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<span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mesopotamian_precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesopotamian_precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mesopotamian precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesopotamian_precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gnosticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mandaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Ancient accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historicity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ark's_geometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ark's_geometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ark's geometry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ark's_geometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Searches_for_Noah's_Ark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Searches_for_Noah's_Ark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Searches for Noah's Ark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Searches_for_Noah's_Ark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_legacy:_Noah's_Ark_replicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_legacy:_Noah's_Ark_replicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural legacy: Noah's Ark replicas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_legacy:_Noah's_Ark_replicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Noah's Ark</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noag_se_ark" title="Noag se ark – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Noag se ark" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arche_Noah" title="Arche Noah – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Arche Noah" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%96%E1%88%85_%E1%88%98%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%A8%E1%89%A5" title="የኖህ መርከብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የኖህ መርከብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AD" title="سفينة نوح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سفينة نوح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%C2%AD%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%C2%AD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Նոյեան տապան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նոյեան տապան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuhun_g%C9%99misi" title="Nuhun gəmisi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nuhun gəmisi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="নূহের নৌকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নূহের নৌকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1-a_Hong-chiu" title="Ná-a Hong-chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ná-a Hong-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Ноев ковчег – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ноев ковчег" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noina_arka" title="Noina arka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Noina arka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arca_de_No%C3%A8" title="Arca de Noè – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arca de Noè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Ной арчи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ной арчи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noemova_archa" title="Noemova archa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Noemova archa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arca_di_No%C3%A8" title="Arca di Noè – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Arca di Noè" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Noa" title="Arch Noa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arch Noa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noas_ark" title="Noas ark – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Noas ark" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arche_Noah" title="Arche Noah – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arche Noah" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noa_laev" title="Noa laev – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Noa laev" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%B2%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9D%CF%8E%CE%B5" title="Κιβωτός του Νώε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κιβωτός του Νώε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arca_de_No%C3%A9" title="Arca de Noé – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arca de Noé" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeo_de_Noa" title="Arkeo de Noa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arkeo de Noa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noeren_ontzia" title="Noeren ontzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Noeren ontzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AD" title="کشتی نوح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشتی نوح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arche_de_No%C3%A9" title="Arche de Noé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arche de Noé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilam_tuufaana" title="Ilam tuufaana – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ilam tuufaana" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcje_di_No%C3%A8" title="Arcje di Noè – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Arcje di Noè" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81irc_Naoi" title="Áirc Naoi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Áirc Naoi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%C3%80irc" title="An Àirc – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Àirc" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arca_de_No%C3%A9" title="Arca de Noé – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arca de Noé" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C3%AC_Noa_T%E1%BB%8Dn" title="Akì Noa Tọn – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Akì Noa Tọn" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A3%BC" title="노아의 방주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노아의 방주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Նոյյան տապան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նոյյան տապան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noina_arka" title="Noina arka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Noina arka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archo_di_Noe" title="Archo di Noe – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Archo di Noe" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbe_Noa" title="Igbe Noa – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Igbe Noa" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahtera_Nuh" title="Bahtera Nuh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahtera Nuh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arca_de_Noe" title="Arca de Noe – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Arca de Noe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arca_di_No%C3%A8" title="Arca di Noè – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arca di Noè" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%97" title="תיבת נח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תיבת נח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ნოეს კიდობანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნოეს კიდობანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%B1%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Нұх кемесі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нұх кемесі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safina" title="Safina – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Safina" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Ftiya_N%C3%BBh" title="Keştiya Nûh – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keştiya Nûh" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arca_No%C3%AB" title="Arca Noë – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arca Noë" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noasa_%C5%A1%C4%B7irsts" title="Noasa šķirsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Noasa šķirsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nojaus_arka" title="Nojaus arka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nojaus arka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%A9_b%C3%A1rk%C3%A1ja" title="Noé bárkája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Noé bárkája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Ноев ковчег – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ноев ковчег" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambofiaran%27_i_N%C3%B4a" title="Sambofiaran' i Nôa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sambofiaran' i Nôa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AD" title="سفينة نوح – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سفينة نوح" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahtera_Nabi_Nuh" title="Bahtera Nabi Nuh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahtera Nabi Nuh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2%CC%A4-%C4%81_Hu%C5%8Fng-ci%C5%AD" title="Nò̤-ā Huŏng-ciŭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nò̤-ā Huŏng-ciŭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_van_Noach_(schip)" title="Ark van Noach (schip) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ark van Noach (schip)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E6%96%B9%E8%88%9F" title="ノアの方舟 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノアの方舟" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Нохьан кема – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нохьан кема" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noahs_ark" title="Noahs ark – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Noahs ark" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noahs_ark" title="Noahs ark – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Noahs ark" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arca_de_No%C3%A8" title="Arca de Noè – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arca de Noè" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuh_kemasi" title="Nuh kemasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nuh kemasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B9_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਨੂਹ ਦੀ ਕਿਸ਼ਤੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੂਹ ਦੀ ਕਿਸ਼ਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AD_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="نوح دی کشتی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نوح دی کشتی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arka_Noego" title="Arka Noego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arka Noego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arca_de_No%C3%A9" title="Arca de Noé – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arca de Noé" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arca_lui_Noe" title="Arca lui Noe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arca lui Noe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Ноев ковчег – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ноев ковчег" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arka_e_Noas" title="Arka e Noas – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arka e Noas" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Noah's Ark" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noemova_archa" title="Noemova archa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Noemova archa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noetova_barka" title="Noetova barka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Noetova barka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AD" title="کەشتیی نووح – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەشتیی نووح" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нојева барка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нојева барка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noina_Arka" title="Noina Arka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Noina Arka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nooan_arkki" title="Nooan arkki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nooan arkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noas_ark" title="Noas ark – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Noas ark" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arko_ni_Noe" title="Arko ni Noe – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arko ni Noe" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88" title="நோவாவின் பேழை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நோவாவின் பேழை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="เรือโนอาห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรือโนอาห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuh%27un_gemisi" title="Nuh'un gemisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nuh'un gemisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%8F" title="Ковчег Ноя – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ковчег Ноя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AD" title="کشتی نوح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کشتی نوح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0u_N%C3%B4-%C3%AA" title="Tàu Nô-ê – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tàu Nô-ê" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_de_Noe" title="Rak de Noe – 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<a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Noah's Ark (disambiguation)">Noah's Ark (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a>.</span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mythical boat in the Genesis flood narrative</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Hicks,_American_-_Noah%27s_Ark_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Edward_Hicks%2C_American_-_Noah%27s_Ark_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Edward_Hicks%2C_American_-_Noah%27s_Ark_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Edward_Hicks%2C_American_-_Noah%27s_Ark_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Edward_Hicks%2C_American_-_Noah%27s_Ark_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Edward_Hicks%2C_American_-_Noah%27s_Ark_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Edward_Hicks%2C_American_-_Noah%27s_Ark_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4713" data-file-height="4113" /></a><figcaption><i>Noah's Ark</i> (1846), by the American folk painter <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hicks" title="Edward Hicks">Edward Hicks</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Noah's Ark</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">תיבת נח</span>; <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <i>Tevat Noaḥ</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Ark_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ark-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the boat in the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a> through which <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God</a> spares <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, his family, and examples of all the world's animals from a global deluge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey199063_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey199063-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story in Genesis is based on earlier <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">flood myths</a> originating in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, and is repeated, with variations, in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, where the Ark appears as <i>Safinat <a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سَفِينَةُ نُوحٍ</span> "Noah's ship") and <i>al-fulk</i> (Arabic: الفُلْك). The myth of the global flood that destroys all life begins to appear in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian Empire</a> period (20th–16th centuries BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-t984_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t984-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The version closest to the biblical story of Noah, as well as its most likely source, is that of <a href="/wiki/Utnapishtim" title="Utnapishtim">Utnapishtim</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENigosian200440_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENigosian200440-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Christian and Jewish writers such as <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a> believed that Noah's Ark existed. Unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Searches_for_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Searches for Noah's Ark">searches for Noah's Ark</a> have been made from at least the time of <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> (c. 275–339 CE). Believers in the Ark continue to search for it in modern times, but no scientific evidence that the Ark existed has ever been found,<sup id="cite_ref-Cline_2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cline_2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor is there scientific evidence for a global flood.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boat and the natural disaster as described in the Bible would have been contingent upon physical impossibilities and extraordinary anachronisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore1983_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1983-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers believe that a real (though localized) flood event in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> could potentially have inspired the oral and later written narratives; a Persian Gulf flood, or a <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_deluge_hypothesis" title="Black Sea deluge hypothesis">Black Sea Deluge</a> 7,500 years ago has been proposed as such a historical candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-RyanOthers1997a_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RyanOthers1997a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RyanOthers2003a_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RyanOthers2003a-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The structure of the Ark (and the chronology of the flood) is homologous with the Jewish Temple and with Temple worship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlenkinsopp2011139_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlenkinsopp2011139-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, Noah's instructions are given to him by God (Genesis 6:14–16): the ark is to be 300 <a href="/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit">cubits</a> long, 50 cubits wide, and 30 cubits high (approximately 134×22×13 m or 440×72×43 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton1990280–281_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton1990280–281-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These dimensions are based on a numerological preoccupation with the number 60, the same number characterizing the vessel of the Babylonian flood hero.