered, and usually had a stone lantern, a water basin, stepping stones and a few plants. Today, <i>tsubo-niwa</i> are found in many Japanese residences, hotels, restaurants, and public buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A good example from the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> is found in the villa of <a href="/wiki/Murin-an" title="Murin-an">Murin-an</a> in Kyoto.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Totekiko" title="Totekiko">Totekiko</a> is a famous courtyard rock garden.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hermitage_garden">Hermitage garden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Hermitage garden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shisen-do.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Shisen-do.JPG/220px-Shisen-do.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Shisen-do.JPG/330px-Shisen-do.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Shisen-do.JPG/440px-Shisen-do.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shisen-d%C5%8D" title="Shisen-dō">Shisen-dō</a>, built in Kyoto, in the 17th century, one of the best examples of a hermitage garden</figcaption></figure> <p>A hermitage garden is a small garden usually built by a samurai or government official who wanted to retire from public life and devote himself to study or meditation. It is attached to a rustic house, and approached by a winding path, which suggests it is deep in a forest. It may have a small pond, a Japanese rock garden, and the other features of traditional gardens, in miniature, designed to create tranquility and inspiration. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Shisen-d%C5%8D" title="Shisen-dō">Shisen-dō</a> garden in Kyoto, built by a bureaucrat and scholar exiled by the shogun in the 17th century. It is now a Buddhist temple. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_and_art_of_the_Japanese_garden">Literature and art of the Japanese garden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Literature and art of the Japanese garden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_Over_a_Pond_of_Water_Lilies,_Claude_Monet_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bridge_Over_a_Pond_of_Water_Lilies%2C_Claude_Monet_1899.jpg/220px-Bridge_Over_a_Pond_of_Water_Lilies%2C_Claude_Monet_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bridge_Over_a_Pond_of_Water_Lilies%2C_Claude_Monet_1899.jpg/330px-Bridge_Over_a_Pond_of_Water_Lilies%2C_Claude_Monet_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bridge_Over_a_Pond_of_Water_Lilies%2C_Claude_Monet_1899.jpg/440px-Bridge_Over_a_Pond_of_Water_Lilies%2C_Claude_Monet_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3123" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, <i>Bridge over a Pond of Water Lilies</i>, 1899, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garden_manuals">Garden manuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Garden manuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first manual of Japanese gardening was the <i><a href="/wiki/Sakuteiki" title="Sakuteiki">Sakuteiki</a></i> ("Records of Garden Making"), probably written in the late eleventh century by Tachibana no Tohshitsuna (1028–1094). Citing even older Chinese sources, it explains how to organize the garden, from the placement of rocks and streams to the correct depth of ponds and height of cascades. While it was based on earlier Chinese garden principles, it also expressed ideas which were unique to Japanese gardens, such as islands, beaches and rock formations imitating Japanese maritime landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides giving advice, <i>Sakuteiki</i> also gives dire warnings of what happens if the rules are not followed; the author warns that if a rock that in nature was in a horizontal position is stood upright in a garden, it will bring misfortune to the owner of the garden. And, if a large rock pointed toward the north or west is placed near a gallery, the owner of the garden will be forced to leave before a year passes.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another influential work about the Japanese garden, <a href="/wiki/Bonseki" title="Bonseki">bonseki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a> and related arts was <i>Rhymeprose on a Miniature Landscape Garden</i> (around 1300) by the Zen monk <a href="/wiki/Kokan_Shiren" title="Kokan Shiren">Kokan Shiren</a>, which explained how meditation on a miniature garden purified the senses and the mind and led to understanding of the correct relationship between man and nature. </p><p>Other influential garden manuals which helped to define the aesthetics of the Japanese garden are <i>Senzui Narabi ni Yagyo no Zu</i> (Illustrations for Designing Mountain, Water and Hillside Field Landscapes), written in the fifteenth century, and <i>Tsukiyama Teizoden</i> (Building Mountains and Making Gardens), from the 18th century. The tradition of Japanese gardening was historically passed down from <i><a href="/wiki/Sensei" title="Sensei">sensei</a></i> to apprentice. The opening words of <i>Illustrations for designing mountain, water and hillside field landscapes</i> (1466) are "If you have not received the oral transmissions, you must not make gardens" and its closing admonition is "You must never show this writing to outsiders. You must keep it secret".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These garden manuals are still studied today.<sup id="cite_ref-Young,_p._20_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young,_p._20-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gardens_in_literature_and_poetry">Gardens in literature and poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Gardens in literature and poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji" title="The Tale of Genji">The Tale of Genji</a></i>, the classic Japanese novel of the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, describes the role of the Japanese garden in court life. The characters attend festivals in the old Kyoto imperial palace garden, take boat trips on the lake, listen to music and watch formal dances under the trees.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Gardens were often the subject of poems during the Heian period. A poem in one anthology from the period, the <i>Kokin-Shu</i>, described the <i>Kiku-shima</i>, or island of chrystanthemums, found in the Osawa pond in the great garden of the period called <i>Saga-in</i>. </p> <dl><dd>I had thought that here</dd> <dd>only one chrysanthemum can grow.</dd> <dd>Who therefore has planted</dd> <dd>the other in the depths</dd> <dd>of the pond of Osawa?</dd></dl> <p>Another poem of the Heian period, in the <i>Hyakunin isshu,</i> described a cascade of rocks, which simulated a waterfall, in the same garden: </p> <dl><dd>The cascade long ago</dd> <dd>ceased to roar,</dd> <dd>But we continue to hear</dd> <dd>The murmur</dd> <dd>of its name.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy,_painting,_and_the_Japanese_garden"><span id="Philosophy.2C_painting.2C_and_the_Japanese_garden"></span>Philosophy, painting, and the Japanese garden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Philosophy, painting, and the Japanese garden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shubun_-_Landscape_of_the_Four_Seasons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Shubun_-_Landscape_of_the_Four_Seasons.jpg/220px-Shubun_-_Landscape_of_the_Four_Seasons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Shubun_-_Landscape_of_the_Four_Seasons.jpg/330px-Shubun_-_Landscape_of_the_Four_Seasons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Shubun_-_Landscape_of_the_Four_Seasons.jpg/440px-Shubun_-_Landscape_of_the_Four_Seasons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>Painting of part of <i>Landscape of the Four Seasons</i> by the monk <a href="/wiki/Tensh%C5%8D_Sh%C5%ABbun" title="Tenshō Shūbun">Tenshō Shūbun</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a>, showing an idealized Japanese landscape, where man was humble and lived in harmony with nature. This ideal landscape was also depicted in Japanese gardens.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese culture</a>, garden-making is a high art, equal to the arts of <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ink_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink painting">ink painting</a>. Gardens are considered three-dimensional textbooks of Daoism and Zen Buddhism. Sometimes the lesson is very literal; the garden of <a href="/wiki/Saih%C5%8D-ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Saihō-ji">Saihō-ji</a> featured a pond shaped like the Japanese character <i>shin</i> (心) or <i>xīn</i> in Chinese, the heart-spirit of Chinese philosophy, the newspaper character is 心 but it's the full cursive, the <i>sousho</i> style (草書) for <i>shin</i> that would be used; <i>sousho</i>, this well-named "grass writing", would be appropriate for gardening purpose indeed, for in cursive writing the character shapes change depending on the context and of course, since it is cursive, depending on the person -that is to say that the character would be done in a single pencil stroke, it would match the state of mind and the context rather than the newspaper print.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, usually the lessons are contained in the arrangements of the rocks, the water and the plants. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus flower">lotus flower</a> has a particular message; Its roots are in the mud at the bottom of the pond, symbolizing the misery of the human condition, but its flower is pure white, symbolizing the purity of spirit that can be achieved by following the teachings of the Buddha. <sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Japanese rock gardens</a> were intended to be intellectual puzzles for the monks who lived next to them to study and solve. They followed the same principles as the <i>suiboku-ga</i>, the black-and-white Japanese inks paintings of the same period, which, according to Zen Buddhist principles, tried to achieve the maximum effect using the minimum essential elements.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hy%C3%B4nen_zu_by_Josetsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hy%C3%B4nen_zu_by_Josetsu.jpg/220px-Hy%C3%B4nen_zu_by_Josetsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hy%C3%B4nen_zu_by_Josetsu.jpg/330px-Hy%C3%B4nen_zu_by_Josetsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hy%C3%B4nen_zu_by_Josetsu.jpg/440px-Hy%C3%B4nen_zu_by_Josetsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2434" data-file-height="1738" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Catching_a_catfish_with_a_gourd" title="Catching a catfish with a gourd">Catching a catfish with a gourd</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Josetsu" title="Josetsu">Josetsu</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>One painter who influenced the Japanese garden was <a href="/wiki/Josetsu" title="Josetsu">Josetsu</a> (1405–1423), a Chinese Zen monk who moved to Japan and introduced a new style of ink-brush painting, moving away from the romantic misty landscapes of the earlier period, and using asymmetry and areas of white space, similar to the white space created by sand in zen gardens, to set apart and highlight a mountain or tree branch or other element of his painting. He became chief painter of the Shogun and influenced a generation of painters and <a href="/wiki/Garden_designer" title="Garden designer">garden designers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese gardens also follow the principles of perspective of Japanese landscape painting, which feature a close-up plane, an intermediate plane, and a distant plane. The empty space between the different planes has a great importance, and is filled with water, moss, or sand. The garden designers used various optical tricks to give the garden the illusion of being larger than it really is, by <a href="/wiki/Borrowing_of_scenery_(%22shakkei%22)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borrowing of scenery ("shakkei")">borrowing of scenery ("shakkei")</a>, employing distant views outside the garden, or using miniature trees and bushes to create the illusion that they are far away.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noteworthy_Japanese_gardens">Noteworthy Japanese gardens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Noteworthy Japanese gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Japan">In Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: In Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Special_Places_of_Scenic_Beauty,_Special_Historic_Sites_and_Special_Natural_Monuments" title="List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments">List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenryuji_Kyoto01n4500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tenryuji_Kyoto01n4500.jpg/220px-Tenryuji_Kyoto01n4500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tenryuji_Kyoto01n4500.jpg/330px-Tenryuji_Kyoto01n4500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tenryuji_Kyoto01n4500.jpg/440px-Tenryuji_Kyoto01n4500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tenry%C5%AB-ji" title="Tenryū-ji">Tenryū-ji</a> Garden in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a><br />(<i>Kaiyū-shiki Garden</i>, completed in the 14th century)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:160319_Korakuen_Okayama_Japan04s3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/160319_Korakuen_Okayama_Japan04s3.jpg/220px-160319_Korakuen_Okayama_Japan04s3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/160319_Korakuen_Okayama_Japan04s3.jpg/330px-160319_Korakuen_Okayama_Japan04s3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/160319_Korakuen_Okayama_Japan04s3.jpg/440px-160319_Korakuen_Okayama_Japan04s3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Draku-en" title="Kōraku-en">Kōraku-en</a> in <a href="/wiki/Okayama" title="Okayama">Okayama</a><br />(<i>Kaiyū-shiki Garden</i>, completed in the 17th century)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adachi_Museum_of_Art01st3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Adachi_Museum_of_Art01st3200.jpg/220px-Adachi_Museum_of_Art01st3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Adachi_Museum_of_Art01st3200.jpg/330px-Adachi_Museum_of_Art01st3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Adachi_Museum_of_Art01st3200.jpg/440px-Adachi_Museum_of_Art01st3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2130" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adachi_Museum_of_Art" title="Adachi Museum of Art">Adachi Museum of Art</a> Garden, <a href="/wiki/Yasugi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasugi">Yasugi</a><br />(<i>Kanshō-shiki Garden</i>, completed in the 20th century)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen01n4272.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen01n4272.jpg/220px-Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen01n4272.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen01n4272.jpg/330px-Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen01n4272.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen01n4272.jpg/440px-Kumamoto_Suizenji-jojuen01n4272.