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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._Louis_interlude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 St. Louis interlude </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._Louis_interlude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Civil War service </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_War_service-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Civil War service subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_commissions_and_Bull_Run" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_commissions_and_Bull_Run"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 First commissions and Bull Run </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_commissions_and_Bull_Run-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kentucky_and_breakdown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kentucky_and_breakdown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Kentucky and breakdown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kentucky_and_breakdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shiloh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shiloh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Shiloh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shiloh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vicksburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vicksburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Vicksburg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vicksburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chattanooga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chattanooga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Chattanooga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chattanooga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atlanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atlanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Atlanta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atlanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_to_the_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_to_the_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 March to the Sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_to_the_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_campaigns_in_the_Carolinas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_campaigns_in_the_Carolinas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Final campaigns in the Carolinas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_campaigns_in_the_Carolinas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederate_surrender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederate_surrender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Confederate surrender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederate_surrender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery_and_emancipation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery_and_emancipation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Slavery and emancipation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery_and_emancipation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Strategies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Strategies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Strategies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maneuver_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maneuver_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Maneuver warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maneuver_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hard_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hard_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Hard war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hard_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Postwar service </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Postwar_service-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Postwar service subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Postwar_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Indian Wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_of_the_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_of_the_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 General of the Army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_of_the_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Final years </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Final years subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Religious views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Historical reputation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments_and_tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments_and_tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Monuments and tributes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments_and_tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_of_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Dates of rank </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Publications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Publications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Book chapters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letters_and_other_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters_and_other_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Letters and other documents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters_and_other_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">William Tecumseh Sherman</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" > 52 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willelm_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="Willelm Tecumseh Sherman – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Willelm Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ويليام شيرمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويليام شيرمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8D_%D0%A8%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Уільям Тэкумсэ Шэрман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уільям Тэкумсэ Шэрман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8E%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8D_%D0%A8%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ўільям Тэкумсэ Шэрман – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ўільям Тэкумсэ Шэрман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Уилям Шърман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилям Шърман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Sherman" title="William T. Sherman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="William T. Sherman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86" title="ویلیام تکامسه شرمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام تکامسه شرمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%ED%85%8C%EC%BF%B0%EC%84%B8_%EC%85%94%EB%A8%BC" title="윌리엄 테쿰세 셔먼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 테쿰세 셔먼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Sherman" title="William T. Sherman – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="William T. Sherman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="ויליאם שרמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם שרמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="Gulielmus Tecumseh Sherman – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljams_%C5%A0%C4%93rmens" title="Viljams Šērmens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viljams Šērmens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="विल्यम टेकुम्सेह शेरमन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विल्यम टेकुम्सेह शेरमन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ويليام شيرمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويليام شيرمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ウィリアム・シャーマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・シャーマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%BC%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86" title="وليام ټيکمسه شرمن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وليام ټيکمسه شرمن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Шерман, Уильям Текумсе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шерман, Уильям Текумсе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A2._%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вилијам Т. Шерман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилијам Т. Шерман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вільям Шерман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільям Шерман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="William Tecumseh Sherman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E5%BA%93%E5%A7%86%E5%A1%9E%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E9%97%A8" title="威廉·特库姆塞·谢尔门 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威廉·特库姆塞·谢尔门" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E5%BA%93%E5%A7%86%E5%A1%9E%C2%B7%E8%88%8D%E6%9B%BC" title="威廉·特库姆塞·舍曼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉·特库姆塞·舍曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188936#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:William_Tecumseh_Sherman" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Tecumseh_Sherman&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"General Sherman" and "William Sherman" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/General_Sherman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="General Sherman (disambiguation)">General Sherman (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Sherman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="William Sherman (disambiguation)">William Sherman (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">William Tecumseh Sherman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:General_William_T._Sherman_(4190887790)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photograph of Sherman in uniform with his arms folded in front of him" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/General_William_T._Sherman_%284190887790%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-General_William_T._Sherman_%284190887790%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/General_William_T._Sherman_%284190887790%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-General_William_T._Sherman_%284190887790%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/General_William_T._Sherman_%284190887790%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-General_William_T._Sherman_%284190887790%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2118" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Sherman was photographed by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, in May 1865, with a black ribbon of mourning on his left arm following the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassination</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1993i-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding General of the U.S. Army">Commanding General of the U.S. Army</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1869 (March 4, 1869) – November 1, 1883 (November 1, 1883)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Ulysses S. Grant</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Acting <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office September 6, 1869 (September 6, 1869) – October 25, 1869 (October 25, 1869)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Ulysses S. Grant</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Aaron_Rawlins" title="John Aaron Rawlins">John Aaron Rawlins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Belknap" title="William W. Belknap">William W. Belknap</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1820-02-08)February 8, 1820 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Ohio" title="Lancaster, Ohio">Lancaster, Ohio</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 14, 1891(1891-02-14) (aged 71) <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Cemetery_(St._Louis)" title="Calvary Cemetery (St. Louis)">Calvary Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, Missouri, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Boyle_Ewing_Sherman" title="Eleanor Boyle Ewing Sherman">Eleanor Boyle Ewing</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1850; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1888)</div><a href="#cite_note-SHR-ND-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_Sherman" title="Charles Taylor Sherman">Charles Taylor Sherman</a> (brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a> (brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hoyt_Sherman" title="Hoyt Sherman">Hoyt Sherman</a> (brother)</li></ul></div> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing_Sherman" title="Thomas Ewing Sherman">Thomas Ewing Sherman</a> (son)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Tecumseh_Sherman_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Tecumseh Sherman's signature"><img alt="W. T. Sherman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_Signature.svg/128px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_Signature.svg/192px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_Signature.svg/256px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="99" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Cump</li><li>Uncle Billy</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1840–1853</li><li>1861–1884</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major general</a> (Active)</li><li><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)" title="General of the Army (United States)">General of the Army</a> (Postwar)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/XV_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XV Corps (Union Army)">XV Corps</a> (1863)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tennessee" title="Army of the Tennessee">Army of the Tennessee</a> (1863–1864)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Division_of_the_Mississippi" title="Military Division of the Mississippi">Military Division of the Mississippi</a> (1864–1865)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Missouri" title="Department of the Missouri">Department of the Missouri</a> (1866–1869)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding General of the U.S. Army">Commanding General of the U.S. Army</a> (1869–1883)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Battle of Shiloh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson Expedition">Jackson Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_campaign" title="Meridian campaign">Meridian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Savannah campaign (March to the Sea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinas_campaign" title="Carolinas campaign">Carolinas campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thanks_of_Congress" title="Thanks of Congress">Thanks of Congress</a> (February 19, 1864, and January 10, 1865)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> William Tecumseh Sherman (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/tɪˈkʌmsə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">tih-KUM-sə</a>;<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> February 8, 1820 – February 14, 1891) was an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author. He served as a <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865), earning recognition for his command of <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">military strategy</a> but criticism for the harshness of his <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched-earth</a> policies, which he implemented in <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_march_to_the_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman's march to the sea">his military campaign</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States">Confederate States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodworth2005631-6">[6]</a> British military theorist and historian <a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">B. H. Liddell Hart</a> declared that Sherman was "the most original genius of the American Civil War" and "the first modern general".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart1993xiii,_430-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Born in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Ohio" title="Lancaster, Ohio">Lancaster, Ohio</a>, into a politically prominent family, Sherman graduated in 1840 from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point</a>. In 1853, he interrupted his military career to pursue private business ventures, without much success. In 1859, he became superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Seminary_of_Learning_%26_Military_Academy" title="Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy">Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University" title="Louisiana State University">Louisiana State University</a>, but resigned when Louisiana seceded from the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>. Sherman commanded a brigade of volunteers at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a> in 1861, and then was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Theater of the American Civil War">Western Theater</a>. He was stationed in Kentucky, where his pessimism about the outlook of the war led to a breakdown that required him to be briefly put on leave.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> He recovered and forged a close partnership with General <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>. Sherman served under Grant in 1862 and 1863 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Henry" title="Battle of Fort Henry">Battle of Fort Henry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Battle of Fort Donelson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Battle of Shiloh</a>, the campaigns that led to the fall of the Confederate stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga campaign</a>, which culminated with the routing of the Confederate armies in the state of Tennessee. In 1864, when Grant went east to serve as the <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">General-in-Chief of the Union Armies</a>, Sherman succeeded him as the commander in the Western Theater. He led the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">capture</a> of the strategic city of <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, a military success that contributed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1864" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election, 1864">re-election</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. Sherman's subsequent famous <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">"March to the Sea"</a> through Georgia and <a href="/wiki/Carolinas_campaign" title="Carolinas campaign">the Carolinas</a> involved little fighting but large-scale destruction of military and civilian infrastructure, a systematic policy intended to undermine the ability and willingness of the Confederacy to continue fighting. Sherman accepted the surrender of all the Confederate armies in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida in April 1865, but the terms that he negotiated were considered too generous by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of War">U.S. Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a>, who ordered General Grant to modify them. When Grant became President of the United States in March 1869, Sherman succeeded him as <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Commanding General of the Army</a>. Sherman served in that capacity from 1869 until 1883 and was responsible for the U.S. Army's engagement in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a>. He steadfastly refused to be drawn into party politics and in 1875 published his memoirs, which became one of the best-known first-hand accounts of the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1990-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman_Birthplace" title="John Sherman Birthplace">John Sherman Birthplace</a></div> Sherman was born in 1820 in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Ohio" title="Lancaster, Ohio">Lancaster, Ohio</a>, near the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Hocking_River" title="Hocking River">Hocking River</a>. His father, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Sherman" title="Charles Robert Sherman">Charles Robert Sherman</a>, a lawyer who was a justice on the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Supreme Court">Ohio Supreme Court</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek20074-11">[11]</a> died unexpectedly of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a> in 1829.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202021-12">[12]</a> His widow, Mary Hoyt Sherman, remained with eleven children and no inheritance. Nine-year-old Sherman was raised by a Lancaster neighbor and family friend, attorney <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Thomas Ewing</a>. Ewing was a prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Whig Party">Whig Party</a> who became <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. senator</a> for Ohio and the first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a>. Sherman was distantly related to <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">US founding father</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek20071-13">[13]</a> Sherman's older brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_Sherman" title="Charles Taylor Sherman">Charles Taylor Sherman</a> became a federal judge. One of his younger brothers, <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sherman (politician)">John Sherman</a>, was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> and served as a U.S. congressman, senator, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Cabinet">cabinet secretary</a>. Another younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Hoyt_Sherman" title="Hoyt Sherman">Hoyt Sherman</a>, was a successful banker. Two of his foster brothers served as <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major generals</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> during the Civil War: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Boyle_Ewing" title="Hugh Boyle Ewing">Hugh Boyle Ewing</a>, later an ambassador and author, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing_Jr." title="Thomas Ewing Jr.">Thomas Ewing Jr.</a>, who was a <a href="/wiki/Defense_attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense attorney">defense attorney</a> in the military trials of the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln assassination">Lincoln conspirators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2016148–149-14">[14]</a> Sherman's niece, <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_Sherman_Meade" title="Euthanasia Sherman Meade">Euthanasia Sherman Meade</a>, was a pioneering <a href="/wiki/Women_in_medicine" title="Women in medicine">woman physician</a> in California.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names">Names</h3></div> Sherman's unusual given name has always attracted attention. One 19th-century source, for example, states that "General Sherman, we believe, is the only eminent American named from an Indian chief".<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> According to Sherman's Memoirs, he was named William Tecumseh because his father had "caught a fancy for the great chief of the <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnees</a>, '<a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a>'".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890a11-17">[17]</a> However, Lloyd Lewis's 1932 biography claimed that Sherman was originally named only Tecumseh and that he acquired the name William at the age of nine or ten, when he was <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> at the behest of his foster family. According to Lewis's account, which was repeated by later authors, Sherman was baptized in the Ewing home by a <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> priest who found the pagan name Tecumseh unsuitable and instead named the child William after the saint on whose <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">feast day</a> the baptism took place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis199334-18">[18]</a> Sherman had already been baptized as an infant by a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> minister<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis199323-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007xiv–xv_n._1-20">[20]</a> and recent biographers believe, contrary to Lewis's claims, that he was probably given the first name William at that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchenker200855-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202019-22">[22]</a> As an adult, Sherman signed all his correspondence, including to his wife, "W. T. Sherman".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonBerlin19996-23">[23]</a> His friends and family called him Cump.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200532-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_training_and_service">Military training and service</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Sherman_Birthplace,_Lancaster,_Ohio,_US.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This two-story building is made of bricks." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/John_Sherman_Birthplace%2C_Lancaster%2C_Ohio%2C_US.jpg/220px-John_Sherman_Birthplace%2C_Lancaster%2C_Ohio%2C_US.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/John_Sherman_Birthplace%2C_Lancaster%2C_Ohio%2C_US.jpg/330px-John_Sherman_Birthplace%2C_Lancaster%2C_Ohio%2C_US.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/John_Sherman_Birthplace%2C_Lancaster%2C_Ohio%2C_US.jpg/440px-John_Sherman_Birthplace%2C_Lancaster%2C_Ohio%2C_US.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Sherman's <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman_Birthplace" title="John Sherman Birthplace">childhood home</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Ohio" title="Lancaster, Ohio">Lancaster, Ohio</a>.</figcaption></figure> Senator Ewing secured an appointment for the 16-year-old Sherman as a cadet in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202024-25">[25]</a> Sherman roomed with and befriended another important future Civil War general for the Union, <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">George Henry Thomas</a>. Sherman excelled academically at West Point, but he treated the demerit system with indifference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202030-26">[26]</a> Fellow cadet <a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">William Rosecrans</a> remembered Sherman as "one of the brightest and most popular fellows" at the academy and as "a bright-eyed, red-headed fellow, who was always prepared for a lark of any kind".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirshson199713-27">[27]</a> About his time at West Point, Sherman says only the following in his Memoirs: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">At the Academy I was not considered a good soldier, for at no time was I selected for any office, but remained a private throughout the whole four years. Then, as now, neatness in dress and form, with a strict conformity to the rules, were the qualifications required for office, and I suppose I was found not to excel in any of these. In studies I always held a respectable reputation with the professors, and generally ranked among the best, especially in drawing, chemistry, mathematics, and natural philosophy. My average demerits, per annum, were about one hundred and fifty, which reduced my final class standing from number four to six.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890a17-28">[28]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherman_young.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white photo of a man's head and shoulders. He is turned to the left diagonal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sherman_young.jpg/220px-Sherman_young.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Sherman_young.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Sherman is in military uniform as a youth.</figcaption></figure> Upon graduation in 1840, Sherman entered the army as a <a href="/wiki/US_Second_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="US Second Lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> in the 3rd U.S. Artillery and saw action in Florida in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a>. In his memoirs he noted that "it was a great pity to remove the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminole (tribe)">Seminoles</a> at all [as Florida] was the Indian's paradise" and still had (at the time that Sherman wrote his memoirs in the 1870s) "a population less than should make a good State".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890a26-29">[29]</a> Sherman was later stationed in Georgia and South Carolina. As the foster son of a prominent Whig politician, in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a> the popular Lieutenant Sherman moved within the upper circles of <a href="/wiki/Old_South" title="Old South">Old South</a> society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirshson199721-30">[30]</a> While many of his colleagues engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, Sherman was assigned to administrative duties in the captured territory of California. Along with fellow Lieutenants <a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Henry Halleck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Edward Ord</a>, Sherman embarked from New York City on the 198-day journey around <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a>, aboard the converted sloop <a href="/wiki/USS_Lexington_(1825)" title="USS Lexington (1825)">USS Lexington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202043-31">[31]</a> During that voyage, Sherman grew close to Ord and especially to the intellectually distinguished Halleck.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell201429-32">[32]</a> In his memoirs, Sherman relates a hike with Halleck to the summit of <a href="/wiki/Corcovado" title="Corcovado">Corcovado</a>, overlooking <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a>, in order to examine the city's aqueduct design.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890a42–43-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell201429–30-34">[34]</a> Sherman and Ord disembarked in <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey, California</a> on January 28, 1847, two days before the town of <a href="/wiki/Yerba_Buena,_California" title="Yerba Buena, California">Yerba Buena</a> acquired the new name of "San Francisco".<a href="#cite_note-SFMuseum1-35">[35]</a> Sherman and Halleck lived in a house in Monterey, now known as the "<a href="/wiki/Sherman_Quarters" title="Sherman Quarters">Sherman Quarters</a>", from 1847 to 1849.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In June 1848, Sherman accompanied the military governor of California, Col. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Barnes_Mason" title="Richard Barnes Mason">Richard Barnes Mason</a>, to inspect the gold mines at <a href="/wiki/Sutter%27s_Fort" title="Sutter's Fort">Sutter's Fort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFMuseum2-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell201435-38">[38]</a> Sherman unwittingly helped to launch the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a> by drafting the official documents in which Governor Mason confirmed that gold had been discovered in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202046-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell201435–36-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherman_Quarters_on_510_Calle_Principal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sherman_Quarters_on_510_Calle_Principal.jpg/220px-Sherman_Quarters_on_510_Calle_Principal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sherman_Quarters_on_510_Calle_Principal.jpg/330px-Sherman_Quarters_on_510_Calle_Principal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sherman_Quarters_on_510_Calle_Principal.jpg/440px-Sherman_Quarters_on_510_Calle_Principal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2674" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Quarters" title="Sherman Quarters">Sherman Quarters</a> is at 510 Calle Principal in <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey, California</a>.</figcaption></figure> At <a href="/wiki/John_Augustus_Sutter_Jr." title="John Augustus Sutter Jr.">John Augustus Sutter Jr.</a>'s request, Sherman assisted Captain <a href="/wiki/William_H._Warner" title="William H. Warner">William H. Warner</a> in surveying the new city of <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a>, laying its street grid in 1848.