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey199063_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey199063-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its three internal divisions reflect the three-part universe imagined by the ancient Israelites: heaven, the earth, and the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKesslerDeurloo200481_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKesslerDeurloo200481-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each deck is the same height as the Temple in Jerusalem, itself a microcosmic model of the universe, and each is three times the area of the court of the tabernacle, leading to the suggestion that the author saw both Ark and <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">tabernacle</a> as serving for the preservation of human life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenham200344_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenham200344-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatto199295_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatto199295-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a door in the side, and a <i>tsohar</i>, which may be either a roof or a <a href="/wiki/Skylight" title="Skylight">skylight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton1990280–281_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton1990280–281-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is to be made of <a href="/wiki/Gopher_wood" title="Gopher wood">gopher wood</a> "<i>goper</i>", a word which appears nowhere else in the Bible, but thought to be a loan word from the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <i>gupru</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and divided into <i>qinnim</i>, a word which always refers to birds' nests elsewhere in the Bible, leading some scholars to emend this to <i>qanim</i>, reeds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton1990281_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton1990281-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The finished vessel is to be smeared with <i>koper</i>, meaning <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">pitch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a>; in Hebrew the two words are closely related, <i>kaparta</i> ("smeared") ... <i>bakopper</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton1990281_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton1990281-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bitumen is more likely option as <i>"koper"</i> is thought to be a loanword from the Akkadian "<i>kupru</i>", meaning bitumen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesopotamian_precursors">Mesopotamian precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mesopotamian precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">Flood myth</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%95%D0%92_%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%93._%D0%92.%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_140%D1%85100_%D1%85.%D0%BC._2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%95%D0%92_%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%93._%D0%92.%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_140%D1%85100_%D1%85.%D0%BC._2018.jpg/168px-%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%95%D0%92_%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%93._%D0%92.%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_140%D1%85100_%D1%85.%D0%BC._2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%95%D0%92_%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%93._%D0%92.%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_140%D1%85100_%D1%85.%D0%BC._2018.jpg/252px-%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%95%D0%92_%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%93._%D0%92.%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_140%D1%85100_%D1%85.%D0%BC._2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%95%D0%92_%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%93._%D0%92.%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_140%D1%85100_%D1%85.%D0%BC._2018.jpg/336px-%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%95%D0%92_%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%93._%D0%92.%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_140%D1%85100_%D1%85.%D0%BC._2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2441" data-file-height="3441" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Noah's Ark during the Flood</figcaption></figure> <p>For well over a century, scholars have said that the Bible's story of Noah's Ark is based on older Mesopotamian models.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011210_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011210-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because all these flood stories deal with events that allegedly happened at the dawn of history, they give the impression that the myths themselves must come from very primitive origins, but the myth of the global flood that destroys all life only begins to appear in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian period</a> (20th–16th centuries BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen20133-4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20133-4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reasons for this emergence of the typical Mesopotamian flood myth may have been bound up with the specific circumstances of the end of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a> around 2004 BCE and the restoration of order by the <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="First Dynasty of Isin">First Dynasty of Isin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2013253_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2013253-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nine versions of the Mesopotamian flood story are known, each more or less adapted from an earlier version. In the oldest version, inscribed in the Sumerian city of <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a> around 1600 BCE, the hero is King <a href="/wiki/Ziusudra" title="Ziusudra">Ziusudra</a>. This story, the <a href="/wiki/Ziusudra#Sumerian_flood_myth" title="Ziusudra">Sumerian flood myth</a>, probably derives from an earlier version. The Ziusudra version tells how he builds a boat and rescues life when the gods decide to destroy it. This basic plot is common in several subsequent flood stories and heroes, including Noah. Ziusudra's Sumerian name means "he of long life." In Babylonian versions, his name is <a href="/wiki/Atra-Hasis" title="Atra-Hasis">Atrahasis</a>, but the meaning is the same. In the Atrahasis version, the flood is a river flood.<sup id="cite_ref-Cline_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cline-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20–27">: 20–27 </span></sup> </p><p>The version closest to the biblical story of Noah is that of <a href="/wiki/Utnapishtim" title="Utnapishtim">Utnapishtim</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENigosian200440_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENigosian200440-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A complete text of Utnapishtim's story is contained on a clay tablet dating from the seventh century BCE, but fragments of the story have been found from as far back as the 19th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENigosian200440_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENigosian200440-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last known version of the Mesopotamian flood story was written in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> in the third century BCE by a Babylonian priest named <a href="/wiki/Berossus" title="Berossus">Berossus</a>. From the fragments that survive, it seems little changed from the versions of 2,000 years before.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkel201489-101_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkel201489-101-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The parallels between Noah's Ark and the arks of Babylonian flood heroes Atrahasis and Utnapishtim have often been noted. Atrahasis's Ark was circular, resembling an enormous <i><a href="/wiki/Kuphar" title="Kuphar">quffa</a></i>, with one or two decks.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utnapishtim's ark was a <a href="/wiki/Cube" title="Cube">cube</a> with six decks of seven compartments, each divided into nine subcompartments (63 subcompartments per deck, 378 total). Noah's Ark was rectangular with three decks. A progression is believed to exist from a circular to a cubic or square to rectangular. The most striking similarity is the near-identical deck areas of the three arks: 14,400 cubits<sup>2</sup>, 14,400 cubits<sup>2</sup>, and 15,000 cubits<sup>2</sup> for Atrahasis, Utnapishtim, and Noah, only 4% different. <a href="/wiki/Irving_Finkel" title="Irving Finkel">Irving Finkel</a> concluded, "the iconic story of the Flood, Noah, and the Ark as we know it today certainly originated in the landscape of ancient Mesopotamia, modern Iraq."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkel2014chpt.14_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkel2014chpt.14-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linguistic parallels between Noah's and Atrahasis' arks have also been noted. The word used for "pitch" (sealing tar or resin) in Genesis is not the normal Hebrew word, but is closely related to the word used in the Babylonian story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeown200855_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeown200855-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the Hebrew word for "ark" (<i>tēvāh</i>) is nearly identical to the Babylonian word for an oblong boat (<i>ṭubbû</i>), especially given that "v" and "b" are the same letter in Hebrew: <a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">bet</a> (ב).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkel2014chpt.14_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkel2014chpt.14-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the causes for God or the gods sending the flood differ in the various stories. In the Hebrew myth, the flood inflicts God's judgment on wicked humanity. The Babylonian <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i> gives no reasons, and the flood appears the result of divine caprice.<sup id="cite_ref-May_Metzger_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May_Metzger-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Atra-Hasis" title="Atra-Hasis">Atrahasis</a> version, the flood is sent to reduce human overpopulation, and after the flood, other measures were introduced to limit humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative#Composition" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative § Composition</a></div> <p>A consensus among scholars indicates that the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (the first five books of the Bible, beginning with Genesis) was the product of a long and complicated process that was not completed until after the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian exile">Babylonian exile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnns201223_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnns201223-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 18th century, the flood narrative has been analysed as a paradigm example of the combination of two different versions of a story into a single text, with one marker for the different versions being a consistent preference for different names "Elohim" and "Yahweh" to denote God.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rabbinic_Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rabbinic Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Noah_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Noah in rabbinic literature">Noah in rabbinic literature</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">tractates</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avodah_Zarah" title="Avodah Zarah">Avodah Zarah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zevahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Zevahim">Zevahim</a> relate that, while Noah was building the Ark, he attempted to warn his neighbors of the coming deluge, but was ignored or mocked. God placed lions and other ferocious animals to protect Noah and his family from the wicked who tried to keep them from the Ark. According to one <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>, it was God, or the <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>, who gathered the animals and their food to the Ark. As no need existed to distinguish between clean and unclean animals before this time, the clean animals made themselves known by kneeling before Noah as they entered the Ark.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A differing opinion is that the Ark itself distinguished clean animals from unclean, admitting seven pairs each of the former and one pair each of the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-Sefaria.org_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sefaria.org-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (October 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to Sanhedrin 108b, Noah was engaged both day and night in feeding and caring for the animals, and did not sleep for the entire year aboard the Ark.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The animals were the best of their kind and behaved with utmost goodness. They did not procreate, so the number of creatures that disembarked was exactly equal to the number that embarked. The raven created problems, refusing to leave the Ark when Noah sent it forth, and accusing the patriarch of wishing to destroy its race, but as the commentators pointed out, God wished to save the raven, for its descendants were destined to feed the prophet <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sefaria.org_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sefaria.org-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (October 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to one tradition, refuse was stored on the lowest of the Ark's three decks, humans and clean beasts on the second, and the unclean animals and birds on the top. A differing interpretation described the refuse as being stored on the topmost deck, from where it was shoveled into the sea through a trapdoor. Precious stones, as bright as the noon sun, provided light, and God ensured the food remained fresh.<sup id="cite_ref-JE_Noah_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE_Noah-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ark_of_Noah_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ark_of_Noah-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an unorthodox interpretation, the 12th-century Jewish commentator <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a> interpreted the ark as a vessel that remained underwater for 40 days, after which it floated to the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_11r_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_11r_1.png/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_11r_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_11r_1.png/330px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_11r_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_11r_1.png/440px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_11r_1.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>An artist's depiction of the construction of the Ark, from the <i><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></i> (1493)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodcut_of_Noah%27s_Ark_from_Anton_Koberger%27s_%22German_Bible%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Woodcut_of_Noah%27s_Ark_from_Anton_Koberger%27s_%22German_Bible%22.jpg/220px-Woodcut_of_Noah%27s_Ark_from_Anton_Koberger%27s_%22German_Bible%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Woodcut_of_Noah%27s_Ark_from_Anton_Koberger%27s_%22German_Bible%22.jpg/330px-Woodcut_of_Noah%27s_Ark_from_Anton_Koberger%27s_%22German_Bible%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Woodcut_of_Noah%27s_Ark_from_Anton_Koberger%27s_%22German_Bible%22.jpg/440px-Woodcut_of_Noah%27s_Ark_from_Anton_Koberger%27s_%22German_Bible%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>A woodcut of Noah's Ark from <a href="/wiki/Anton_Koberger" title="Anton Koberger">Anton Koberger</a>'s German Bible</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">First Epistle of Peter</a> (composed around the end of the first century AD<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) compared Noah's salvation through water to Christian salvation through baptism.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a> (died 235) sought to demonstrate that "the Ark was a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> who was expected", stating that the vessel had its door on the east side—the direction from which Christ would appear at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>—and that the bones of <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> were brought aboard, together with gold, <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a> (the symbols of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Christ">Nativity of Christ</a>). Hippolytus furthermore stated that the Ark floated to and fro in the four directions on the waters, making the sign of the cross, before eventually landing on Mount Kardu "in the east, in the land of the sons of Raban, and the Orientals call it Mount Godash; the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> call it Ararat".<sup id="cite_ref-Knight,_K_2007_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight,_K_2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a more practical plane, Hippolytus explained that the lowest of the three decks was for wild beasts, the middle for birds and domestic animals, and the top for humans. He says male animals were separated from females by sharp stakes to prevent breeding.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight,_K_2007_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight,_K_2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early <a href="/wiki/Church_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Father">Church Father</a> and theologian <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> (<i>circa</i> 182–251), in response to a critic who doubted that the Ark could contain all the animals in the world, argued that Moses, the traditional author of the book of Genesis, had been brought up in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> and would therefore have used the larger Egyptian cubit. He also fixed the shape of the Ark as a truncated <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramid</a>, square at its base, and tapering to a square peak one cubit on a side; only in the 12th century did it come to be thought of as a rectangular box with a sloping roof.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn199638_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn199638-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Christian artists depicted Noah standing in a small box on the waves, symbolizing God saving the Christian Church in its turbulent early years. <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (354–430), in his work <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of God (book)">City of God</a></i>, demonstrated that the dimensions of the Ark corresponded to the dimensions of the human body, which according to Christian doctrine is the body of Christ and in turn the body of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaff,_P_1890_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaff,_P_1890-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (<i>circa</i> 347–420) identified the raven, which was sent forth and did not return, as the "foul bird of wickedness" expelled by <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more enduringly, the dove and olive branch came to symbolize the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> and the hope of <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> and eventually, peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The olive branch remains a secular and religious <a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols" title="Peace symbols">symbol of peace</a> today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gnosticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_of_the_Archons" title="Hypostasis of the Archons">Hypostasis of the Archons</a></i>, a 3rd-century <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> text, Noah is chosen to be spared by the evil <a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">Archons</a> when they try to destroy the other inhabitants of the Earth with the great flood. He is told to create the ark then board it at a location called Mount Sir, but when his wife <a href="/wiki/Norea" title="Norea">Norea</a> wants to board it as well, Noah attempts to not let her. So she decides to use her divine power to blow upon the ark and set it ablaze, therefore Noah is forced to rebuild it.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mandaeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Book 18 of the <a href="/wiki/Right_Ginza" title="Right Ginza">Right Ginza</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandaean text">Mandaean text</a>, Noah and his family are saved from the Great Flood because they were able to build an ark or <i>kawila</i> (or <i>kauila</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a> term; it is cognate with Syriac <i>kēʾwilā</i>, which is attested in the <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> New Testament, such as <a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">Matthew 24</a>:38 and <a href="/wiki/Luke_17" title="Luke 17">Luke 17</a>:27).