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A spacious Japanese garden, <a href="/wiki/Suizen-ji_J%C5%8Dju-en" title="Suizen-ji Jōju-en">Suizen-ji Jōju-en</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_Castle" title="Kumamoto Castle">Kumamoto Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)">Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology</a> of the government of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> designates the most notable of the nation's scenic beauty as Special Places of Scenic Beauty, under the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of March 2007, 29 sites are listed, more than a half of which are Japanese gardens (<b>boldface</b> entries specify <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_region" title="Tōhoku region">Tōhoku region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Dts%C5%AB-ji" title="Mōtsū-ji">Mōtsū-ji</a> Garden (<a href="/wiki/Hiraizumi,_Iwate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiraizumi, Iwate">Hiraizumi, Iwate</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region" title="Kantō region">Kantō region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kairaku-en" title="Kairaku-en">Kairaku-en</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mito,_Ibaraki" title="Mito, Ibaraki">Mito, Ibaraki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikugi-en" class="mw-redirect" title="Rikugi-en">Rikugi-en</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bunky%C5%8D" title="Bunkyō">Bunkyō</a>, Tokyo)</li> <li>Kyu <a href="/wiki/Hamarikyu_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamarikyu Gardens">Hamarikyu Gardens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D,_Tokyo" title="Chūō, Tokyo">Chūō, Tokyo</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABbu_region" title="Chūbu region">Chūbu region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenroku-en" title="Kenroku-en">Kenroku-en</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kanazawa,_Ishikawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanazawa, Ishikawa">Kanazawa, Ishikawa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichij%C5%8Ddani_Asakura_Family_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichijōdani Asakura Family Gardens">Ichijōdani Asakura Family Gardens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fukui,_Fukui" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukui, Fukui">Fukui, Fukui</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansai_region" title="Kansai region">Kansai region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dd%C5%8D-in" title="Byōdō-in">Byōdō-in</a> Garden (<a href="/wiki/Uji,_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Uji, Kyoto">Uji, Kyoto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkaku-ji" title="Ginkaku-ji">Jisho-ji</a> Garden (<a href="/wiki/Kyoto,_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto, Kyoto">Kyoto, Kyoto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Castle" title="Nijō Castle">Nijō Castle</a> Ninomaru Garden (<a href="/wiki/Kyoto,_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto, Kyoto">Kyoto, Kyoto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokuon-ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Rokuon-ji">Rokuon-ji</a> Garden (<a href="/wiki/Kyoto,_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto, Kyoto">Kyoto, Kyoto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dan-ji" title="Ryōan-ji">Ryōan-ji</a> Garden (<a href="/wiki/Kyoto,_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto, Kyoto">Kyoto, Kyoto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenry%C5%AB-ji" title="Tenryū-ji">Tenryū-ji</a> Garden (<a href="/wiki/Kyoto,_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto, Kyoto">Kyoto, Kyoto</a>)</li> <li>The garden of Sanbōin in <a href="/wiki/Daigo-ji" title="Daigo-ji">Daigo-ji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kyoto,_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto, Kyoto">Kyoto, Kyoto</a>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a> garden of <a href="/wiki/Saih%C5%8D-ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Saihō-ji">Saihō-ji</a> (the "Moss Temple") (<a href="/wiki/Kyoto,_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto, Kyoto">Kyoto, Kyoto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daitoku-ji" title="Daitoku-ji">Daitoku-ji</a> Garden (<a href="/wiki/Kyoto,_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto, Kyoto">Kyoto, Kyoto</a>)</li> <li>The garden of <a href="/wiki/Daisen-in" title="Daisen-in">Daisen-in</a> in <a href="/wiki/Daitoku-ji" title="Daitoku-ji">Daitoku-ji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kyoto,_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto, Kyoto">Kyoto, Kyoto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murin-an" title="Murin-an">Murin-an</a> garden, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto,_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto, Kyoto">Kyoto, Kyoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negoro-ji" title="Negoro-ji">Negoro-ji</a> Garden (<a href="/wiki/Iwade,_Wakayama" title="Iwade, Wakayama">Iwade, Wakayama</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABgoku_region" title="Chūgoku region">Chūgoku region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adachi_Museum_of_Art" title="Adachi Museum of Art">Adachi Museum of Art</a> Garden (<a href="/wiki/Yasugi,_Shimane" title="Yasugi, Shimane">Yasugi, Shimane</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koraku-en" class="mw-redirect" title="Koraku-en">Kōraku-en</a> (<a href="/wiki/Okayama,_Okayama" class="mw-redirect" title="Okayama, Okayama">Okayama, Okayama</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsue_Vogel_Park" title="Matsue Vogel Park">Matsue Vogel Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matsue" title="Matsue">Matsue</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABraku-en" title="Shūraku-en">Shūraku-en</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tsuyama,_Okayama" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuyama, Okayama">Tsuyama</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a> Region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ritsurin_Garden" title="Ritsurin Garden">Ritsurin Garden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Takamatsu,_Kagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Takamatsu, Kagawa">Takamatsu, Kagawa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakatsu_Banshoen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakatsu Banshoen (page does not exist)">Nakatsu Banshoen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marugame,_Kagawa" title="Marugame, Kagawa">Marugame, Kagawa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensha-en" title="Tensha-en">Tensha-en</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uwajima,_Ehime" title="Uwajima, Ehime">Uwajima, Ehime</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a> Region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suizen-ji_J%C5%8Dju-en" title="Suizen-ji Jōju-en">Suizen-ji Jōju-en</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kumamoto,_Kumamoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumamoto, Kumamoto">Kumamoto, Kumamoto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengan-en" title="Sengan-en">Sengan-en</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kagoshima,_Kagoshima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kagoshima, Kagoshima">Kagoshima, Kagoshima</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Islands">Ryūkyū Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shikina-en" title="Shikina-en">Shikina-en</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naha,_Okinawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Naha, Okinawa">Naha, Okinawa</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>However, the Education Minister is not eligible to have jurisdiction over any imperial property. These two gardens, administered by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Agency" title="Imperial Household Agency">Imperial Household Agency</a>, are also considered to be great masterpieces. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Imperial_Villa" title="Katsura Imperial Villa">Katsura Imperial Villa</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugaku-in_Imperial_Villa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shugaku-in Imperial Villa">Shugaku-in Imperial Villa</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Taiwan">In Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: In Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%80%E6%BB%B4%E6%B0%B4%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E9%A4%A8_A_Drop_of_Water_Memorial_Hall_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%E4%B8%80%E6%BB%B4%E6%B0%B4%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E9%A4%A8_A_Drop_of_Water_Memorial_Hall_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%E4%B8%80%E6%BB%B4%E6%B0%B4%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E9%A4%A8_A_Drop_of_Water_Memorial_Hall_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%E4%B8%80%E6%BB%B4%E6%B0%B4%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E9%A4%A8_A_Drop_of_Water_Memorial_Hall_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%E4%B8%80%E6%BB%B4%E6%B0%B4%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E9%A4%A8_A_Drop_of_Water_Memorial_Hall_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%E4%B8%80%E6%BB%B4%E6%B0%B4%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E9%A4%A8_A_Drop_of_Water_Memorial_Hall_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%E4%B8%80%E6%BB%B4%E6%B0%B4%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E9%A4%A8_A_Drop_of_Water_Memorial_Hall_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5858" data-file-height="3906" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Drop_of_Water_Memorial_Hall" title="Drop of Water Memorial Hall">Drop of Water Memorial Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Taipei_City,_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="New Taipei City, Taiwan">New Taipei City</a>, Taiwan</figcaption></figure> <p>Several Japanese gardens were built during <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Taiwan">Japanese Taiwan</a> period. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Guest_House" title="Taipei Guest House">Taipei Guest House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beitou_Plum_Garden" title="Beitou Plum Garden">Beitou Plum Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beitou" class="mw-redirect" title="Beitou">Beitou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beitou_Museum" title="Beitou Museum">Beitou Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beitou" class="mw-redirect" title="Beitou">Beitou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanmon-cho_323&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanmon-cho 323 (page does not exist)">Nanmon-cho 323</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zhongzheng_District" title="Zhongzheng District">Zhongzheng District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_of_Water_Memorial_Hall" title="Drop of Water Memorial Hall">Drop of Water Memorial Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamsui" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamsui">Tamsui</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Taipei_City" title="New Taipei City">New Taipei City</a></li> <li>Shoyoen in <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_English-speaking_countries">In English-speaking countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: In English-speaking countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:07._Japanese_Garden_Pano,_Cowra,_NSW,_22.09.2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/07._Japanese_Garden_Pano%2C_Cowra%2C_NSW%2C_22.09.2006.jpg/220px-07._Japanese_Garden_Pano%2C_Cowra%2C_NSW%2C_22.09.2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/07._Japanese_Garden_Pano%2C_Cowra%2C_NSW%2C_22.09.2006.jpg/330px-07._Japanese_Garden_Pano%2C_Cowra%2C_NSW%2C_22.09.2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/07._Japanese_Garden_Pano%2C_Cowra%2C_NSW%2C_22.09.2006.jpg/440px-07._Japanese_Garden_Pano%2C_Cowra%2C_NSW%2C_22.09.2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption>This view from the Symbolic Mountain in the gardens in <a href="/wiki/Cowra,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowra, New South Wales">Cowra, Australia</a> shows many of the typical elements of a Japanese garden.</figcaption></figure> <p>The aesthetic of Japanese gardens was introduced to the English-speaking world by <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Conder_(architect)" title="Josiah Conder (architect)">Josiah Conder</a>'s <i>Landscape Gardening in Japan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kelly_%26_Walsh" title="Kelly & Walsh">Kelly & Walsh</a>, 1893). Conder was a British architect who had worked for the Japanese government and other clients in Japan from 1877 until his death. The book was published when the general trend of <a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a>, or Japanese influence in the arts of the West, was already well-established, and sparked the first Japanese gardens in the West. A second edition was required in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially these were mostly sections of large private gardens, but as the style grew in popularity, many Japanese gardens were, and continue to be, added to public parks and gardens. Conder's principles have sometimes proved hard to follow: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Robbed of its local garb and mannerisms, the Japanese method reveals aesthetic principles applicable to the gardens of any country, teaching, as it does, how to convert into a poem or picture a composition, which, with all its variety of detail, otherwise lacks unity and intent.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Samuel Newsom's <i>Japanese Garden Construction</i> (1939) offered Japanese aesthetic as a corrective in the construction of <a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">rock gardens</a>, which owed their quite separate origins in the West to the mid-19th century desire to grow alpines in an approximation of Alpine <a href="/wiki/Scree" title="Scree">scree</a>. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Garden_History_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden History Society">Garden History Society</a>, Japanese landscape gardener Seyemon Kusumoto was involved in the development of around 200 gardens in the UK. In 1937 he exhibited a rock garden at the <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Flower_Show" title="Chelsea Flower Show">Chelsea Flower Show</a>, and worked on the Burngreave Estate at Bognor Regis, and also on a Japanese garden at <a href="/wiki/Cottered" title="Cottered">Cottered</a> in Hertfordshire. The lush courtyards at <a href="/wiki/Du_Cane_Court" title="Du Cane Court">Du Cane Court</a> – an <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a> block of flats in Balham, London, built between 1935 and 1938 – were designed by Kusumoto. All four courtyards there may have originally contained ponds. Only one survives, and this is stocked with <a href="/wiki/Koi" title="Koi">koi</a>. There are also several stone lanterns, which are meant to symbolise the illumination of one's path through life; similarly, the paths through the gardens are not straight. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_maple" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese maple">Japanese maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_anemone" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese anemone">Japanese anemone</a>, cherry trees, evergreens, and <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> are other typical features of Du Cane Court's gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-Vincent2008_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vincent2008-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to David A. Slawson, many of the Japanese gardens that are recreated in the US are of "museum-piece quality". He also writes, however, that as the gardens have been introduced into the Western world, they have become more Americanized, decreasing their natural beauty.