<a href="#cite_note-Sacramento-41">[41]</a> He also opened a general store in <a href="/wiki/Coloma,_California" title="Coloma, California">Coloma</a>, which earned him $1,500 in 1849 while his army salary was only $70 a month. Sherman also earned money from surveying and by the sale of lots in Sacramento and <a href="/wiki/Benicia,_California" title="Benicia, California">Benicia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202046–47-42">[42]</a> Even though he earned a <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a> promotion to <a href="/wiki/Captain_(U.S._Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (U.S. Army)">captain</a> in 1848 for his "meritorious service", his lack of combat experience and relatively slow advancement within the army discouraged him. Sherman would eventually become one of the few high-ranking officers of the American Civil War who had not fought in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDougherty200796–100-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_business_career">Marriage and business career</h3></div> On May 1, 1850, Sherman married his foster sister, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Ewing_Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellen Ewing Sherman">Ellen Boyle Ewing</a>, who was four years and eight months his junior. Ellen's father, Thomas Ewing, was the US Secretary of the Interior at that time. Father <a href="/wiki/James_A._Ryder" title="James A. Ryder">James A. Ryder</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown College</a>, officiated at the Washington, D.C., ceremony. President <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> and other political luminaries attended the wedding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton194772–78-44">[44]</a> Ellen Ewing Sherman was a devout Catholic, and the couple's children were reared in that faith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennett200134,_72-45">[45]</a> Their eight children were:<a href="#cite_note-loc_family_tree-46">[46]</a> <ul><li>Maria Ewing ("Minnie") (1851–1913)</li> <li>Mary Elizabeth (1852–1925)</li> <li>William Tecumseh Jr. ("Willie") (1854–1863)</li> <li>Thomas Ewing (1856–1933)</li> <li>Eleanor Mary ("Ellie") (1859–1915)</li> <li>Rachel Ewing (1861–1919)</li> <li>Charles Celestine (1864–1864)</li> <li>Philemon Tecumseh (1867–1941)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Turner_%26_Co_bank_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lucas_Turner_%26_Co_bank_plaque.jpg/220px-Lucas_Turner_%26_Co_bank_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lucas_Turner_%26_Co_bank_plaque.jpg/330px-Lucas_Turner_%26_Co_bank_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lucas_Turner_%26_Co_bank_plaque.jpg/440px-Lucas_Turner_%26_Co_bank_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>This California Registered Historic Landmark plaque commemorates the location in <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Square,_San_Francisco" title="Jackson Square, San Francisco">Jackson Square, San Francisco</a>, which Sherman directed from 1853 to 1857.</figcaption></figure> Sherman was appointed as captain in the Army's Commissary Department on September 27, 1850, with offices in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis, Missouri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1990Chronology,_p._1091-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202050-48">[48]</a> He resigned his commission in 1853 and entered civilian life as manager of the San Francisco branch of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Lucas,_Turner_%26_Co." title="Bank of Lucas, Turner & Co.">Bank of Lucas, Turner & Co.</a>, whose corporate headquarters were in St. Louis. Sherman survived two shipwrecks and floated through the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate" title="Golden Gate">Golden Gate</a> on the overturned hull of a foundering lumber schooner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202052–53-49">[49]</a> Sherman suffered from <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> attacks, which he attributed in part to stress caused by the city's aggressive business culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202055–56-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890a160–161-51">[51]</a> Late in life, Sherman said of his time in San Francisco, under frenzied real estate speculation: "I can handle a hundred thousand men in battle, and take the City of the Sun, but am afraid to manage a lot in the swamp of San Francisco."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyster1991133–134-52">[52]</a> The failure of <a href="/wiki/Page,_Bacon_%26_Co." title="Page, Bacon & Co.">Page, Bacon & Co.</a> triggered a panic surrounding the "Black Friday" of February 23, 1855, leading to the closure of several of San Francisco's principal banks and many other businesses. Sherman, however, succeeded in keeping his own bank solvent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202056–57-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890a140–144-54">[54]</a> In 1856, during the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Committee_of_Vigilance" title="San Francisco Committee of Vigilance">vigilante period</a>, he served briefly as a <a href="/wiki/Major_General#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">major general</a> of the California <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1990Chronology,_p._1093-55">[55]</a> Sherman's San Francisco branch closed in May 1857, and he relocated to New York City on behalf of the same bank, travelling on the steamer <a href="/wiki/SS_Central_America" title="SS Central America">SS Central America</a>. When the bank failed during the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a>, he closed the New York branch. In early 1858, he returned to California to finalize the bank's outstanding accounts there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202061–62-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[a]</a> Later in 1858, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Leavenworth,_Kansas" title="Leavenworth, Kansas">Leavenworth, Kansas</a>, where he worked as the office manager of the law firm established by his brothers-in-law Hugh Ewing and Thomas Ewing Jr. Sherman obtained a license to practice law, despite not having studied for the bar, but had little success as a lawyer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202062–63-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_college_superintendent">Military college superintendent</h3></div> In 1859, Sherman accepted a job as the first superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Seminary_of_Learning_%26_Military_Academy" title="Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy">Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pineville,_Louisiana" title="Pineville, Louisiana">Pineville, Louisiana</a>, a position he sought at the suggestion of Major <a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Don Carlos Buell</a> and obtained through the support of General <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_Graham" title="George Mason Graham">George Mason Graham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202063–64-59">[58]</a> Sherman was an effective and popular leader of the institution, which would later become <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University" title="Louisiana State University">Louisiana State University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202063,_67–68-60">[59]</a> Colonel <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pannell_Taylor" title="Joseph Pannell Taylor">Joseph P. Taylor</a>, brother of the late President Zachary Taylor, declared that "if you had hunted the whole Army, from one end of it to the other, you could not have found a man in it more admirably suited for the position in every respect than Sherman."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirshson199768-61">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LSUcannons_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two cannons in front of a building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/LSUcannons_crop.jpg/220px-LSUcannons_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/LSUcannons_crop.jpg/330px-LSUcannons_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/LSUcannons_crop.jpg/440px-LSUcannons_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>These cannons were used in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a> and procured by Sherman for the university after the Civil War, and are displayed at the Military Science building at <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University" title="Louisiana State University">Louisiana State University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></figcaption></figure> Sherman's younger brother <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John</a> was, from his seat in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a>, a prominent advocate <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">against slavery</a>. Before the Civil War, however, the more conservative William had expressed some sympathy for the white Southerners' defense of their traditional agrarian system, including the institution of slavery. On the other hand, he was adamantly opposed to the secession of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">southern states</a>. In Louisiana, he became a close friend of professor <a href="/wiki/David_French_Boyd" title="David French Boyd">David French Boyd</a>, a native of Virginia and an enthusiastic secessionist. Boyd later recalled witnessing that, when news of South Carolina's <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">secession from the United States</a> reached them at the Seminary, "Sherman burst out crying, and began, in his nervous way, pacing the floor and deprecating the step which he feared might bring destruction on the whole country."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalters19739-63">[62]</a> In what some authors have seen as an accurate prophecy of the conflict that would engulf the United States during the next four years,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1993138-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell201465-65">[64]</a> Boyd recalled Sherman declaring: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">You people of the South don't know what you are doing. This country will be drenched in blood, and God only knows how it will end. It is all folly, madness, a crime against civilization! You people speak so lightly of war; you don't know what you're talking about. War is a terrible thing! You mistake, too, the people of the North. They are a peaceable people but an earnest people, and they will fight, too. They are not going to let this country be destroyed without a mighty effort to save it ... Besides, where are your men and appliances of war to contend against them? The North can make a steam engine, locomotive, or railway car; hardly a yard of cloth or pair of shoes can you make. You are rushing into war with one of the most powerful, ingeniously mechanical, and determined people on Earth—right at your doors. You are bound to fail. Only in your spirit and determination are you prepared for war. In all else you are totally unprepared, with a bad cause to start with. At first you will make headway, but as your limited resources begin to fail, shut out from the markets of Europe as you will be, your cause will begin to wane. If your people will but stop and think, they must see in the end that you will surely fail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1993p._138;_Exchange_between_W._T._Sherman_and_Prof._David_F._Boyd,_December_24,_1860,_attributed_to_"Boyd_(D.F),_mss._[manuscripts]_in_possession_of_Walter_L._Fleming,_Nashville,_Tenn."_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1993p._138;_Exchange_between_W._T._Sherman_and_Prof._David_F._Boyd,_December_24,_1860,_attributed_to_"Boyd_(D.F),_mss._[manuscripts]_in_possession_of_Walter_L._Fleming,_Nashville,_Tenn."-66">[65]</a></blockquote> In January 1861, as more Southern states seceded from the Union, Sherman was required to take receipt of arms surrendered to the Louisiana State Militia by the U.S. arsenal at <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a>. Instead of complying, he resigned his position as superintendent, declaring to the governor of Louisiana that "on no earthly account will I do any act or think any thought hostile to or in defiance of the old Government of the United States."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890aletter_by_Sherman_to_Gov._Thomas_O._Moore,_January_18,_1861,_reproduced_in_pp._183–184-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St._Louis_interlude">St. Louis interlude</h3></div> Sherman departed Louisiana and traveled to Washington, D.C., possibly in the hope of securing a position in the U.S. Army. At the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, Sherman met with <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> a few days after his inauguration as president of the United States. Sherman expressed grave concerns about the North's poor state of preparedness for the looming civil war, but he found Lincoln unresponsive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007140–141-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890a194–196-69">[68]</a> Sherman then moved to St. Louis to become president of a <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">streetcar</a> company called the Fifth Street Railroad. Thus, he was living in the border state of <a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a> as the secession crisis reached its climax.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007141–144-70">[69]</a> While trying to hold himself aloof from politics, he observed first-hand the efforts of Congressman <a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Frank Blair</a>, who later served under Sherman in the U.S. Army, to keep Missouri in the Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202081–82-71">[70]</a> In early April, Sherman declined <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Blair" title="Montgomery Blair">Montgomery Blair</a>'s offer of the administrative position of chief clerk in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a>, despite Blair's promise that it would be followed by nomination as Assistant Secretary of War after the U.S. Congress assembled in July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202079-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890a197–199-73">[72]</a> After the April 12–13 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">bombardment of Fort Sumter</a> and its subsequent capture by the Confederacy, Sherman hesitated about committing to military service. He privately ridiculed Lincoln's call for <a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">75,000 three-month volunteers</a> to quell secession, reportedly saying: "Why, you might as well attempt to put out the flames of a burning house with a squirt-gun."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowmanIrwin186525-74">[73]</a> In May, however, he offered himself for service in the regular Army. Senator John Sherman (his younger brother and a political ally of President Lincoln) and other connections in Washington helped him to obtain a commission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirshson199783–86-75">[74]</a> On June 3, he wrote in a letter to his brother-in-law: "I still think it is to be a long war—very long—much longer than any Politician thinks."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonBerlin1999Sherman_to_Thomas_Ewing_Jr.,_June_3,_1861,_in_pp._97–98.-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War_service">Civil War service</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_commissions_and_Bull_Run">First commissions and Bull Run</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_sherman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white photograph of a man seated with his left hand inside of his jacket. His body faces the right diagonal and his head faces left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/General_sherman.jpg/220px-General_sherman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/General_sherman.jpg/330px-General_sherman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/General_sherman.jpg/440px-General_sherman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a> photographed Sherman, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1864.</figcaption></figure> Sherman was first commissioned as <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/13th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="13th Infantry Regiment (United States)">13th U.S. Infantry Regiment</a>, effective May 14, 1861. This was a new regiment yet to be raised. In fact, Sherman's first command was a brigade of three-month volunteers who fought in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a> on July 21, 1861.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202086–87-77">[76]</a> It was one of the four brigades in the division commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Tyler" title="Daniel Tyler">Daniel Tyler</a>, which was in turn one of the five divisions in the Army of Northeastern Virginia under General <a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">Irvin McDowell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> The engagement at Bull Run was a disastrous defeat for the Union, dashing hopes for a rapid resolution of the conflict. Sherman was one of the few Union officers to distinguish himself in the field and historian <a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Miller" title="Donald L. Miller">Donald L. Miller</a> has characterized Sherman's performance at Bull Run as "exemplary".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201967-79">[78]</a> During the fighting, Sherman was grazed by bullets in the knee and shoulder. According to British military historian <a href="/wiki/Brian_Holden-Reid" title="Brian Holden-Reid">Brian Holden-Reid</a>, "if Sherman had committed tactical errors during the attack, he more than compensated for these during the subsequent retreat".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202096-80">[79]</a> Holden-Reid also concluded that Sherman "might have been as unseasoned as the men he commanded, but he had not fallen prey to the naïve illusions nursed by so many on the field of First Bull Run."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202097-81">[80]</a> The outcome at Bull Run caused Sherman to question his own judgment as an officer and the capabilities of his volunteer troops. However, Sherman impressed Lincoln during the President's visit to the troops on July 23, and Lincoln promoted Sherman to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> of volunteers effective May 17, 1861. This made Sherman senior in rank to <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, his future commander.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirshson199790–94,_109-82">[81]</a> Sherman was then assigned to serve under <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Robert Anderson</a> in the Department of the Cumberland, in <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>. In October, Sherman succeeded Anderson in command of that department. In his memoirs, Sherman would later write that he saw that new assignment as breaking a promise by President Lincoln that he would not be given such a prominent leadership position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890a221,_227-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kentucky_and_breakdown">Kentucky and breakdown</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_William_T._Sherman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of Sherman standing with his right hand on his hip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_William_T._Sherman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_William_T._Sherman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_William_T._Sherman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_William_T._Sherman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_William_T._Sherman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_William_T._Sherman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3813" data-file-height="6157" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy" title="George Peter Alexander Healy">George Peter Alexander Healy</a> painted an oil portrait of Sherman in 1866.</figcaption></figure> Having succeeded Anderson at Louisville, Sherman now had principal military responsibility for <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a>, a border state in which the Confederates held <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Kentucky" title="Columbus, Kentucky">Columbus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green,_Kentucky" title="Bowling Green, Kentucky">Bowling Green</a>, and were also present near the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Gap" title="Cumberland Gap">Cumberland Gap</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[b]</a> He became exceedingly pessimistic about the outlook for his command and he complained frequently to Washington about shortages, while providing exaggerated estimates of the strength of the rebel forces and requesting inordinate numbers of reinforcements. Critical press reports about Sherman began to appear after the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of War">U.S. Secretary of War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a>, visited Louisville in October 1861. In early November, Sherman asked to be relieved of his command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1989Sherman_to_George_B._McClellan,_November_4,_1861,_in_p._127,_note_1-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007161–164-86">[84]</a> He was promptly replaced by <a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Don Carlos Buell</a> and transferred to St. Louis. In December, he was put on leave by <a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Halleck" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry W. Halleck">Henry W. Halleck</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Missouri" title="Department of the Missouri">Department of the Missouri</a>, who found him unfit for duty and sent him to Lancaster, Ohio, to recuperate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell201487–89-87">[85]</a> While he was at home, his wife Ellen wrote to his brother, Senator John Sherman, seeking advice and complaining of "that melancholy insanity to which your family is subject".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1993203-88">[86]</a> In his private correspondence, Sherman later wrote that the concerns of command "broke me down" and admitted to having contemplated suicide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonBerlin1999Sherman_to_John_Sherman,_January_4,_8,_1862,_in_pp._174,_176-89">[87]</a> His problems were compounded when the Cincinnati Commercial described him as "insane".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007162,_164-90">[88]</a> By mid-December 1861 Sherman had recovered sufficiently to return to service under Halleck in the Department of the Missouri. In March, Halleck's command was redesignated the <a href="/wiki/Military_Division_of_the_Mississippi" title="Military Division of the Mississippi">Department of the Mississippi</a> and enlarged to unify command in the West. Sherman's initial assignments were rear-echelon commands, first of an instructional barracks near St. Louis and then in command of the District of Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennett2001155–156-91">[89]</a> Operating from <a href="/wiki/Paducah,_Kentucky" title="Paducah, Kentucky">Paducah, Kentucky</a>, he provided logistical support for the operations of Grant to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">capture Fort Donelson</a> in February 1862. Grant, the previous commander of the District of Cairo, had just won a major victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Henry" title="Battle of Fort Henry">Fort Henry</a> and been given command of the ill-defined <a href="/wiki/District_of_West_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="District of West Tennessee">District of West Tennessee</a>. Although Sherman was technically the senior officer, he wrote to Grant, "I feel anxious about you as I know the great facilities [the Confederates] have of concentration by means of the River and R[ail] Road, but [I] have faith in you—Command me in any way."<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2001151–152-93">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shiloh">Shiloh</h3></div> After Grant captured Fort Donelson, Sherman got his wish to serve under Grant when he was assigned on March 1, 1862, to the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_West_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of West Tennessee">Army of West Tennessee</a> as commander of the 5th <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001485-94">[92]</a> His first major test under Grant was at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Battle of Shiloh</a>. The massive Confederate attack on the morning of April 6 took most of the senior Union commanders by surprise. Sherman had dismissed the intelligence reports from militia officers, refusing to believe that Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">Albert Sidney Johnston</a> would leave his base at <a href="/wiki/Corinth,_Mississippi" title="Corinth, Mississippi">Corinth</a>. He took no precautions beyond strengthening his picket lines, and refused to entrench, build <a href="/wiki/Abatis" title="Abatis">abatis</a>, or send out reconnaissance patrols. At Shiloh, he may have wished to avoid appearing overly alarmed in order to escape the kind of criticism he had received in Kentucky. Indeed, he had written to his wife that if he took more precautions "they'd call me crazy again".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1997138-95">[93]</a> Despite being caught unprepared by the attack, Sherman rallied his division and conducted an orderly, fighting retreat that helped avert a disastrous Union rout. With a heavy rain coming down at the end of the first day of fighting at Shiloh, Sherman came upon Grant standing under a large oak tree, his cigar glowing in the darkness. Heeding, Sherman later said, "some wise and sudden instinct not to mention retreat," he made a noncommittal remark: "Well, Grant, we've had the devil's own day, haven't we?" "Yes," Grant replied, puffing on his cigar. "Lick 'em tomorrow, though."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200577–78-96">[94]</a> Sherman proved instrumental to mounting the successful Union counterattack of the following day, April 7.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell201499–102-97">[95]</a> At Shiloh, Sherman was wounded twice—in the hand and shoulder—and had three horses shot out from under him. His performance was praised by Grant and Halleck, and after the battle he was promoted to major general of volunteers, effective May 1.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001485-94">[92]</a> This success contributed greatly to raising Sherman's spirits and changing his personal outlook on the Civil War and his role in it. According to Sherman's biographer Robert O'Connell, "Shiloh marked the turning point of his life."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2014102-98">[96]</a> In late April, a Union force of 100,000 men under Halleck, with Grant relegated to second-in-command, began advancing slowly against <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a>. Sherman commanded the division on the extreme right of the Union's right wing (under <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">George Henry Thomas</a>). Shortly after the Union forces occupied Corinth on May 30, Sherman persuaded Grant not to resign his command, despite the serious difficulties he was having with Halleck. Sherman offered Grant an example from his own life: "Before the battle of Shiloh, I was cast down by a mere newspaper assertion of 'crazy', but that single battle gave me new life, and I'm now in high feather." He told Grant that, if he remained in the army, "some happy accident might restore you to favor and your true place".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2001212-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchenker2010215-100">[98]</a> In July, Grant's situation improved when Halleck left for the East to become <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">general-in-chief</a>. Sherman then became the military governor of occupied <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007188–201-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vicksburg">Vicksburg</h3></div> In November 1862, Grant, acting as commander of the Union forces in the state of Mississippi, launched a <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">campaign to capture the city of Vicksburg</a>, the principal Confederate stronghold along the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007199–200.-102">[100]</a> Grant made Sherman a <a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">corps</a> commander and put him in charge of half of his forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020153–155-103">[101]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/John_D._Winters" title="John D. Winters">John D. Winters</a>'s The Civil War in Louisiana (1963), at this stage Sherman <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...had yet to display any marked talents for leadership. Sherman, beset by hallucinations and unreasonable fears and finally contemplating suicide, had been relieved from command in Kentucky. He later began a new climb to success at Shiloh and Corinth under Grant. Still, if he muffed his Vicksburg assignment, which had begun unfavorably, he would rise no higher. As a man, Sherman was an eccentric mixture of strength and weakness. Although he was impatient, often irritable and depressed, petulant, headstrong, and unreasonably gruff, he had solid soldierly qualities. His men swore by him, and most of his fellow officers admired him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1963176-104">[102]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porter%27s_flotilla_below_Vicksburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Porter%27s_flotilla_below_Vicksburg.jpg/220px-Porter%27s_flotilla_below_Vicksburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Porter%27s_flotilla_below_Vicksburg.jpg/330px-Porter%27s_flotilla_below_Vicksburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Porter%27s_flotilla_below_Vicksburg.jpg/440px-Porter%27s_flotilla_below_Vicksburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1055" /></a><figcaption>The engraving depicts <a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">Admiral Porter</a>'s flotilla of gunships and transports arriving below Vicksburg on April 16, 1863, with General Sherman rowing a <a href="/wiki/Yawl" title="Yawl">yawl</a> to the <a href="/wiki/USS_Benton" title="USS Benton">USS Benton</a>.</figcaption></figure> In December, Sherman's forces suffered a severe repulse at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickasaw_Bayou" title="Battle of Chickasaw Bayou">Battle of Chickasaw Bayou</a>, just north of <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007202–208-105">[103]</a> Sherman's operations were supposed to be coordinated with an advance on Vicksburg by Grant from another direction. Unbeknownst to Sherman, Grant abandoned his advance, and Sherman's river expedition met more resistance than expected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2001224-106">[104]</a> Soon after, Major General <a href="/wiki/John_A._McClernand" title="John A. McClernand">John A. McClernand</a> ordered Sherman's <a href="/wiki/XV_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XV Corps (Union Army)">XV Corps</a> to join in his <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arkansas_Post_(1863)" title="Battle of Arkansas Post (1863)">assault on Arkansas Post</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2001227-107">[105]</a> Grant, who was on poor terms with McClernand, regarded this as a politically motivated distraction from the efforts to take Vicksburg, but Sherman had targeted Arkansas Post independently and considered the operation worthwhile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007208–210-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890a324–331-109">[107]</a> Arkansas Post was taken by the Union army and navy on January 11, 1863.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020169-110">[108]</a> The failure of the first phase of the campaign against Vicksburg led Grant to formulate an unorthodox new strategy, which called for the invading Union army to leave its <a href="/wiki/Train_(military)" title="Train (military)">supply train</a> and subsist by foraging.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2001235–236-111">[109]</a> Sherman initially expressed reservations about the wisdom of these plans, but he soon submitted to Grant's leadership and the campaign in the spring of 1863 cemented Sherman's personal ties to Grant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1997309–310-112">[110]</a> The bulk of Grant's forces were now organized into three corps: the <a href="/wiki/XIII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XIII Corps (Union Army)">XIII Corps</a> under McClernand, the XV Corps under Sherman, and the <a href="/wiki/XVII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XVII Corps (Union Army)">XVII Corps</a> under Sherman's young protégé, Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/James_B._McPherson" title="James B. McPherson">James B. McPherson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabel201326-113">[111]</a> During the long and complicated <a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">maneuvers</a> against Vicksburg, one newspaper complained that the "army was being ruined in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_mud_turtle" title="Eastern mud turtle">mud-turtle</a> expeditions, under the leadership of a drunkard [Grant], whose confidential adviser [Sherman] was a lunatic".