<sup id="cite_ref-Häberl_2022_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häberl_2022-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Noah in Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16_2-8-2005-Noahs-ark-Hafis-Abru-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/16_2-8-2005-Noahs-ark-Hafis-Abru-2.jpg/220px-16_2-8-2005-Noahs-ark-Hafis-Abru-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/16_2-8-2005-Noahs-ark-Hafis-Abru-2.jpg/330px-16_2-8-2005-Noahs-ark-Hafis-Abru-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/16_2-8-2005-Noahs-ark-Hafis-Abru-2.jpg/440px-16_2-8-2005-Noahs-ark-Hafis-Abru-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2756" data-file-height="3538" /></a><figcaption>Persian Miniature from Hafiz-i Abru's Majma al-tawarikh. <i>Noah's Ark</i> Iran (Afghanistan), Herat; Timur's son Shah Rukh (1405–1447) ordered the historian <a href="/wiki/Hafiz-i_Abru" title="Hafiz-i Abru">Hafiz-i Abru</a> to write a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din's</a> famous history of the world, <a href="/wiki/Jami_al-tawarikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jami al-tawarikh">Jami al-tawarikh</a>. Like the <a href="/wiki/Il-Khanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Il-Khanids">Il-Khanids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Timurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Timurids">Timurids</a> were concerned with legitimizing their right to rule, and Hafiz-i Abru's <i>A Collection of Histories</i> covers a period that included the time of <a href="/wiki/Shahrukh_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahrukh Mirza">Shah Rukh</a> himself.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noah%27s_ark_and_the_deluge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Noah%27s_ark_and_the_deluge.JPG/220px-Noah%27s_ark_and_the_deluge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Noah%27s_ark_and_the_deluge.JPG/330px-Noah%27s_ark_and_the_deluge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Noah%27s_ark_and_the_deluge.JPG/440px-Noah%27s_ark_and_the_deluge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Noah's Ark and the deluge from Zubdat-al Tawarikh</figcaption></figure> <p>In contrast to the Jewish tradition, which uses a term that can be translated as a "box" or "<a href="/wiki/Chest_(furniture)" title="Chest (furniture)">chest</a>" to describe the Ark, surah 29:15 of the Quran refers to it as a <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">safina</i></span>, an ordinary ship; surah 7:64 uses <i>fulk,</i><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and surah 54:13 describes the Ark as "a thing of boards and nails". <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Abbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Abbas">Abd Allah ibn Abbas</a>, a contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, wrote that Noah was in doubt as to what shape to make the Ark and that Allah revealed to him that it was to be shaped like a bird's belly and fashioned of <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a> wood.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The medieval scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn Masudi</a> (died 956) wrote that Allah commanded the Earth to absorb the water, and certain portions which were slow in obeying received <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">salt water</a> in punishment and so became <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">dry and arid</a>. The water which was not absorbed formed the seas, so that the waters of the flood still exist. Masudi says the ark began its voyage at <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and sailed to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, circling the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> before finally traveling to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Mount Judi</a>, which surah 11:44 gives as its final resting place. This mountain is identified by tradition with a hill near the town of <a href="/wiki/Jazirat_ibn_Umar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazirat ibn Umar">Jazirat ibn Umar</a> on the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> in the province of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> in northern Iraq, and Masudi says that the spot could be seen in his time.<sup id="cite_ref-JE_Noah_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE_Noah-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ark_of_Noah_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ark_of_Noah-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cole_-_Subsiding_of_the_Waters_of_the_Deluge_-_Smithsonian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Thomas_Cole_-_Subsiding_of_the_Waters_of_the_Deluge_-_Smithsonian.jpg/220px-Thomas_Cole_-_Subsiding_of_the_Waters_of_the_Deluge_-_Smithsonian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Thomas_Cole_-_Subsiding_of_the_Waters_of_the_Deluge_-_Smithsonian.jpg/330px-Thomas_Cole_-_Subsiding_of_the_Waters_of_the_Deluge_-_Smithsonian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Thomas_Cole_-_Subsiding_of_the_Waters_of_the_Deluge_-_Smithsonian.jpg/440px-Thomas_Cole_-_Subsiding_of_the_Waters_of_the_Deluge_-_Smithsonian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2985" /></a><figcaption><i>The Subsiding of the Waters of the Deluge</i> (1829), a painting by the American painter <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Thomas Cole</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> regards the Ark and the Flood as symbolic.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Baháʼí belief, only Noah's followers were spiritually alive, preserved in the "ark" of his teachings, as others were spiritually dead.<sup id="cite_ref-BahaiArk_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BahaiArk-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baháʼí scripture <i><a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-%C3%8Dq%C3%A1n" title="Kitáb-i-Íqán">Kitáb-i-Íqán</a></i> endorses the Islamic belief that Noah had numerous companions on the ark, either 40 or 72, as well as his family, and that he taught for 950 (symbolic) years before the flood.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baháʼí Faith was founded in 19th century Persia, and it recognizes divine messengers from both the Abrahamic and the Indian traditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_accounts">Ancient accounts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ancient accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiple Jewish and Christian writers in the ancient world wrote about the ark. The first-century historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> reports that the Armenians believed that the remains of the Ark lay "in Armenia, at the mountain of the Cordyaeans", in a location they called the Place of Descent (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">αποβατηριον</span>). He goes on to say that many other writers of "barbarian histories", including <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus of Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berossus" title="Berossus">Berossus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mnaseas" title="Mnaseas">Mnaseas</a> mention the flood and the Ark.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the fourth century, <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a> wrote about Noah's Ark in his <i><a href="/wiki/Panarion" title="Panarion">Panarion</a></i>, saying "Thus even today the remains of Noah's ark are still shown in Cardyaei."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other translations render "Cardyaei" as "the country of the Kurds".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> mentioned Noah's Ark in one of his sermons in the fourth century, saying ""Do not the mountains of Armenia testify to it, where the Ark rested? And are not the remains of the Ark preserved there to this very day for our admonition?<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_First_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica First Edition">The first edition of the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> from 1771 describes the Ark as factual. It also attempts to explain how the Ark could house all living animal types: "... Buteo and <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Kircher</a> have proved geometrically, that, taking the common <a href="/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit">cubit</a> as a foot and a half, the ark was abundantly sufficient for all the animals supposed to be lodged in it ... the number of species of animals will be found much less than is generally imagined, not amounting to a hundred species of <a href="/wiki/Quadrupeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrupeds">quadrupeds</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also endorses a supernatural explanation for the flood, stating that "many attempts have been made to account for the deluge by means of natural causes: but these attempts have only tended to discredit philosophy, and to render their authors ridiculous".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1860 edition attempts to solve the problem of the Ark being unable to house all animal types by suggesting a local flood, which is described in the 1910 edition as part of a "gradual surrender of attempts to square scientific facts with a literal interpretation of the Bible" that resulted in "the '<a href="/wiki/Higher_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher criticism">higher criticism</a>' and the rise of the modern scientific views as to the origin of species" leading to "scientific comparative mythology" as the frame in which Noah's Ark was interpreted by 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ark's_geometry"><span id="Ark.27s_geometry"></span>Ark's geometry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ark's geometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allessandro_Masnago_-_Cameo_with_Noah%27s_Ark_-_Walters_421447.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Allessandro_Masnago_-_Cameo_with_Noah%27s_Ark_-_Walters_421447.jpg/175px-Allessandro_Masnago_-_Cameo_with_Noah%27s_Ark_-_Walters_421447.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Allessandro_Masnago_-_Cameo_with_Noah%27s_Ark_-_Walters_421447.jpg/263px-Allessandro_Masnago_-_Cameo_with_Noah%27s_Ark_-_Walters_421447.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Allessandro_Masnago_-_Cameo_with_Noah%27s_Ark_-_Walters_421447.jpg/350px-Allessandro_Masnago_-_Cameo_with_Noah%27s_Ark_-_Walters_421447.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1187" /></a><figcaption>This engraving features a line of animals on the gangway to Noah's ark. It is based on a woodcut by the French illustrator <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Salomon" title="Bernard Salomon">Bernard Salomon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> saw much speculation on the nature of the Ark that might have seemed familiar to early theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>. At the same time, however, a new class of scholarship arose, one which, while never questioning the literal truth of the ark story, began to speculate on the practical workings of Noah's vessel from within a purely naturalistic framework. In the 15th century, Alfonso Tostada gave a detailed account of the logistics of the Ark, down to arrangements for the disposal of dung and the circulation of fresh air. The 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometer</a> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Buteo" title="Johannes Buteo">Johannes Buteo</a> calculated the Ark's internal dimensions, allowing room for Noah's grinding mills and smokeless ovens, a model widely adopted by other commentators.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Irving_Finkel" title="Irving Finkel">Irving Finkel</a>, a curator at the British Museum, came into the possession of a <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> tablet. He translated it and discovered an hitherto unknown Babylonian version of the story of the great flood. This version gave specific measurements for an unusually large <a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">coracle</a> (a type of rounded boat). His discovery lead to the production of a television documentary and a book summarizing the finding. A scale replica of the boat described by the tablet was built and floated in Kerala, India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkel2014_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkel2014-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Searches_for_Noah's_Ark"><span id="Searches_for_Noah.27s_Ark"></span>Searches for Noah's Ark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Searches for Noah's Ark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Durupinar_site_in_July_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Durupinar_site_in_July_2019.jpg/220px-The_Durupinar_site_in_July_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Durupinar_site_in_July_2019.jpg/330px-The_Durupinar_site_in_July_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Durupinar_site_in_July_2019.jpg/440px-The_Durupinar_site_in_July_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The Durupinar site in July 2019</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Searches_for_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Searches for Noah's Ark">Searches for Noah's Ark</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Searches_for_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Searches for Noah's Ark">Searches for Noah's Ark</a> have been made from at least the time of <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius</a> (c. 275 – 339 CE) to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1st century, Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a> claimed the remaining pieces of Noah's Ark had been found in Armenia, at the mountain of the Cordyaeans, which is understood to be Mount Ararat in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the practice of seeking the remains of the Ark is widely regarded as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">pseudoarchaeology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cline_2009_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cline_2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feder_2010_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder_2010-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various locations for the ark have been suggested but have never been confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayell-2004_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayell-2004-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lovgren-2004_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovgren-2004-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Search sites have included the <a href="/wiki/Durup%C4%B1nar_site" title="Durupınar site">Durupınar site</a>, a site on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tend%C3%BCrek" title="Mount Tendürek">Mount Tendürek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">eastern Turkey</a>, but geological investigation of possible remains of the ark has only shown natural sedimentary formations.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While biblical literalists often maintain the Ark's existence in archaeological history, its scientific feasibility, along with that of the deluge, has been contested.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_legacy:_Noah's_Ark_replicas"><span id="Cultural_legacy:_Noah.27s_Ark_replicas"></span>Cultural legacy: Noah's Ark replicas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cultural legacy: Noah's Ark replicas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reverse_Noah%27s_Ark_silver_bullion_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reverse_Noah%27s_Ark_silver_bullion_coin.jpg/200px-Reverse_Noah%27s_Ark_silver_bullion_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reverse_Noah%27s_Ark_silver_bullion_coin.jpg/300px-Reverse_Noah%27s_Ark_silver_bullion_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reverse_Noah%27s_Ark_silver_bullion_coin.jpg/400px-Reverse_Noah%27s_Ark_silver_bullion_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Noah's Ark depicted on a <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_silver_coins" title="Noah's Ark silver coins">silver bullion coin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the modern era, individuals and organizations have sought to reconstruct Noah's ark using the dimensions specified in the Bible, <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_replicas_and_derivatives" title="Noah's Ark replicas and derivatives">Noah's Ark replicas and derivatives</a><sup id="cite_ref-Antonson_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antonson-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johan%27s_Ark" title="Johan's Ark">Johan's Ark</a> was completed in 2012 to this end, while the <a href="/wiki/Ark_Encounter" title="Ark Encounter">Ark Encounter</a> was finished in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div 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href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manu (Hinduism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_replicas_and_derivatives" title="Noah's Ark replicas and derivatives">Noah's Ark replicas and derivatives</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate" title="Nineveh Governorate">Nineveh Governorate</a>, Iraq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Sons of Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wives aboard Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziusudra" title="Ziusudra">Ziusudra</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ark-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ark_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word "ark" in modern English comes from Old English <i>aerca</i>, meaning a chest or box. (See Cresswell 2010, p.22) The Hebrew word for the vessel, <i>teva</i>, occurs twice in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, in the flood narrative (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> 6-9) and in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a>, where it refers to the basket in which <a href="/wiki/Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Jochebed</a> places the infant <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>. (The word for the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a>, <i>aron</i>, is quite different.) The Ark is built to save Noah, his family, and representatives of all animals from a divinely-sent flood intended to wipe out all life, and in both cases, the <i>teva</i> has a connection with <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> from waters. (See Levenson 2014, p.21)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey199063-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey199063_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey199063_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey1990">Bailey 1990</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-t984-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-t984_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChen2013" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Y. S. (2013). <i>The Primeval Flood Catastrophe</i>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967620-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967620-0"><bdi>978-0-19-967620-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/839396707">839396707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Primeval+Flood+Catastrophe&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F839396707&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967620-0&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Y.