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zengardengate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Zengardengate.jpg/220px-Zengardengate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Zengardengate.jpg/330px-Zengardengate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Zengardengate.jpg/440px-Zengardengate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese <a href="/wiki/Zen_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen garden">zen garden</a> at the Auburn Botanical Gardens, in <a href="/wiki/Auburn,_New_South_Wales" title="Auburn, New South Wales">Auburn</a>, Sydney</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Himeji_Garden" title="Adelaide Himeji Garden">Adelaide Himeji Garden</a>, South Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auburn_Botanical_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Auburn Botanical Gardens">Auburn Botanical Gardens</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennox_Gardens" title="Lennox Gardens">Canberra Nara Peace Park in Lennox Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowra_Japanese_Garden_and_Cultural_Centre" title="Cowra Japanese Garden and Cultural Centre">Cowra Japanese Garden and Cultural Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cowra,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowra, New South Wales">Cowra, New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Zoo" title="Melbourne Zoo">Melbourne Zoo</a>, Victoria</li> <li>Nerima Gardens, <a href="/wiki/Ipswich,_Queensland" title="Ipswich, Queensland">Ipswich</a>, Queensland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Botanic_Gardens,_Mount_Coot-tha#Japanese_Garden" title="Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mount Coot-tha">"Tsuki-yama-chisen" Japanese Garden</a>, Brisbane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Queensland" title="University of Southern Queensland">University of Southern Queensland</a> Japanese Garden, "Ju Raku En", Largest Japanese Gardens in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Toowoomba,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Toowoomba, Queensland">Toowoomba, Queensland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Garden_Devonian_Botanic_Garden_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_31A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Japanese_Garden_Devonian_Botanic_Garden_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_31A.jpg/220px-Japanese_Garden_Devonian_Botanic_Garden_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_31A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Japanese_Garden_Devonian_Botanic_Garden_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_31A.jpg/330px-Japanese_Garden_Devonian_Botanic_Garden_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_31A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Japanese_Garden_Devonian_Botanic_Garden_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_31A.jpg/440px-Japanese_Garden_Devonian_Botanic_Garden_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_31A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3887" data-file-height="2590" /></a><figcaption>Japanese Garden in the Devonian Botanic Garden, Edmonton, Alberta</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitobe_Memorial_Garden" title="Nitobe Memorial Garden">Nitobe Memorial Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta_Botanic_Garden" title="University of Alberta Botanic Garden">University of Alberta Botanic Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, formerly named the Devonian Botanic Garden, which contains an extensive Japanese garden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikka_Yuko_Japanese_Garden" title="Nikka Yuko Japanese Garden">Nikka Yuko Japanese Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Japanese_Garden_and_Pavilion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Japanese Garden and Pavilion (page does not exist)">The Japanese Garden and Pavilion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Botanical_Garden" title="Montreal Botanical Garden">Montreal Botanical Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li>Kariya Park, <a href="/wiki/Mississauga" title="Mississauga">Mississauga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>England</b> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatton_Japanese_Garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Tatton_Japanese_Garden.jpg/220px-Tatton_Japanese_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Tatton_Japanese_Garden.jpg/330px-Tatton_Japanese_Garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Tatton_Japanese_Garden.jpg/440px-Tatton_Japanese_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Japanese Garden, <a href="/wiki/Tatton_Park_Gardens" title="Tatton Park Gardens">Tatton Park Gardens</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Acres_(garden)" title="Compton Acres (garden)">Compton Acres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartington_Hall" title="Dartington Hall">Dartington Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a><sup id="cite_ref-JGJUK_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JGJUK-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hall Park, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harewood_House" title="Harewood House">Harewood House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_Park" title="Holland Park">Holland Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a><sup id="cite_ref-JGJUK_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JGJUK-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mawgan_in_Pydar" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mawgan in Pydar">St Mawgan in Pydar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatton_Park" title="Tatton Park">Tatton Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a><sup id="cite_ref-JGJUK_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JGJUK-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Oriental and African Studies">School of Oriental and African Studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a><sup id="cite_ref-JGJUK_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JGJUK-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Northern Ireland</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_and_Lady_Dixon_Park" title="Sir Thomas and Lady Dixon Park">Sir Thomas and Lady Dixon Park</a>, Belfast</li> <li>Fujiyama Japanese Garden</li></ul> <p><b>Scotland</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lauriston_Castle" title="Lauriston Castle">Lauriston Castle</a>, Edinburgh – garden opened 2002<sup id="cite_ref-JGJUK_79-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JGJUK-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_National_Stud,_Co._Kildare_(506993)_(30045800113).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Irish_National_Stud%2C_Co._Kildare_%28506993%29_%2830045800113%29.jpg/220px-Irish_National_Stud%2C_Co._Kildare_%28506993%29_%2830045800113%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Irish_National_Stud%2C_Co._Kildare_%28506993%29_%2830045800113%29.jpg/330px-Irish_National_Stud%2C_Co._Kildare_%28506993%29_%2830045800113%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Irish_National_Stud%2C_Co._Kildare_%28506993%29_%2830045800113%29.jpg/440px-Irish_National_Stud%2C_Co._Kildare_%28506993%29_%2830045800113%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4934" data-file-height="3289" /></a><figcaption>Japanese Garden, <a href="/wiki/Kildare" title="Kildare">Tully</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Kildare" title="County Kildare">County Kildare</a>. Red lacquered arched bridges are Chinese in origin and seldom seen in Japan, but are often placed in Japanese-style gardens in other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The Japanese Gardens at the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Stud" title="Irish National Stud">Irish National Stud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kildare" title="Kildare">Kildare</a><sup id="cite_ref-JGJUK_79-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JGJUK-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lafcadiohearngardens.com/">Lafcadio Hearn Japanese Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tramore" title="Tramore">Tramore</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Waterford" title="County Waterford">County Waterford</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_gardens_in_the_United_States" title="List of Japanese gardens in the United States">List of Japanese gardens in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_to_Eden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bridge_to_Eden.jpg/220px-Bridge_to_Eden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bridge_to_Eden.jpg/330px-Bridge_to_Eden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bridge_to_Eden.jpg/440px-Bridge_to_Eden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden" title="Brooklyn Botanic Garden">Brooklyn Botanic Garden</a>'s Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden (<a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>); designed by <a href="/wiki/Takeo_Shiota" title="Takeo Shiota">Takeo Shiota</a>, was one of the first gardens to be created in an American <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a> and reportedly the first one to be accessible free of charge.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hakone_Gardens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hakone_Gardens.jpg/220px-Hakone_Gardens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hakone_Gardens.jpg/330px-Hakone_Gardens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hakone_Gardens.jpg/440px-Hakone_Gardens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hakone_Gardens" title="Hakone Gardens">Hakone Gardens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saratoga,_California" title="Saratoga, California">Saratoga, California</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anderson_Japanese_Gardens" title="Anderson Japanese Gardens">Anderson Japanese Gardens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">Rockford, Illinois</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden#Japanese_Hill-and-Pond_Garden" title="Brooklyn Botanic Garden">Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Botanic_Garden#Garden_facts" title="Chicago Botanic Garden">Chicago Botanic Garden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glencoe,_Illinois" title="Glencoe, Illinois">Glencoe, Illinois</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Burns_Miller_Japanese_Garden" title="Earl Burns Miller Japanese Garden">Earl Burns Miller Japanese Garden</a> at <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Long_Beach" title="California State University, Long Beach">California State University, Long Beach</a> (<a href="/wiki/Long_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Beach">Long Beach</a>, California)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Meijer_Gardens_%26_Sculpture_Park#Japanese_Garden" title="Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park">Richard & Helen DeVos Japanese Garden at Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park</a> (Grand Rapids, Michigan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth_Japanese_Garden" title="Fort Worth Japanese Garden">Fort Worth Japanese Garden</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth_Botanic_Garden" title="Fort Worth Botanic Garden">Fort Worth Botanic Garden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Tea_Garden_(San_Francisco)" title="Japanese Tea Garden (San Francisco)">Japanese Tea Garden</a> at <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_Park" title="Golden Gate Park">Golden Gate Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakone_Gardens" title="Hakone Gardens">Hakone Gardens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saratoga,_California" title="Saratoga, California">Saratoga, California</a>), used as a filming location for <i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Geisha_(film)" title="Memoirs of a Geisha (film)">Memoirs of a Geisha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Gardens_(Hayward,_California)" title="Japanese Gardens (Hayward, California)">Hayward Japanese Gardens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hayward,_California" title="Hayward, California">Hayward, California</a>), the oldest traditionally designed Japanese garden in California<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Garden_of_Peace" title="Japanese Garden of Peace">Japanese Garden of Peace</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Pacific_War" title="National Museum of the Pacific War">National Museum of the Pacific War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Texas" title="Fredericksburg, Texas">Fredericksburg, Texas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington_Library#Japanese_Garden" title="Huntington Library">Japanese Garden at the Huntington Library</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Marino,_California" title="San Marino, California">San Marino, California</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_Ho_En" class="mw-redirect" title="Ro Ho En">Japanese Friendship Garden</a> (Phoenix, Arizona)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Friendship_Garden_(Balboa_Park)" title="Japanese Friendship Garden (Balboa Park)">Japanese Friendship Garden (Balboa Park)</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, California)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Friendship_Garden_(Kelley_Park)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Friendship Garden (Kelley Park)">Japanese Friendship Garden (Kelley Park)</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Garden_(Houston)" title="Japanese Garden (Houston)">Japanese Garden</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Park" title="Hermann Park">Hermann Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morikami_Museum_and_Japanese_Gardens" title="Morikami Museum and Japanese Gardens">Morikami Museum and Japanese Gardens</a> (Delray Beach, Florida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Japanese_Garden" title="Portland Japanese Garden">Portland Japanese Garden</a> (Portland, Oregon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Japanese_Garden" title="Seattle Japanese Garden">Seattle Japanese Garden</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Park_Arboretum" title="Washington Park Arboretum">Washington Park Arboretum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubota_Garden" title="Kubota Garden">Kubota Garden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Japanese_Garden" title="The Japanese Garden">The Japanese Garden</a> (Los Angeles, California)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiwa-en" title="Seiwa-en">Seiwa-en</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a> (St. Louis, Missouri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofuso_Japanese_House_and_Garden" title="Shofuso Japanese House and Garden">Shofuso Japanese House and Garden</a> (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuko-En_on_the_Elkhorn" title="Yuko-En on the Elkhorn">Yuko-En on the Elkhorn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Kentucky" title="Georgetown, Kentucky">Georgetown, Kentucky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Garden_(Ashland,_Oregon)" title="Japanese Garden (Ashland, Oregon)">Japanese Garden (Ashland, Oregon)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_countries">In other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: In other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jardin_Japones_de_Bs_As_174.