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1868387-114">[112]</a> When Vicksburg fell on July 4, 1863, after a prolonged siege, the Union had achieved a major strategic victory, putting navigation along the Mississippi River entirely under Union control and effectively cutting off <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_Department" title="Trans-Mississippi Department">the western half of the Confederacy</a> from the eastern half.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998173-115">[113]</a> During the siege of Vicksburg, Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a> had gathered a force of 30,000 men in <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>, with the intention of relieving the garrison under the command of <a href="/wiki/John_C._Pemberton" title="John C. Pemberton">John C. Pemberton</a> that was trapped inside Vicksburg. After Pemberton surrendered to Grant on July 4, Johnston advanced toward the rear of Grant's forces. In response to this threat, Grant instructed Sherman to attack Johnston. Sherman conducted the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson Expedition">Jackson Expedition</a>, which concluded successfully on July 25 with the re-capture of the city of Jackson. This helped ensure that the Mississippi River would remain in Union hands for the remainder of the war. According to Holden-Reid, Sherman finally "had <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cut_one%27s_teeth" class="extiw" title="wikt:cut one's teeth">cut his teeth</a> as an army commander" with the Jackson Expedition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020205-116">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chattanooga">Chattanooga</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf/page1-220px-Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf/page1-330px-Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf/page1-440px-Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Chattanooga" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles for Chattanooga">Battles for Chattanooga</a> in 1863</figcaption></figure> After the surrender of Vicksburg and the re-capture of Jackson, Sherman was given the rank of brigadier general in the <a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">regular army</a>, in addition to his rank as a major general of volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020206-117">[115]</a> His family traveled from Ohio to visit him at the camp near Vicksburg. Sherman's nine-year-old son, Willie, the "Little Sergeant", died from typhoid fever contracted during the trip.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020207-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890a372–377-119">[117]</a> Ordered to relieve the Union forces besieged in the city of <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga, Tennessee</a>, Sherman departed from <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a> on October 11, 1863, aboard a train bound for Chattanooga. When Sherman's train passed Collierville it <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Collierville" title="First Battle of Collierville">came under attack</a> by 3,000 Confederate cavalry and eight guns under <a href="/wiki/James_Ronald_Chalmers" title="James Ronald Chalmers">James Ronald Chalmers</a>. Sherman took command of the infantrymen in the local Union garrison and successfully repelled the Confederate attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020218-120">[118]</a> Following the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Cumberland" title="Army of the Cumberland">Army of the Cumberland</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Battle of Chickamauga</a> by Confederate general <a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Tennessee" title="Army of Tennessee">Army of Tennessee</a>, President Lincoln re-organized the Union forces in the West as the <a href="/wiki/Military_Division_of_the_Mississippi" title="Military Division of the Mississippi">Military Division of the Mississippi</a>, placing it under General Grant's command. Sherman then succeeded Grant at the head of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tennessee" title="Army of the Tennessee">Army of the Tennessee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020220-121">[119]</a> At Chattanooga, Grant instructed Sherman to attack the right flank of Bragg's forces, which were entrenched along <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge" title="Battle of Missionary Ridge">Missionary Ridge</a> overlooking the city. On November 25, Sherman took his assigned target of Billy Goat Hill at the north end of the ridge, only to find that it was separated from the main spine by a rock-strewn ravine. When he attempted to attack the main spine at Tunnel Hill, his troops were repeatedly repelled by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Cleburne" title="Patrick Cleburne">Patrick Cleburne</a>'s heavy division, the best unit in Bragg's army. Grant then ordered Thomas to attack the center of the Confederate line. This frontal assault was intended as a diversion, but it unexpectedly succeeded in capturing the enemy's entrenchments and routing the Confederate Army of Tennessee, bringing the Union's <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga campaign</a> to a successful completion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2003677–680-122">[120]</a> After Chattanooga, Sherman led a column to relieve Union forces under <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a>, thought to be in peril at <a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a>. In February 1864, he commanded an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meridian" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Meridian">expedition to Meridian, Mississippi</a>, intended to disrupt Confederate infrastructure and communications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster200614–32-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890a415–433-124">[122]</a> Sherman's army captured the city of <a href="/wiki/Meridian,_Mississippi" title="Meridian, Mississippi">Meridian</a> on February 14 and proceeded to destroy 105 miles of railroad and 61 bridges, while burning at least 10 locomotives and 28 railcars. The army took 4,000 prisoners and commandeered many wagons and horses. Thousands of refugees, both black and white, joined Sherman's columns, which on February 20 finally withdrew toward <a href="/wiki/Canton,_Mississippi" title="Canton, Mississippi">Canton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020243-125">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atlanta">Atlanta</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ACW_Chattanooga2Carolinas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/ACW_Chattanooga2Carolinas.png/220px-ACW_Chattanooga2Carolinas.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/ACW_Chattanooga2Carolinas.png/330px-ACW_Chattanooga2Carolinas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/ACW_Chattanooga2Carolinas.png/440px-ACW_Chattanooga2Carolinas.png 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>Map of Sherman's campaigns in Georgia and the Carolinas in 1864 and 1865</figcaption></figure> The Meridian campaign marked the end of Sherman's brief tenure as commander of the Army of the Tennessee. Sherman had, up to that point, achieved mixed success as a general, and controversy attached especially to his performance at Chattanooga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020244-126">[124]</a> However, he enjoyed Grant's confidence and friendship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020252-127">[125]</a> When Lincoln called Grant east in the spring of 1864 to take command of all the Union armies, Grant appointed Sherman (by then known to his soldiers as "Uncle Billy") to succeed him as head of the Military Division of the Mississippi, which entailed command of Union troops in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Theater of the American Civil War">Western Theater</a> of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020250–253-128">[126]</a> As Grant took overall command of the armies of the United States, Sherman wrote to him outlining his strategy to bring the war to an end: "If you can whip <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a> and I can march to the Atlantic I think ol' Uncle Abe [Lincoln] will give us twenty days leave to see the young folks."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890b116-129">[127]</a> Sherman proceeded to invade the state of Georgia with three armies: the 60,000-strong Army of the Cumberland under Thomas, the 25,000-strong Army of the Tennessee under <a href="/wiki/James_B._McPherson" title="James B. McPherson">James B. McPherson</a>, and the 13,000-strong <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ohio" title="Army of the Ohio">Army of the Ohio</a> under <a href="/wiki/John_M._Schofield" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Schofield">John M. Schofield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2003653-130">[128]</a> He conducted a series of <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">flanking maneuvers</a> through rugged terrain against Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston's Army of Tennessee, attempting a direct assault only at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kennesaw_Mountain" title="Battle of Kennesaw Mountain">Battle of Kennesaw Mountain</a>. The Confederate victory at Kennesaw Mountain did little to halt Sherman's advance toward Atlanta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020495-131">[129]</a> In July, the cautious Johnston was replaced by the more aggressive <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">John Bell Hood</a>, who played to Sherman's strength by challenging him to direct battles on open ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007276–279-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2014144–146-133">[131]</a> Meanwhile, in August, Sherman "learned that I had been commissioned a major-general in the regular army, which was unexpected, and not desired until successful in the capture of Atlanta".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890b102-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[c]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherman-Horseback.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sherman-Horseback.jpg/220px-Sherman-Horseback.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sherman-Horseback.jpg/330px-Sherman-Horseback.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sherman-Horseback.jpg/440px-Sherman-Horseback.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Sherman is on horseback at Federal Fort No. 7, after the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta campaign</a> in September 1864.</figcaption></figure> Sherman's <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta campaign</a> concluded successfully on September 2, 1864, with the capture of the city, which Hood had been forced to abandon. After ordering almost all civilians to abandon the city in September, Sherman gave instructions that all military and government buildings in Atlanta be burned, although many private homes and shops were burned as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonds2009337–374-137">[134]</a> The capture of Atlanta made Sherman a household name and was decisive in ensuring <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">Lincoln's re-election</a> in November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2008231–250-138">[135]</a> Sherman's success caused the collapse of the once powerful "<a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperhead</a>" faction within the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, which had advocated immediate peace negotiations with the Confederacy. It also dealt a major blow to the popularity of the Democratic presidential candidate, <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a>, whose victory in the election had until then appeared likely to many, including Lincoln himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2008231–250-138">[135]</a> According to Holden-Reid, "Sherman did more than any other man apart from the president in creating [the] climate of opinion" that afforded Lincoln a comfortable victory over McClellan at the polls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020330-139">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_to_the_Sea">March to the Sea</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March to the Sea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green-Meldrim_House,_Savannah,_GA,_US.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Green-Meldrim_House%2C_Savannah%2C_GA%2C_US.JPG/220px-Green-Meldrim_House%2C_Savannah%2C_GA%2C_US.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Green-Meldrim_House%2C_Savannah%2C_GA%2C_US.JPG/330px-Green-Meldrim_House%2C_Savannah%2C_GA%2C_US.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Green-Meldrim_House%2C_Savannah%2C_GA%2C_US.JPG/440px-Green-Meldrim_House%2C_Savannah%2C_GA%2C_US.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Green%E2%80%93Meldrim_House" title="Green–Meldrim House">Green–Meldrim House</a> was Sherman's headquarters after his capture of <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a>, in December 1864.</figcaption></figure> During September and October, Sherman and Hood played a cat-and-mouse game in northern Georgia and Alabama, as Hood threatened Sherman's communications to the north. Eventually, Sherman won approval from his superiors for a plan to cut loose from his communications and march south, having advised Grant that he could "make Georgia howl".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonBerlin1999Telegram_W.T._Sherman_to_Gen._Ulysses_S._Grant,_October_9,_1864,_reproduced_in_p._731-140">[137]</a> In response, Hood moved north into Tennessee. Sherman at first trivialized the corresponding threat, reportedly saying that he would "give [Hood] his rations" to go in that direction, as "my business is down south".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenour1865293-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirshson1997246–247,_431_n._23-142">[139]</a> Sherman left forces under Major Generals George H. Thomas and John M. Schofield to deal with Hood; their forces eventually smashed Hood's army in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Franklin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Franklin">Franklin</a> (November 30) and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a> (December 15–16).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonBerlin1999W.T._Sherman_to_Gen._U.S._Grant,_November_1,_1864,_reproduced_in_pp._746–747-143">[140]</a> After the November elections, Sherman began marching on November 15 with 62,000 men in the direction of the port city of <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau200876-144">[141]</a> living off the land and causing, by his own estimate, more than $100 million in property damage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimsley1997Report_by_Maj._Gen._W.T._Sherman,_January_1,_1865,_quoted_in_p._200-145">[142]</a> At the end of this campaign, known as <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March to the Sea</a>, his troops took Savannah on December 21.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007308-146">[143]</a> Upon reaching Savannah, Sherman appointed Private <a href="/wiki/A._O._Granger" title="A. O. Granger">A. O. Granger</a> as his personal secretary.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> Sherman then dispatched a message to Lincoln, offering him the city as a Christmas present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020371-148">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[d]</a> Sherman's success in Georgia received ample coverage in the Northern press at a time when Grant seemed to be making little progress in his fight against General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a>. A bill was introduced in Congress to promote Sherman to Grant's rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">lieutenant general</a>, probably with a view toward having him replace Grant as commander of the Union Army. Sherman wrote both to his brother, Senator John Sherman, and to General Grant vehemently repudiating any such promotion.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> According to a war-time account, it was around this time that Sherman made his memorable declaration of loyalty to Grant: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">General Grant is a great general. I know him well. He stood by me when I was crazy, and I stood by him when he was drunk; and now, sir, we stand by each other always.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockett1866175_(p._162_in_1865_edition)-152">[148]</a></blockquote> While in Savannah, Sherman learned from a newspaper that his infant son Charles Celestine had died during the <a href="/wiki/Savannah_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah campaign">Savannah campaign</a>; the general had never seen the child.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007311-153">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_campaigns_in_the_Carolinas">Final campaigns in the Carolinas</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_burning_of_Columbia,_South_Carolina,_February_17,_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A sketch of a city landscape in ruins, with a crowd of people gathered at the base of the buildings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_burning_of_Columbia%2C_South_Carolina%2C_February_17%2C_1865.jpg/220px-The_burning_of_Columbia%2C_South_Carolina%2C_February_17%2C_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_burning_of_Columbia%2C_South_Carolina%2C_February_17%2C_1865.jpg/330px-The_burning_of_Columbia%2C_South_Carolina%2C_February_17%2C_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_burning_of_Columbia%2C_South_Carolina%2C_February_17%2C_1865.jpg/440px-The_burning_of_Columbia%2C_South_Carolina%2C_February_17%2C_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3194" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>The Burning of Columbia, South Carolina is an 1865 illustration by <a href="/wiki/William_Waud" title="William Waud">William Waud</a> for <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a>.</figcaption></figure> Grant then ordered Sherman to embark his army on steamers and join the Union forces confronting Lee in Virginia, but Sherman instead persuaded Grant to allow him to <a href="/wiki/Carolinas_campaign" title="Carolinas campaign">march north through the Carolinas</a>, destroying everything of military value along the way, as he had done in Georgia. He was particularly interested in targeting <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a>, the first state to secede from the Union, because of the effect that it would have on Southern morale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek20085,_17–18-154">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007320–321-155">[151]</a> His army proceeded north through South Carolina against light resistance from the troops of General Johnston. Upon hearing that Sherman's men were advancing on <a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">corduroy roads</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Salkehatchie_River" title="Salkehatchie River">Salkehatchie</a> swamps at a rate of a dozen miles per day, Johnston "made up his mind that there had been no such army in existence since the days of Julius Caesar".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2003Johnston_in_quoted_in_p._828-156">[152]</a> Sherman <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Columbia" title="Capture of Columbia">captured Columbia</a>, the state capital, on February 17, 1865. Fires began that night and by next morning most of the central city was destroyed. The burning of Columbia has engendered controversy ever since, with some claiming the fires were a deliberate act of vengeance by the Union troops and others that the fires were accidental, caused in part by the burning bales of cotton that the retreating Confederates left behind them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007322–325-157">[153]</a> Local Native American <a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a> guides helped Sherman's army cross the <a href="/wiki/Lumber_River" title="Lumber River">Lumber River</a>, which was flooded by torrential rains, into <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a>. According to Sherman, the trek across the Lumber River and through the swamps, <a href="/wiki/Pocosin" title="Pocosin">pocosins</a>, and creeks of <a href="/wiki/Robeson_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Robeson County">Robeson County</a> was "the damnedest marching I ever saw".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1993513-158">[154]</a> Thereafter, his troops did relatively little damage to the civilian infrastructure. North Carolina, unlike its southern neighbor, was regarded by the Union troops as a reluctant Confederate state,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007327-159">[155]</a> having been second from last to secede from the Union, ahead only of Tennessee. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of the four men conferring in a ship's cabin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg/220px-The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg/330px-The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg/440px-The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2254" /></a><figcaption>This 1868 oil portrait of Sherman, <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">Porter</a> meeting aboard the <a href="/wiki/River_Queen_(steamboat)" title="River Queen (steamboat)">River Queen</a> on March 27, 1865, near <a href="/wiki/City_Point,_Virginia" title="City Point, Virginia">City Point, Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Peacemakers" title="The Peacemakers">The Peacemakers</a> by <a href="/wiki/G._P._A._Healy" class="mw-redirect" title="G. P. A. Healy">G. P. A. Healy</a>, is displayed in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>.</figcaption></figure> The only general engagement during Sherman's marches through Georgia and the Carolinas, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bentonville" title="Battle of Bentonville">Battle of Bentonville</a>, took place on March 19–21.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020394-160">[156]</a> Having defeated the Confederate forces under Johnston at Bentonville, Sherman proceeded to rendezvous at <a href="/wiki/Goldsboro,_North_Carolina" title="Goldsboro, North Carolina">Goldsboro</a> with the Union troops that awaited him there after the captures of the coastal cities of <a href="/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina" title="New Bern, North Carolina">New Bern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007334–335-161">[157]</a> In late March, Sherman briefly left his forces and traveled to <a href="/wiki/City_Point,_Virginia" title="City Point, Virginia">City Point, Virginia</a>, to confer with Grant. Lincoln happened to be at City Point at the same time, making possible the only three-way meeting of Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfanz19891–2,_24–29,_94–95-162">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890b322–331-163">[159]</a> Also present at the City Point conference was Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">David Dixon Porter</a>. This meeting was memorialized in <a href="/wiki/G._P._A._Healy" class="mw-redirect" title="G. P. A. Healy">G. P. A. Healy</a>'s painting <a href="/wiki/The_Peacemakers" title="The Peacemakers">The Peacemakers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> After returning to Goldsboro, Sherman marched to the state capital, <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a>, where Sherman sought to communicate with Johnston's army regarding possible terms for ending the war. On April 9, Sherman relayed to his troops the news that Lee had surrendered to Grant at <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Court_House_National_Historical_Park" title="Appomattox Court House National Historical Park">Appomattox Court House</a> and that the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia had ceased to exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007339-165">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confederate_surrender">Confederate surrender</h3></div> Following Lee's surrender and the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassination of Lincoln</a>, Sherman met with Johnston on April 17, 1865, at <a href="/wiki/Bennett_Place" title="Bennett Place">Bennett Place</a> in <a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a>, to negotiate a Confederate surrender. At the insistence of Johnston, Confederate President <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, and Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a>, Sherman conditionally agreed to generous terms that dealt with both military and political issues. On April 20, Sherman dispatched a memorandum with those terms to the government in Washington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020403–404-166">[162]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Tecumseh_Sherman_and_staff_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photograph of seven men" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_and_staff_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman_and_staff_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_and_staff_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman_and_staff_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_and_staff_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman_and_staff_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3823" data-file-height="2811" /></a><figcaption>In May 1865, <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a> photographed Sherman with <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Otis_Howard" title="Oliver Otis Howard">Howard</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Babcock_Hazen" title="William Babcock Hazen">Hazen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_C._Davis" title="Jefferson C. Davis">Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Warner_Slocum" title="Henry Warner Slocum">Slocum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Mower" title="Joseph A. Mower">Mower</a>.</figcaption></figure> Sherman believed that the terms that he had agreed to were consistent with the views that Lincoln had expressed at City Point, and that they offered the best way to prevent Johnston from ordering his men to go into the wilderness and conduct a destructive <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla campaign</a>. However, Sherman had proceeded without authority from Grant, the newly installed President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>, or the Cabinet. The assassination of Lincoln had caused the political climate in Washington to turn against the prospect of a rapid reconciliation with the defeated Confederates, and the Johnson administration rejected Sherman's terms. Grant may have had to intervene to save Sherman from dismissal for having overstepped his authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020404-167">[163]</a> The U.S. Secretary of War, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Edwin M. Stanton</a>, leaked Sherman's memorandum to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, intimating that Sherman might have been bribed to allow Davis to escape capture by the Union troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020405-168">[164]</a> This precipitated a deep and long-lasting enmity between Sherman and Stanton, and it intensified Sherman's disdain for politicians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020414–415-169">[165]</a> Grant then offered Johnston purely military terms, similar to those that he had negotiated with Lee at Appomattox. Johnston, ignoring instructions from President Davis, accepted those terms on April 26, 1865, formally surrendered his army and all the Confederate forces in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida. This was the largest single capitulation of the war.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> Sherman proceeded with some of his troops to Washington, where they marched in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Review_of_the_Armies" title="Grand Review of the Armies">Grand Review of the Armies</a> on May 24.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennett2001287-171">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavery_and_emancipation">Slavery and emancipation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Tecumseh_Sherman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photograph of Sherman looking to the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_Tecumseh_Sherman.jpg/220px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_Tecumseh_Sherman.jpg/330px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_Tecumseh_Sherman.jpg/440px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="2364" /></a><figcaption>Sherman, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1865—1880</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Military personnel destroy a railroad and telegraph pole, while a barn burns in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg/220px-F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg/330px-F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg/440px-F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10417" data-file-height="6837" /></a><figcaption>An 1868 <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hay_Ritchie" title="Alexander Hay Ritchie">Alexander Hay Ritchie</a> depicts <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March to the Sea</a> with Sherman on the left astride his horse surveying the scene through a hand-held <a href="/wiki/Spotting_scope" title="Spotting scope">spotting scope</a> as a family of freed slaves approaches him from the right and another <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedman</a> on the left carries away a <a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">railroad tie</a>.</figcaption></figure> Sherman was not an <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> before the war and, like others of his time and background, he did not believe in "Negro equality".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonBerlin1999Letter_to_Salmon_P._Chase,_January_11,_1865,_in_pp._794–795-172">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart1993Letter_by_W.T._Sherman_to_John_Sherman,_August_1865_p._406-173">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek200746,_124,_142-174">[170]</a> Before the war, Sherman expressed some sympathy with the view of Southern whites that the black race was benefiting from slavery, although he opposed breaking up slave families and advocated that laws forbidding the education of slaves be repealed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2012106–107-175">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-bassett20120117-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890a176–178-177">[173]</a> Throughout the Civil War, Sherman declined to employ black troops in his armies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2014xvi-178">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020372-179">[175]</a> In his Memoirs, Sherman commented on the political pressures of 1864–1865 to encourage the escape of slaves, in part to avoid the possibility that "able-bodied slaves will be called into the military service of the rebels".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890b248-180">[176]</a> Sherman rejected this, arguing that it would have delayed the "successful end" of the war and the "[liberation of] all slaves".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890b249-181">[177]</a> According to Sherman: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">My aim then was to whip the rebels, to humble their pride, to follow them to their inmost recesses, and make them fear and dread us. "Fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom." I did not want them to cast in our teeth what General Hood had once done at Atlanta, that we had to call on their slaves to help us to subdue them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890b249-181">[177]</a></blockquote> Tens of thousands of escaped slaves nonetheless joined Sherman's marches through Georgia and the Carolinas as refugees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner20063-182">[178]</a> Their fate soon became a pressing military and political issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2003841-183">[179]</a> Some abolitionists accused Sherman of doing too little to alleviate the precarious living conditions of these refugees, motivating Secretary of War Stanton to travel to Georgia in January 1865 to investigate the situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007314-184">[180]</a> On January 12, Sherman and Stanton met in Savannah with twenty local black leaders, most of them Baptist or Methodist ministers, invited by Sherman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner20063–6-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890b244–247-186">[182]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a>, "the 'Colloquy' between Sherman, Stanton, and the black leaders offered a rare lens through which the experience of slavery and the aspirations that would help to shape <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> came into sharp focus."