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENigosian200440-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENigosian200440_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENigosian200440_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENigosian200440_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNigosian2004">Nigosian 2004</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cline_2009-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cline_2009_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cline_2009_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCline2009" class="citation book cs1">Cline, Eric H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zwNIDHSPsSMC&pg=PA72"><i>Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 71–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199741076" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199741076"><bdi>978-0199741076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Archaeology%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=71-75&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0199741076&rft.aulast=Cline&rft.aufirst=Eric+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzwNIDHSPsSMC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorence_G._Collins2009" class="citation news cs1">Lorence G. Collins (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncse.com/library-resource/yes-noahs-flood-may-have-happened-not-over-whole-earth">"Yes, Noah's Flood May Have Happened, But Not Over the Whole Earth"</a>. <i>NCSE</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180626054743/https://ncse.com/library-resource/yes-noahs-flood-may-have-happened-not-over-whole-earth">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NCSE&rft.atitle=Yes%2C+Noah%27s+Flood+May+Have+Happened%2C+But+Not+Over+the+Whole+Earth&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Lorence+G.+Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncse.com%2Flibrary-resource%2Fyes-noahs-flood-may-have-happened-not-over-whole-earth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore1983-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore1983_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1983" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, Robert A. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncse.com/cej/4/1/impossible-voyage-noahs-ark">"The Impossible Voyage of Noah's Ark"</a>. <i>Creation Evolution Journal</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 1–43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160717074346/https://ncse.com/cej/4/1/impossible-voyage-noahs-ark">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Creation+Evolution+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Impossible+Voyage+of+Noah%27s+Ark&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-43&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncse.com%2Fcej%2F4%2F1%2Fimpossible-voyage-noahs-ark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RyanOthers1997a-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RyanOthers1997a_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyanPitmanMajorShimkus1997" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan, W. B. F.; Pitman, W. C.; Major, C. O.; Shimkus, K.; Moskalenko, V.; Jones, G. A.; Dimitrov, P.; Gorür, N.; Sakinç, M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104301/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~billr/BlackSea/Ryan_et_al_MG_1997.pdf">"An abrupt drowning of the Black Sea shelf"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Marine Geology</i>. <b>138</b> (1–2): 119–126. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997MGeol.138..119R">1997MGeol.138..119R</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.598.2866">10.1.1.598.2866</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0025-3227%2897%2900007-8">10.1016/s0025-3227(97)00007-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-3227">0025-3227</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129316719">129316719</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~billr/BlackSea/Ryan_et_al_MG_1997.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Geology&rft.atitle=An+abrupt+drowning+of+the+Black+Sea+shelf&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=119-126&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129316719%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997MGeol.138..119R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.598.2866%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.issn=0025-3227&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0025-3227%2897%2900007-8&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=W.+B.+F.&rft.au=Pitman%2C+W.+C.&rft.au=Major%2C+C.+O.&rft.au=Shimkus%2C+K.&rft.au=Moskalenko%2C+V.&rft.au=Jones%2C+G.+A.&rft.au=Dimitrov%2C+P.&rft.au=Gor%C3%BCr%2C+N.&rft.au=Sakin%C3%A7%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldeo.columbia.edu%2F~billr%2FBlackSea%2FRyan_et_al_MG_1997.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RyanOthers2003a-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RyanOthers2003a_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyanMajorLericolaisGoldstein2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan, W. B.; Major, C. O.; Lericolais, G.; Goldstein, S. L. (2003). "Catastrophic flooding of the Black Sea". <i>Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 525−554. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AREPS..31..525R">2003AREPS..31..525R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.earth.31.100901.141249">10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&rft.atitle=Catastrophic+flooding+of+the+Black+Sea&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=525%E2%88%92554&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.earth.31.100901.141249&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003AREPS..31..525R&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rft.au=Major%2C+C.+O.&rft.au=Lericolais%2C+G.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+S.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlenkinsopp2011139-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlenkinsopp2011139_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlenkinsopp2011">Blenkinsopp 2011</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton1990280–281-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton1990280–281_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton1990280–281_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton1990">Hamilton 1990</a>, pp. 280–281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKesslerDeurloo200481-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKesslerDeurloo200481_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKesslerDeurloo2004">Kessler & Deurloo 2004</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenham200344-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenham200344_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWenham2003">Wenham 2003</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatto199295-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatto199295_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBatto1992">Batto 1992</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongmanWalton2018" class="citation book cs1">Longman, Tremper; Walton, John H. (2018). <i>The lost world of the flood: mythology, theology, and the deluge debate</i>. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, an imprint of InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-8782-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-8782-8"><bdi>978-0-8308-8782-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lost+world+of+the+flood%3A+mythology%2C+theology%2C+and+the+deluge+debate&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+IL&rft.pub=IVP+Academic%2C+an+imprint+of+InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-8782-8&rft.aulast=Longman&rft.aufirst=Tremper&rft.au=Walton%2C+John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton1990281-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton1990281_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton1990281_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton1990">Hamilton 1990</a>, pp. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011210-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011210_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKvanvig2011">Kvanvig 2011</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20133-4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen20133-4_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChen2013">Chen 2013</a>, p. 3-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2013253-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2013253_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChen2013">Chen 2013</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cline-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cline_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCline2007" class="citation book cs1">Cline, Eric H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJW-zhffwk4C&q=From+Eden+to+Exile%3A+Unraveling+Mysteries+of+the+Bible"><i>From Eden to Exile: Unraveling Mysteries of the Bible</i></a>. National Geographic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0084-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0084-7"><bdi>978-1-4262-0084-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Eden+to+Exile%3A+Unraveling+Mysteries+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4262-0084-7&rft.aulast=Cline&rft.aufirst=Eric+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJW-zhffwk4C%26q%3DFrom%2BEden%2Bto%2BExile%253A%2BUnraveling%2BMysteries%2Bof%2Bthe%2BBible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkel201489-101-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkel201489-101_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkel2014">Finkel 2014</a>, p. 89-101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/secrets-of-noahs-ark/">"Nova: Secrets of Noah's Ark"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i>. October 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=Nova%3A+Secrets+of+Noah%27s+Ark&rft.date=2015-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fvideo%2Fsecrets-of-noahs-ark%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkel2014chpt.14-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkel2014chpt.14_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkel2014chpt.14_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkel2014">Finkel 2014</a>, chpt.14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeown200855-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeown200855_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKeown2008">McKeown 2008</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-May_Metzger-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-May_Metzger_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May, Herbert G., and Bruce M. Metzger. <i>The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha</i>. 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanie_Dalley2000" class="citation book cs1">Stephanie Dalley, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424054145/https://books.google.com/books?id=0YHfiCz4BRwC#v=onepage&q=flood&f=false"><i>Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, The Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others</i></a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 5–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953836-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953836-2"><bdi>978-0-19-953836-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0YHfiCz4BRwC&q=flood">the original</a> on 2016-04-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+from+Mesopotamia%3A+Creation%2C+The+Flood%2C+Gilgamesh%2C+and+Others&rft.pages=5-8&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953836-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0YHfiCz4BRwC%26q%3Dflood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Dundes, ed., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E__dnnQwGDwC&q=Gilgamesh%2C+flood&pg=PA62"><i>The Flood Myth</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514162849/https://books.google.com/books?id=E__dnnQwGDwC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q=Gilgamesh%2C%20flood&f=false">Archived</a> 2016-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 61–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. David Pleins, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PX0fIE5IU8gC&q=ziusudra+flood+story&pg=PA102"><i>When the Great Abyss Opened: Classic and Contemporary Readings of Noah's Flood</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624184753/https://books.google.com/books?id=PX0fIE5IU8gC&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q=ziusudra%20flood%20story&f=false">Archived</a> 2016-06-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 102–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnns201223-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnns201223_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnns2012">Enns 2012</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Elliot Friedman (1997 ed.), <i>Who Wrote the Bible</i>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sefaria.org-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sefaria.org_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sefaria.org_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.108b.7">"Sanhedrin 108b:7-16"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Sanhedrin+108b%3A7-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FSanhedrin.108b.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avigdor Nebenzahl, <i>Tiku Bachodesh Shofer: Thoughts for <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></i>, Feldheim Publishers, 1997, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE_Noah-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE_Noah_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_Noah_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCurdyBacherSeligsohnHirsch1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Frederic_McCurdy" title="J. Frederic McCurdy">McCurdy, J. F.</a>; Bacher, W.; Seligsohn, M.; et al., eds. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=318&letter=N&search=noah">"Noah"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. JewishEncyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Noah&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.date=1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D318%26letter%3DN%26search%3Dnoah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ark_of_Noah-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ark_of_Noah_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ark_of_Noah_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCurdyJastrowGinzbergMcDonald1906" class="citation book cs1">McCurdy, J. F.; <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Jastrow" title="Marcus Jastrow">Jastrow, M. W.</a>; Ginzberg, L.; et al., eds. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1780&letter=A">"Ark of Noah"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. JewishEncyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ark+of+Noah&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.date=1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D1780%26letter%3DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschMuss-ArnoltHirschfeld1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emil_G._Hirsch" title="Emil G. Hirsch">Hirsch, E. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Muss-Arnolt" title="William Muss-Arnolt">Muss-Arnolt, W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hartwig_Hirschfeld" title="Hartwig Hirschfeld">Hirschfeld, H.</a>, eds. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=218&letter=F">"The Flood"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. JewishEncyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Flood&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.date=1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D218%26letter%3DF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=9597&st=&pgnum=123">Ibn Ezra's Commentary to Genesis 7:16</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524092028/http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=9597&st=&pgnum=123">Archived</a> 2013-05-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. HebrewBooks.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Early Christian World,</i> Volume 1, p.148, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Esler" title="Philip Esler">Philip Esler</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Peter%203:20–21&version=nrsv">1Pt 3:20–21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight,_K_2007-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight,_K_2007_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight,_K_2007_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHippolytus" class="citation web cs1">Hippolytus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0502.htm">"Fragments from the Scriptural Commentaries of Hippolytus"</a>. New Advent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070417130437/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0502.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fragments+from+the+Scriptural+Commentaries+of+Hippolytus&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft.au=Hippolytus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0502.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn199638-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn199638_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohn1996">Cohn 1996</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaff,_P_1890-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schaff,_P_1890_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Augustin1890" class="citation book cs1">St. Augustin (1890) [c. 400]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf102.iv.XV.26.html">"Chapter 26:That the Ark Which Noah Was Ordered to Make Figures In Every Respect Christ and the Church"</a>. In Schaff, Philip (ed.). <i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i> [<i>St. Augustin's City of God and Christian Doctrine</i>]. 1. Vol. 2. The Christian Literature Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+26%3AThat+the+Ark+Which+Noah+Was+Ordered+to+Make+Figures+In+Every+Respect+Christ+and+the+Church&rft.btitle=Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers&rft.series=1&rft.pub=The+Christian+Literature+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1890&rft.au=St.+Augustin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf102.iv.XV.26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome1892" class="citation book cs1">Jerome (1892) [c. 347–420]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf206.v.LXIX.html">"Letter LXIX. To Oceanus."</a>. In Schaff, P (ed.). <i>Niocene and Post-Niocene Fathers: The Principal Works of St. Jerome</i>. 2. Vol. 6. The Christian Literature Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+LXIX.+To+Oceanus.&rft.btitle=Niocene+and+Post-Niocene+Fathers%3A+The+Principal+Works+of+St.+Jerome&rft.series=2&rft.pub=The+Christian+Literature+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1892&rft.au=Jerome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf206.v.LXIX.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohn-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohn_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohn_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohn1996">Cohn 1996</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_MeyerWillis_Barnstone2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Meyer" title="Marvin Meyer">Marvin Meyer</a>; <a href="/wiki/Willis_Barnstone" title="Willis Barnstone">Willis Barnstone</a> (June 30, 2009). "The Reality of the Rulers (The Hypostasis of the Archons)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/Hypostas-Barnstone.html"><i>The Gnostic Bible</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Publications" title="Shambhala Publications">Shambhala</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Reality+of+the+Rulers+%28The+Hypostasis+of+the+Archons%29&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Bible&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.au=Marvin+Meyer&rft.au=Willis+Barnstone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnosis.org%2Fnaghamm%2FHypostas-Barnstone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Häberl_2022-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Häberl_2022_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHäberl2022" class="citation book cs1">Häberl, Charles (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/book/10.3828/9781800856271"><i>The Book of Kings and the Explanations of This World: A Universal History from the Late Sasanian Empire</i></a>. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2F9781800856271">10.3828/9781800856271</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80085-627-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80085-627-1"><bdi>978-1-80085-627-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Kings+and+the+Explanations+of+This+World%3A+A+Universal+History+from+the+Late+Sasanian+Empire&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2F9781800856271&rft.isbn=978-1-80085-627-1&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4berl&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.3828%2F9781800856271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristys2018" class="citation book cs1">Christys, Ann (2018). "Educating the Christian Elite in Umayyad Córdoba". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1053611250"><i>Die Interaktion von Herrschern und Eliten in imperialen Ordnungen des Mittelalters</i></a>. Wolfram Drews. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a> GmbH. pp. 114–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-057267-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-057267-4"><bdi>978-3-11-057267-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1053611250">1053611250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Educating+the+Christian+Elite+in+Umayyad+C%C3%B3rdoba&rft.btitle=Die+Interaktion+von+Herrschern+und+Eliten+in+imperialen+Ordnungen+des+Mittelalters&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=114-124&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1053611250&rft.isbn=978-3-11-057267-4&rft.aulast=Christys&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1053611250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreidenreich2003" class="citation journal cs1">Freidenreich, David M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/56/article/390127">"The Use of Islamic Sources in Saadiah Gaon's Tafsīr of the Torah"</a>. <i>Jewish Quarterly Review</i>. <b>93</b> (3): 353–395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjqr.2003.0009">10.1353/jqr.2003.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-0604">1553-0604</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170764204">170764204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+Islamic+Sources+in+Saadiah+Gaon%27s+Tafs%C4%ABr+of+the+Torah&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=353-395&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170764204%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1553-0604&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjqr.2003.0009&rft.aulast=Freidenreich&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F56%2Farticle%2F390127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaring-Gould1884" class="citation book cs1">Baring-Gould, Sabine (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05BuCM6U4DgC&q=eutychius+noah&pg=PA113">"Noah"</a>. <i>Legends of the Patriarchs and Prophets and Other Old Testament Characters from Various Sources</i>. James B. Millar and Co., New York. p. 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Noah&rft.btitle=Legends+of+the+Patriarchs+and+Prophets+and+Other+Old+Testament+Characters+from+Various+Sources&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=James+B.+Millar+and+Co.%2C+New+York&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Baring-Gould&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05BuCM6U4DgC%26q%3Deutychius%2Bnoah%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From a letter written on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi" title="Shoghi Effendi">Shoghi Effendi</a>, 28 October 1949: <i>Baháʼí News</i>, No. 228, February 1950, p. 4. Republished in <a href="#CITEREFCompilation1983">Compilation 1983</a>, p. 508</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BahaiArk-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BahaiArk_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoirier" class="citation web cs1">Poirier, Brent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/poirier_iqan_unsealing_bible">"The Kitab-i-Iqan: The key to unsealing the mysteries of the Holy Bible"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707205604/http://bahai-library.com/poirier_iqan_unsealing_bible">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kitab-i-Iqan%3A+The+key+to+unsealing+the+mysteries+of+the+Holy+Bible&rft.aulast=Poirier&rft.aufirst=Brent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fpoirier_iqan_unsealing_bible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoghi_Effendi1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi" title="Shoghi Effendi">Shoghi Effendi</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/MBW/"><i>Messages to the Baháʼí World, 1950–1957</i></a>. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87743-036-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87743-036-0"><bdi>978-0-87743-036-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081023220446/http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/MBW/">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Messages+to+the+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+World%2C+1950%E2%80%931957&rft.place=Wilmette%2C+Illinois%2C+USA&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-87743-036-0&rft.au=Shoghi+Effendi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freference.bahai.org%2Fen%2Ft%2Fse%2FMBW%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From a letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi to an individual believer, 25 November 1950. Published in <a href="#CITEREFCompilation1983">Compilation 1983</a>, p. 494</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation cs1">Josephus, Flavius. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book I#Chapter 3/3"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_I#Chapter_3/3">"3" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book I#Chapter 3"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_I#Chapter_3"><i>The Antiquities of the Jews, Book I</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>. <q>Now all the writers of barbarian histories make mention of this flood, and of this ark; among whom is Berosus the Chaldean. For when he is describing the circumstances of the flood, he goes on thus: "It is said there is still some part of this ark in Armenia, at the mountain of the Cordyaeans; and that some people carry off pieces of the bitumen, which they take away, and use chiefly as amulets for the averting of mischiefs." Hieronymus the Egyptian also, who wrote the Phoenician Antiquities, and Mnaseas, and a great many more, make mention of the same. Nay, Nicolaus of Damascus, in his ninety-sixth book, hath a particular relation about them; where he speaks thus: "There is a great mountain in Armenia, over Minyas, called Baris, upon which it is reported that many who fled at the time of the Deluge were saved; and that one who was carried in an ark came on shore upon the top of it; and that the remains of the timber were a great while preserved. This might be the man about whom Moses the legislator of the Jews wrote.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=The+Antiquities+of+the+Jews%2C+Book+I&rft.aulast=Josephus&rft.aufirst=Flavius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2009" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Frank (2009). <i>The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis</i>. BRILL. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17017-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17017-9"><bdi>978-90-04-17017-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panarion+of+Epiphanius+of+Salamis&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17017-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery1974" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, John Warwick (1974). <i>The Quest For Noahs Ark</i>. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87123-477-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87123-477-7"><bdi>0-87123-477-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+For+Noahs+Ark&rft.pages=77&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-87123-477-7&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=John+Warwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery1974" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, John Warwick (1974). <i>The Quest For Noahs Ark</i>. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87123-477-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87123-477-7"><bdi>0-87123-477-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+For+Noahs+Ark&rft.pages=78&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-87123-477-7&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=John+Warwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Arthur_Cook" title="Stanley Arthur Cook">Cook, Stanley Arthur</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ark"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ark">"Ark" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 02 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 548–550, see page 549. <q>Noah's Ark...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ark&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=548-550%2C+see+page+549&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Stanley+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheyne1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kelly_Cheyne" title="Thomas Kelly Cheyne">Cheyne, Thomas Kelly</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Deluge, The"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Deluge,_The">"Deluge, The" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 07 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 976–979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deluge%2C+The&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=976-979&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cheyne&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213133855/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/23266">"Cameo with Noah's Ark"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Walters_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Walters Art Museum">The Walters Art Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art.thewalters.org/detail/23266">the original</a> on 2013-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cameo+with+Noah%27s+Ark&rft.pub=The+Walters+Art+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fart.thewalters.org%2Fdetail%2F23266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkel2014-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkel2014_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkel2014">Finkel 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaganBeck1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_M._Fagan" title="Brian M. Fagan">Fagan, Brian M.</a>; Beck, Charlotte (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ystMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA582"><i>The Oxford Companion to Archaeology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195076189" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195076189"><bdi>978-0195076189</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208073258/https://books.google.com/books?id=ystMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA582">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Archaeology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0195076189&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Brian+M.&rft.au=Beck%2C+Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DystMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblearchaeology.org/research/contemporary-issues/4112-the-landingplace-of-noahs-ark-testimonial-geological-and-historical-considerations-part-four">"The Landing-Place of Noah's Ark: Testimonial, Geological and Historical Considerations: Part Four - Associates for Biblical Research"</a>. <i>biblearchaeology.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblearchaeology.org&rft.atitle=The+Landing-Place+of+Noah%27s+Ark%3A+Testimonial%2C+Geological+and+Historical+Considerations%3A+Part+Four+-+Associates+for+Biblical+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblearchaeology.org%2Fresearch%2Fcontemporary-issues%2F4112-the-landingplace-of-noahs-ark-testimonial-geological-and-historical-considerations-part-four&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feder_2010-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feder_2010_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Feder" title="Kenneth Feder">Feder, Kenneth L.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RlRz2symkAsC&pg=PA195"><i>Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313379192" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313379192"><bdi>978-0313379192</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208073258/https://books.google.com/books?id=RlRz2symkAsC&pg=PA195">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Dubious+Archaeology%3A+From+Atlantis+to+the+Walam+Olum&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0313379192&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlRz2symkAsC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayell-2004-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mayell-2004_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayell2004" class="citation web cs1">Mayell, Hillary (27 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100414031733/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0427_040427_noahsark.html">"Noah's Ark Found? Turkey Expedition Planned for Summer"</a>. National Geographic Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0427_040427_noahsark.html">the original</a> on 14 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Noah%27s+Ark+Found%3F+Turkey+Expedition+Planned+for+Summer&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2004-04-27&rft.aulast=Mayell&rft.aufirst=Hillary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2F04%2F0427_040427_noahsark.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lovgren-2004-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lovgren-2004_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefan Lovgren (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/09/0920_040920_noahs_ark.html">Noah's Ark Quest Dead in Water</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125030621/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/09/0920_040920_noahs_ark.html">Archived</a> 2012-01-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – National Geographic</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2011" class="citation web cs1">Collins, Lorence G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csun.edu/~vcgeo005/Sutton%20Hoo%2014.pdf">"A supposed cast of Noah's ark in eastern Turkey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191940/http://www.csun.edu/~vcgeo005/Sutton%20Hoo%2014.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+supposed+cast+of+Noah%27s+ark+in+eastern+Turkey&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Lorence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csun.edu%2F~vcgeo005%2FSutton%2520Hoo%252014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/woodmorappe-review.html">"Review of John Woodmorappe's "Noah's Ark: A Feasibility Study"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.talkorigins.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.talkorigins.org&rft.atitle=Review+of+John+Woodmorappe%27s+%22Noah%27s+Ark%3A+A+Feasibility+Study%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Ffaqs%2Fwoodmorappe-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncse.ngo/impossible-voyage-noahs-ark">"The Impossible Voyage of Noah's Ark | National Center for Science Education"</a>. <i>ncse.ngo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ncse.ngo&rft.atitle=The+Impossible+Voyage+of+Noah%27s+Ark+%7C+National+Center+for+Science+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncse.ngo%2Fimpossible-voyage-noahs-ark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antonson-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antonson_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonson2016" class="citation book cs1">Antonson, Rick (12 April 2016). <i>Full Moon over Noah's Ark: An Odyssey to Mount Ararat and Beyond</i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5107-0567-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5107-0567-8"><bdi>978-1-5107-0567-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Full+Moon+over+Noah%27s+Ark%3A+An+Odyssey+to+Mount+Ararat+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft.isbn=978-1-5107-0567-8&rft.aulast=Antonson&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2020" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Paul (16 April 2020). <i>Storytelling the Bible at the Creation Museum, Ark Encounter, and Museum of the Bible</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-68714-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-68714-2"><bdi>978-0-567-68714-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storytelling+the+Bible+at+the+Creation+Museum%2C+Ark+Encounter%2C+and+Museum+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2020-04-16&rft.isbn=978-0-567-68714-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1990" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Lloyd R. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&q=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible+Cosmology&pg=PA176">"Ark"</a>. <i>Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Mercer University Press. pp. 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865543737" title="Special:BookSources/9780865543737"><bdi>9780865543737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ark&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780865543737&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgoq0VWw9rGIC%26q%3DMercer%2BDictionary%2Bof%2Bthe%2BBible%2BCosmology%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatto1992" class="citation book cs1">Batto, Bernard Frank (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eWrDOxHQ7-oC&q=ark&pg=PA68"><i>Slaying the Dragon: Mythmaking in the Biblical Tradition</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664253530" title="Special:BookSources/9780664253530"><bdi>9780664253530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slaying+the+Dragon%3A+Mythmaking+in+the+Biblical+Tradition&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780664253530&rft.aulast=Batto&rft.aufirst=Bernard+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeWrDOxHQ7-oC%26q%3Dark%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenkinsopp2011" class="citation cs2">Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B12qwOSMD20C"><i>Creation, Un-creation, Re-creation: A Discursive Commentary on Genesis 1–11</i></a>, A&C Black, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567372871" title="Special:BookSources/9780567372871"><bdi>9780567372871</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creation%2C+Un-creation%2C+Re-creation%3A+A+Discursive+Commentary+on+Genesis+1%E2%80%9311&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780567372871&rft.aulast=Blenkinsopp&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB12qwOSMD20C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cohn" title="Norman Cohn">Cohn, Norman</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ7g-BIfXu0C&q=Noah%27s+Flood%3A+The+Genesis+Story+in+Western+Thought"><i>Noah's Flood: The Genesis Story in Western Thought</i></a>. New Haven & London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06823-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06823-8"><bdi>978-0-300-06823-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noah%27s+Flood%3A+The+Genesis+Story+in+Western+Thought&rft.place=New+Haven+%26+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06823-8&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMZ7g-BIfXu0C%26q%3DNoah%2527s%2BFlood%253A%2BThe%2BGenesis%2BStory%2Bin%2BWestern%2BThought&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompilation1983" class="citation book cs1">Compilation (1983). Hornby, Helen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ7g-BIfXu0C&q=Noah%27s+Flood%3A+The+Genesis+Story+in+Western+Thought"><i>Lights of Guidance: A Baháʼí Reference File</i></a>. Baháʼí Publishing Trust, New Delhi, India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85091-46-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85091-46-4"><bdi>978-81-85091-46-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lights+of+Guidance%3A+A+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Reference+File&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust%2C+New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-81-85091-46-4&rft.au=Compilation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMZ7g-BIfXu0C%26q%3DNoah%2527s%2BFlood%253A%2BThe%2BGenesis%2BStory%2Bin%2BWestern%2BThought&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnns2012" class="citation cs2">Enns, Peter (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BNxeoqoTg-YC"><i>The Evolution of Adam: What the Bible Does and Doesn't Say about Human Origins</i></a>, Baker Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587433153" title="Special:BookSources/9781587433153"><bdi>9781587433153</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Adam%3A+What+the+Bible+Does+and+Doesn%27t+Say+about+Human+Origins&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781587433153&rft.aulast=Enns&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBNxeoqoTg-YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Finkel" title="Irving Finkel">Finkel, Irving L.