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jardin_Japones_de_Bs_As_174.jpg/220px-Jardin_Japones_de_Bs_As_174.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jardin_Japones_de_Bs_As_174.jpg/330px-Jardin_Japones_de_Bs_As_174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jardin_Japones_de_Bs_As_174.jpg/440px-Jardin_Japones_de_Bs_As_174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The Buenos Aires Japanese Gardens</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ekohaus1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ekohaus1.jpg/220px-Ekohaus1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ekohaus1.jpg/330px-Ekohaus1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ekohaus1.jpg/440px-Ekohaus1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese Temple Garden at the EKŌ-House of Japanese Culture in Düsseldorf</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsubo-en_O-karikomi_center_seasons_run-opt.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tsubo-en_O-karikomi_center_seasons_run-opt.gif/220px-Tsubo-en_O-karikomi_center_seasons_run-opt.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Tsubo-en_O-karikomi_center_seasons_run-opt.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption>All seasons close-up of the Tsubo-en (Netherlands) O-karikomi, hako-zukuri topiary</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giardini_di_montcarlo_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Giardini_di_montcarlo_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Giardini_di_montcarlo_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Giardini_di_montcarlo_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Giardini_di_montcarlo_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Giardini_di_montcarlo_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Giardini_di_montcarlo_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3152" data-file-height="2101" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese Garden in <a href="/wiki/Larvotto" title="Larvotto">Larvotto</a>, Monaco</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ogr%C3%B3d_Japo%C5%84ski-Przelewice.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ogr%C3%B3d_Japo%C5%84ski-Przelewice.JPG/220px-Ogr%C3%B3d_Japo%C5%84ski-Przelewice.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ogr%C3%B3d_Japo%C5%84ski-Przelewice.JPG/330px-Ogr%C3%B3d_Japo%C5%84ski-Przelewice.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ogr%C3%B3d_Japo%C5%84ski-Przelewice.JPG/440px-Ogr%C3%B3d_Japo%C5%84ski-Przelewice.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese Garden in <a href="/wiki/Dendrological_Garden_in_Przelewice" title="Dendrological Garden in Przelewice">Przelewice</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lankester_Japanese_Garden.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lankester_Japanese_Garden.JPG/220px-Lankester_Japanese_Garden.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lankester_Japanese_Garden.JPG/330px-Lankester_Japanese_Garden.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lankester_Japanese_Garden.JPG/440px-Lankester_Japanese_Garden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese Garden in <a href="/wiki/Lankester_Botanical_Garden" title="Lankester Botanical Garden">Lankester Botanical Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Garden_Sngapore_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Japanese_Garden_Sngapore_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Japanese_Garden_Sngapore_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Japanese_Garden_Sngapore_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Japanese_Garden_Sngapore_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Japanese_Garden_Sngapore_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Japanese_Garden_Sngapore_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="1573" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Garden,_Singapore" title="Japanese Garden, Singapore">Japanese Garden, Singapore</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Argentina</b> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Japanese_Gardens" title="Buenos Aires Japanese Gardens">Buenos Aires Japanese Gardens</a>, of the Fundación Cultural Argentino Japonesa</li> <li>Jardín Japonés de <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n_de_Escobar" title="Belén de Escobar">Belén de Escobar</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Austria</b>: <ul><li>Setagayapark, Ecke Gallmeyergasse,1190 Vienna – opened 1992 (garden designer Ken Nakajima)</li> <li>The Japanese Garden in Schlosspark Schönbrunn, Vienna – revitalized 1999</li></ul></li> <li><b>Belgium</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Garden_of_Hasselt" title="Japanese Garden of Hasselt">Japanse tuin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasselt" title="Hasselt">Hasselt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Garden_of_Ostend" title="Japanese Garden of Ostend">Japanse tuin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li>Jardin japonais Chevetogne <a href="/wiki/Namur,_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Namur, Belgium">Namur</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Brazil</b> <ul><li>Parque Santos Dummont, São José dos Campos, São Paulo</li> <li>Bosque Municipal Fábio Barreto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo</li></ul></li> <li><b>Bulgaria</b>: <ul><li>at the <a href="/wiki/Kempinski_Hotel_Zografski" class="mw-redirect" title="Kempinski Hotel Zografski">Kempinski Hotel Zografski</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>; built in 1979 as a large-scale copy of the garden at the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_New_Otani_Tokyo" title="Hotel New Otani Tokyo">Hotel New Otani Tokyo</a>, first and only Japanese Garden in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> until 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-thehotel_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thehotel-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Chile</b>: <ul><li>Jardin Japonés de <a href="/wiki/La_Serena,_Chile" title="La Serena, Chile">La Serena</a> (Kokoro No Niwa); It is the largest Japanese garden in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.</li> <li>Jardín Japonés de <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago de Chile">Santiago</a>; Built in 1978 and reopened in 1997 by <a href="/wiki/Masahito,_Prince_Hitachi" title="Masahito, Prince Hitachi">Masahito, Prince Hitachi</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Costa Rica</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lankester_Botanical_Garden" title="Lankester Botanical Garden">Lankester Botanical Gardens</a>, operated by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Costa_Rica" title="University of Costa Rica">University of Costa Rica</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cartago_(canton)" title="Cartago (canton)">Cartago canton</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Czech Republic</b>: <ul><li>Japanese Garden in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> at Botanical Garden</li> <li>Japanese Zen Garden in <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Karlovy Vary</a> at Teplà river</li></ul></li> <li><b>Egypt</b>: <ul><li>Japanese garden in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> at Helwan district</li></ul></li> <li><b>France</b>: <ul><li>The Departmental Museum of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kahn_(banker)" title="Albert Kahn (banker)">Albert Kahn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Albert-Kahn" title="Musée Albert-Kahn">Musée Albert-Kahn</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne-Billancourt</a> has two Japanese gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Japanese Garden at the UNESCO Head Quarters, created by Isamu Noguchi in 1958<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rising sun garden (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Jardin du Soleil levant</i></span>) in the <a href="/wiki/Jardin_botanique_de_Haute-Bretagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Jardin botanique de Haute-Bretagne">botanical garden of Upper Brittany</a></li> <li>Jardin japonais Pierre-Baudis, in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jardin_Compans-Cafferelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jardin Compans-Cafferelli (page does not exist)">Jardin Compans-Cafferelli</a> of <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Georgia</b>: <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> (in <a href="/wiki/National_Botanical_Garden_of_Georgia" title="National Botanical Garden of Georgia">Tbilisi Botanical Garden</a>) opened in 2016</li></ul></li> <li><b>Germany</b>: <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Botanischer_Garten_Augsburg" title="Botanischer Garten Augsburg">Botanischer Garten Augsburg</a>)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Langensalza" title="Bad Langensalza">Bad Langensalza</a> (called "Kōfuku no niwa" and is the 2nd largest Japanese garden in Germany)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4rten_der_Welt" title="Gärten der Welt">Gärten der Welt</a> Park)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a> (in borough of Gadderbaum) opened in 2003</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> (in Rheinaue park)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Museum,_Bremen" title="Overseas Museum, Bremen">Overseas Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika">Botanika</a>)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_East_Asian_Art_(Cologne)" title="Museum of East Asian Art (Cologne)">Museum of East Asian Art</a>)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> (in Westfalenpark)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> (temple garden of the EKŌ-House of Japanese Culture and Nordpark)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> (in Egapark)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg</a> (in Seepark)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Planten_un_Blomen" title="Planten un Blomen">Planten un Blomen</a> Park)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> (in Stadtpark)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Kaiserslautern" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a> (largest Japanese garden in Germany)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> (in Zoological garden)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a> (in Chempark)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Englischer_Garten#Japanisches_Teehaus" title="Englischer Garten">Englischer Garten</a>)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a> (in IGA park)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Schwielowsee" title="Schwielowsee">Schwielowsee</a> (Bonsai garden)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> (in Schlossgarten)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> (called "U Raku En")</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a> (called "Ōmi no wa" and is a contribution from its sister city <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctsu" title="Ōtsu">Ōtsu</a> and at Krankenkai)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Greece</b>: <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, established in 2021</li></ul></li> <li><b>Hungary</b>: <ul><li>on <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Island" title="Margaret Island">Margaret Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></li> <li>in the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Zoo_and_Botanical_Garden" title="Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden">Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>India</b>: <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Moti_Jheel" title="Moti Jheel">Moti Jheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a></li> <li>in Buddha Park, Indira Nagar, <a href="/wiki/Kalianpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalianpur">Kalianpur</a>, Kanpur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Garden,_Chandigarh" title="Japanese Garden, Chandigarh">Japanese Garden, Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pune-Okayama_Friendship_Garden" title="Pune-Okayama Friendship Garden">Pune-Okayama Friendship Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Iran</b>: <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, the National Botanical Garden of Iran; established in 1995</li></ul></li> <li><b>Israel</b>: <ul><li>Kibbutz <a href="/wiki/Heftziba" title="Heftziba">Heftziba</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Kenya</b>: <ul><li>Japanese Zen garden in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> at Kitisuru district</li></ul></li> <li><b>Mexico</b>: <ul><li>Masayoshi Ohira Park in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li>in Los Colomos, <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li>in "Jardines de México" theme park in <a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Parque_Tangamanga" title="Parque Tangamanga">Parque Tangamanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Mongolia</b>: <ul><li>Juulchin street cnr Jigjidjav street, <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, established in 2005 by a Mongolian sumo wrestler</li></ul></li> <li><b>Monaco</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Garden,_Monaco" title="Japanese Garden, Monaco">Jardin Japonais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larvotto" title="Larvotto">Larvotto</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Netherlands</b>: <ul><li>The Japanse Tuin of Clingendael park<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tsubo-en karesansui</i></span> garden in Lelystad, a private modern Japanese zen (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">karesansui</i></span> meaning "dry rock") garden</li> <li>The Von Siebold Memorial Garden in Leiden<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Nicaragua</b>: <ul><li>Parque Japón Nicaragua, in <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Norway</b>: <ul><li>Japanhagen in Milde, <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> – opened 2005, part of the botanical garden of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bergen" title="University of Bergen">University of Bergen</a> – (landscape architect Haruto Kobayashi)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Philippines</b>: <ul><li>The Japanese garden at Rizal Park in <a href="/wiki/Ermita,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermita, Manila">Ermita, Manila</a></li> <li>The Japanese garden at Lake Caliraya in <a href="/wiki/Cavinti,_Laguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavinti, Laguna">Cavinti, Laguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Poland</b>: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Garden,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Japanese Garden, Wrocław">Japanese Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> – founded 1913, restored 1996–1997, destroyed by flood, restored 1999</li> <li>The Japanese garden in <a href="/wiki/Przelewice,_Pyrzyce_County" title="Przelewice, Pyrzyce County">Przelewice</a> – a part of <a href="/wiki/Dendrological_Garden_in_Przelewice" title="Dendrological Garden in Przelewice">Dendrological Garden in Przelewice</a> founded in 1933</li></ul></li> <li><b>Romania</b>: <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Michael_I_Park" title="King Michael I Park">Herăstrău