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner20063-182">[178]</a> After Sherman's departure the spokesman for the black leaders, Baptist minister <a href="/wiki/Garrison_Frazier" title="Garrison Frazier">Garrison Frazier</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner20065-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Minutes-Savannah-188">[184]</a> declared in response to Stanton's inquiry about the feelings of the black community: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We looked upon General Sherman prior to his arrival as a man in the providence of God specially set apart to accomplish this work, and we unanimously feel inexpressible gratitude to him, looking upon him as a man that should be honored for the faithful performance of his duty. Some of us called upon him immediately upon his arrival, and it is probable he would not meet the Secretary [Stanton] with more courtesy than he met us. His conduct and deportment toward us characterized him as a friend and a gentleman.<a href="#cite_note-Minutes-Savannah-188">[184]</a></blockquote> Four days later, Sherman issued his <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_Special_Field_Orders,_No._15" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15">Special Field Orders, No. 15</a>. The orders provided for the settlement of 40,000 freed slaves and black refugees on land expropriated from white landowners in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Sherman appointed Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Saxton" title="Rufus Saxton">Rufus Saxton</a>, an abolitionist from Massachusetts who had previously directed the recruitment of black soldiers, to implement that plan.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2003737–739-190">[186]</a> Those orders, which became the basis of the claim that the Union government had promised freed slaves "<a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">forty acres and a mule</a>", were revoked later that year by President Johnson.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> Toward the end of the Civil War, some elements within the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> regarded Sherman as being strongly <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudiced</a> against black people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020372-179">[175]</a> Sherman's views on race evolved significantly over time. He dealt in a friendly and unaffected way with the black people that he met during his career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2014xvi–xvii-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid20208-193">[189]</a> In 1888, near the end of his life, Sherman published an essay in the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Review" title="North American Review">North American Review</a> defending the full <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">civil rights of black citizens</a> in the former Confederacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1888a-194">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2014324-195">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid20208,_505–507-196">[192]</a> In that essay, Sherman called upon the South to "let the negro vote, and count his vote honestly", adding that "otherwise, so sure as there is a God in Heaven, you will have another war, more cruel than the last, when the torch and dagger will take the place of the muskets of well-ordered battalions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1888a-194">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickey2018Quoted_in_p._386-197">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategies">Strategies</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shermans_march_through_Georgia_and_the_Carolinas_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Shermans_march_through_Georgia_and_the_Carolinas_map-en.svg/220px-Shermans_march_through_Georgia_and_the_Carolinas_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Shermans_march_through_Georgia_and_the_Carolinas_map-en.svg/330px-Shermans_march_through_Georgia_and_the_Carolinas_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Shermans_march_through_Georgia_and_the_Carolinas_map-en.svg/440px-Shermans_march_through_Georgia_and_the_Carolinas_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Sherman advanced from <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> to <a href="/wiki/Goldsboro,_North_Carolina" title="Goldsboro, North Carolina">Goldsboro, North Carolina</a>.</figcaption></figure> Sherman's military legacy rests primarily on his command of <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">logistics</a> and on his brilliance as a <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">strategist</a>. The influential 20th-century British military historian and theorist <a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">B. H. Liddell Hart</a> ranked Sherman as "the first modern general" and one of the most important strategists in the annals of war, along with <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart1993430-198">[194]</a> Liddell Hart's views on the historical significance of Sherman have since been discussed and, to varying extents, defended by subsequent military scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Jay_Luvaas" title="Jay Luvaas">Jay Luvaas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuvaas1993vii–x-199">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Victor Davis Hanson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2001253–254,_257,_408-200">[196]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Holden-Reid" title="Brian Holden-Reid">Brian Holden-Reid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020492–493-201">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maneuver_warfare">Maneuver warfare</h3></div> Liddell Hart credited Sherman with mastery of <a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">maneuver warfare</a>, also known as the "<a href="/wiki/Indirect_approach" title="Indirect approach">indirect approach</a>". In maneuver warfare, a commander seeks to defeat the enemy on the battleground through shock, disruption, and surprise, while minimizing frontal attacks on well-defended positions. According to Liddell Hart, this strategy was most clearly illustrated by Sherman's series of turning movements against Johnston during the Atlanta campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart1993231–252-202">[198]</a> Liddell Hart also declared that the study of Sherman's campaigns had contributed significantly to his own "theory of strategy and tactics in <a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">mechanized warfare</a>", and claimed that this had in turn influenced <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a>'s doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a> and Rommel's use of <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart1957xiii–xvi-203">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1994179-204">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[e]</a> Another World War II-era student of Liddell Hart's writings on Sherman was General <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2001283–284-206">[201]</a> who "spent a long vacation studying Sherman's campaigns on the ground in Georgia and the Carolinas, with the aid of [Liddell Hart's] book" and later "carried out his [bold] plans, in super-Sherman style".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirshson1997p._393,_quoting_B._H._Liddell_Hart,_"Notes_on_Two_Discussions_with_Patton,_1944",_February_20,_1948,_GSP_Papers,_box_6,_USMA_Library-207">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hard_war">Hard war</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherman_railroad_destroy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sherman_railroad_destroy.jpg/220px-Sherman_railroad_destroy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sherman_railroad_destroy.jpg/330px-Sherman_railroad_destroy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sherman_railroad_destroy.jpg/440px-Sherman_railroad_destroy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5116" data-file-height="5748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_N._Barnard" title="George N. Barnard">George N. Barnard</a> photographed Sherman's troops destroying a railroad in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, in 1864.</figcaption></figure> Like Grant and Lincoln, Sherman was convinced that the Confederacy's strategic, economic, and psychological ability to wage further war needed to be crushed if the fighting were to end. Therefore, he believed that the North had to conduct its campaign as a war of conquest, employing <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> tactics to break the backbone of the rebellion. Historian <a href="/wiki/Mark_Grimsley" title="Mark Grimsley">Mark Grimsley</a> promoted the use of the term "hard war" to refer to this strategy in the context of the American Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimsley19974–5-208">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[f]</a> Sherman's advance through Georgia and the Carolinas was characterized by widespread destruction of civilian supplies and infrastructure. This strategy has been characterized by some military historians as an early form of <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a>, although the appropriateness of that term has been questioned by many scholars. Holden-Reid, for instance, argued that "the concept of 'total war' is deeply flawed, an imprecise label that at best describes the two world wars but is of dubious relevance to the U.S. Civil War."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020500-212">[206]</a> After the fall of Atlanta in 1864, Sherman ordered the city's immediate evacuation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007285-213">[207]</a> When the city council appealed to him to rescind that order, on the grounds that it would cause great hardship to women, children, the elderly, and others who bore no responsibility for the conduct of the war,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007285-213">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020332–333-214">[208]</a> Sherman sent a written response in which he sought to articulate his conviction that a lasting peace would be possible only if the Union were restored, and that he was therefore prepared to do all he could do to end the rebellion: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will. War is cruelty, and you cannot refine it; and those who brought war into our country deserve all the curses and maledictions a people can pour out. I know I had no hand in making this war, and I know I will make more sacrifices to-day than any of you to secure peace. But you cannot have peace and a division of our country. If the United States submits to a division now, it will not stop, but will go on until we reap the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">fate of Mexico</a>, which is eternal war ... I want peace, and believe it can only be reached through union and war, and I will ever conduct war with a view to perfect and early success.<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlanta_roundhouse_ruin3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Atlanta_roundhouse_ruin3.jpg/220px-Atlanta_roundhouse_ruin3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Atlanta_roundhouse_ruin3.jpg/330px-Atlanta_roundhouse_ruin3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Atlanta_roundhouse_ruin3.jpg/440px-Atlanta_roundhouse_ruin3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4086" data-file-height="2913" /></a><figcaption>An 1866 <a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">albumen print</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Railway_roundhouse" title="Railway roundhouse">railway roundhouse</a> in Atlanta shows extensive damage following the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta campaign</a>.</figcaption></figure> The damage done by Sherman's marches through Georgia and the Carolinas was almost entirely limited to the destruction of property. Looting was officially forbidden, but historians disagree on how rigorously this regulation was enforced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimsley1997190–204-216">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2003712–714,_727–729-217">[211]</a> Though exact figures are not available, the loss of civilian life appears to have been very small.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimsley1997199-218">[212]</a> Consuming supplies, wrecking infrastructure, and undermining morale were Sherman's stated goals, and several of his Southern contemporaries noted this and commented on it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2003810–811-219">[213]</a> For instance, Alabama-born Major <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hitchcock_(Missouri_lawyer)" title="Henry Hitchcock (Missouri lawyer)">Henry Hitchcock</a>, who served in Sherman's staff, declared that "it is a terrible thing to consume and destroy the sustenance of thousands of people", but if the scorched earth strategy served "to paralyze their husbands and fathers who are fighting [...] it is mercy in the end".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchcock1995125-220">[214]</a> One of Sherman's tactics was to destroy the railways by pulling up the rails, heating them over a bonfire, and twisting them to leave behind what came to known as "<a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_neckties" title="Sherman's neckties">Sherman's neckties</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020326-221">[215]</a> This made repairs extremely difficult at a time when the Confederacy lacked both iron and heavy machinery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2014242–243-222">[216]</a> The severity of the destructive acts by Union troops was significantly greater in South Carolina than in Georgia or North Carolina. This appears to have been a consequence of the animosity felt by Union soldiers and officers for the state that they regarded as the "cockpit of secession".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimsley1997200–202-223">[217]</a> One of the most serious accusations against Sherman was that he allowed his troops to burn the city of Columbia. Some pro-Confederate sources have repeated a claim that <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Otis_Howard" title="Oliver Otis Howard">Oliver Otis Howard</a>, the commander of Sherman's 15th Corps, said in 1867 that "It is useless to deny that our troops burnt Columbia, for I saw them in the act."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1884185-224">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms197149-226">[220]</a> Sherman stated that "[i]f I had made up my mind to burn Columbia I would have burnt it with no more feeling than I would a common prairie dog village; but I did not do it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucas2000December_11,_1872,_deposition,_Mixed_Commission,_XIV,_91,_quoted_in_p._154-227">[221]</a> Sherman's official report on the burning placed the blame on Confederate Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Wade Hampton</a>, who Sherman said had ordered the burning of cotton in the streets. In his memoirs, Sherman said, "In my official report of this conflagration, I distinctly charged it to General Wade Hampton, and confess I did so pointedly, to shake the faith of his people in him, for he was in my opinion boastful, and professed to be the special champion of South Carolina."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890b287-228">[222]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James M. McPherson</a> has concluded that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The fullest and most dispassionate study of this controversy blames all parties in varying proportions—including the Confederate authorities for the disorder that characterized the evacuation of Columbia, leaving thousands of cotton bales on the streets (some of them burning) and huge quantities of liquor undestroyed [...] Sherman did not deliberately burn Columbia; a majority of Union soldiers, including the general himself, worked through the night to put out the fires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2003728–729-229">[223]</a></blockquote> In this general connection, Sherman and his subordinates (particularly <a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a>) took steps to protect <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a>, from acts of revenge after the assassination of President Lincoln.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodworth2005636-230">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890b350–351-231">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar_service">Postwar service</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg/220px-Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg/330px-Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg/440px-Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>"Sherman's March to the Sea" is a song, with sheet music, celebrating Sherman's <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_march_to_the_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman's march to the sea">military campaign</a>.</figcaption></figure> In May 1865, after the major Confederate armies had surrendered, Sherman wrote in a personal letter: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I confess, without shame, I am sick and tired of fighting—its glory is all moonshine; even success the most brilliant is over dead and mangled bodies, with the anguish and lamentations of distant families, appealing to me for sons, husbands and fathers ... tis only those who have never heard a shot, never heard the shriek and groans of the wounded and lacerated ... that cry aloud for more blood, more vengeance, more desolation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart1993Quoted_in_p._402-232">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[g]</a></blockquote> In June 1865, two months after Lee's surrender at Appomattox, Sherman received his first postwar command, originally called the Military Division of the Mississippi, later the <a href="/wiki/Military_Division_of_the_Missouri" title="Military Division of the Missouri">Military Division of the Missouri</a>, which came to comprise the territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. Sherman's efforts in that position were focused on protecting the main wagon roads, such as the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bozeman_Trail" title="Bozeman Trail">Bozeman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trails</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAthearn195633–44-235">[228]</a> Tasked with guarding a vast territory with limited forces, Sherman grew weary of the multitude of requests for military protection addressed to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAthearn195633–44-235">[228]</a> On July 25, 1866, the U.S. Congress created the new rank of <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)" title="General of the Army (United States)">General of the Army</a> for Grant, while also promoting Sherman to Grant's previous rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">lieutenant general</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2001434-236">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Wars">Indian Wars</h3></div> There was little large-scale military action against the Indians during the first three years of Sherman's tenure as divisional commander, as Sherman allowed negotiations between the U.S. government and Indian leaders to proceed, while he built up his troops and awaited completion of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas Pacific Railroad">Kansas Pacific Railroads</a>. During this time, he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Commission" title="Indian Peace Commission">Indian Peace Commission</a>. Though the commission was responsible for the negotiation of the <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lodge_Treaty" title="Medicine Lodge Treaty">Medicine Lodge Treaty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)">Treaty of Fort Laramie</a>, Sherman did not have a significant role in the drafting of those treaties because in both cases he was called away to Washington during the negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAthearn1956196–197-237">[230]</a> In one instance, he was summoned to <a href="/wiki/Testify" class="mw-redirect" title="Testify">testify</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Witness" title="Witness">witness</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAthearn1956203-238">[231]</a> He testified in the trial on April 11 and 13, 1868.<a href="#cite_note-239">[232]</a> He successfully negotiated other treaties, such as the removal of <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajos</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Bosque_Redondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosque Redondo">Bosque Redondo</a> to traditional lands in Western New Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAthearn1956203-238">[231]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_General_William_T._Sherman_and_Commissioners_in_Council_with_Indian_Chiefs_at_Fort_Laramie,_Wyoming,_ca._1_-_NARA_-_531079.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white photo of a group of people sitting under a tent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Photograph_of_General_William_T._Sherman_and_Commissioners_in_Council_with_Indian_Chiefs_at_Fort_Laramie%2C_Wyoming%2C_ca._1_-_NARA_-_531079.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_General_William_T._Sherman_and_Commissioners_in_Council_with_Indian_Chiefs_at_Fort_Laramie%2C_Wyoming%2C_ca._1_-_NARA_-_531079.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Photograph_of_General_William_T._Sherman_and_Commissioners_in_Council_with_Indian_Chiefs_at_Fort_Laramie%2C_Wyoming%2C_ca._1_-_NARA_-_531079.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_General_William_T._Sherman_and_Commissioners_in_Council_with_Indian_Chiefs_at_Fort_Laramie%2C_Wyoming%2C_ca._1_-_NARA_-_531079.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Photograph_of_General_William_T._Sherman_and_Commissioners_in_Council_with_Indian_Chiefs_at_Fort_Laramie%2C_Wyoming%2C_ca._1_-_NARA_-_531079.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_General_William_T._Sherman_and_Commissioners_in_Council_with_Indian_Chiefs_at_Fort_Laramie%2C_Wyoming%2C_ca._1_-_NARA_-_531079.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2218" /></a><figcaption>Sherman (third from left) and other <a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Commission" title="Indian Peace Commission">Indian Peace Commissioners</a> in council are with native chiefs and headmen, at the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)">Treaty of Fort Laramie</a> in 1868.</figcaption></figure> When the Medicine Lodge Treaty failed in 1868, Sherman authorized his subordinate in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, Major General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a>, to lead the winter campaign of 1868–1869, of which the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Washita River">Battle of Washita River</a> was part. Sheridan used hard-war tactics similar to those he and Sherman had employed in the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-240">[233]</a> In 1871, Sherman ordered that the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Wagon_Train_raid" title="Warren Wagon Train raid">Warren Wagon Train raid</a>, an attack by a <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> war party from which Sherman himself had narrowly escaped, be tried for murder in <a href="/wiki/Jacksboro,_Texas" title="Jacksboro, Texas">Jacksboro, Texas</a>. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Satanta_and_Big_Tree" title="Trial of Satanta and Big Tree">trial of Satanta and Big Tree</a> marked the first occasion in which Native American chiefs were tried by a civilian court in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-241">[234]</a> Sherman regarded the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">railroad system</a> "as the most important element now in progress to facilitate the military interests of our Frontier".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAthearn1956Sherman_to_Rawlins,_October_23,_1865,_as_quoted_on_p._24-242">[235]</a> One of the main concerns of his postwar service was, therefore, to protect the construction and operation of the railroads from hostile Indians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAthearn195624-243">[236]</a> Sherman's views on Indian matters were often strongly expressed. Following the 1866 <a href="/wiki/Fetterman_Fight" title="Fetterman Fight">Fetterman Massacre</a>, in which 81 U.S. soldiers were ambushed and killed by Native American warriors, Sherman telegraphed Grant that "we must act with vindictive earnestness against the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>, even to their extermination, men, women and children".<a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a> In 1867, he wrote to Grant that "we are not going to let a few thieving, ragged Indians check and stop the progress" of the railroads.<a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[239]</a> In 1873, Sherman wrote in a private letter that "during an assault, the soldiers can not pause to distinguish between male and female, or even discriminate as to age. As long as resistance is made, death must be meted out, but the moment all resistance ceases, the firing will stop and all survivors turned over to the proper Indian agent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007p._379-247">[240]</a> Displacement of the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a> was facilitated by the growth of the railroads and the eradication of the <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a>. Sherman believed that bison eradication should be encouraged as a means of weakening Indian resistance to assimilation. He voiced this view in remarks to a joint session of the Texas legislature in 1875, although the U.S. Army under Sherman's command never conducted its own program of bison extermination.<a href="#cite_note-248">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[242]</a> Sherman encouraged bison hunting by private citizens and, when Congress passed a law in 1874 to protect the bison from over-hunting, Sherman helped convince President Grant to use a <a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">pocket veto</a> to prevent it from coming into force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2014203–204-250">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_of_the_Army">General of the Army</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William-t-sherman_photo_vy_Sarnoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white photograph of a man, pictured from above the waist in a military outfit. A signature is written below the photo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/William-t-sherman_photo_vy_Sarnoy.jpg/220px-William-t-sherman_photo_vy_Sarnoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/William-t-sherman_photo_vy_Sarnoy.jpg/330px-William-t-sherman_photo_vy_Sarnoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/William-t-sherman_photo_vy_Sarnoy.jpg/440px-William-t-sherman_photo_vy_Sarnoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>An 1885 portrait of Sherman by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Sarony" title="Napoleon Sarony">Napoleon Sarony</a> is in the frontispiece of the second edition of Sherman's Memoirs, published in 1886.<a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a></figcaption></figure> When Grant became president in 1869, Sherman was appointed <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Commanding General of the United States Army</a> and promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">full general</a>. After the death of <a href="/wiki/John_Aaron_Rawlins" title="John Aaron Rawlins">John A. Rawlins</a>, Sherman also served for one month as acting Secretary of War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020440–441-252">[245]</a> Sherman's early tenure as Commanding General was marred by political difficulties, many of which stemmed from disagreements with Secretary of War Rawlins and his successor, <a href="/wiki/William_W._Belknap" title="William W. Belknap">William W. Belknap</a>, both of whom Sherman felt had assumed too much power over the army and reduced the position of Commanding General to a <a href="/wiki/Sinecure" title="Sinecure">sinecure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAthearn195633–44-235">[228]</a> Sherman also clashed with Eastern humanitarians who were critical of the army's harsh treatment of the Indians and who had apparently found an ally in President Grant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAthearn195633–44-235">[228]</a> To escape from these difficulties, Sherman moved his headquarters to St. Louis in 1874. He returned to Washington in 1876, when the new Secretary of War, <a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">Alphonso Taft</a>, promised him greater authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAthearn1956268–269-253">[246]</a> Much of Sherman's time as Commanding General was devoted to making the Western and Plains states safe for settlement through the continuation of the Indian Wars, which included three significant campaigns: the <a href="/wiki/Modoc_War" title="Modoc War">Modoc War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War</a>. Despite his harsh treatment of the warring tribes, Sherman spoke out against speculators and government agents who abused the Native Americans living within the <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1993see,_for_instance,_pp._597–600-254">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007564_n4-255">[248]</a> During this time, Sherman also reorganized the U.S. Army forts to better accommodate the shifting frontier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAthearn1956291-256">[249]</a> In 1875, ten years after the end of the Civil War, Sherman became one of the first Civil War generals to publish his memoirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007461-257">[250]</a> The Memoirs of General William T. Sherman. By Himself, published by <a href="/wiki/D._Appleton_%26_Company" title="D. Appleton & Company">D. Appleton & Company</a> in two volumes, began with the year 1846 (when the Mexican War began) and ended with a chapter about the "military lessons of the [civil] war". The publication of Sherman's memoirs sparked controversy and drew complaints from many quarters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007463-258">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[h]</a> Grant, who was president when Sherman's memoirs appeared, later remarked that others had told him that Sherman treated Grant unfairly but "when I finished the book, I found I approved every word; that ... it was a true book, an honorable book, creditable to Sherman, just to his companions—to myself particularly so—just such a book as I expected Sherman would write."<a href="#cite_note-262">[254]</a> According to critic <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Edmund Wilson</a>, Sherman: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[H]ad a trained gift of self-expression and was, as <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> says, a master of narrative. [In his Memoirs] the vigorous account of his pre-war activities and his conduct of his military operations is varied in just the right proportion and to just the right degree of vivacity with anecdotes and personal experiences. We live through his campaigns ... in the company of Sherman himself. He tells us what he thought and what he felt, and he never strikes any attitudes or pretends to feel anything he does not feel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1994175-263">[255]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An insignia of a grey star, and eagle, and another grey star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png/220px-Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png/330px-Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="148" /></a><figcaption>This shoulder strap insignia was introduced by Sherman in 1872 for his use as General of the Army.