</a> (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lScWAwAAQBAJ&q=tablet&pg=PT274"><i>The Ark Before Noah: Decoding the Story of the Flood</i></a>, Hodder & Stoughton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444757071" title="Special:BookSources/9781444757071"><bdi>9781444757071</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ark+Before+Noah%3A+Decoding+the+Story+of+the+Flood&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781444757071&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Irving+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlScWAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtablet%26pg%3DPT274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1990" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Victor P. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WW31E9Zt5-wC&q=Genesis&pg=PR3"><i>The book of Genesis: Chapters 1–17</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802825216" title="Special:BookSources/9780802825216"><bdi>9780802825216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+Genesis%3A+Chapters+1%E2%80%9317&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780802825216&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Victor+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWW31E9Zt5-wC%26q%3DGenesis%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesslerDeurloo2004" class="citation book cs1">Kessler, Martin; Deurloo, Karel Adriaan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mBWeLCTgT0QC&q=A+commentary+on+Genesis:+the+book+of+beginnings+Martin+Kessler,+Karel+Adriaan+Deurloo"><i>A commentary on Genesis: The Book of Beginnings</i></a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809142057" title="Special:BookSources/9780809142057"><bdi>9780809142057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+commentary+on+Genesis%3A+The+Book+of+Beginnings&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780809142057&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Deurloo%2C+Karel+Adriaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmBWeLCTgT0QC%26q%3DA%2Bcommentary%2Bon%2BGenesis%3A%2Bthe%2Bbook%2Bof%2Bbeginnings%2BMartin%2BKessler%2C%2BKarel%2BAdriaan%2BDeurloo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvanvig2011" class="citation cs2">Kvanvig, Helge (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e1hnJYbShWMC"><i>Primeval History: Babylonian, Biblical, and Enochic: An Intertextual Reading</i></a>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004163805" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004163805"><bdi>978-9004163805</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primeval+History%3A+Babylonian%2C+Biblical%2C+and+Enochic%3A+An+Intertextual+Reading&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9004163805&rft.aulast=Kvanvig&rft.aufirst=Helge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De1hnJYbShWMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKeown2008" class="citation book cs1">McKeown, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-gqTTl1iPr8C&q=westermann+tabernacle+ark&pg=PA65"><i>Genesis</i></a>. Two Horizons Old Testament Commentary. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2705-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2705-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-2705-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis&rft.series=Two+Horizons+Old+Testament+Commentary&rft.pages=398&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2705-0&rft.aulast=McKeown&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-gqTTl1iPr8C%26q%3Dwestermann%2Btabernacle%2Bark%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigosian2004" class="citation cs2">Nigosian, S.A. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gpAAKpmMHYoC"><i>From Ancient Writings to Sacred Texts: The Old Testament and Apocrypha</i></a>, JHU Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801879883" title="Special:BookSources/9780801879883"><bdi>9780801879883</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Ancient+Writings+to+Sacred+Texts%3A+The+Old+Testament+and+Apocrypha&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780801879883&rft.aulast=Nigosian&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgpAAKpmMHYoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenham2003" class="citation book cs1">Wenham, Gordon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Eerdmans+Genesis+his+rise+to+be+ruler+of+all+Egypt&pg=PA34">"Genesis"</a>. In James D. G. Dunn; John William Rogerson (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Bible Commentary</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837110" title="Special:BookSources/9780802837110"><bdi>9780802837110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802837110&rft.aulast=Wenham&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26q%3DEerdmans%2BGenesis%2Bhis%2Brise%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bruler%2Bof%2Ball%2BEgypt%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Further_reading_cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Further reading</a>" section <b>may need cleanup</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">editing guide</a> and help improve the section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Commentaries on Genesis</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowner2001" class="citation book cs1">Towner, Wayne Sibley (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ONdsoa7MHUC&q=Genesis+Wayne+Sibley+Towner"><i>Genesis</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664252564" title="Special:BookSources/9780664252564"><bdi>9780664252564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780664252564&rft.aulast=Towner&rft.aufirst=Wayne+Sibley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ONdsoa7MHUC%26q%3DGenesis%2BWayne%2BSibley%2BTowner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Rad1972" class="citation book cs1">Von Rad, Gerhard (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IbuBa8Qy3AwC&q=Genesis:+A+Commentary+Gerhard+Von+Rad"><i>Genesis: A Commentary</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664227456" title="Special:BookSources/9780664227456"><bdi>9780664227456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780664227456&rft.aulast=Von+Rad&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIbuBa8Qy3AwC%26q%3DGenesis%3A%2BA%2BCommentary%2BGerhard%2BVon%2BRad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhybray2001" class="citation book cs1">Whybray, R. N. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&q=4.+Genesis+Whybray+Genesis+and+the+Pentateuch&pg=PA38">"Genesis"</a>. In John Barton (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordbiblecomme0000unse"><i>Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198755005" title="Special:BookSources/9780198755005"><bdi>9780198755005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780198755005&rft.aulast=Whybray&rft.aufirst=R.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3surkLVdw3UC%26q%3D4.%2BGenesis%2BWhybray%2BGenesis%2Band%2Bthe%2BPentateuch%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><b>General</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandstra2008" class="citation cs2">Bandstra, Barry L. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC&q=%22not+really+contradictory%22&pg=PA61"><i>Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible</i></a> (4th ed.), Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Cengage Learning, pp. 61–63, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495391050" title="Special:BookSources/978-0495391050"><bdi>978-0495391050</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Old+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pages=61-63&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wadsworth%2F+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0495391050&rft.aulast=Bandstra&rft.aufirst=Barry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRY9mTUZKJcC%26q%3D%2522not%2Breally%2Bcontradictory%2522%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bennett" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Bennett">Bennett, William Henry</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Noah"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Noah">"Noah" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 722.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Noah&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=722&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest1999" class="citation cs2">Best, Robert (1999), <i>Noah's Ark And the Ziusudra Epic: Sumerian Origins of the Flood Myth</i>, Eerdmans, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-09667840-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-09667840-1-5"><bdi>978-09667840-1-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noah%27s+Ark+And+the+Ziusudra+Epic%3A+Sumerian+Origins+of+the+Flood+Myth&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-09667840-1-5&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Browne" title="Janet Browne">Browne, Janet</a> (1983). <i>The Secular Ark: Studies in the History of Biogeography</i>. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02460-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02460-9"><bdi>978-0-300-02460-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secular+Ark%3A+Studies+in+the+History+of+Biogeography&rft.place=New+Haven+%26+London&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-300-02460-9&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrueggemann2002" class="citation book cs1">Brueggemann, Walter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dBJQ71RIpdMC&q=theological+handbook+of+Old+Testament+themes"><i>Reverberations of Faith: a Theological Handbook of Old Testament Themes</i></a>. Westminster John Knox. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664222314" title="Special:BookSources/9780664222314"><bdi>9780664222314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reverberations+of+Faith%3A+a+Theological+Handbook+of+Old+Testament+Themes&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780664222314&rft.aulast=Brueggemann&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdBJQ71RIpdMC%26q%3Dtheological%2Bhandbook%2Bof%2BOld%2BTestament%2Bthemes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellO'Brien1993" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Antony F.; O'Brien, Mark A. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcesofpentate0000camp"><i>Sources of the Pentateuch: Texts, Introductions, Annotations</i></a></span>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451413670" title="Special:BookSources/9781451413670"><bdi>9781451413670</bdi></a>. <q>Sources of the bible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+the+Pentateuch%3A+Texts%2C+Introductions%2C+Annotations&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781451413670&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Antony+F.&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsourcesofpentate0000camp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1996" class="citation book cs1">Carr, David M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8UJctZxFHikC&q=Reading+the+fractures+of+Genesis:+historical+and+literary+approaches"><i>Reading the Fractures of Genesis</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664220716" title="Special:BookSources/9780664220716"><bdi>9780664220716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Fractures+of+Genesis&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780664220716&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8UJctZxFHikC%26q%3DReading%2Bthe%2Bfractures%2Bof%2BGenesis%3A%2Bhistorical%2Band%2Bliterary%2Bapproaches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClines1997" class="citation book cs1">Clines, David A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z45ullcFRG8C&q=Clines+Theme+of+the+Pentateuch"><i>The Theme of the Pentateuch</i></a>. Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567431967" title="Special:BookSources/9780567431967"><bdi>9780567431967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theme+of+the+Pentateuch&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780567431967&rft.aulast=Clines&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ45ullcFRG8C%26q%3DClines%2BTheme%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPentateuch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1998" class="citation book cs1">Davies, G. I. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&q=Oxford+Bible+Commentary+Introduction+to+the+Pentateuch&pg=PA12">"Introduction to the Pentateuch"</a>. In John Barton (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordbiblecomme0000unse"><i>Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198755005" title="Special:BookSources/9780198755005"><bdi>9780198755005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Pentateuch&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780198755005&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=G.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3surkLVdw3UC%26q%3DOxford%2BBible%2BCommentary%2BIntroduction%2Bto%2Bthe%2BPentateuch%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas,_J._D.Tenney,_Merrill_C.2011" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, J. D.; Tenney, Merrill C., eds. (2011). <i>Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary</i>. revised by Moisés Silva (Revised ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0310229834" title="Special:BookSources/978-0310229834"><bdi>978-0310229834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zondervan+Illustrated+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0310229834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuglerHartin2009" class="citation book cs1">Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC&q=Robert+Kugler,+Patrick+Hartin"><i>The Old Testament between theology and history: a critical survey</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802846365" title="Special:BookSources/9780802846365"><bdi>9780802846365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+between+theology+and+history%3A+a+critical+survey&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780802846365&rft.aulast=Kugler&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Hartin%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL8WbXbPjxpoC%26q%3DRobert%2BKugler%2C%2BPatrick%2BHartin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2005" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Christoph L. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldtestamentbrie00levi"><i>The Old testament: A Brief Introduction</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691113944" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691113944"><bdi>978-0691113944</bdi></a>. <q>The Old testament: a brief introduction Christoph Levin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+testament%3A+A+Brief+Introduction&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0691113944&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Christoph+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foldtestamentbrie00levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin,_C.2005" class="citation book cs1">Levin, C. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldtestamentbrie00levi"><i>The Old Testament: A Brief Introduction</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691113944" title="Special:BookSources/9780691113944"><bdi>9780691113944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament%3A+A+Brief+Introduction&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780691113944&rft.au=Levin%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foldtestamentbrie00levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongman2005" class="citation book cs1">Longman, Tremper (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKEJ3kT7S2kC&q=How+to+read+Genesis+Tremper+Longman"><i>How to Read Genesis</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830875603" title="Special:BookSources/9780830875603"><bdi>9780830875603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Read+Genesis&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780830875603&rft.aulast=Longman&rft.aufirst=Tremper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSKEJ3kT7S2kC%26q%3DHow%2Bto%2Bread%2BGenesis%2BTremper%2BLongman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEntire2008" class="citation book cs1">McEntire, Mark (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VwOs9f1FpmsC&q=william+propp+exodus+1-18&pg=PA87"><i>Struggling with God: An Introduction to the Pentateuch</i></a>. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881461015" title="Special:BookSources/9780881461015"><bdi>9780881461015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggling+with+God%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Pentateuch&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780881461015&rft.aulast=McEntire&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVwOs9f1FpmsC%26q%3Dwilliam%2Bpropp%2Bexodus%2B1-18%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSka2006" class="citation book cs1">Ska, Jean-Louis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cdy67ZvzdkC&q=Introduction+to+reading+the+Pentateuch+Jean+Louis+Ska"><i>Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575061221" title="Special:BookSources/9781575061221"><bdi>9781575061221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Reading+the+Pentateuch&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781575061221&rft.aulast=Ska&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7cdy67ZvzdkC%26q%3DIntroduction%2Bto%2Breading%2Bthe%2BPentateuch%2BJean%2BLouis%2BSka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Seters1992" class="citation book cs1">Van Seters, John (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zRl8aj_KiM4C"><i>Prologue to History: The Yahwist As Historian in Genesis</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664221799" title="Special:BookSources/9780664221799"><bdi>9780664221799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prologue+to+History%3A+The+Yahwist+As+Historian+in+Genesis&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780664221799&rft.aulast=Van+Seters&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzRl8aj_KiM4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Seters1998" class="citation book cs1">Van Seters, John (1998). "The Pentateuch". In Steven L. McKenzie; Matt Patrick Graham (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&q=The+Hebrew+Bible+today:+an+introduction+to+critical+issues"><i>The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664256524" title="Special:BookSources/9780664256524"><bdi>9780664256524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pentateuch&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible+Today%3A+An+Introduction+to+Critical+Issues&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780664256524&rft.aulast=Van+Seters&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DowwhpmIVgSAC%26q%3DThe%2BHebrew%2BBible%2Btoday%3A%2Ban%2Bintroduction%2Bto%2Bcritical%2Bissues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Seters2004" class="citation book cs1">Van Seters, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-Vi9eK_vS0C&q=Sources+of+the+bible&pg=PA7"><i>The Pentateuch: A Social-science Commentary</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567080882" title="Special:BookSources/9780567080882"><bdi>9780567080882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentateuch%3A+A+Social-science+Commentary&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780567080882&rft.aulast=Van+Seters&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-Vi9eK_vS0C%26q%3DSources%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bbible%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2001" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Jerome T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hGeXrcQTZ2kC&q=style+and+structure+in+biblical+hebrew+narrative"><i>Style and Structure in Biblical Hebrew Narrative</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814658970" title="Special:BookSources/9780814658970"><bdi>9780814658970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Style+and+Structure+in+Biblical+Hebrew+Narrative&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780814658970&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Jerome+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhGeXrcQTZ2kC%26q%3Dstyle%2Band%2Bstructure%2Bin%2Bbiblical%2Bhebrew%2Bnarrative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1989" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Lloyd R. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noahpersonstoryi0000bail"><i>Noah, the Person and the Story</i></a></span>. South Carolina: <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press" title="University of South Carolina Press">University of South Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-637-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-637-8"><bdi>978-0-87249-637-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noah%2C+the+Person+and+the+Story&rft.place=South+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-87249-637-8&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoahpersonstoryi0000bail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellO'Brien1993" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Antony F.; O'Brien, Mark A. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcesofpentate0000camp"><i>Sources of the Pentateuch: Texts, Introductions, Annotations</i></a></span>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451413670" title="Special:BookSources/9781451413670"><bdi>9781451413670</bdi></a>. <q>Sources of the bible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+the+Pentateuch%3A+Texts%2C+Introductions%2C+Annotations&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781451413670&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Antony+F.&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsourcesofpentate0000camp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell,_A._F.O'Brien,_M._A.1993" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, A. F.; O'Brien, M. A. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcesofpentate0000camp"><i>Sources of the Pentateuch: Texts, Introductions, Annotations</i></a></span>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451413670" title="Special:BookSources/9781451413670"><bdi>9781451413670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+the+Pentateuch%3A+Texts%2C+Introductions%2C+Annotations&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781451413670&rft.au=Campbell%2C+A.+F.&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsourcesofpentate0000camp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCline2009" class="citation book cs1">Cline, Eric H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zwNIDHSPsSMC&pg=PA72"><i>Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199741076" title="Special:BookSources/9780199741076"><bdi>9780199741076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Archaeology%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199741076&rft.aulast=Cline&rft.aufirst=Eric+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzwNIDHSPsSMC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotter2003" class="citation book cs1">Cotter, David W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6lCVzr4cT9QC&q=Genesis+David+W.+Cotter"><i>Genesis</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical Press">Liturgical Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814650400" title="Special:BookSources/9780814650400"><bdi>9780814650400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780814650400&rft.aulast=Cotter&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6lCVzr4cT9QC%26q%3DGenesis%2BDavid%2BW.%2BCotter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCresswell2010" class="citation book cs1">Cresswell, Julia (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4i3zV4vnBAC">"Ark"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199547937" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199547937"><bdi>978-0199547937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ark&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Word+Origins&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0199547937&rft.aulast=Cresswell&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4i3zV4vnBAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple1991" class="citation book cs1">Dalrymple, G. Brent (1991). <i>The Age of the Earth</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2331-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2331-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-2331-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Earth&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2331-2&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=G.+Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerton1988" class="citation journal cs1">Emerton, J. A. (1988). Joosten, J. (ed.). "An Examination of Some Attempts to Defend the Unity of the Flood Narrative in Genesis: Part II". <i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Testamentum" title="Vetus Testamentum">Vetus Testamentum</a></i>. <b>XXXVIII</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vetus+Testamentum&rft.atitle=An+Examination+of+Some+Attempts+to+Defend+the+Unity+of+the+Flood+Narrative+in+Genesis%3A+Part+II&rft.volume=XXXVIII&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Emerton&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooder2005" class="citation book cs1">Gooder, Paula (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49XpvvO-Oq0C&q=The+Pentateuch+Paula+Gooder"><i>The Pentateuch: A Story of Beginnings</i></a>. T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567084187" title="Special:BookSources/9780567084187"><bdi>9780567084187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentateuch%3A+A+Story+of+Beginnings&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780567084187&rft.aulast=Gooder&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D49XpvvO-Oq0C%26q%3DThe%2BPentateuch%2BPaula%2BGooder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2009" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Gwen (3 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.wisc.edu/16176">"Reason or Faith? Darwin Expert Reflects"</a>. <i>UW-Madison News</i>. University of Wisconsin-Madison<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UW-Madison+News&rft.atitle=Reason+or+Faith%3F+Darwin+Expert+Reflects&rft.date=2009-02-03&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Gwen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.wisc.edu%2F16176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1990" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Douglas A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&q=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible+Cosmology&pg=PA176">"Cosmology"</a>. In Watson E. Mills (ed.). <i>Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-402-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-402-4"><bdi>978-0-86554-402-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cosmology&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.place=Macon%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-402-4&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgoq0VWw9rGIC%26q%3DMercer%2BDictionary%2Bof%2Bthe%2BBible%2BCosmology%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevenson2014" class="citation book cs1">Levenson, Jon D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ">"Genesis: introduction and annotations"</a>. In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.). <i>The Jewish Study Bible</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199393879" title="Special:BookSources/9780199393879"><bdi>9780199393879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis%3A+introduction+and+annotations&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Study+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199393879&rft.aulast=Levenson&rft.aufirst=Jon+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyErYBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaak1998" class="citation web cs1">Isaak, M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-noahs-ark.html">"Problems with a Global Flood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TalkOrigins_Archive" title="TalkOrigins Archive">TalkOrigins Archive</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2007</span>. <q>Isaak no a geologist</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Problems+with+a+Global+Flood&rft.pub=TalkOrigins+Archive&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Isaak&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq-noahs-ark.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaak2006" class="citation web cs1">Isaak, Mark (5 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/list.html#CD">"Index to Creationist Claims, Geology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TalkOrigins_Archive" title="TalkOrigins Archive">TalkOrigins Archive</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index+to+Creationist+Claims%2C+Geology&rft.pub=TalkOrigins+Archive&rft.date=2006-11-05&rft.aulast=Isaak&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Findexcc%2Flist.html%23CD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippsett2009" class="citation web cs1">Lippsett, Lonny (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/noahs-not-so-big-flood/">"Noah's Not-so-big Flood: New evidence rebuts controversial theory of Black Sea deluge"</a>. <i>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woods+Hole+Oceanographic+Institution&rft.atitle=Noah%27s+Not-so-big+Flood%3A+New+evidence+rebuts+controversial+theory+of+Black+Sea+deluge&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Lippsett&rft.aufirst=Lonny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whoi.edu%2Foceanus%2Ffeature%2Fnoahs-not-so-big-flood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2001" class="citation web cs1">Morton, Glenn (17 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/geocolumn/">"The Geologic Column and its Implications for the Flood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TalkOrigins_Archive" title="TalkOrigins Archive">TalkOrigins Archive</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2010</span>. <q>Morton Not a Geologist</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Geologic+Column+and+its+Implications+for+the+Flood&rft.pub=TalkOrigins+Archive&rft.date=2001-02-17&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Ffaqs%2Fgeocolumn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2003" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Ernest W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opBBTHT13yoC&q=The+Pentateuch+in+the+twentieth+century:+the+legacy+of+Julius+Wellhausen"><i>The Pentateuch in the Twentieth Century: the legacy of Julius Wellhausen</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199257836" title="Special:BookSources/9780199257836"><bdi>9780199257836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentateuch+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+the+legacy+of+Julius+Wellhausen&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780199257836&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Ernest+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DopBBTHT13yoC%26q%3DThe%2BPentateuch%2Bin%2Bthe%2Btwentieth%2Bcentury%3A%2Bthe%2Blegacy%2Bof%2BJulius%2BWellhausen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNumbers2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Numbers" title="Ronald Numbers">Numbers, Ronald L.</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Creationists" title="The Creationists"><i>The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design, Expanded Edition</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationistsfrom0000numb/page/624">624</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02339-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02339-0"><bdi>978-0-674-02339-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creationists%3A+From+Scientific+Creationism+to+Intelligent+Design%2C+Expanded+Edition&rft.pages=624&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02339-0&rft.aulast=Numbers&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Parkinson, William (January–February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncse.com/rncse/24/1/questioning-flood-geology">"Questioning 'Flood Geology': Decisive New Evidence to End an Old Debate"</a>. <i>NCSE Reports</i>. <b>24</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NCSE+Reports&rft.atitle=Questioning+%27Flood+Geology%27%3A+Decisive+New+Evidence+to+End+an+Old+Debate&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2004-01%2F2004-02&rft.aulast=Parkinson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncse.com%2Frncse%2F24%2F1%2Fquestioning-flood-geology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlimer1994" class="citation book cs1">Plimer, Ian (1994). <i>Telling Lies for God: Reason vs Creationism</i>. Random House Australia. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-182852-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-182852-3"><bdi>978-0-09-182852-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telling+Lies+for+God%3A+Reason+vs+Creationism&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Random+House+Australia&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-09-182852-3&rft.aulast=Plimer&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchadewald1982" class="citation journal cs1">Schadewald, Robert J. (Summer 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncse.com/cej/3/3/six-flood-arguments-creationists-cant-answer">"Six Flood Arguments Creationists Can't Answer"</a>. <i>Creation/Evolution Journal</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 12–17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Creation%2FEvolution+Journal&rft.atitle=Six+Flood+Arguments+Creationists+Can%27t+Answer&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=12-17&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Schadewald&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncse.com%2Fcej%2F3%2F3%2Fsix-flood-arguments-creationists-cant-answer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchadewald1986" class="citation journal cs1">Schadewald, Robert (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/cre-error.html">"Scientific Creationism and Error"</a>. <i>Creation/Evolution</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 1–9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Creation%2FEvolution&rft.atitle=Scientific+Creationism+and+Error&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Schadewald&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Ffaqs%2Fcre-error.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2003" class="citation cs2">Scott, Eugenie C. (January–February 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncse.com/rncse/23/1/my-favorite-pseudoscience"><i>My Favorite Pseudoscience</i></a>, vol. 23</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Favorite+Pseudoscience&rft.date=2003-01%2F2003-02&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Eugenie+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncse.com%2Frncse%2F23%2F1%2Fmy-favorite-pseudoscience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeiser1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._A._Speiser" class="mw-redirect" title="E. A. Speiser">Speiser, E. A.</a> (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genesis00spei"><i>Genesis</i></a></span>. The <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Bible">Anchor Bible</a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-00854-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-00854-9"><bdi>978-0-385-00854-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis&rft.series=The+Anchor+Bible&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-385-00854-9&rft.aulast=Speiser&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenesis00spei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2010" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Melville Y. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AaGhngEACAAJ"><i>Science and Religion in Dialogue</i></a>. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8921-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8921-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-8921-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Religion+in+Dialogue&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8921-7&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Melville+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAaGhngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTigay,_Jeffrey_H.1982" class="citation book cs1">Tigay, Jeffrey H. (1982). <i>The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic</i>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>, Philadelphia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865165467" title="Special:BookSources/0865165467"><bdi>0865165467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Gilgamesh+Epic&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press%2C+Philadelphia&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0865165467&rft.au=Tigay%2C+Jeffrey+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Seters2004" class="citation book cs1">Van Seters, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-Vi9eK_vS0C&pg=PA7"><i>The Pentateuch: A Social-Science commentary</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0567080889" title="Special:BookSources/0567080889"><bdi>0567080889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentateuch%3A+A+Social-Science+commentary&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0567080889&rft.aulast=Van+Seters&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-Vi9eK_vS0C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenham1994" class="citation book cs1">Wenham, Gordon (1994). "The Coherence of the Flood Narrative". In Hess, Richard S.; Tsumura, David Toshio (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5MGVP6gAPkC"><i>I Studied Inscriptions From Before the Flood</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Google Books)</span>. Sources for Biblical and Theological Study. Vol. 4. Eisenbrauns. p. 480. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-88-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-88-1"><bdi>978-0-931464-88-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Coherence+of+the+Flood+Narrative&rft.btitle=I+Studied+Inscriptions+From+Before+the+Flood&rft.series=Sources+for+Biblical+and+Theological+Study&rft.pages=480&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-931464-88-1&rft.aulast=Wenham&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg5MGVP6gAPkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1995" class="citation book cs1">Young, Davis A. (March 1995). <i>The Biblical Flood: A Case Study of the Church's Response to Extrabiblical Evidence</i>. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Pub Co. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0719-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0719-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-0719-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Flood%3A+A+Case+Study+of+the+Church%27s+Response+to+Extrabiblical+Evidence&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Pub+Co&rft.date=1995-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0719-9&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Davis+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungStearley2008" class="citation book cs1">Young, Davis A.; Stearley, Ralph F. (2008). <i>The Bible, Rocks, and Time: Geological Evidence for the Age of the Earth</i>. Downers Grove, Ill.: IVP Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2876-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2876-0"><bdi>978-0-8308-2876-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible%2C+Rocks%2C+and+Time%3A+Geological+Evidence+for+the+Age+of+the+Earth&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+Ill.&rft.pub=IVP+Academic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-2876-0&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Davis+A.