Park</a></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca_Botanical_Garden" title="Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden">Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Russia</b>: <ul><li>The Japanese garden in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> – founded 1983, opened 1987 (landscape architect Ken Nakajima)</li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Karesansui</i></span> garden<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">枯山水</span></span>)</span> or Japanese rock garden in <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a> – opened 2012 (landscape architect Takuhiro Yamada), part of the <a href="/wiki/Botanic_Garden_of_the_Irkutsk_State_University" title="Botanic Garden of the Irkutsk State University">Botanic Garden of the Irkutsk State University</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Serbia</b>: <ul><li>The Japanese garden in <a href="/wiki/Jevremovac" title="Jevremovac">Botanical Garden Jevremovac</a> – opened 2004 (landscape architects Vera and Mihailo Grbic)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Singapore</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Garden,_Singapore" title="Japanese Garden, Singapore">Japanese Garden</a> – a garden island located in <a href="/wiki/Jurong_Lake" title="Jurong Lake">Jurong Lake</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>South Africa</b>: <ul><li>Japanese Garden in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> at Athlone district</li></ul></li> <li><b>Spain</b>: <ul><li>Zen Gardens of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_University_of_Barcelona" title="Autonomous University of Barcelona">Autonomous University of Barcelona</a> at the faculty of translation and interpretation</li></ul></li> <li><b>Sweden</b>: <ul><li>Japanska Trädgården in <a href="/wiki/Ronneby" title="Ronneby">Ronneby</a> Brunnspark, <a href="/wiki/Blekinge" title="Blekinge">Blekinge</a></li> <li>The "Japandalen" (Japan Valley) of <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg_Botanical_Garden" title="Gothenburg Botanical Garden">Gothenburg Botanical Garden</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Turkey</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a> <a href="/wiki/Anadolu_University" title="Anadolu University">Anadolu University</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Botanical_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese Botanical Garden (page does not exist)">Japanese Botanical Garden</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Uruguay</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Garden,_Montevideo" title="Japanese Garden, Montevideo">Jardín Japonés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a> – opened 2001 by <a href="/wiki/Sayako_Kuroda" title="Sayako Kuroda">Princess Sayako</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Uzbekistan</b>: <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, at exhibition centre</li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Gardens">Gardens portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sakuteiki" title="Sakuteiki">Sakuteiki</a></i></span>, the oldest Japanese manual on landscape gardening</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Great_Gardens_of_Japan" title="Three Great Gardens of Japan">Three Great Gardens of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roji-en_Japanese_Gardens" title="Roji-en Japanese Gardens">Roji-en Japanese Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Tokyo" title="List of parks and gardens in Tokyo">List of parks and gardens in Tokyo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_citations">Sources and citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sources and citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Suga-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suga_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suga_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSuga2015" class="citation book cs1">Suga, Hirofumi (2015). <i>Japanese Garden</i>. The Images Publishing Group Pty Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86470-648-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86470-648-2"><bdi>978-1-86470-648-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Garden&rft.pub=The+Images+Publishing+Group+Pty+Ltd&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-86470-648-2&rft.aulast=Suga&rft.aufirst=Hirofumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, 30–31, (30 quoted)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nitschke, <i>Le Jardin japonais</i>, pp. 14–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nitschke, <i>Le Jardin japonais</i>, pp. 14–15, and Young, <i>The Art of the Japanese Garden</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuitert_2002-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuitert_2002_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuitert_2002_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuitert2002" class="citation book cs1">Kuitert, Wybe (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48390767"><i>Themes in the history of Japanese garden art</i></a>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2312-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2312-2"><bdi>978-0-8248-2312-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48390767">48390767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Themes+in+the+history+of+Japanese+garden+art&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48390767&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2312-2&rft.aulast=Kuitert&rft.aufirst=Wybe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F48390767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nitschke, <i>Le Jardin japonais</i>, pp. 22–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nitschke, <i>Le Jardin Japonais</i>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWybe_Kuitert" class="citation web cs1">Wybe Kuitert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/274049284/Two-Early-Japanese-Gardens-by-Wybe-Kuitert">"Two Early Japanese Gardens | Korea | Japan"</a>. <i>Scribd</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=Two+Early+Japanese+Gardens+%26%23124%3B+Korea+%26%23124%3B+Japan&rft.au=Wybe+Kuitert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F274049284%2FTwo-Early-Japanese-Gardens-by-Wybe-Kuitert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nabunken.go.jp/org/bunka/jgd/pages/GardenAtNaraPalace.html">"garden at the Eastern Palace, Nara palace site 平城宮東院庭園"</a>. <i>www.nabunken.go.jp</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nabunken.go.jp&rft.atitle=garden+at+the+Eastern+Palace%2C+Nara+palace+site+%E5%B9%B3%E5%9F%8E%E5%AE%AE%E6%9D%B1%E9%99%A2%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nabunken.go.jp%2Forg%2Fbunka%2Fjgd%2Fpages%2FGardenAtNaraPalace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kkr.mlit.go.jp/asuka/heijo/english/about.html">"Nara Palace Site Historical Park – About"</a>. <i>www.kkr.mlit.go.jp</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kkr.mlit.go.jp&rft.atitle=Nara+Palace+Site+Historical+Park+%E2%80%93+About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kkr.mlit.go.jp%2Fasuka%2Fheijo%2Fenglish%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C._E._Tuttle-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C._E._Tuttle_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C._E._Tuttle_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungYoungTan2019" class="citation book cs1">Young, David E; Young, Michiko; Tan, Yew Hong (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1158966819"><i>The art of the Japanese garden: history, culture, design</i></a>. C. E. Tuttle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-8053-1497-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-8053-1497-5"><bdi>978-4-8053-1497-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1158966819">1158966819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+the+Japanese+garden%3A+history%2C+culture%2C+design&rft.pub=C.+E.+Tuttle&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1158966819&rft.isbn=978-4-8053-1497-5&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=David+E&rft.au=Young%2C+Michiko&rft.au=Tan%2C+Yew+Hong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1158966819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nitschke, <i>Le Jardin japonais</i>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See on the manual Kuitert, <i>Themes in the History of Japanese Garden Art</i>, pp. 30–52. The quote is from Nitschke, <i>Le Jardin japonais</i>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Danielle_Ellisseeff_p._16-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Danielle_Ellisseeff_p._16_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Danielle_Ellisseeff_p._16_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Danielle Ellisseeff, <i>Jardins japonais</i>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danielle Elisseeff, <i>Jardins japonais</i>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniele Eilisseeff, <i>Jardins Japonais</i>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miyeko Murase, <i>L'Art du Japon</i>, pp. 173–177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunter Nitschke, <i>Le Jardin japonais</i>, p. 92. English translation of excerpt by D. R. Siefkin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nitschke,_p._120-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nitschke,_p._120_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nitschke,_p._120_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nitschke, <i>Le jardin japonais</i>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miyeko Murase, <i>l'Art du Japon</i>, pp. 213–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nitschke, <i>Le jardin japonais</i>, pp. 160–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miyeko Murase, <i>L'Art du Japon</i>, pp. 277–281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nitschke, <i>Le jardin Japonais</i>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nitschke, <i>Le jardin japonais</i>, pp. 169–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wybe Kuitert, <i>Japanese Gardens and Landscapes, 1650–1950</i>, pp. 187–246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iwatsuki, Zennoske, and Tsutomu Kodama. <i>Economic Botany</i>. 3rd ed. Vol. 15. New York: Springer, 1961. Print. Mosses in Japanese Gardens</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, Jeremy. <i>Japanese Mythology A to Z</i>. New York, NY: Chelsea House, 2010. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Baridon, <i>Les Jardins</i>, p. 492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Baridon, <i>Les Jardins</i>, p. 490</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, <i>The Art of the Japanese Garden</i>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, <i>The Art of the Japanese Garden</i>, pp. 24–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyd2008" class="citation book cs1">Heyd, Thomas (2008). <i>Encountering Nature</i>. 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Public Health</i>. <b>16</b> (23): 4648. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph16234648">10.3390/ijerph16234648</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6926712">6926712</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31766643">31766643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int.+J.+Environ.+Res.+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Listening+to+Japanese+Gardens%3A+An+Autoethnographic+Study+on+the+Soundscape+Action+Design+Tool&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=4648&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6926712%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31766643&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph16234648&rft.aulast=Cerw%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6926712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, <i>The Art of the Japanese Garden</i>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young,_p._20-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Young,_p._20_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young,_p._20_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, <i>The Art of the Japanese Garden</i>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vincent2008-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vincent2008_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vincent2008_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2008" class="citation book cs1">Vincent, Gregory K. (2008). <i>A history of Du Cane Court : land, architecture, people and politics</i>. Woodbine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9541675-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9541675-1-6"><bdi>978-0-9541675-1-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Du+Cane+Court+%3A+land%2C+architecture%2C+people+and+politics&rft.pub=Woodbine&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9541675-1-6&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Gregory+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-visual-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-visual_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_TonderLyons2005" class="citation journal cs1">van Tonder, Gert J.; Lyons, Michael J. (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kasrl.org/axiomathes.pdf">"Visual Perception in Japanese Rock Garden Design"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Axiomathes</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 353–371. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.125.463">10.1.1.125.463</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10516-004-5448-8">10.1007/s10516-004-5448-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121488942">121488942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Axiomathes&rft.atitle=Visual+Perception+in+Japanese+Rock+Garden+Design&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=353-371&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.125.463%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121488942%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10516-004-5448-8&rft.aulast=van+Tonder&rft.aufirst=Gert+J.&rft.au=Lyons%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kasrl.org%2Faxiomathes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heat_isle-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heat_isle_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOishi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Oishi, Yoshitaka (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326676583">"Urban heat island effects on moss gardens in Kyoto, Japan"</a>. <i>Landscape and Ecological Engineering</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 177–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11355-018-0356-z">10.1007/s11355-018-0356-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51890554">51890554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Landscape+and+Ecological+Engineering&rft.atitle=Urban+heat+island+effects+on+moss+gardens+in+Kyoto%2C+Japan&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-184&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11355-018-0356-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51890554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Oishi&rft.aufirst=Yoshitaka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F326676583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, <i>The Art of the Japanese Garden</i>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Baridon, Les Jardins, p. 466</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, <i>The Art of the Japanese Garden</i>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, <i>The Art of the Japanese Garden</i>, pp. 118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, The <i>Art of the Japanese Garden</i>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, <i>The Art of the Japanese Garden</i>, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunter Nitschke, <i>Le jardin japonais</i>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123145816/http://kyoto.asanoxn.com/places/murasakino/ryogenin.htm">"Ryogen-in, a sub-temple of Daitoku-ji"</a>. <i>kyoto.asanoxn.