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">election of 1876</a>, Southern Democrats who supported <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Wade Hampton</a> for governor used mob violence to attack and intimidate African American voters in Charleston. Republican Governor <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Henry_Chamberlain" title="Daniel Henry Chamberlain">Daniel Henry Chamberlain</a> appealed to President Grant for military assistance. In October 1876, Grant, after issuing a proclamation, instructed Sherman to gather all available Atlantic region troops and dispatch them to South Carolina to stop the mob violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2012570-264">[256]</a> On June 19, 1879, Sherman delivered a wholly inspirational address to the graduating class of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Military_Academy" title="Michigan Military Academy">Michigan Military Academy</a>, in which he did not use the word hell, nor mention the horrors of war.<a href="#cite_note-265">[257]</a> However, on August 12, 1880, he addressed a crowd of more than 10,000 in Columbus, Ohio: "There is many a boy here today who looks on war as all glory, but, boys, it is all hell."<a href="#cite_note-266">[258]</a> One month later a reporter for the Columbus Dispatch simplified those words to "Gen. Sherman said war was hell".<a href="#cite_note-267">[259]</a> By June 1881 it had become mainstream that General Sherman had said "War is hell".<a href="#cite_note-268">[260]</a> In 1880, Sherman organized and accompanied President <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>' tour of the West Coast of the United States, the first undertaken by a president.<a href="#cite_note-269">[261]</a> One of Sherman's significant contributions as head of the Army was the establishment of the Command School (now the <a href="/wiki/Command_and_General_Staff_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Command and General Staff College">Command and General Staff College</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner1964443-270">[262]</a> in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-271">[263]</a> Sherman stepped down as commanding general on November 1, 1883,<a href="#cite_note-tsha_bio-272">[264]</a> and retired from the army on February 8, 1884, at the then-mandatory retirement age of 64.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner1964443-270">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years">Final years</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherman_Profile.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white photogram of a man's head and shoulders. He faces the right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sherman_Profile.png/220px-Sherman_Profile.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sherman_Profile.png/330px-Sherman_Profile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sherman_Profile.png/440px-Sherman_Profile.png 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1945" /></a><figcaption>Sherman in his later years, in civilian evening clothes</figcaption></figure> Sherman lived most of the rest of his life in New York City. He was devoted to the theater and to amateur painting and was in demand as a colorful speaker at dinners and banquets, in which he indulged a fondness for quoting <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1990-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007480,_482–483,_490-273">[265]</a> During this period, he remained in contact with war veterans, and he was an active member of various social and charitable organizations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007479–480-274">[266]</a> Proposed as a Republican candidate for the <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">presidential election of 1884</a>, Sherman declined as emphatically as possible, saying, "I will not accept if nominated and will not serve if elected."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek20001769-275">[267]</a> Such a categorical rejection of a candidacy is now referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/Shermanesque_statement" title="Shermanesque statement">Shermanesque statement</a>".<a href="#cite_note-276">[268]</a> In 1886, after the publication of <a href="/wiki/Personal_Memoirs_of_U._S._Grant" title="Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant">Grant's memoirs</a>, Sherman produced a "second edition, revised and corrected" of his own memoirs. This new edition, published by Appleton, added a second preface, a chapter about his life up to 1846, a chapter concerning the post-war period (ending with his 1884 retirement from the army), several appendices, portraits, improved maps, and an index. For the most part, Sherman refused to revise his original text on the ground that "I disclaim the character of historian, but assume to be a witness on the stand before the great tribunal of history" and "any witness who may disagree with me should publish his own version of [the] facts in the truthful narration of which he is interested".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1990Preface_to_the_Second_Edition,_p._5-277">[269]</a> However, Sherman did include the views of some others in the appendices to the new edition.<a href="#cite_note-280">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[j]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shermandeathmask.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black statue of a man's face" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shermandeathmask.jpg/220px-Shermandeathmask.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shermandeathmask.jpg/330px-Shermandeathmask.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Shermandeathmask.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Sherman's <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death mask</a></figcaption></figure> Sherman died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> at 1:50 PM on February 14, 1891, six days after his 71st birthday.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020489-283">[273]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a>, who served under Sherman, sent a telegram to Sherman's family and ordered all national flags to be flown at half staff. Harrison, in a message to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, wrote that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He was an ideal soldier, and shared to the fullest the esprit de corps of the army, but he cherished the civil institutions organized under the Constitution, and was only a soldier that these might be perpetuated in undiminished usefulness and honor.<a href="#cite_note-284">[274]</a></blockquote> On February 19, a funeral service was held at his home, followed by a military procession. Joseph E. Johnston, the Confederate officer who had commanded the resistance to Sherman's troops in Georgia and the Carolinas, served as a <a href="/wiki/Pallbearer" title="Pallbearer">pallbearer</a> in New York City. It was a bitterly cold day and a friend of Johnston, fearing that the general might become ill, asked him to put on his hat. Johnston replied: "If I were in [Sherman's] place, and he were standing in mine, he would not put on his hat." Johnston did catch a serious cold and died one month later of pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1993See,_for_instance,_p._652-285">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007495–498-286">[276]</a> Sherman's body was then transported to St. Louis, where another service was conducted at a local Catholic church on February 21, 1891. His son, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing_Sherman" title="Thomas Ewing Sherman">Thomas Ewing Sherman</a>, who was a Jesuit priest, presided over his father's funeral masses in New York City and in St. Louis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007491–499-287">[277]</a> Former U.S. president and Civil War veteran <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>, who attended both ceremonies, said at the time that Sherman had been "the most interesting and original character in the world."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020as_quoted_on_p._409-288">[278]</a> He is buried in <a href="/wiki/Calvary_Cemetery_(St._Louis)" title="Calvary Cemetery (St. Louis)">Calvary Cemetery</a> in St. Louis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner1964444-289">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2></div> Sherman's birth family was <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> and he was originally <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a> as such. His foster mother, Maria Ewing, was devoutly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> and raised her own children in that faith. Sherman was re-baptized as a Catholic, but Maria's husband, Senator Thomas Ewing, insisted that the young Sherman not be compelled to practice Catholicism. Sherman observed but did not join in the religious ceremonies of the Ewing household.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDetzler196628-290">[280]</a> He later married his foster sister Ellen, who was also a devout Catholic. In 1864, she took up temporary residence in <a href="/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana">South Bend, Indiana</a> in order to have her young family educated at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_College_(Indiana)" title="Saint Mary's College (Indiana)">St. Mary's College</a>, both Catholic institutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorin1992289-291">[281]</a> Sherman wrote to his wife in 1842: "I believe in good works rather than faith."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe190917–20,_W._T._Sherman_to_Ellen_Ewing,_April_7,_1842-292">[282]</a> In letters written in 1865 to Thomas, his eldest surviving son, General Sherman said "I don't want you to be a soldier or a priest, but a good useful man",<a href="#cite_note-293">[283]</a> and complained that Thomas's mother Ellen "thinks religion is so important that everything else must give way to it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirshson1997Quoted_in_p._349-294">[284]</a> Thomas's decision to abandon his career as a lawyer in 1878 to join the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a> and prepare for the Catholic priesthood caused Sherman profound distress, and he referred to it as a "great calamity". Father and son, however, were reconciled when Thomas returned to the United States in August 1880, after having travelled to England for his religious instruction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020481–482-295">[285]</a> Some modern historians have characterized Sherman as a <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deist</a> in the manner of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGannon1996307–308-296">[286]</a> while others identify him as an <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a> who accepted many Christian values but lacked faith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202040–41,_470-297">[287]</a> Except during the personal crisis triggered by his son Thomas's decision to become a priest, Sherman's personal attitude toward the Catholic Church was tolerant and even friendly at a time when <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United States">anti-Catholic prejudice</a> was common in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDetzler196631-298">[288]</a> In 1888, Sherman wrote publicly that "my immediate family are strongly Catholic. I am not and cannot be."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1888b624-299">[289]</a> Upon Sherman's death, his son Thomas publicly declared: "My father was baptized in the Catholic Church, married in the Catholic Church, and attended the Catholic Church until the outbreak of the civil war. Since that time he has not been a communicant of any church."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1891139-300">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirshson1997387–388-301">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_reputation">Historical reputation</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Since the public mind has settled to the conclusion that the institution of slavery was so interwoven in our system that nothing but the interposition of Providence and horrid war could have eradicated it, and now that it is in the distant past, and that we as a nation, North and South, East and West, are the better for it, we believe that the war was worth to us all it cost in life and treasure. – W. T. Sherman (1887)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1887449-302">[292]</a> </blockquote> </div> In the years immediately after the war, Sherman was popular in the North and well regarded by his own soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudillAshdown20085-303">[293]</a> At the same time, he was generally respected in the South as a military man, while his conservative politics were attractive to many white Southerners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoody2011105-304">[294]</a> By the 1880s, however, Southern "<a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause</a>" writers began to demonize Sherman for his attacks on civilians in Georgia and South Carolina. The magazine <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, dedicated more attention to Sherman than to any other Union general, in part to enhance the visibility of the Civil War's <a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">western theater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoody2011108-305">[295]</a> In this new discourse, Sherman's devastation of railroads and plantations mattered less than his perceived insults to southern dignity and especially to its unprotected white womanhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoody2011110-306">[296]</a> Sherman was thus presented by Lost-Cause authors as the antithesis of the Southern ideals of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> supposedly embodied by General Lee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020386–387,_499-307">[297]</a> In the early 20th century, Sherman's role in the Civil War attracted attention from influential British military intellectuals, including Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley,_1st_Viscount_Wolseley" title="Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley">Lord Wolseley</a>, Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/J._F._C._Fuller" title="J. F. C. Fuller">J. F. C. Fuller</a>, and especially Capt. <a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart</a>. American historian Wesley Moody has argued that these commentators tended to filter Sherman's actions and his hard-war strategy through their own ideas about modern warfare, thereby contributing to the exaggeration of his "atrocities" and unintentionally feeding into the negative assessment of Sherman's moral character associated with the "Lost Cause" school of Southern historiography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoody2011132–142-308">[298]</a> This led to the publication of several works, notably John B. Walters's Merchant of Terror: General Sherman and Total War (1973),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoody2011145-309">[299]</a> that presented Sherman as responsible for "a mode of warfare which transgressed all ethical rules and showed an utter disregard for human rights and dignity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalters197382-310">[300]</a> Following Walters, <a href="/wiki/James_Reston_Jr." title="James Reston Jr.">James Reston Jr.</a> argued in 1984 that Sherman had planted the "seed for the <a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agent_Blue" title="Agent Blue">Agent Blue</a> programs of food deprivation in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020as_quoted_on_p._500-311">[301]</a> More recently, historians such as <a href="/wiki/Brian_Holden-Reid" title="Brian Holden-Reid">Brian Holden-Reid</a> have challenged such readings of Sherman's record and of his contributions to modern warfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020see_example_on_pp._499–507-312">[302]</a> The influential literary critic <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Edmund Wilson</a> found in Sherman's Memoirs a fascinating and disturbing account of an "appetite for warfare" that "grows as it feeds on the South".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1994184-313">[303]</a> Former U.S. Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> refers equivocally to the statement that "war is cruelty and you cannot refine it" in both the book Wilson's Ghost<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamaraBlight2001130-314">[304]</a> and in his interview for the documentary film <a href="/wiki/The_Fog_of_War" title="The Fog of War">The Fog of War</a> (2003). When comparing Sherman's scorched-earth campaigns to the actions of the British Army during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902)—another war in which civilians were targeted because of their central role in sustaining a belligerent power—South African historian <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Giliomee" title="Hermann Giliomee">Hermann Giliomee</a> claims that it "looks as if Sherman struck a better balance than the British commanders between severity and restraint in taking actions proportional to legitimate needs".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiliomee2003253-315">[305]</a> The admiration of scholars such as B. H. Liddell Hart,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart1993428–431-316">[306]</a> Lloyd Lewis, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Victor Davis Hanson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2001227–231-317">[307]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Marszalek" title="John F. Marszalek">John F. Marszalek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007499-318">[308]</a> and Brian Holden-Reid<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020501–504-319">[309]</a> for Sherman owes much to what they see as an approach to the exigencies of modern armed conflict that was both effective and principled.<a href="#cite_note-321">[k]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monuments_and_tributes">Monuments and tributes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Tecumseh_Sherman_Monument_New_York_January_2016_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A gold statue of a man riding a horse and a winged-person walking beside the horse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_Monument_New_York_January_2016_002.jpg/220px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman_Monument_New_York_January_2016_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_Monument_New_York_January_2016_002.jpg/330px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman_Monument_New_York_January_2016_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_Monument_New_York_January_2016_002.jpg/440px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman_Monument_New_York_January_2016_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The 1902 <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_(Saint-Gaudens)" title="William Tecumseh Sherman (Saint-Gaudens)">Sherman monument</a> by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_Plaza_(Manhattan)" title="Grand Army Plaza (Manhattan)">Grand Army Plaza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, New York City.<a href="#cite_note-Victory-322">[311]</a></figcaption></figure> The gilded bronze <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_(Saint-Gaudens)" title="William Tecumseh Sherman (Saint-Gaudens)">Sherman Memorial</a> (1902) by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a> stands at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_Plaza_(Manhattan)" title="Grand Army Plaza (Manhattan)">Grand Army Plaza</a> near the main entrance to New York City's <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Victory-322">[311]</a> Sherman is represented astride his horse Ontario and led by a winged female figure of Victory.<a href="#cite_note-Victory-322">[311]</a> Saint-Gaudens's Bust of William Tecumseh Sherman, which he used as the basis for the larger Memorial, is at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> features a smaller version of Saint-Gaudens's statue of Victory.<a href="#cite_note-324">[313]</a> The <a href="/wiki/General_William_Tecumseh_Sherman_Monument" title="General William Tecumseh Sherman Monument">General William Tecumseh Sherman Monument</a> (1903) by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rohl-Smith" title="Carl Rohl-Smith">Carl Rohl-Smith</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[314]</a> stands near <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Park" title="President's Park">President's Park</a> in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonMonument-326">[315]</a> The bronze monument consists of an equestrian statue of Sherman and a platform with a soldier at each corner, representing the infantry, artillery, cavalry, and engineer branches of the U.S. Army. The site was chosen because Sherman was reported to have stood there while reviewing returning Civil War troops in May 1865.<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonMonument-326">[315]</a> Other posthumous tributes include <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Circle" title="Sherman Circle">Sherman Circle</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Petworth,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Petworth, Washington, D.C.">Petworth</a> neighborhood of Washington, D.C.,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortier2014148-327">[316]</a> the <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman tank</a>, which was named by the British during World War II,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstéve20208–9-328">[317]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/General_Sherman_(tree)" title="General Sherman (tree)">"General Sherman" Giant Sequoia tree</a>, which is the most massive documented single-trunk tree in the world.<a href="#cite_note-329">[318]</a> There are only a few Generals of the US Army who are honored on a US postage stamp, and even fewer who appear more than twice as General Sherman has. The first postage stamp to honor Sherman was released to the public by the US Post Office on February 22, 1893, a little more than two years after his death, on Washington's birthday.<a href="#cite_note-330">[319]</a> <table style="margin:auto"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Tecumseh_Sherman_1893_issue-8c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_1893_issue-8c.jpg/220px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman_1893_issue-8c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_1893_issue-8c.jpg/330px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman_1893_issue-8c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_1893_issue-8c.jpg/440px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman_1893_issue-8c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1st Sherman stamp Issue of 1893</div></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Tecumseh_Sherman_1895_issue-8c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_1895_issue-8c.jpg/220px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman_1895_issue-8c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_1895_issue-8c.jpg/330px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman_1895_issue-8c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_1895_issue-8c.jpg/440px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman_1895_issue-8c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> Sherman Issue of 1895</div></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherman_Grant_Sheridan_1937_Issue-3c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sherman_Grant_Sheridan_1937_Issue-3c.jpg/220px-Sherman_Grant_Sheridan_1937_Issue-3c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sherman_Grant_Sheridan_1937_Issue-3c.jpg/330px-Sherman_Grant_Sheridan_1937_Issue-3c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sherman_Grant_Sheridan_1937_Issue-3c.jpg/440px-Sherman_Grant_Sheridan_1937_Issue-3c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> Sherman ~ Grant ~ Sheridan <a href="/wiki/US_Presidents_on_US_postage_stamps" class="mw-redirect" title="US Presidents on US postage stamps">1937 commemorative issue</a>     </div> </figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Insignia</th> <th>Rank</th> <th>Date</th> <th>Component </th></tr> <tr> <td>No insignia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadet#United_States" title="Cadet">Cadet, USMA</a></td> <td>July 1, 1836</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An insignia with a navy blue background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">Second Lieutenant</a></td> <td>July 1, 1840</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An insignia with a navy blue background and a yellow vertical bar at both ends" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant#United_States" title="First lieutenant">First Lieutenant</a></td> <td>November 30, 1841</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="alt=An insignia with a navy blue background and two yellow vertical bars at both ends" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Brevet Captain</a></td> <td>May 30, 1848</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An insignia with a navy blue background and three yellow vertical bars at both ends" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a></td> <td>September 27, 1850</td> <td>Regular Army (Resigned September 6, 1853.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An insignia with a navy blue background and a silver eagle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png/75px-Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png/113px-Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png/150px-Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td> <td>May 14, 1861</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An insignia with a navy blue background and a silver star in the middle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td> <td>May 17, 1861</td> <td>Volunteers </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An insignia with a navy blue background and two silver stars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a></td> <td>May 1, 1862</td> <td>Volunteers </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An insignia with a navy blue background and a silver star in the middle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td> <td>July 4, 1863</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An insignia with a navy blue background and two silver stars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a></td> <td>August 12, 1864</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_LTG_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An insignia with a navy blue background and three silver stars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Usa_LTG_1861.jpg/75px-Usa_LTG_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Usa_LTG_1861.jpg/113px-Usa_LTG_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Usa_LTG_1861.jpg/150px-Usa_LTG_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="75" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant General</a></td> <td>July 25, 1866</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An insignia with a navy blue background and a silver star, a gold eagle, and another silver star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png/75px-Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png/113px-Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png/150px-Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="148" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a></td> <td>March 4, 1869</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An insignia with a navy blue background and a silver star, a gold eagle, and another silver star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png/75px-Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png/113px-Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png/150px-Us_army_general_insignia_1872.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="148" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a></td> <td>February 8, 1884</td> <td>Retired </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center;">Source: <a href="#cite_note-331">[320]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/personalmemoirso6947sher">Personal memoirs of Gen. W.T. Sherman</a>. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Webster_and_Company" title="Charles L. Webster and Company">Charles L. Webster and Company</a>. 1890.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+memoirs+of+Gen.+W.T.+Sherman&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Charles+L.+Webster+and+Company&rft.date=1890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersonalmemoirso6947sher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/personalmemoirso6948sher">Personal memoirs of Gen. W.T. Sherman</a>. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). New York: Charles L. Webster and Company. 1890.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+memoirs+of+Gen.+W.T.+Sherman&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Charles+L.+Webster+and+Company&rft.date=1890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersonalmemoirso6948sher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> This is actually a re-printing of the second, revised edition of 1889, published by <a href="/wiki/D._Appleton_%26_Company" title="D. Appleton & Company">D. Appleton & Company</a>, of New York City. The first edition was published in 1875 by Henry S. King & Co., of London, and by Appleton in New York. All other "editions" of Sherman's memoirs are re-printings of the 1889 or, in some cases, the 1875 edition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1990Note_on_the_Text,_p._1122-281">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_chapters">Book chapters</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonBuel1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Underwood_Johnson" title="Robert Underwood Johnson">Johnson, Robert U.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Clough_Buel" title="Clarence Clough Buel">Buel, Clarence C.</a>, eds. (1888). "The Grand Strategy of the Last Year of the War". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278608">Battles and Leaders of the Civil War</a>. Vol. IV. The Century Co. pp. 247–259.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Grand+Strategy+of+the+Last+Year+of+the+War&rft.btitle=Battles+and+Leaders+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=247-259&rft.pub=The+Century+Co.&rft.date=1888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.278608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25118577">"Sherman on Grant"</a>. North American Review. 142 (350): 111–113. January 1886. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25118577">25118577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Review&rft.atitle=Sherman+on+Grant&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=350&rft.pages=111-113&rft.date=1886-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25118577%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25118577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Sherman, W. T. (March 1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25118599">"An Unspoken Address to the Loyal Legion"</a>. North American Review. 142 (352): 295–308. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25118599">25118599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Review&rft.atitle=An+Unspoken+Address+to+the+Loyal+Legion&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=352&rft.pages=295-308&rft.date=1886-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25118599%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25118599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Sherman, W. T. (May 1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101219">"Grant, Thomas, Lee"</a>. North American Review. 144 (366): 437–450. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101219">25101219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Review&rft.atitle=Grant%2C+Thomas%2C+Lee&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=366&rft.pages=437-450&rft.date=1887-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25101219%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25101219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Grand Strategy of the War of the Rebellion". Century Magazine. 35: 582–598. February 1888.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Century+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Grand+Strategy+of+the+War+of+the+Rebellion&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=582-598&rft.date=1888-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Sherman, W. T. (October 1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101627">"Old Shady, with a Moral"</a>. North American Review. 147 (383): 361–368. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101627">25101627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Review&rft.atitle=Old+Shady%2C+with+a+Moral&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=383&rft.pages=361-368&rft.date=1888-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25101627%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25101627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Sherman, W. T. (November 1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101651">"Camp-Fires of the G. A. R."</a> North American Review. 147 (384): 497–502. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101651">25101651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Review&rft.atitle=Camp-Fires+of+the+G.+A.+R.