&rft.au=Stearley%2C+Ralph+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoah%27s+Ark" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah%27s_Ark&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Noah&#039;s_Ark" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Noah%27s_Ark" title="Template:Noah's Ark"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Noah%27s_Ark" title="Template talk:Noah's Ark"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Noah%27s_Ark" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Noah's Ark"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Noah&#039;s_Ark" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Noah's Ark</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham_(son_of_Noah)" title="Ham (son of Noah)">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japheth" title="Japheth">Japheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wives aboard Noah's Ark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Noah" title="Book of Noah">Book of Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Noah" title="Generations of Noah">Generations of Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopher_wood" title="Gopher wood">Gopher wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Noah_and_His_Magical_Ark" title="Captain Noah and His Magical Ark">Captain Noah and His Magical Ark</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Ki_Kahaniyan" title="Bible Ki Kahaniyan">"Noah's Ark"</a> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Island" title="Noah's Island">Noah's Island</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(miniseries)" title="Noah's Ark (miniseries)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VeggieTales" title="VeggieTales">VeggieTales</a>: Noah's Ark</i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ark_(film)" title="The Ark (film)">The Ark</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(1928_film)" title="Noah's Ark (1928 film)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Father_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Father Noah's Ark">Father Noah's Ark</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bible:_In_the_Beginning..." title="The Bible: In the Beginning...">The Bible: In the Beginning...</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Trapalh%C3%A3o_na_Arca_de_No%C3%A9" title="O Trapalhão na Arca de Noé">O Trapalhão na Arca de Noé</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Biblia_en_pasta" title="La Biblia en pasta">La Biblia en pasta</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angel%27s_Egg" title="Angel's Egg">Angel's Egg</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stowaways_on_the_Ark" title="Stowaways on the Ark">Stowaways on the Ark</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis:_The_Creation_and_the_Flood" title="Genesis: The Creation and the Flood">Genesis: The Creation and the Flood</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah_(1998_film)" title="Noah (1998 film)">Noah</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_2000" title="Fantasia 2000">Fantasia 2000</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raining_Cats_and_Frogs" title="Raining Cats and Frogs">Raining Cats and Frogs</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(2007_film)" title="Noah's Ark (2007 film)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evan_Almighty" title="Evan Almighty">Evan Almighty</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/40_Days_and_Nights" title="40 Days and Nights">40 Days and Nights</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah_(2014_film)" title="Noah (2014 film)">Noah</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ooops!_Noah_Is_Gone..." title="Ooops! Noah Is Gone...">Ooops! Noah Is Gone...</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(2024_film)" title="Noah's Ark (2024 film)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ark_and_the_Aardvark" title="The Ark and the Aardvark">The Ark and the Aardvark</a></i> (TBA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flowering_Peach" title="The Flowering Peach">The Flowering Peach</a></i> (1954 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_by_Two_(musical)" title="Two by Two (musical)">Two by Two</a></i> (1970 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_diluvio_universale" title="Il diluvio universale">Il diluvio universale</a></i> (1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_D%C3%A9luge_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)" title="Le Déluge (Saint-Saëns)">Le Déluge</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No%C3%A9_(opera)" title="Noé (opera)">Noé</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noye%27s_Fludde" title="Noye's Fludde">Noye's Fludde</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flood_(Stravinsky)" title="The Flood (Stravinsky)">The Flood</a></i> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scenes_from_the_Life_of_Noah" title="Scenes from the Life of Noah">Scenes from the Life of Noah</a></i> (1436-1440)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(Poulakis)" title="Noah's Ark (Poulakis)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (17th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Dove_to_the_Ark" title="The Return of the Dove to the Ark">The Return of the Dove to the Ark</a></i> (1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/After_the_Deluge_(painting)" title="After the Deluge (painting)">After the Deluge</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(Lebrun)" title="Genesis (Lebrun)">Genesis</a></i> (1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Sintflut" title="Die Sintflut">Die Sintflut</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Unicorn_(song)" title="The Unicorn (song)">The Unicorn</a>" (1968)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Captain_Noah_and_His_Floating_Zoo" title="Captain Noah and His Floating Zoo">Captain Noah and His Floating Zoo</a>" (1970)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Prophet%27s_Song" title="The Prophet's Song">The Prophet's Song</a>" (1975)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Animals_(Kevin_Ayers_song)" title="Animals (Kevin Ayers song)">Animals</a>" (1980)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Forever_Not_Yours" title="Forever Not Yours">Forever Not Yours</a>" (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(video_game)" title="Noah's Ark (video game)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_3D_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Super 3D Noah's Ark">Super 3D Noah's Ark</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i>Noah's Ark</i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Dolittle_and_the_Secret_Lake" title="Doctor Dolittle and the Secret Lake">Doctor Dolittle and the Secret Lake</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_in_the_Cloud" title="The Moon in the Cloud">The Moon in the Cloud</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(Spier_book)" title="Noah's Ark (Spier book)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_Wanted_on_the_Voyage" title="Not Wanted on the Voyage">Not Wanted on the Voyage</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Brother" class="mw-redirect" title="Noah's Brother">Noah's Brother</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Many_Waters" title="Many Waters">Many Waters</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(Pinkney_book)" title="Noah's Ark (Pinkney book)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_the_End_of_the_World_(McCaughrean_novel)" title="Not the End of the World (McCaughrean novel)">Not the End of the World</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ararat_(novel)" title="Ararat (novel)">Ararat</a></i> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">Flood myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridu_Genesis" title="Eridu Genesis">Eridu Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh flood myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Ancient Greek flood myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_flood_myth" title="Finnish flood myth">Finnish flood myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Flood_(China)" title="Great Flood (China)">Great Flood of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_flood_myths" title="Mesoamerican flood myths">Mesoamerican flood myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn#Cessair" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">Cessair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergelmir" title="Bergelmir">Bergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Noah in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Noah in rabbinic literature">Noah in rabbinic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peluda" title="Peluda">Peluda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_deluge_hypothesis" title="Black Sea deluge hypothesis">Black Sea deluge hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">Flood geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searches_for_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Searches for Noah's Ark">Searches for Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Noah%27s_Ark" title="In Search of Noah's Ark">In Search of Noah's Ark</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Ararat" title="Mountains of Ararat">Mountains of Ararat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Mount Judi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun" title="Mosque of Ibn Tulun">Mosque of Ibn Tulun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_anomaly" title="Ararat anomaly">Ararat anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durup%C4%B1nar_site" title="Durupınar site">Durupınar site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_replicas_and_derivatives" title="Noah's Ark replicas and derivatives">Noah's Ark replicas and derivatives</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boner%27s_Ark" title="Boner's Ark">Boner's Ark</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_silver_coins" title="Noah's Ark silver coins">Noah's Ark silver coins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel"><i>Muqarrabun</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ('The Spirit') <ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a></i> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />('Those of the<br /> Perseverance<br /> and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of<br /> Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of <br />Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i> <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes,<br /> ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)"><i>Ar-Rūm</i></a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i></a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i><br /> ('People of the<br /> Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li> <li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <br />(excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li><i>Makkah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a><br /> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li><i>Masjid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone"><i>Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</i></a> (Black Stone) & <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i></a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li> <li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>): <ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ('The Mornings') <ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ('The Morning')</li> <li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-Layl</i> ('The Night') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ('The Noon')</li> <li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ('The Evening')</li> <li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ('The Afternoon')</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects <br />of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial<br /> bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li> <li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets) <ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars) <ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li> <li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li> <li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li> <li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li> <li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li><i>Tīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li><i>Zaytūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid) <ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li> <li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Creationism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Creationism_topics" title="Template:Creationism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Creationism_topics" title="Template talk:Creationism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Creationism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Creationism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Creationism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Biblical cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationist_museum" title="Creationist museum">Creationist museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_creationism" title="History of creationism">History of creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">Allegorical interpretations of Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">Flood geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ussher_chronology" title="Ussher chronology">Ussher chronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_creationism" title="Gap creationism">Gap creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu creationism">Hindu creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic creationism">Islamic creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-creationism" title="Neo-creationism">Neo-creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_creationism" title="Progressive creationism">Progressive creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" title="Outline of the creation–evolution controversy">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation–evolution controversy">Creation–evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_and_evolution_in_public_education" title="Creation and evolution in public education">Creation and evolution in public education</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_evolution_hearings" title="Kansas evolution hearings">Kansas evolution hearings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach_the_Controversy" title="Teach the Controversy">Teach the Controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropic_principle" title="Anthropic principle">Anthropic principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Created_kind" title="Created kind">Created kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalos_hypothesis" title="Omphalos hypothesis">Omphalos hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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[\"CITEREFClines1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohn1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCompilation1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCotter2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCresswell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalrymple1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas,_J._D.Tenney,_Merrill_C.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmerton1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnns2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaganBeck1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeder2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreidenreich2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGooder2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHippolytus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirschMuss-ArnoltHirschfeld1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHäberl2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaak1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaak2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJerome1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKesslerDeurloo2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuglerHartin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKvanvig2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevenson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin,_C.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLippsett2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongmanWalton2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorence_G._Collins2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarvin_MeyerWillis_Barnstone2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCurdyBacherSeligsohnHirsch1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCurdyJastrowGinzbergMcDonald1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcEntire2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKeown2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgomery1974\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorton2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNigosian2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNumbers2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkinson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlimer1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoirier\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyanMajorLericolaisGoldstein2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyanPitmanMajorShimkus1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchadewald1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchadewald1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShoghi_Effendi1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSka2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeiser1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._Augustin1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephanie_Dalley2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTigay,_Jeffrey_H.1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTowner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Seters1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Seters1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Seters2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVon_Rad1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWenham1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWenham2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhybray2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoungStearley2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 1,\n [\"Bsn\"] = 1,\n [\"Characters and names in the Quran\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 8,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 70,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Creationism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Further reading cleanup\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"Hatnote group\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"NIE poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Noah's Ark\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Primary source inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 23,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","260","20.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","15.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","10.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","7.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","4.6"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","40","3.1"],["extract_names \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:1605\u003E","40","3.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","3.1"],["is_generic \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:1497\u003E","40","3.1"],["[others]","300","23.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-wjlpq","timestamp":"20241122140443","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Noah's Ark","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noah%27s_Ark","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q126553","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q126553","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-11T06:37:55Z","dateModified":"2024-11-09T00:34:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/31\/Edward_Hicks%2C_American_-_Noah%27s_Ark_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg","headline":"vessel in the Genesis flood narrative"}</script> </body> </html>