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kyoto.asanoxn.com/places/murasakino/ryogenin.htm">the original</a> on 2021-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kyoto.asanoxn.com&rft.atitle=Ryogen-in%2C+a+sub-temple+of+Daitoku-ji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkyoto.asanoxn.com%2Fplaces%2Fmurasakino%2Fryogenin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a review of <i>Sakuteiki</i> and various translations in Western languages see: <i>De la Creation des Jardins: Traduction du Sakutei-ki by Michel Vieillard-Baron.</i> Review in English by: Wybe Kuitert in Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 53, No. 2, Summer 1998, Pages 292–294 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2385689">https://www.jstor.org/stable/2385689</a> See also <i>Sakuteiki: Visions of the Japanese Garden</i> by Jiro Takei and <a href="/wiki/Marc_P._Keane" title="Marc P. Keane">Marc P. Keane</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Baridon, <i>Les Jardins</i>, pp. 485–486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Illustrations</i>, nevertheless, are translated and annotated in David A. Slawson, <i>Secret Teachings in the Art of Japanese Gardens</i> (New York/Tokyo: Kodansha 1987)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Baridon, <i>Les Jardins</i>, p. 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nitschke, Le Jardin Japonais, p. 42. Excerpts translated from French by DR Siefkin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danielle Elisseeff, Jardins Japonais, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miyeko Murase, <i>L'Art du Japon</i>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miyeko Murase, <i>L'Art du Japon</i>, p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virginie Klecka, <i>Jardins Japonais</i>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070815055124/http://www.mext.go.jp/english/org/eshisaku/ebunka.htm">"MEXT : Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mext.go.jp/english/org/eshisaku/ebunka.htm">the original</a> on August 15, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MEXT+%3A+Ministry+of+Education%2C+Culture%2C+Sports%2C+Science+and+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mext.go.jp%2Fenglish%2Forg%2Feshisaku%2Febunka.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/location/regional/kyoto/katsura.html">"Katsura"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Katsura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jnto.go.jp%2Feng%2Flocation%2Fregional%2Fkyoto%2Fkatsura.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070818152146/http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/location/regional/kyoto/shugaku-in.html">"Things to Do | Japan Travel | JNTO"</a>. <i>Japan National Tourism Organization (JNTO)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japan.travel/en/things-to-do/">the original</a> on August 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Japan+National+Tourism+Organization+%28JNTO%29&rft.atitle=Things+to+Do+%26%23124%3B+Japan+Travel+%26%23124%3B+JNTO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japan.travel%2Fen%2Fthings-to-do%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slawson 1987:15 and note2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conder quoted in Slawson 1987:15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlawson1987" class="citation book cs1">Slawson, David A. (1987). <i>Japanese gardens: design principles, aesthetic values</i>. Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7700-1541-0" title="Special:BookSources/4-7700-1541-0"><bdi>4-7700-1541-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+gardens%3A+design+principles%2C+aesthetic+values&rft.place=Bunkyo-ku%2C+Tokyo&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Kodansha+International+Ltd.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=4-7700-1541-0&rft.aulast=Slawson&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140415041333/http://www.usq.edu.au/campus-services/gardens">"Gardens"</a>. University of Southern Queensland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usq.edu.au/campus-services/gardens">the original</a> on 15 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gardens&rft.pub=University+of+Southern+Queensland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usq.edu.au%2Fcampus-services%2Fgardens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikkayuko.com">"Nikka Yuko Japanese Garden : Lethbridge, Alberta"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikka+Yuko+Japanese+Garden+%3A+Lethbridge%2C+Alberta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikkayuko.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mississauga.ca/portal/residents/kariyapark">"Mississauga.ca – Residents – Kariya Park"</a>. <i>www.mississauga.ca</i>. 24 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mississauga.ca&rft.atitle=Mississauga.ca+%E2%80%93+Residents+%E2%80%93+Kariya+Park&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mississauga.ca%2Fportal%2Fresidents%2Fkariyapark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070731102016/http://japan-interface.co.uk/gardens/details.php?garID=47">"Japanese Gardens in the UK and Ireland – Compton Acres"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://japan-interface.co.uk/gardens/details.php?garID=47">the original</a> on 2007-07-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+Gardens+in+the+UK+and+Ireland+%E2%80%93+Compton+Acres&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjapan-interface.co.uk%2Fgardens%2Fdetails.php%3FgarID%3D47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JGJUK-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JGJUK_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JGJUK_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JGJUK_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JGJUK_79-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JGJUK_79-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JGJUK_79-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rothteien.com/topics/uk-survey.htm">"UK and Ireland Survey"</a>. <i>Japanese Garden Journal</i>. <b>35</b>. September–October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Garden+Journal&rft.atitle=UK+and+Ireland+Survey&rft.volume=35&rft.date=2003-09%2F2003-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rothteien.com%2Ftopics%2Fuk-survey.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2009/08/27/garden_feature.shtml">"Leeds – Places – Japanese Garden at Horsforth Hall Park reopens"</a>. BBC. 2009-08-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leeds+%E2%80%93+Places+%E2%80%93+Japanese+Garden+at+Horsforth+Hall+Park+reopens&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2009-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fleeds%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2009%2F08%2F27%2Fgarden_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224101959/http://www.homeandgardeningarticles.co.uk/article-topics/gardening-articles/14-gardening/295-japanese-gardens-and-where-to-visit-them-in-the-uk.html">"Japanese Gardens and Where to visit them in the UK"</a>. Homeandgardeningarticles.co.uk. 2011-05-26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homeandgardeningarticles.co.uk/article-topics/gardening-articles/14-gardening/295-japanese-gardens-and-where-to-visit-them-in-the-uk.html">the original</a> on 2013-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+Gardens+and+Where+to+visit+them+in+the+UK&rft.pub=Homeandgardeningarticles.co.uk&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homeandgardeningarticles.co.uk%2Farticle-topics%2Fgardening-articles%2F14-gardening%2F295-japanese-gardens-and-where-to-visit-them-in-the-uk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buildajapanesegarden.com/">"Japanese Garden Design, Construction and Materials"</a>. <i>Build a Japanese Garden UK</i>. October 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Build+a+Japanese+Garden+UK&rft.atitle=Japanese+Garden+Design%2C+Construction+and+Materials&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buildajapanesegarden.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliovson1971" class="citation book cs1">Eliovson, Sima (1971). <i>Gardening the Japanese way</i>. Harrap. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-245-50694-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-245-50694-9"><bdi>978-0-245-50694-9</bdi></a>. <q>Red lacquered arched bridges are seldom seen in Japan, although they are often placed in Japanese-styled gardens in other countries. These are of Chinese origin and there are only a few in evidence in Japanese gardens.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardening+the+Japanese+way&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Harrap&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-245-50694-9&rft.aulast=Eliovson&rft.aufirst=Sima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownCobb2013" class="citation book cs1">Brown, K. H.; Cobb, D. M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N0jRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT117"><i>Quiet Beauty: The Japanese Gardens of North America</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 117–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1186-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1186-8"><bdi>978-1-4629-1186-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quiet+Beauty%3A+The+Japanese+Gardens+of+North+America&rft.pages=117-118&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-1186-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=K.+H.&rft.au=Cobb%2C+D.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN0jRAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmtonline.org/Japanese%20Gardens.htm">The Japanese Gardens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100825051939/http://www.dmtonline.org/Japanese%20Gardens.htm">Archived</a> 2010-08-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Dmtonline.org. Retrieved on 2010-12-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thehotel-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thehotel_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716170327/http://www.kempinski.com/en/sofia/Pages/Welcome.aspx?item_id=50119">"The Hotel"</a>. Kempinski Hotel Zografski Sofia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kempinski.com/en/sofia/Pages/Welcome.aspx?item_id=50119">the original</a> on 2011-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hotel&rft.pub=Kempinski+Hotel+Zografski+Sofia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kempinski.com%2Fen%2Fsofia%2FPages%2FWelcome.aspx%3Fitem_id%3D50119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://albert-kahn.hauts-de-seine.net/les-jardins/les-differents-jardins/">official web site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103194717/http://albert-kahn.hauts-de-seine.net/les-jardins/les-differents-jardins/">Archived</a> 2015-01-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. For the contemporary Japanese Garden see: Wybe Kuitert "Discourse and Creation: Two Japanese Gardens to contemplate in Paris" Shakkei, 2008, 15/1, pp. 18–29 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/248505708/Two-Japanese-Gardens-to-Discover-in-Paris">pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/visit/jardin/">official web site</a>; and see Wybe Kuitert "Discourse and Creation: Two Japanese Gardens to contemplate in Paris" Shakkei, 2008, 15/1, pp. 18–29 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/248505708/Two-Japanese-Gardens-to-Discover-in-Paris">pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Japonaiserie in London and The Hague, A history of the Japanese gardens at Shepherd's Bush (1910) and Clingendael (c. 1915) <i>Journal of the Garden History Society</i> 30, 2: 221–238 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1587254">1587254</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constructed in the Leiden University Botanical Hortus Garden <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VBoQbBJ9eE">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VBoQbBJ9eE</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Johnson_(wine_writer)" title="Hugh Johnson (wine writer)">Johnson, Hugh</a>, <i>Hugh Johnson on Gardening</i>, 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>/Reed International Books, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85732-303-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85732-303-3">1-85732-303-3</a>)</li> <li>Kuitert, Wybe (2017), <i>Japanese Gardens and Landscapes, 1650–1950</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4474-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4474-8">978-0-8122-4474-8</a>)</li> <li>Kuitert, Wybe (2002), <i>Themes in the History of Japanese Garden Art</i>, Hawaii University Press, Honolulu, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313236651_Themes_in_the_History_of_Japanese_Garden_Art">Online as PDF</a>) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2312-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2312-5">0-8248-2312-5</a>)</li> <li>Kuitert, Wybe (1988), <i>Themes, Scenes, and Taste in the History of Japanese Garden Art</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ja.scribd.com/document/337296383/Themes-Scenes-and-Taste-in-Japanese-Garden-Art-by-Wybe-Kuitert-1988">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://edepot.wur.nl/206169">[2]</a>, Japonica Neerlandica, Amsterdam, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5063-0219" title="Special:BookSources/90-5063-0219">90-5063-0219</a>)</li> <li>Young, David and Michiko (2005), <i>The Art of the Japanese Garden</i>, Tuttle Publishing, Vermont and Singapore, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3598-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3598-5">978-0-8048-3598-5</a>)</li> <li>Nitschke, Gunter (1999), <i>Le Jardin japonais – Angle droit et forme naturelle</i>, Taschen publishers, Paris (translated from German into French by Wolf Fruhtrunk), (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-3034-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-3034-5">978-3-8228-3034-5</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaridon1998" class="citation book cs1">Baridon, Michel (1998). <i>Les Jardins- Paysagistes, Jardiniers, Poetes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Jardins-+Paysagistes%2C+Jardiniers%2C+Poetes&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Baridon&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+garden" class="Z3988"></span>, Éditions Robert Lafont, Paris, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-221-06707-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-221-06707-X">2-221-06707-X</a>)</li> <li>Murase, Miyeko (1996), <i>L'Art du Japon</i>, La Pochothḕque, Paris, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-253-13054-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-253-13054-0">2-253-13054-0</a>)</li> <li>Elisseeff, Danielle (2010), <i>Jardins japonais</i>, Ḗditions Scala, Paris, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35988-029-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35988-029-8">978-2-35988-029-8</a>)</li> <li>Klecka, Virginie (2011), <i>Concevoir, Amenager, Decorer Jardins Japonais</i>, Rustica Editions, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8153-0052-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8153-0052-0">978-2-8153-0052-0</a>)</li> <li>Slawson, David A. (1987), <i>Secret Teachings in the Art of Japanese Gardens</i>, New York/Tokyo: Kodansha</li> <li>Yagi, Koji (1982), <i>A Japanese Touch for Your Home</i>. Kodansha</li> <li>Miller, P. (2005), "The Japanese Garden: Gateway to the Human Spirit", <i>International Journal of Humanities & Peace</i>, Vol. 21 Issue 1, Retrieved August 3, 2008 from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://researchport.umd.edu">http://researchport.umd.