&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=384&rft.pages=497-502&rft.date=1888-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25101651%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25101651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Sherman, W. T. (December 1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101676">"Hon. James G. Blaine"</a>. North American Review. 147 (385): 616–625. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101676">25101676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Review&rft.atitle=Hon.+James+G.+Blaine&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=385&rft.pages=616-625&rft.date=1888-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25101676%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25101676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Sherman, W. T. (March 1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101733">"Old Times in California"</a>. North American Review. 148 (388): 269–279. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101733">25101733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Review&rft.atitle=Old+Times+in+California&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=388&rft.pages=269-279&rft.date=1889-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25101733%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25101733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Sherman, William T. (August 1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25102027">"Our Army and Militia"</a>. North American Review. 151 (405): 129–125. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25102027">25102027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Review&rft.atitle=Our+Army+and+Militia&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=405&rft.pages=129-125&rft.date=1890-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25102027%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25102027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters_and_other_documents">Letters and other documents</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wokf_2oPu70C">Who Burnt Columbia?: Official Depositions of Wm. Tecumseh Sherman and Gen. O.O. Howard, U.S.A., for the Defence, and Extracts from Some of the Depositions for the Claimants</a>. Charleston, SC: Walker, Evans & Cogswell. January 1873.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Burnt+Columbia%3F%3A+Official+Depositions+of+Wm.+Tecumseh+Sherman+and+Gen.+O.O.+Howard%2C+U.S.A.%2C+for+the+Defence%2C+and+Extracts+from+Some+of+the+Depositions+for+the+Claimants&rft.pub=Charleston%2C+SC%3A+Walker%2C+Evans+%26+Cogswell&rft.date=1873-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwokf_2oPu70C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Sherman, W. T. (March 1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25102150">"Unpublished Letters of General Sherman"</a>. North American Review. 142 (352): 371–375. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25102150">25102150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Review&rft.atitle=Unpublished+Letters+of+General+Sherman&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=352&rft.pages=371-375&rft.date=1891-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25102150%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25102150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Thorndike, Rachel Sherman, ed. (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shermanlettersc00shergoog">The Sherman Letters: Correspondence between General and Senator Sherman from 1837 to 1891</a>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sherman+Letters%3A+Correspondence+between+General+and+Senator+Sherman+from+1837+to+1891&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshermanlettersc00shergoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"General Sherman's Tour of Europe". Century Magazine. 35: 729–740. 1899.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Century+Magazine&rft.atitle=General+Sherman%27s+Tour+of+Europe&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=729-740&rft.date=1899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony_De_Wolfe_Howe_(writer)" title="Mark Antony De Wolfe Howe (writer)">De Wolfe Howe, M. A.</a>, ed. (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homelettersofgen00sher">Home letters of General Sherman</a>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+letters+of+General+Sherman&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomelettersofgen00sher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Walter L., ed. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalwtsherma00shergoog">General W. T. Sherman as College President</a>. The Arthur H. Clark Company. <q>A Collection of Letters, Documents, and Other Material, Chiefly from Private Sources, Relating to the Life and Activities of General William Tecumseh Sherman, to the Early Years of Louisiana State University, and the Stirring Conditions Existing in the South on the Eve of the Civil War</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+W.+T.+Sherman+as+College+President&rft.pub=The+Arthur+H.+Clark+Company&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralwtsherma00shergoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ewing, Joseph H., ed. (1992). Sherman at War. Morning House, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89029-539-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89029-539-7"><bdi>978-0-89029-539-7</bdi></a>. <q>An annotated collection of previously unpublished letters written by Sherman to his father-in-law and brother-in-law during the years of the Civil War</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman+at+War&rft.pub=Morning+House%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-89029-539-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Brooks D.; Berlin, Jean V., eds. (1999). Sherman's Civil War: Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman, 1860–1865. Civil War in America. Chapel Hill & London: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2440-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2440-5"><bdi>978-0-8078-2440-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman%27s+Civil+War%3A+Selected+Correspondence+of+William+T.+Sherman%2C+1860%E2%80%931865&rft.series=Civil+War+in+America&rft.pub=Chapel+Hill+%26+London%3A+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-2440-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Union)" title="List of American Civil War generals (Union)">List of American Civil War generals (Union)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> For further details about Sherman's banking career, Dwight L. Clarke, William Tecumseh Sherman: Gold Rush Banker (San Francisco: California Historical Society, 1969). </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> For more detailed discussion of this overall period, see Marszalek, Sherman, pp. 154–167; Hirshson, White Tecumseh, pp. 95–105; Kennett, Sherman, pp. 127–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> The nomination was not submitted to the Senate until December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001702-135">[133]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> This message was put on a vessel on December 22, passed on by telegram from Fort Monroe, Virginia, and apparently received by Lincoln on Christmas Day itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890b231–232-149">[146]</a> See also Official Records, Series I, vol. 44, 783; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1222.html">New York Times, December 26, 1864</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216141644/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1222.html">Archived</a> February 16, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Liddell Hart's claims for his own influence on the German doctrine of Blitzkrieg and on the German use of tanks in World War II, as well as his relations with leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> after the war's end, have attracted criticism and controversy. See, e.g., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Hart, Sir Basil Henry Liddell". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F33737">10.1093/ref:odnb/33737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hart%2C+Sir+Basil+Henry+Liddell&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F33737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.). </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Sherman wrote in a letter to Halleck, dated December 24, 1864, "that we are not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war, as well as their organized armies."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890bquoted_in_p._227-210">[205]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> This letter was to James E. Yeatman, May 21, 1865, and is excerpted more extensively (and with slight variations) in Bowman and Irwin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowmanIrwin1865486–488-233">[227]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> In 1875, Henry V. Boynton published a critical review of Sherman's memoirs "based upon compilations from the records of the war office".<a href="#cite_note-259">[252]</a> A defense of Sherman by C. W. Moulton was also published that year.<a href="#cite_note-260">[253]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> In one amusing change to his text, Sherman dropped the assertion that <a href="/wiki/John_Sutter" title="John Sutter">John Sutter</a>, of gold-rush fame, had become "very 'tight'" at a Fourth of July celebration in 1848 and stated instead that Sutter "was enthusiastic".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1990Note_on_the_Text,_p._1123-278">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[271]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> A "third edition, revised and corrected" of Sherman's memoirs was put out in 1890 by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>'s firm Charles L. Webster & Co., which had published Grant's memoirs. This and other later versions were all printed from the plates of the 1886 or, in some cases, the 1875 edition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1990Note_on_the_Text,_p._1122-281">[272]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> According to Victor Davis Hanson, "In the eyes of Lewis and Liddell Hart, Sherman was a great man, who is judged on what he did and not on what he wrote: he saved lives and shortened the war; and he used military science to teach his nation what war is ultimately for."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2001439-320">[310]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1993i-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1993i_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1993">Lewis 1993</a>, p. i. </li> <li id="cite_note-SHR-ND-2"><a href="#cite_ref-SHR-ND_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.nd.edu/findaids/ead/xml/shr.xml">"William T. Sherman Family papers"</a>. University of Notre Dame Archives. University of Notre Dame. Retrieved January 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Notre+Dame+Archives&rft.atitle=William+T.+Sherman+Family+papers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.nd.edu%2Ffindaids%2Fead%2Fxml%2Fshr.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H0m0fk067IIC&pg=PA265">Official Army Register for January, 1885</a>. Washington, D.C.: Adjutant General's Office. 1885. p. 265.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Army+Register+for+January%2C+1885&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Adjutant+General%27s+Office&rft.date=1885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH0m0fk067IIC%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Tecumseh">"Tecumseh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tecumseh&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FTecumseh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Tecumseh" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Tecumseh">"Tecumseh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> (5th ed.). HarperCollins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Tecumseh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DTecumseh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodworth2005631-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodworth2005631_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodworth2005">Woodworth 2005</a>, p. 631: "[Sherman's] genius [for] strategy and logistics ... made him one of the foremost architects of Union victory" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart1993xiii,_430-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart1993xiii,_430_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiddell_Hart1993">Liddell Hart 1993</a>, pp. xiii, 430. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicks2016" class="citation news cs1">Ricks, Thomas E. (June 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/19/books/review/william-tecumseh-sherman-by-james-lee-mcdonough.html">"'William Tecumseh Sherman,' by James Lee McDonough"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27William+Tecumseh+Sherman%2C%27+by+James+Lee+McDonough&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft.aulast=Ricks&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F06%2F19%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fwilliam-tecumseh-sherman-by-james-lee-mcdonough.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbs" class="citation news cs1">Dobbs, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2012/02/madness-genius-shermans-ruthless-march/">"Madness, Genius, & Sherman's Ruthless March"</a>. Wired. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a>. Retrieved December 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Madness%2C+Genius%2C+%26+Sherman%27s+Ruthless+March&rft.issn=1059-1028&rft.aulast=Dobbs&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2012%2F02%2Fmadness-genius-shermans-ruthless-march%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1990-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1990_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1990_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodward1990">Woodward 1990</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek20074-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek20074_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarszalek2007">Marszalek 2007</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202021-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202021_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolden-Reid2020">Holden-Reid 2020</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek20071-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek20071_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarszalek2007">Marszalek 2007</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2016148–149-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2016148–149_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDonough2016">McDonough 2016</a>, pp. 148–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson1896" class="citation journal cs1">Parkinson, James H. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=etK6cI5LS4gC&q=dr.+euthanasia+sherman+meade&pg=PA114">"Euthanasia S. Meade, M.D."</a> Occidental Medical Times. 10: 114 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occidental+Medical+Times&rft.atitle=Euthanasia+S.+Meade%2C+M.D.&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=114&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Parkinson&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DetK6cI5LS4gC%26q%3Ddr.%2Beuthanasia%2Bsherman%2Bmeade%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio (Columbus, 1890), I: 595. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890a11-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman1890a11_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherman1890a">Sherman 1890a</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis199334-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis199334_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1993">Lewis 1993</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis199323-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis199323_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1993">Lewis 1993</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007xiv–xv_n._1-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007xiv–xv_n._1_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarszalek2007">Marszalek 2007</a>, pp. xiv–xv n. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchenker200855-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchenker200855_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchenker2008">Schenker 2008</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202019-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202019_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolden-Reid2020">Holden-Reid 2020</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonBerlin19996-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonBerlin19996_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimpsonBerlin1999">Simpson & Berlin 1999</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200532-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200532_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202024-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202024_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolden-Reid2020">Holden-Reid 2020</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202030-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202030_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolden-Reid2020">Holden-Reid 2020</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirshson199713-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirshson199713_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHirshson1997">Hirshson 1997</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890a17-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman1890a17_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherman1890a">Sherman 1890a</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890a26-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman1890a26_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherman1890a">Sherman 1890a</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirshson199721-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirshson199721_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHirshson1997">Hirshson 1997</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202043-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202043_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolden-Reid2020">Holden-Reid 2020</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell201429-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connell201429_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Connell2014">O'Connell 2014</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1890a42–43-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman1890a42–43_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherman1890a">Sherman 1890a</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell201429–30-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connell201429–30_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Connell2014">O'Connell 2014</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-SFMuseum1-35"><a href="#cite_ref-SFMuseum1_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070509133309/http://www.sfmuseum.org/bio/sherman.html">"William Tecumseh Sherman (1820–1891)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_City_of_San_Francisco" title="Museum of the City of San Francisco">Museum of the City of San Francisco</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfmuseum.org/bio/sherman.html">the original</a> on May 9, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Tecumseh+Sherman+%281820%E2%80%931891%29&rft.pub=Museum+of+the+City+of+San+Francisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfmuseum.org%2Fbio%2Fsherman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWPA_Writers'_Program_of_the_Work_Projects_Administration_in_Southern_California1941" class="citation journal cs1">WPA Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in Southern California (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWULAQAAIAAJ">"Monterey Peninsula"</a>. J.L. Delkin: 9, 86. Retrieved August 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.L.+Delkin&rft.atitle=Monterey+Peninsula&rft.pages=9%2C+86&rft.date=1941&rft.au=WPA+Writers%27+Program+of+the+Work+Projects+Administration+in+Southern+California&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrWULAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFMuseum2-37"><a href="#cite_ref-SFMuseum2_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209080012/http://www.sfmuseum.net/hist6/shermgold.html">"Sherman and the Discovery of Gold"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_City_of_San_Francisco" title="Museum of the City of San Francisco">Museum of the City of San Francisco</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfmuseum.net/hist6/shermgold.html">the original</a> on February 9, 2006. Retrieved December 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sherman+and+the+Discovery+of+Gold&rft.pub=Museum+of+the+City+of+San+Francisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfmuseum.net%2Fhist6%2Fshermgold.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell201435-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connell201435_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Connell2014">O'Connell 2014</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202046-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid202046_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolden-Reid2020">Holden-Reid 2020</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell201435–36-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connell201435–36_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Connell2014">O'Connell 2014</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sacramento-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Sacramento_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofsacramento.org/~/media/Corporate/Files/CDD/Planning/Environmental%20Impact%20Reports/Arena_ESC/Admin%20Records/GHistoricalResourcesReportAdminRecord16of37.pdf">"Survey Report: Raised Streets & Hollow Sidewalks, Sacramento, California"</a> (PDF). City of Sacramento. July 20, 2009. p. 7. 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Philip Sheridan"</a>. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+complicated+history+of+Gen.+Philip+Sheridan&rft.date=2021-11-21&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=John+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fopinion%2Fcommentary%2Fct-perspec-flashback-sheridan-general-civil-war-chicago-statue-flashback-1126-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, Allen Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/warren-wagontrain-raid">"Warren Wagontrain Raid"</a>. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warren+Wagontrain+Raid&rft.pub=Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Allen+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fentries%2Fwarren-wagontrain-raid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAthearn1956Sherman_to_Rawlins,_October_23,_1865,_as_quoted_on_p._24-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAthearn1956Sherman_to_Rawlins,_October_23,_1865,_as_quoted_on_p._24_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAthearn1956">Athearn 1956</a>, Sherman to Rawlins, October 23, 1865, as quoted on p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAthearn195624-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAthearn195624_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAthearn1956">Athearn 1956</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Sherman to Grant, December 28, 1866, Papers of Ulysses S. Grant 16:422 </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Sherman to Grant, May 28, 1867, quoted in Fellman, Citizen Sherman, pp. 264, 453 n5 </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 17:262 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007p._379-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007p._379_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarszalek2007">Marszalek 2007</a>, p. 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-Armesto2014" class="citation book cs1">Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2014). Our America: A Hispanic History of the United States. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+America%3A+A+Hispanic+History+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armesto&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngham2010" class="citation book cs1">Ingham, Donna (2010). Mysteries and Legends of Texas: True Stories of the Unsolved and Unexplained. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysteries+and+Legends+of+Texas%3A+True+Stories+of+the+Unsolved+and+Unexplained&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Ingham&rft.aufirst=Donna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2014203–204-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2014203–204_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Connell2014">O'Connell 2014</a>, pp. 203–204. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_S_NPG.76.63">"William T. Sherman"</a>. National Portrait Gallery Collection. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved January 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Portrait+Gallery+Collection&rft.atitle=William+T.+Sherman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpg.si.edu%2Fobject%2Fnpg_S_NPG.76.63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020440–441-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolden-Reid2020440–441_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolden-Reid2020">Holden-Reid 2020</a>, pp. 440–441. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAthearn1956268–269-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAthearn1956268–269_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAthearn1956">Athearn 1956</a>, pp. 268–269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1993see,_for_instance,_pp._597–600-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1993see,_for_instance,_pp._597–600_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1993">Lewis 1993</a>, see, for instance, pp. 597–600. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007564_n4-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007564_n4_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarszalek2007">Marszalek 2007</a>, p. 564 n4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAthearn1956291-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAthearn1956291_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAthearn1956">Athearn 1956</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007461-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007461_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarszalek2007">Marszalek 2007</a>, p. 461. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007463-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2007463_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarszalek2007">Marszalek 2007</a>, p. 463. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoynton1875" class="citation book cs1">Boynton, Henry V. (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shermanshistori00boyngoog">Sherman's historical raid. The Memoirs in the light of the record. A review based upon compilations from the files of the War Office</a>. Cincinnati, Wilstach, Baldwin & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman%27s+historical+raid.+The+Memoirs+in+the+light+of+the+record.+A+review+based+upon+compilations+from+the+files+of+the+War+Office.&rft.pub=Cincinnati%2C+Wilstach%2C+Baldwin+%26+Co.&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Boynton&rft.aufirst=Henry+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshermanshistori00boyngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoulton1875" class="citation book cs1">Moulton, C.W. (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reviewgeneralsh00moulgoog/page/n5">The review of General Sherman's Memoirs examined, chiefly in the light of its own evidence</a>. Cincinnati, R. Clarke & co., printers. <q>A criticism of H. V. Boynton's 'Sherman's historical raid. The Memoirs in the light of the record', Cincinnati, 1875.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+review+of+General+Sherman%27s+Memoirs+examined%2C+chiefly+in+the+light+of+its+own+evidence&rft.pub=Cincinnati%2C+R.+Clarke+%26+co.%2C+printers&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Moulton&rft.aufirst=C.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freviewgeneralsh00moulgoog%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Extract from John Russell Young, Around the World with General Grant, vol. II, 290–291, quoted in Sherman, Memoirs (Library of America ed., 1990), p. 1054. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1994175-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1994175_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1994">Wilson 1994</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2012570-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2012570_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrands2012">Brands 2012</a>, p. 570. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Michigan Military Academy, Detroit Free Press, June 20, 1879, pp 1,2. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Old Soldiers, The Cincinnati Enquirer August 12, 1880, page 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> No Fuss and Feathers, The Jackson Standard, September 16, 1880. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Latent Heroism, Hartford Courant June 9, 1881. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_R._Spitzzeri2020" class="citation web cs1">Paul R. Spitzzeri (February 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homesteadmuseum.blog/2020/02/07/a-respectful-deference-president-rutherford-b-hayes-visits-los-angeles-24-october-1880/">""A Respectful Deference": President Rutherford B. Hayes Visits Los Angeles, 24 October 1880"</a>. Homestead Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22A+Respectful+Deference%22%3A+President+Rutherford+B.+Hayes+Visits+Los+Angeles%2C+24+October+1880&rft.pub=Homestead+Museum&rft.date=2020-02-07&rft.au=Paul+R.+Spitzzeri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhomesteadmuseum.blog%2F2020%2F02%2F07%2Fa-respectful-deference-president-rutherford-b-hayes-visits-los-angeles-24-october-1880%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner1964443-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner1964443_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner1964443_270-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarner1964">Warner 1964</a>, p. 443. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/william-t-sherman-papers/articles-and-essays/timeline/">"Timeline: A Chronology of Key Events in the Life of William T. Sherman, 1820–1891"</a>. Collection: William T. Sherman Papers. Library of Congress. Retrieved December 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collection%3A+William+T.+Sherman+Papers&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+A+Chronology+of+Key+Events+in+the+Life+of+William+T.+Sherman%2C+1820%E2%80%931891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fwilliam-t-sherman-papers%2Farticles-and-essays%2Ftimeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsha_bio-272"><a href="#cite_ref-tsha_bio_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutrer" class="citation web cs1">Cutrer, Thomas W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/sherman-william-tecumseh">"Sherman, William Tecumseh (1820–1891)"</a>. Texas State Historical Association. 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The New York Times. February 15, 1891. 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T. Sherman to Ellen Ewing, April 7, 1842. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nd.edu/findaids/ead/index/fulltext/cshr9_57.htm">"In Headquarters, Military Division of the Mississippi In the Field, Savannah, Geo.: Dear Tommy"</a>. Sherman Letters. University of Notre Dame. January 21, 1865. 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Richardson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman+and+His+Campaigns&rft.pub=Charles+B.+Richardson&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Samuel+M.&rft.au=Irwin%2C+Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshermanandhisca01irwigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2012" class="citation book cs1">Brands, H.W. (2012). The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses S. Grant In War and Peace. Anchor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30747-515-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30747-515-2"><bdi>978-0-30747-515-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Saved+the+Union%3A+Ulysses+S.+Grant+In+War+and+Peace&rft.pub=Anchor&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-30747-515-2&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockett1866" class="citation book cs1">Brockett, L.P. (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourgreatcaptain00brocgoog">Our Great Captains: Grant, Sherman, Thomas, Sheridan, and Farragut</a>. Charles B. Richardson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Great+Captains%3A+Grant%2C+Sherman%2C+Thomas%2C+Sheridan%2C+and+Farragut&rft.pub=Charles+B.