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824000049/http://researchport.umd.edu/">Archived</a> 2017-08-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Kato, E. (2004), <i>The Tea Ceremony and Women's Empowerment in Modern Japan</i>, RoutledgeCurzon, Retrieved August 3, 2008 from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.netlibrary.com">http://www.netlibrary.com</a></li> <li>Varely, P. (2000), <i>Japanese Culture Fourth Edition</i>, The Maple – Vaile Book Manufacturing Group, Retrieved August 3, 2008 from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.netlibrary.com">http://www.netlibrary.com</a></li> <li>GoJapanGo (2008), Japanese Garden History, GNU Free Documentation License, Retrieved August 2, 2008 from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311134523/http://www.gojapango.com/garden/japanese_garden_history.html">www.gojapango.com</a></li> <li>Gardens, Japan Guide (1996–2008), Retrieved August 3, 2008 from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2099.html">http://www.japan-guide.com/</a></li> <li><i>Kenkyusha's New Japanese–English Dictionary</i>, Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7674-2015-6" title="Special:BookSources/4-7674-2015-6">4-7674-2015-6</a></li> <li><i>The Compact Nelson Japanese–English Dictionary</i>, Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-8053-0574-6" title="Special:BookSources/4-8053-0574-6">4-8053-0574-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_garden&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Japanese_gardens" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Japanese gardens">Japanese gardens</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japanese-city.com/calendar/events/p/location-japanese-garden.php?s=state">List Japanese Gardens by State</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japanese-city.com/calendar/events/index.php?com=location&c=garden&d=365">Map of Japanese Gardens in the United States</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007094905/http://www.gojapango.com/garden/japanese_garden.html">Japanese Gardens</a> 65+ in Japan, others overseas</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn.bowdoin.edu/japanesegardens/">Japanese Gardens, Bowdoin College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanesegardens.jp/gardens/index.php">Real Japanese 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_architectural_elements" title="Template:Japanese architectural elements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_architectural_elements" title="Template talk:Japanese architectural elements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_architectural_elements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese architectural elements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elements_of_Japanese_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elements of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Secular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Azekurazukuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Azekurazukuri">Azekura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buke-zukuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Buke-zukuri">Buke</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gassho-zukuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Gassho-zukuri">Gassho</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giy%C5%8Df%C5%AB_architecture" title="Giyōfū architecture">Giyōfū</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hirairi" title="Hirairi">Hirairi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_Style" title="Imperial Crown Style">Imperial Crown Style</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jutaku" title="Jutaku">Jutaku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omoya" title="Omoya">Omoya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinden-zukuri" title="Shinden-zukuri">Shinden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoin-zukuri" title="Shoin-zukuri">Shoin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukiya-zukuri" title="Sukiya-zukuri">Sukiya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shinto_architecture" title="Shinto architecture">Shinto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Azekura" class="mw-redirect" title="Azekura">Azekura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hachiman-zukuri" title="Hachiman-zukuri">Hachiman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hiyoshi-zukuri" title="Hiyoshi-zukuri">Hiyoshi (<i>Hie</i>)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irimoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Irimoya">Irimoya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ishi-no-ma-zukuri" title="Ishi-no-ma-zukuri">Ishi-no-ma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kasuga-zukuri" title="Kasuga-zukuri">Kasuga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kibitsu-zukuri" title="Kibitsu-zukuri">Kibitsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nagare-zukuri" title="Nagare-zukuri">Nagare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinmei-zukuri" title="Shinmei-zukuri">Shinmei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumiyoshi-zukuri" title="Sumiyoshi-zukuri">Sumiyoshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taisha-zukuri" title="Taisha-zukuri">Taisha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Buddhist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daibutsuy%C5%8D" title="Daibutsuyō">Daibutsuyō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku_Zen_architecture" title="Ōbaku Zen architecture">Ōbaku Zen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Setch%C5%ABy%C5%8D" title="Setchūyō">Setchūyō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Way%C5%8D" title="Wayō">Wayō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zensh%C5%ABy%C5%8D" title="Zenshūyō">Zenshūyō</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;background:whitesmoke;padding:0 1.0em 0 2.0em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Himeji_model7.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Model of Himeji Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Himeji_model7.JPG/150px-Himeji_model7.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Himeji_model7.JPG/225px-Himeji_model7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Himeji_model7.JPG/300px-Himeji_model7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2240" /></a></span><br />Model of <a href="/wiki/Himeji_Castle" title="Himeji Castle">Himeji Castle</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of building</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Secular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">Castle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chashitsu" title="Chashitsu">Chashitsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kura_(storehouse)" title="Kura (storehouse)">Kura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machiya" title="Machiya">Machiya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minka" title="Minka">Minka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yagura_(tower)" title="Yagura (tower)">Yagura</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shinto_architecture" title="Shinto architecture">Shinto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haiden_(Shinto)" title="Haiden (Shinto)">Haiden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heiden_(Shinto)" title="Heiden (Shinto)">Heiden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hokora" title="Hokora">Hokora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honden" title="Honden">Honden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kofun" title="Kofun">Kofun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Setsumatsusha" title="Setsumatsusha">Setsumatsusha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torii" title="Torii">Torii</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Buddhist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Butsuden" class="mw-redirect" title="Butsuden">Butsuden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8D_(architecture)" title="Dō (architecture)">Dō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dky%C5%8Dint%C5%8D" title="Hōkyōintō">Hōkyōintō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dz%C5%8D" title="Kyōzō">Kyōzō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Hall_(Japanese_Buddhism)" title="Main Hall (Japanese Buddhism)">Main Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pagoda" title="Japanese pagoda">Pagoda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shichid%C5%8D_garan" title="Shichidō garan">Shichidō garan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dr%C5%8D" title="Shōrō">Shōrō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tah%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Tahōtō">Tahōtō</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roof styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_roof" title="Hidden roof">Hidden</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irimoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Irimoya">Irimoya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karahafu" title="Karahafu">Karahafu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mokoshi" title="Mokoshi">Mokoshi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structural and spatial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burdock_piling" title="Burdock piling">Burdock piling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chigi_(architecture)" title="Chigi (architecture)">Chigi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disordered_piling" title="Disordered piling">Disordered piling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Engawa" title="Engawa">Engawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hisashi_(architecture)" title="Hisashi (architecture)">Hisashi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irimoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Irimoya">Irimoya-zukuri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irori" title="Irori">Irori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kat%C5%8Dmado" title="Katōmado">Katōmado</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katsuogi" title="Katsuogi">Katsuogi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuruwa" title="Kuruwa">Kuruwa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moya_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moya (architecture)">Moya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nakazonae" title="Nakazonae">Nakazonae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namako_wall" title="Namako wall"><i>Namako</i> wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightingale_floor" title="Nightingale floor">Nightingale floor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Onigawara" title="Onigawara">Onigawara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ranma_(architectural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranma (architectural)">Ranma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Drin" title="Sōrin">Sōrin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamagaki" title="Tamagaki">Tamagaki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tatami" title="Tatami">Tatami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tenshu" title="Tenshu">Tenshu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tokonoma" title="Tokonoma">Tokonoma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toky%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyō">Tokyō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsumairi" title="Tsumairi">Tsumairi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shibi_(roof_tile)" title="Shibi (roof tile)">Shibi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Gates</li><li>Approaches</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genkan" title="Genkan">Genkan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kair%C5%8D" title="Kairō">Kairō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karamon" title="Karamon">Karamon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mon_(architecture)" title="Mon (architecture)">Mon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%ABmon" title="Nijūmon">Nijūmon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%8Dmon" title="Niōmon">Niōmon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dmon" title="Rōmon">Rōmon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sand%C5%8D" title="Sandō">Sandō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanmon" title="Sanmon">Sanmon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dmon" title="Sōmon">Sōmon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torii" title="Torii">Torii</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mihashira_Torii" title="Mihashira Torii">Mihashira</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chashitsu" title="Chashitsu">Chashitsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_kitchen" title="Japanese kitchen">Daidokoro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mizuya" title="Mizuya">Mizuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nando_(architecture)" title="Nando (architecture)">Nando</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoin" title="Shoin">Shoin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilets_in_Japan" title="Toilets in Japan">Toilets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washitsu" title="Washitsu">Washitsu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Furnishings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Butsudan" title="Butsudan">Butsudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chabudai" title="Chabudai">Chabudai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emakimono" title="Emakimono">Emakimono</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Furo" title="Furo">Furo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Futon" title="Futon">Futon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Getabako" title="Getabako">Getabako</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamado" title="Kamado">Kamado</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamidana" title="Kamidana">Kamidana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kotatsu" title="Kotatsu">Kotatsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitamaya" title="Mitamaya">Mitamaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oshiire" title="Oshiire">Oshiire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tansu" title="Tansu">Tansu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabuton" title="Zabuton">Zabuton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zafu" title="Zafu">Zafu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_partition_furniture_of_traditional_Japanese_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="List of partition furniture of traditional Japanese architecture">Partitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dbu" title="Byōbu">Byōbu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fusuma" title="Fusuma">Fusuma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jinmaku" title="Jinmaku">Jinmaku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kich%C5%8D" title="Kichō">Kichō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noren" title="Noren">Noren</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shitomi" title="Shitomi">Shitomi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoji" title="Shoji">Shōji</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Washi" title="Washi">washi</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sudare" title="Sudare">Sudare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuitate" title="Tsuitate">Tsuitate</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dzuya" title="Chōzuya">Chōzuya (Temizuya)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giboshi" title="Giboshi">Giboshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shigandang" title="Shigandang">Ishigantō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Komainu" title="Komainu">Komainu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dr%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōrō">Tōrō</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_units_of_measurement" title="Japanese units of measurement">Measurements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ken_(unit)" title="Ken (unit)">Ken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koku" title="Koku">Koku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">Ri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaku_(unit)" title="Shaku (unit)">Shaku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cun_(unit)" title="Cun (unit)">Sun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Institute_of_Japan" title="Architectural Institute of Japan">Architectural Institute of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Institute_of_Architects" title="Japan Institute of Architects">Japan Institute of Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolist Movement">Metabolist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groups_of_Traditional_Buildings" title="Groups of Traditional Buildings">Groups of Traditional Buildings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iki_(aesthetics)" title="Iki (aesthetics)">Iki</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese garden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">rock (Zen)</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kumiko_(woodworking)" title="Kumiko (woodworking)">Kumiko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ryokan_(inn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryokan (inn)">Ryokan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">Wabi-sabi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yabo" title="Yabo">Yabo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan" title="Lists of National Treasures of Japan">National Treasures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(castles)" title="List of National Treasures of Japan (castles)">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(residences)" title="List of National Treasures of Japan (residences)">Residences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(shrines)" title="List of National Treasures of Japan (shrines)">Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(temples)" title="List of National Treasures of Japan (temples)">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(miscellaneous_structures)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Treasures of Japan (miscellaneous structures)">Other structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horticulture_and_gardening" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template talk:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horticulture_and_gardening" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">Gardening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">Allotment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_gardening" title="Butterfly gardening">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening" title="Climate-friendly gardening">Climate-friendly gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodscaping" title="Foodscaping">Foodscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_intensive_gardening" title="French intensive gardening">French intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tool" title="Garden tool">Garden tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_wall" title="Green wall">Green wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_gardening" title="Guerrilla gardening">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gardening" title="History of gardening">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">Parterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplifting" title="Proplifting">Proplifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">Raised bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot_gardening" title="Square foot gardening">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeriscaping" title="Xeriscaping">Xeriscaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_types" title="List of garden types">Types of<br />gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_garden" title="Alpine garden">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Gardens of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Australia" title="Gardening in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_garden" title="Baroque garden">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_garden" title="Biblical garden">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_garden" title="Bottle garden">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactus_garden" title="Cactus garden">Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_garden" title="Colonial Revival garden">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Color garden">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_garden" title="Communal garden">Communal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_square" title="Garden square">Garden square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_garden" title="Container garden">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_garden" title="Cottage garden">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_garden" title="Dutch garden">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian garden">East Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_garden" title="Lingnan garden">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">Roji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2n_non_b%E1%BB%99" title="Hòn non bộ">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadgi" title="Sharawadgi">Sharawadgi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernery" title="Fernery">Fernery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Floating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">Flower</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" title="Gardens of the French Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_garden" title="German garden">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gardens">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_garden_(cultivation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging garden (cultivation)">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_garden" title="Keyhole garden">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">Knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_garden" title="Mary garden">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_garden" title="Medieval garden">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekarangan" title="Pekarangan">Indonesian home garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%81gh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāgh (garden)">Bāgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Physic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie#Prairie_garden" title="Prairie">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_garden" title="Pollinator garden">Pollinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_gardens" title="Roman gardens">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_garden" title="Sacred garden">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_garden" title="School garden">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Scotland" title="Gardening in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_garden" title="Sensory garden">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_garden" title="Shade garden">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubbery" title="Shrubbery">Shrubbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_garden" title="Therapeutic garden">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_garden" title="Trial garden">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_garden" title="Tropical garden">Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">Walled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_garden" title="Winter garden">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">stock-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saikei" title="Saikei">Saikei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products" title="List of most valuable crops and livestock products">most valuable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticultural_flora" title="Horticultural flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCgelkultur" title="Hügelkultur">Hügelkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Fruticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Genetically modified tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_horticulture" title="Indigenous horticulture">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olericulture" title="Olericulture">Olericulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flowering" title="Free-flowering">free-flowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postharvest_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Postharvest physiology">Postharvest physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguing" title="Roguing">Roguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_horticulture" title="Tropical horticulture">Tropical</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_horticulture" title="Organic horticulture">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming" title="Outline of organic gardening and farming">List of organic gardening and farming topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">Fungicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles" title="Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungicides" title="List of fungicides">List of fungicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insecticides" title="List of insecticides">List of insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_forecasting" title="Plant disease forecasting">Plant disease forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquamog" title="Aquamog">Aquamog weed remover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_orchard" title="Community orchard">Community orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_features" title="List of garden features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floristry" title="Floristry">Floristry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_centre" title="Garden centre">Garden centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">Garden tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens" title="List of gardens">List of gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Lists of plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_collecting" title="Plant collecting">Plant collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turf_management" title="Turf management">Turf management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Horticulture" title="Category:Horticulture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Horticulture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Horticulture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Horticulture_and_Gardening" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Horticulture and Gardening">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="East_Asian_traditional_gardens_and_landscape_design" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_garden_styles" title="Template:Chinese garden styles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_garden_styles" title="Template talk:Chinese garden styles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_garden_styles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese garden styles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="East_Asian_traditional_gardens_and_landscape_design" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian gardens">East Asian traditional gardens</a> and landscape design</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese garden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean garden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jiangnan style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gardens_of_Suzhou" title="Classical Gardens of Suzhou">Classical Gardens of Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Garden" title="Yu Garden">Yu Garden</a></li> <li>Gardens around the <a href="/wiki/West_Lake" title="West Lake">West Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhan_Garden_(Nanjing)" title="Zhan Garden (Nanjing)">Zhan Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochou_Lake" title="Mochou Lake">Mochou Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huaqing_Pool" title="Huaqing Pool">Huaqing Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beihai_Park" title="Beihai Park">Beihai Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongnanhai" title="Zhongnanhai">Zhongnanhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace" title="Old Summer Palace">Old Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragrant_Hills" title="Fragrant Hills">Fragrant Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a></li> <li>Rear Garden of <a href="/wiki/Changdeokgung" title="Changdeokgung">Changdeokgung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Imperial_Villa" title="Katsura Imperial Villa">Katsura Imperial Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugakuin_Imperial_Villa" title="Shugakuin Imperial Villa">Shugakuin Imperial Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayama_Imperial_Villa" title="Hayama Imperial Villa">Hayama Imperial Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzaki_Imperial_Villa" title="Suzaki Imperial Villa">Suzaki Imperial Villa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North China style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Garden of the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Gong_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Gong Mansion">Prince Gong Mansion</a></li> <li>Gardens in <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_garden" title="Lingnan garden">Lingnan style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ke Yuan">Ke Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_Hui_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Hui Yuan">Qing Hui Yuan</a></li> <li>Yu Yin Shan Fang</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_garden" title="Sichuanese garden">Sichuanese style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Du_Fu_Thatched_Cottage" title="Du Fu Thatched Cottage">Du Fu Thatched Cottage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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