+Richardson&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Brockett&rft.aufirst=L.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourgreatcaptain00brocgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Burton" title="Katherine Burton">Burton, Katherine</a> (1947). Three Generations: Maria Boyle Ewing – Ellen Ewing Sherman – Minnie Sherman Fitch. Longmans, Green & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Generations%3A+Maria+Boyle+Ewing+%E2%80%93+Ellen+Ewing+Sherman+%E2%80%93+Minnie+Sherman+Fitch&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaudillAshdown2008" class="citation book cs1">Caudill, Edward; Ashdown, Paul (2008). Sherman's March in Myth and Memory. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74255-027-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74255-027-8"><bdi>978-0-74255-027-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman%27s+March+in+Myth+and+Memory&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-74255-027-8&rft.aulast=Caudill&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Ashdown%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel1997" class="citation book cs1">Daniel, Larry J. (1997). Shiloh: The Battle That Changed the Civil War. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-68480-375-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-68480-375-3"><bdi>978-0-68480-375-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shiloh%3A+The+Battle+That+Changed+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-68480-375-3&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Larry+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDetzler1966" class="citation journal cs1">Detzler, Jack J (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.ohiohistory.org/ohj/browse/displaypages.php?display%5b%5d=0075&display%5b%5d=26&display%5b%5d=34">"The Religion of William Tecumseh Sherman"</a>. Ohio History Journal. 75 (1): 26–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+History+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Religion+of+William+Tecumseh+Sherman&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-34&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Detzler&rft.aufirst=Jack+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresources.ohiohistory.org%2Fohj%2Fbrowse%2Fdisplaypages.php%3Fdisplay%5B%5D%3D0075%26display%5B%5D%3D26%26display%5B%5D%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickey2018" class="citation book cs1">Dickey, J. D. (2018). Rising in Flames: Sherman's March and the Fight for a New Nation. Pegasus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68177-757-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68177-757-3"><bdi>978-1-68177-757-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+in+Flames%3A+Sherman%27s+March+and+the+Fight+for+a+New+Nation&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-68177-757-3&rft.aulast=Dickey&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougherty2007" class="citation book cs1">Dougherty, Kevin (2007). Civil War Leadership and Mexican War Experience. University of Mississippi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-968-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-968-2"><bdi>978-1-57806-968-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+Leadership+and+Mexican+War+Experience&rft.pub=University+of+Mississippi+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-968-2&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEicherEicher2001" class="citation book cs1">Eicher, John H.; <a href="/wiki/David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">Eicher, David J.</a> (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80473-641-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80473-641-1"><bdi>978-0-80473-641-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+High+Commands&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-80473-641-1&rft.aulast=Eicher&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Eicher%2C+David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstéve2020" class="citation book cs1">Estéve, Michel (2020). Sherman: The M4 Tank in World War II. Casemate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-740-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-740-3"><bdi>978-1-61200-740-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman%3A+The+M4+Tank+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-61200-740-3&rft.aulast=Est%C3%A9ve&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher1891" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Thomas C. (1891). Life and Reminiscences of General Wm. T. Sherman by Distinguished Men of His Time. Baltimore, Maryland: R. H. Woodward Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Reminiscences+of+General+Wm.+T.+Sherman+by+Distinguished+Men+of+His+Time&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=R.+H.+Woodward+Co.&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (2006). Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction. Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3757-0274-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3757-0274-7"><bdi>978-0-3757-0274-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forever+Free%3A+The+Story+of+Emancipation+and+Reconstruction&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-3757-0274-7&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortier2014" class="citation book cs1">Fortier, Alison (2014). A History Lover's Guide to Washington, D.C. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62585-064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62585-064-5"><bdi>978-1-62585-064-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+Lover%27s+Guide+to+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62585-064-5&rft.aulast=Fortier&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2006" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Buck T. (2006). Sherman's Meridian Campaign. University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81731-519-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81731-519-1"><bdi>978-0-81731-519-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman%27s+Meridian+Campaign&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-81731-519-1&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Buck+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabel2013" class="citation book cs1">Gabel, Christopher R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/books/075/75-8/CMH_Pub_75-8.pdf">The Vicksburg Campaign: November 1862 – July 1863</a> (PDF). Center for Military History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vicksburg+Campaign%3A+November+1862+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BJuly+1863&rft.pub=Center+for+Military+History&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Gabel&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F075%2F75-8%2FCMH_Pub_75-8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannon1996" class="citation journal cs1">Gannon, B. Anthony (1996). "A Consistent Deist: Sherman and Religion". Civil War History. 42 (4): 307–321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwh.1996.0023">10.1353/cwh.1996.0023</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159974449">159974449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+History&rft.atitle=A+Consistent+Deist%3A+Sherman+and+Religion&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=307-321&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcwh.1996.0023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159974449%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=B.+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiliomee2003" class="citation book cs1">Giliomee, Hermann (2003). The Afrikaners: Biography of a People. University Press of Virginia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81392-237-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81392-237-9"><bdi>978-0-81392-237-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Afrikaners%3A+Biography+of+a+People&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-81392-237-9&rft.aulast=Giliomee&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimsley1997" class="citation book cs1">Grimsley, Mark (1997). The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy toward Southern Civilians, 1861–1865. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52159-941-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52159-941-2"><bdi>978-0-52159-941-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hard+Hand+of+War%3A+Union+Military+Policy+toward+Southern+Civilians%2C+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-52159-941-2&rft.aulast=Grimsley&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson, Victor Davis</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soulofbattlefrom00hans_1">The Soul of Battle</a>. Anchor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-780-38572-059-5" title="Special:BookSources/9-780-38572-059-5"><bdi>9-780-38572-059-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/793155253">793155253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+of+Battle&rft.pub=Anchor&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F793155253&rft.isbn=9-780-38572-059-5&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Victor+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoulofbattlefrom00hans_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirshson1997" class="citation book cs1">Hirshson, Stanley P. (1997). The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-47128-329-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-47128-329-4"><bdi>978-0-47128-329-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Tecumseh%3A+A+Biography+of+General+William+T.+Sherman&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-47128-329-4&rft.aulast=Hirshson&rft.aufirst=Stanley+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchcock1995" class="citation book cs1">Hitchcock, Henry (1995) [1927]. Howe, M. A. DeWolfe (ed.). Marching with Sherman: Passages from the Letters and Campaign Diaries of Henry Hitchcock, Major and Assistant Adjutant General of Volunteers, November 1864 – May 1865. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80327-276-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80327-276-7"><bdi>978-0-80327-276-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marching+with+Sherman%3A+Passages+from+the+Letters+and+Campaign+Diaries+of+Henry+Hitchcock%2C+Major+and+Assistant+Adjutant+General+of+Volunteers%2C+November+1864+%E2%80%93+May+1865&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-80327-276-7&rft.aulast=Hitchcock&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden-Reid2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Holden-Reid" title="Brian Holden-Reid">Holden-Reid, Brian</a> (2020). The Scourge of War: The Life of William Tecumseh Sherman. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19539-273-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19539-273-9"><bdi>978-0-19539-273-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scourge+of+War%3A+The+Life+of+William+Tecumseh+Sherman&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19539-273-9&rft.aulast=Holden-Reid&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> See book review at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Bordewich" title="Fergus Bordewich">Bordewich, Fergus M.</a> (May 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-scourge-of-war-review-a-long-march-into-myth-11590761550">"'The Scourge of War' Review: A Long March Into Myth"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=%27The+Scourge+of+War%27+Review%3A+A+Long+March+Into+Myth&rft.date=2020-05-29&rft.aulast=Bordewich&rft.aufirst=Fergus+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-scourge-of-war-review-a-long-march-into-myth-11590761550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1909" class="citation book cs1">Howe, M.A. DeWolfe, ed. (1909). Home Letters of General Sherman. Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/771807920">771807920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Letters+of+General+Sherman&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F771807920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1998" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Frances H., ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Kennedy_Frances_-_Civil_War_Battlefield_Guide/mode/2up">The Civil War Battlefield Guide</a> (2nd ed.). Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-74012-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-74012-5"><bdi>978-0-395-74012-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+Battlefield+Guide&rft.place=Boston%2FNew+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-395-74012-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FKennedy_Frances_-_Civil_War_Battlefield_Guide%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennett2001" class="citation book cs1">Kennett, Lee (2001). Sherman: A Soldier's Life. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-017495-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-017495-8"><bdi>978-0-06-017495-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman%3A+A+Soldier%27s+Life&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-06-017495-8&rft.aulast=Kennett&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1993" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Lloyd (1993) [1932]. Sherman: Fighting Prophet. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80327-945-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80327-945-2"><bdi>978-0-80327-945-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman%3A+Fighting+Prophet&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-80327-945-2&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddell_Hart1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart, B. H.</a> (1957). "Foreword to New Edition". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/embed/memoirsofgeneral00ilsher">The Memoirs of General William T. Sherman by Himself</a>. By Sherman, William T. Indiana University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword+to+New+Edition&rft.btitle=The+Memoirs+of+General+William+T.+Sherman+by+Himself&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Liddell+Hart&rft.aufirst=B.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fembed%2Fmemoirsofgeneral00ilsher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddell_Hart1993" class="citation book cs1">Liddell Hart, B. H. (1993) [1929]. Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30680-507-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30680-507-3"><bdi>978-0-30680-507-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman%3A+Soldier%2C+Realist%2C+American&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-30680-507-3&rft.aulast=Liddell+Hart&rft.aufirst=B.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2000" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, Marion B. (2000). Sherman and the Burning of Columbia. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64336-246-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64336-246-5"><bdi>978-1-64336-246-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman+and+the+Burning+of+Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-64336-246-5&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Marion+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuvaas1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Luvaas" title="Jay Luvaas">Luvaas, Jay</a> (1993). "Introduction: Sherman and the 'Indirect Approach'". Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American. By Liddell Hart, B. H. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30680-507-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30680-507-3"><bdi>978-0-30680-507-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Sherman+and+the+%27Indirect+Approach%27&rft.btitle=Sherman%3A+Soldier%2C+Realist%2C+American&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-30680-507-3&rft.aulast=Luvaas&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarszalek2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Marszalek" title="John F. Marszalek">Marszalek, John F.</a> (2007) [1992]. Sherman: A Soldier's Passion for Order (Reissued with new preface ed.). Southern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-920135-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-920135-0"><bdi>978-0-02-920135-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman%3A+A+Soldier%27s+Passion+for+Order&rft.edition=Reissued+with+new+preface&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-920135-0&rft.aulast=Marszalek&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarszalek2000" class="citation book cs1">Marszalek, John F. (2000). "William Tecumseh Sherman". In Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanna T. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-39304-758-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-39304-758-5"><bdi>978-0-39304-758-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Tecumseh+Sherman&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+American+Civil+War%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-39304-758-5&rft.aulast=Marszalek&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarszalek2008" class="citation book cs1">Marszalek, John F. (2008). "'Take the Seat of Honor': William T. Sherman". In Woodworth, Steven E. (ed.). Grant's Lieutenants: From Chattanooga to Appomattox. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-70061-589-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-70061-589-6"><bdi>978-0-70061-589-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Take+the+Seat+of+Honor%27%3A+William+T.+Sherman&rft.btitle=Grant%27s+Lieutenants%3A+From+Chattanooga+to+Appomattox&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-70061-589-6&rft.aulast=Marszalek&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonough2016" class="citation book cs1">McDonough, James Lee (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AhiZCgAAQBAJ&q=rowley">William Tecumseh Sherman: In the Service of My Country: A Life</a>. W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-39324-157-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-39324-157-0"><bdi>978-0-39324-157-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Tecumseh+Sherman%3A+In+the+Service+of+My+Country%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-39324-157-0&rft.aulast=McDonough&rft.aufirst=James+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAhiZCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Drowley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNamaraBlight2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">McNamara, Robert S.</a>; Blight, James G. (2001). Wilson's Ghost: Reducing the Risk of Conflict, Killing, and Catastrophe in the 21st Century. Public Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-89162-089-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-89162-089-8"><bdi>978-1-89162-089-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilson%27s+Ghost%3A+Reducing+the+Risk+of+Conflict%2C+Killing%2C+and+Catastrophe+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Public+Affairs&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-89162-089-8&rft.aulast=McNamara&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft.au=Blight%2C+James+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">McPherson, James M.</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Battle_Cry_of_Freedom:_The_Civil_War_Era" title="Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era">Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515901-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515901-1"><bdi>978-0-19-515901-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Cry+of+Freedom%3A+The+Civil+War+Era&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515901-1&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson2008" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, James M. (2008). Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 231–250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14311-614-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14311-614-1"><bdi>978-0-14311-614-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tried+by+War%3A+Abraham+Lincoln+as+Commander+in+Chief&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=231-250&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14311-614-1&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Miller" title="Donald L. Miller">Miller, Donald L.</a> (2019). Vicksburg: Grant's Campaign that Broke the Confederacy. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-45164-139-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-45164-139-4"><bdi>978-1-45164-139-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vicksburg%3A+Grant%27s+Campaign+that+Broke+the+Confederacy&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-45164-139-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoody2011" class="citation book cs1">Moody, Wesley (2011). Demon of the Lost Cause: Sherman and Civil War History. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82621-945-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82621-945-9"><bdi>978-0-82621-945-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demon+of+the+Lost+Cause%3A+Sherman+and+Civil+War+History&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-82621-945-9&rft.aulast=Moody&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell2014" class="citation book cs1">O'Connell, Robert L. (2014). Fierce Patriot: The Tangled Lives of William Tecumseh Sherman. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-40006-972-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-40006-972-9"><bdi>978-1-40006-972-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fierce+Patriot%3A+The+Tangled+Lives+of+William+Tecumseh+Sherman&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-40006-972-9&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> See book review at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Rollyson, Carl (June 17, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-magnitude-of-his-achievement-1466192373">"The Magnitude of His Achievement"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Magnitude+of+His+Achievement&rft.date=2016-06-17&rft.aulast=Rollyson&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-magnitude-of-his-achievement-1466192373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfanz1989" class="citation book cs1">Pfanz, Donald C. (1989). The Petersburg Campaign: Abraham Lincoln at City Point. Lynchburg, Virginia: H. E. Howard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-93091-976-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-93091-976-4"><bdi>978-0-93091-976-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Petersburg+Campaign%3A+Abraham+Lincoln+at+City+Point&rft.place=Lynchburg%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=H.+E.+Howard&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-93091-976-4&rft.aulast=Pfanz&rft.aufirst=Donald+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1868" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Whitelaw (1868). Ohio in the War: Her Statesmen, Her Generals, and Soldiers. Vol. 1. New York: Moore, Wilstach & Baldwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ohio+in+the+War%3A+Her+Statesmen%2C+Her+Generals%2C+and+Soldiers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Moore%2C+Wilstach+%26+Baldwin&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Whitelaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyster1991" class="citation book cs1">Royster, Charles (1991). <a href="/wiki/The_Destructive_War" title="The Destructive War">The Destructive War: William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, and the Americans</a>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67973-878-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-67973-878-7"><bdi>978-0-67973-878-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Destructive+War%3A+William+Tecumseh+Sherman%2C+Stonewall+Jackson%2C+and+the+Americans&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-67973-878-7&rft.aulast=Royster&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenker2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schenker, Carl R. Jr. (January 2008). "'My Father...Named Me William Tecumseh': Rebutting the Charge That General Sherman Lied About His Name". Ohio History. 115 (1): 55–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fohh.0.0032">10.1353/ohh.0.0032</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144697946">144697946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+History&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+style%3D%22padding-left%3A0.15em%3B%22%3E%26%2339%3B%3C%2Fspan%3EMy+Father...Named+Me+William+Tecumseh%3Cspan+style%3D%22padding-left%3A0.15em%3B%22%3E%26%2339%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E%3A+Rebutting+the+Charge+That+General+Sherman+Lied+About+His+Name&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-79&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fohh.0.0032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144697946%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schenker&rft.aufirst=Carl+R.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenker2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schenker, Carl R. Jr. (June 2010). "Ulysses in His Tent: Halleck, Grant, Sherman, and The Turning Point of the War"". <a href="/wiki/Civil_War_History" title="Civil War History">Civil War History</a>. 56 (2): 175–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwh.0.0148">10.1353/cwh.0.0148</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144412171">144412171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+History&rft.atitle=Ulysses+in+His+Tent%3A+Halleck%2C+Grant%2C+Sherman%2C+and+The+Turning+Point+of+the+War%3Cspan+style%3D%22padding-left%3A.15em%3B%22%3E%22%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-221&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcwh.0.0148&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144412171%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schenker&rft.aufirst=Carl+R.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears1989" class="citation book cs1">Sears, Stephen W., ed. (1989). The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence, 1861–1865. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30680-471-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30680-471-7"><bdi>978-0-30680-471-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+Papers+of+George+B.+McClellan%3A+Selected+Correspondence%2C+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-30680-471-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1884" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Edwin J. (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/randomrecollecti00scot">Random Recollection of a Long Life, 1806 to 1876</a>. Columbia, SC: Charles A. Calvo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Random+Recollection+of+a+Long+Life%2C+1806+to+1876&rft.place=Columbia%2C+SC&rft.pub=Charles+A.+Calvo&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Edwin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frandomrecollecti00scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenour1865" class="citation book cs1">Senour, Faunt Le Roy (1865). Major General William T. Sherman, and His Campaigns. Chicago: H. M. Sherwood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+General+William+T.+Sherman%2C+and+His+Campaigns&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=H.+M.+Sherwood&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Senour&rft.aufirst=Faunt+Le+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonBerlin1999" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Brooks D.; Berlin, J. V., eds. (1999). Sherman's Civil War: Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman, 1860–1865. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80782-440-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80782-440-5"><bdi>978-0-80782-440-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman%27s+Civil+War%3A+Selected+Correspondence+of+William+T.+Sherman%2C+1860%E2%80%931865&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-80782-440-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman1887" class="citation journal cs1">Sherman, W.T. (May 1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101219">"Grant, Thomas, Lee"</a>. North American Review. 144 (366): 437–450. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101219">25101219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Review&rft.atitle=Grant%2C+Thomas%2C+Lee&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=366&rft.pages=437-450&rft.date=1887-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25101219%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=W.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25101219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman1888a" class="citation journal cs1">Sherman, W.T. (October 1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101627">"Old Shady, with a Moral"</a>. North American Review. 147 (383): 361–368. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101627">25101627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Review&rft.atitle=Old+Shady%2C+with+a+Moral&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=383&rft.pages=361-368&rft.date=1888-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25101627%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=W.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25101627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman1888b" class="citation journal cs1">Sherman, W.T. (December 1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101676">"Hon. James G. Blaine"</a>. North American Review. 147 (385): 616–625. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101676">25101676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Review&rft.atitle=Hon.+James+G.+Blaine&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=385&rft.pages=616-625&rft.date=1888-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25101676%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=W.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25101676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman1890a" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, William Tecumseh (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/personalmemoirso6947sher">Personal memoirs of Gen. W.T. Sherman</a>. Vol. 1. New York: Charles L. Webster & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+memoirs+of+Gen.+W.T.+Sherman&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Charles+L.+Webster+%26+Co.&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=William+Tecumseh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersonalmemoirso6947sher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman1890b" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, William Tecumseh (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/personalmemoirso6948sher">Personal memoirs of Gen. W.T. Sherman</a>. Vol. 2. New York : Charles L. Webster & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+memoirs+of+Gen.+W.T.+Sherman&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Charles+L.+Webster+%26+Co.&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=William+Tecumseh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersonalmemoirso6948sher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman1990" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, William Tecumseh (1990). <a href="/wiki/Charles_Royster" title="Charles Royster">Charles Royster</a> (ed.). Memoirs of General W. T. 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Salley (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sackdestructiono0000simm">Sack and destruction of the city of Columbia, S.C.</a> Books for Libraries Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8369-5661-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8369-5661-3"><bdi>0-8369-5661-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sack+and+destruction+of+the+city+of+Columbia%2C+S.C.&rft.pub=Books+for+Libraries+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-8369-5661-3&rft.aulast=Simms&rft.aufirst=William+Gilmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsackdestructiono0000simm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Smith, Jean Edward</a> (2001). Grant. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-84927-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-84927-0"><bdi>978-0-684-84927-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grant&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-684-84927-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jean+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorin1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sorin" title="Edward Sorin">Sorin, Edward</a> (1992). Connelly, James T. (ed.). The Chronicles of Notre Dame Du Lac. Notre Dame Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicles+of+Notre+Dame+Du+Lac&rft.pub=Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Sorin&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudeau2008" class="citation book cs1">Trudeau, Noah Andre (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southernstormshe00trud">Southern Storm: Sherman's March to the Sea</a>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-059867-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-059867-9"><bdi>978-0-06-059867-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Storm%3A+Sherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-06-059867-9&rft.aulast=Trudeau&rft.aufirst=Noah+Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthernstormshe00trud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2005" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, George (2005). Whip the Rebellion. Forge Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-76530-526-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-76530-526-8"><bdi>978-0-76530-526-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whip+the+Rebellion&rft.pub=Forge+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-76530-526-8&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_J._Warner_(historian)" title="Ezra J. Warner (historian)">Warner, Ezra J.</a> (1964). Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80710-822-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80710-822-2"><bdi>978-0-80710-822-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generals+in+Blue%3A+Lives+of+the+Union+Commanders&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-80710-822-2&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Ezra+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters1973" class="citation book cs1">Walters, John B. (1973). Merchant of Terror: General Sherman and Total War. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-672-51782-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-672-51782-2"><bdi>978-0-672-51782-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchant+of+Terror%3A+General+Sherman+and+Total+War&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-672-51782-2&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Wilson, Edmund</a> (1994) [1962]. <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Gore:_Studies_in_the_Literature_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War">Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War</a>. W. W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-39331-256-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-39331-256-0"><bdi>978-0-39331-256-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patriotic+Gore%3A+Studies+in+the+Literature+of+the+American+Civil+War&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-39331-256-0&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"> Chapter V (pp. 174–218) is on Sherman.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinters1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_D._Winters" title="John D. Winters">Winters, John D.</a> (1963). The Civil War in Louisiana. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-0834-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-0834-0"><bdi>0-8071-0834-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+in+Louisiana&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+Louisiana&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-8071-0834-0&rft.aulast=Winters&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">Woodward, C. Vann</a> (November 8, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1990/11/08/civil-warriors/">"Civil Warriors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a>. 37 (17).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Civil+Warriors&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=17&rft.date=1990-11-08&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=C.+Vann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F1990%2F11%2F08%2Fcivil-warriors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodworth2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_E._Woodworth" title="Steven E. Woodworth">Woodworth, Steven E.</a> (2005). Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861–1865. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nothing+but+Victory%3A+The+Army+of+the+Tennessee%2C+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Woodworth&rft.aufirst=Steven+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about William Tecumseh Sherman <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=William+Tecumseh+Sherman">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=William+Tecumseh+Sherman&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bailey, Anne J. War and Ruin: William T. Sherman and the Savannah Campaign (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c4BzejSPF7UC&dq=%22William+t+Sherman%22+slavery&pg=PR11">online</a></li> <li>Brinsfield,John T. "THE MILITARY ETHICS OF GENERAL WILLIAM T. SHERMAN: A REASSESSMENT," Parameters 12, no. 1 (1982), doi:10.55540/0031-1723.1280. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.armywarcollege.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1280&context=parameters">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2015" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Matthew (2015). Sherman's Ghosts: Soldiers, Civilians, and the American Way of War. The New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-955-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-955-2"><bdi>978-1-59558-955-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/884815509">884815509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman%27s+Ghosts%3A+Soldiers%2C+Civilians%2C+and+the+American+Way+of+War&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F884815509&rft.isbn=978-1-59558-955-2&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Fisher, Noel C. " 'Prepare Them For My Coming': General William T. Sherman, Total War, and Pacification in West Tennessee." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 51.2 (1992): 75–86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42626991">online</a></li> <li>Gordon, Lesley J. "Glittering Lies: US Grant, William T. Sherman, and Biography." Reviews in American History 47.1 (2019): 57–63. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/719580/summary">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="johnson" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willis_Fletcher_Johnson" title="Willis Fletcher Johnson">Johnson, Willis Fletcher</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifewmtecumsehs00howagoog">Life of Wm. Tecumseh Sherman</a>. Edgewood Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Wm.+Tecumseh+Sherman&rft.pub=Edgewood+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Willis+Fletcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifewmtecumsehs00howagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Longacre, Edward G. Worthy Opponents: William T. Sherman and Joseph E. Johnston—Antagonists in War, Friends in Peace (University of Oklahoma Press, 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WkQyDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22William+t+Sherman%22+slavery&pg=PT5">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiers1951" class="citation book cs1">Miers, Earl Schenck (1951). The General who Marched to Hell. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1107192">1107192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+General+who+Marched+to+Hell&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1107192&rft.aulast=Miers&rft.aufirst=Earl+Schenck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Reid, Brian Holden. "William T. Sherman and the South." American Nineteenth Century History 11.1 (2010): 1–16. doi.org/10.1080/14664651003616768</li> <li>Robisch, Thomas G. "General William T. Sherman: Would the Georgia Campaigns of the First Commander of the Modern Era Comply with Current Law of War Standards." Emory International Law Review 9 (1995): 459+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/emint9&div=21&id=&page=">online</a>.</li> <li>Vetter, Charles Edmund. "William T. Sherman: The Louisiana Experience." Louisiana History 36.2 (1995): 133–147. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4233174">online</a></li> <li>Walters, John Bennett. "General William T. Sherman and total war." journal of Southern history 14.4 (1948): 447–480. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2198124">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodworth2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_E._Woodworth" title="Steven E. Woodworth">Woodworth, Steven E.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MKLo-K2rORQC&q=%22Great+Generals%22+%22Sherman">Sherman: Lessons in Leadership</a>. Great Generals. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-23062-062-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-23062-062-9"><bdi>978-0-23062-062-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman%3A+Lessons+in+Leadership&rft.series=Great+Generals&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-23062-062-9&rft.aulast=Woodworth&rft.aufirst=Steven+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMKLo-K2rORQC%26q%3D%2522Great%2BGenerals%2522%2B%2522Sherman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Tecumseh+Sherman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 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href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Sherman%2C%20William%20Tecumseh%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Sherman%2C%20William%20T%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Sherman%2C%20W%2E%20T%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Tecumseh%20Sherman%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20T%2E%20Sherman%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22W%2E%20T%2E%20Sherman%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Sherman%2C%20William%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Sherman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Tecumseh%20Sherman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20T%2E%20Sherman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20T%2E%20Sherman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20Tecumseh%20Sherman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sherman%2C%20William%20Tecumseh%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sherman%2C%20William%20T%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sherman%2C%20W%2E%20T%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sherman%2C%20W%2E%20Tecumseh%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Sherman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sherman%2C%20William%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Tecumseh%20Sherman%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20T%2E%20Sherman%22%20OR%20title%3A%22W%2E%20T%2E%20Sherman%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Sherman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Tecumseh%20Sherman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20T%2E%20Sherman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22W%2E%20T%2E%20Sherman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Sherman%2C%20William%20Tecumseh%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Sherman%2C%20William%20T%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Sherman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Sherman%2C%20William%22%29%20OR%20%28%221820-1891%22%20AND%20Sherman%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about William Tecumseh Sherman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/10540">Works by William Tecumseh Sherman</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/b/OL6591188M/Military-orders-of-General-William-T.-Sherman%2C-1861-%2765.">Military orders of General William T. Sherman, 1861–'65</a>, United States Army</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.nd.edu/findaids/ead/html/SHR.htm">William T. Sherman Family Papers: 1808–1959</a>, University of Notre Dame</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tennessee" title="Army of the Tennessee">Army of the Tennessee</a> 1863–1864 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_B._McPherson" title="James B. McPherson">James B. McPherson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Division_of_the_Mississippi" title="Military Division of the Mississippi">Military Division of the Mississippi</a> 1864–1866 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Position abolished </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">John Pope</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Division_of_the_Missouri" title="Military Division of the Missouri">Military Division of the Missouri</a> 1865–1869 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Sheridan" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip H. Sheridan">Philip H. Sheridan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Commanding General of the United States Army</a> 1869–1883 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="American_Civil_War_engagements_involving_William_T._Sherman" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War_engagements_involving_William_T._Sherman" title="Template:American Civil War engagements involving William T. Sherman"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War_engagements_involving_William_T._Sherman" title="Template talk:American Civil War engagements involving William T. Sherman"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War_engagements_involving_William_T._Sherman" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War engagements involving William T. Sherman"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_War_engagements_involving_William_T._Sherman" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">American Civil War engagements involving <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William T. Sherman</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickasaw_Bayou" title="Battle of Chickasaw Bayou">Chickasaw Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Hindman" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort Hindman">Arkansas Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicksburg Campaign">Steeles Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jackson" title="Battle of Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collierville,_Tennessee" title="Collierville, Tennessee">Colliersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga Campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ringgold_Gap" title="Battle of Ringgold Gap">Ringgold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge" title="Battle of Missionary Ridge">Missionary Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Knoxville Campaign">Relief of Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meridian" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Meridian">Meridian Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Dalton" title="First Battle of Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaca" title="Battle of Resaca">Resaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Hope_Church" title="Battle of New Hope Church">New Hope Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dallas" title="Battle of Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolb%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Kolb's Farm">Kolb's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kennesaw_Mountain" title="Battle of Kennesaw Mountain">Kennesaw Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna,_Georgia" title="Smyrna, Georgia">Ruff's Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peachtree_Creek" title="Battle of Peachtree Creek">Peach Tree Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ezra_Church" title="Battle of Ezra Church">Ezra Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Utoy_Creek" title="Battle of Utoy Creek">Utoy Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jonesborough" title="Battle of Jonesborough">Jonesborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Campaign">Capture of Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Allatoona" title="Battle of Allatoona">Allatoona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Griswoldville" title="Battle of Griswoldville">Griswoldville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waynesboro,_Georgia" title="Battle of Waynesboro, Georgia">Waynesboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_McAllister_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort McAllister (1864)">Fort McAllister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Capture of Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Averasborough" title="Battle of Averasborough">Averasboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bentonville" title="Battle of Bentonville">Bentonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinas_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolinas Campaign">Durham Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_Place" title="Bennett Place">Surrender of Johnston's Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_United_States_Army" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Army_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Template:US Army Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Army_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Template talk:US Army Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Army_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Army Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_United_States_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Senior Officer / Commanding General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Doughty" title="John Doughty">Doughty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harmar" title="Josiah Harmar">Harmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Brown_(general)" title="Jacob Brown (general)">J. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_(general)" title="Alexander Macomb (general)">Macomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">W. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">Schofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Miles</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Chief of Staff of the Army"><img alt="Flag of the Chief of Staff of the Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army"><img alt="Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Baldwin_Marks_Young" title="Samuel Baldwin Marks Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adna_Chaffee" title="Adna Chaffee">Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Bates" title="John C. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Franklin_Bell" title="J. Franklin Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Wotherspoon" title="William Wallace Wotherspoon">Wotherspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Scott" title="Hugh L. Scott">H. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasker_H._Bliss" title="Tasker H. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyton_C._March" title="Peyton C. March">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hines" title="John L. Hines">Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pelot_Summerall" title="Charles Pelot Summerall">Summerall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malin_Craig" title="Malin Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins" title="J. Lawton Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway" title="Matthew Ridgway">Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Lemnitzer" title="Lyman Lemnitzer">Lemnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Decker" title="George Decker">Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Wheeler" title="Earle Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Keith_Johnson" title="Harold Keith Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Palmer_Jr." title="Bruce Palmer Jr.">B. Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creighton_Abrams" title="Creighton Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Weyand" title="Frederick C. Weyand">Weyand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_W._Rogers" title="Bernard W. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Meyer" title="Edward C. Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wickham_Jr." title="John A. Wickham Jr.">Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_E._Vuono" title="Carl E. Vuono">Vuono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._Sullivan" title="Gordon R. Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Reimer" title="Dennis Reimer">Reimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Shinseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schoomaker" title="Peter Schoomaker">Schoomaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Casey_Jr." title="George W. Casey Jr.">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dempsey" title="Martin Dempsey">Dempsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_T._Odierno" title="Raymond T. Odierno">Odierno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Milley" title="Mark Milley">Milley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._McConville" title="James C. McConville">McConville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_George" title="Randy George">George</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Vice Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins" title="J. Lawton Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_H._Haislip" title="Wade H. Haislip">Haislip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Hull" title="John E. Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Bolte" title="Charles L. Bolte">Bolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williston_B._Palmer" title="Williston B. Palmer">W. Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Lemnitzer" title="Lyman Lemnitzer">Lemnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Decker" title="George Decker">Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_D._Eddleman" title="Clyde D. Eddleman">Eddleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barksdale_Hamlett" title="Barksdale Hamlett">Hamlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creighton_Abrams" title="Creighton Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Haines_Jr." title="Ralph E. Haines Jr.">Haines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Palmer_Jr." title="Bruce Palmer Jr.">B. Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Weyand" title="Frederick C. Weyand">Weyand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_T._Kerwin_Jr." title="Walter T. Kerwin Jr.">Kerwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kroesen" title="Frederick Kroesen">Kroesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Vessey_Jr." title="John William Vessey Jr.">Vessey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wickham_Jr." title="John A. Wickham Jr.">Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_R._Thurman" title="Maxwell R. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Brown_Jr." title="Arthur E. Brown Jr.">A. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._RisCassi" title="Robert W. RisCassi">RisCassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._Sullivan" title="Gordon R. Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Reimer" title="Dennis Reimer">Reimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Binford_Peay_III" title="J. H. Binford Peay III">Peay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Tilelli_Jr." title="John H. Tilelli Jr.">Tilelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_H._Griffith" title="Ronald H. Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Crouch" title="William W. Crouch">Crouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Shinseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Keane" title="Jack Keane">Keane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Casey_Jr." title="George W. Casey Jr.">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Cody" title="Richard A. Cody">Cody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Chiarelli" title="Peter W. Chiarelli">Chiarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Campbell_(general)" title="John F. Campbell (general)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_B._Allyn" title="Daniel B. Allyn">Allyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._McConville" title="James C. McConville">McConville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Martin" title="Joseph M. Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_George" title="Randy George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Mingus" title="James J. Mingus">Mingus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post- Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_Louisiana_State_University" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#461D7C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDD023, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDD023;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Louisiana_State_University_leaders" title="Template:Louisiana State University leaders"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Louisiana_State_University_leaders" title="Template talk:Louisiana State University leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Louisiana_State_University_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Louisiana State University leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_Louisiana_State_University" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University" title="Louisiana State University">Louisiana State University</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#461D7C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDD023, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDD023;;width:1%">Superintendents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Tecumseh Sherman</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li>Linfield (acting, 1862–1863)</li> <li>Seay (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_French_Boyd" title="David French Boyd">David French Boyd</a> (1865–1877)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#461D7C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDD023, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDD023;;width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_French_Boyd" title="David French Boyd">David French Boyd</a> (1877–1880)</li> <li>Johnson (1880–1883)</li> <li>Nicholson (1883–1884) (1887–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_French_Boyd" title="David French Boyd">David French Boyd</a> (1884–1886)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Duckett_Boyd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Duckett Boyd (page does not exist)">Thomas Duckett Boyd</a> (1886) (1896–1926)</li> <li>Atkinson (1927–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_Smith_(academic_administrator)" title="James Monroe Smith (academic administrator)">Smith</a> (1930–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_M._Hebert" title="Paul M. Hebert">Hebert</a> (interim, 1939–1941)</li> <li>Hodges (1941–1944)</li> <li>Hatcher (1944–1947)</li> <li>Fey (acting, 1947)</li> <li>Stoke (1947–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_H._Middleton" title="Troy H. Middleton">Middleton</a> (1951–1962)</li> <li>Hunter (1962–1965)*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#461D7C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDD023, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDD023;;width:1%">Chancellors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Taylor (1965–1974)</li> <li>Murrill (1974–1981)</li> <li>Wheeler (acting, 1981)</li> <li>Wharton (1981–1988)</li> <li>Bogue (interim, 1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Davis" title="William E. Davis">Davis</a> (1989–1996)</li> <li>Jenkins (1996–1999) (interim, 2004) (acting, 2008 and 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Emmert" title="Mark Emmert">Emmert</a> (1999–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Keefe" title="Sean O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a> (2005–2008)</li> <li>Martin (2008–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._King_Alexander" title="F. King Alexander">Alexander</a> (2013–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Galligan_(college_president)" title="Tom Galligan (college president)">Galligan</a> (interim) (2019–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Tate_IV" title="William F. Tate IV">Tate</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Impeachment_and_impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">impeachment trial</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inquiries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">First inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">Second inquiry</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Thaddeus-stevens2_%281%29_%28a%29.jpg/120px-Thaddeus-stevens2_%281%29_%28a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Thaddeus-stevens2_%281%29_%28a%29.jpg/180px-Thaddeus-stevens2_%281%29_%28a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Thaddeus-stevens2_%281%29_%28a%29.jpg/240px-Thaddeus-stevens2_%281%29_%28a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="629" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%28a%29.jpg/120px-The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%28a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%28a%29.jpg/180px-The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%28a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%28a%29.jpg/240px-The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%28a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="382" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment_adopted_against_Andrew_Johnson" title="Articles of impeachment adopted against Andrew Johnson">Articles of impeachment</a></li> <li>Dismissal of <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Thomas" title="Lorenzo Thomas">Lorenzo Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_Army_Act" title="Command of Army Act">Command of Army Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_Around_the_Circle" title="Swing Around the Circle">Swing Around the Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Covode" title="John Covode">John Covode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Ward_Sr." title="Hamilton Ward Sr.">Hamilton Ward Sr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment trial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Presiding officer: <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>House managers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bingham" title="John Bingham">John Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">George S. Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Williams_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Thomas Williams (Pennsylvania politician)">Thomas Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Wilson" title="James F. Wilson">James F. Wilson</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>President's counsel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">William M. Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Benjamin R. Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Groesbeck" title="William S. Groesbeck">William S. Groesbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Amos_Rogers_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Amos Rogers Nelson">Thomas A. R. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanbery" title="Henry Stanbery">Henry Stanbery</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Witnesses for the prosecution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Blodgett" title="Foster Blodgett">Foster Blodgett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_A._Burleigh" title="Walter A. Burleigh">Walter A. Burleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Chandler" title="William E. Chandler">William E. Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O._Clephane" title="James O. Clephane">James O. Clephane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Emory" title="William H. Emory">William H. Emory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Thomas W. Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Van_Horn" title="Burt Van Horn">Burt Van Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Moorhead" title="James K. Moorhead">James K. Moorhead</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Witnesses for the defense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Armstrong_(journalist)" title="William W. Armstrong (journalist)">William W. Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Smith_Cox" title="Walter Smith Cox">Walter Smith Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Merrick" title="Richard T. Merrick">Richard T. Merrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Randall_(Wisconsin_politician)" title="Alexander Randall (Wisconsin politician)">Alexander Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Seward" title="Frederick W. Seward">Frederick W. Seward</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Thomas" title="Lorenzo Thomas">Lorenzo Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">Impeachment managers investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnie_Ream" title="Vinnie Ream">Vinnie Ream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage">Profiles in Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Johnson" title="Tennessee Johnson">Tennessee Johnson</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/46828814">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/49712/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjhBD8MQHqpr3tVPjyw4q">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11889269X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80013437">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123153068">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123153068">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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