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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecclesiastical_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiastical_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ecclesiastical history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiastical_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Military history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Areas_and_suburbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Areas_and_suburbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Areas and suburbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Areas_and_suburbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Administrative history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residents'_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residents'_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Residents' associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residents'_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_and_leisure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_and_leisure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sport and leisure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_and_leisure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shopping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shopping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Shopping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shopping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Future developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Twin towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_residents_and_natives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_residents_and_natives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notable residents and natives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_residents_and_natives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Sources and further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="بیسستر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیسستر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bicester" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester_(lungsod)" title="Bicester (lungsod) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bicester (lungsod)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bicester" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bicester" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bicester" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bicester" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="بیسستر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیسستر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bicester" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bicester" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bicester" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargrug" title="Kargrug – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kargrug" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bicester" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bicester" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bicester" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bicester" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bicester" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bicester" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bicester" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bicester" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bicester" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="بیسسٹر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیسسٹر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bicester" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%EF%BC%88%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%89" title="比斯特（英国） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="比斯特（英国）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B)" title="比斯特 (英國) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="比斯特 (英國)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q251903#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bicester&params=51.9_N_1.15_W_region:GB_type:city(37020)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°54′N</span> <span class="longitude">1°09′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.90°N 1.15°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.90; -1.15</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town in Oxfordshire, England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Human settlement in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1165525471">.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-label{width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place-other-names{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place td,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}</style><table class="infobox ib-uk-place vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org nowrap">Bicester</th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Market_Square_Bicester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Market_Square_Bicester.jpg/240px-Market_Square_Bicester.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Market_Square_Bicester.jpg/360px-Market_Square_Bicester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Market_Square_Bicester.jpg/480px-Market_Square_Bicester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span><div>Market Square, Bicester</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxfordshire_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bicester is located in Oxfordshire"><img alt="Bicester is located in Oxfordshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Oxfordshire_UK_location_map.svg/240px-Oxfordshire_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Oxfordshire_UK_location_map.svg/360px-Oxfordshire_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Oxfordshire_UK_location_map.svg/480px-Oxfordshire_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="1266" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.667%;left:57.843%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bicester"><img alt="Bicester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Bicester</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">8.58 km<sup>2</sup> (3.31 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">37,020 (2021 census)<sup id="cite_ref-bua2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bua2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">• <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Density</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,315/km<sup>2</sup> (11,180/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">OS grid reference</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bing.com/maps/?mkt=en-gb&v=2&cp=51.893542~-1.158563&lvl=10&sp=Point.51.893542_-1.158563_Bicester&sty=s&style=s">SP5822</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">Civil parish</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Bicester</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherwell_(district)" title="Cherwell (district)">Cherwell</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England">Shire county</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Post_town" title="Post town">Post town</a></th><td class="infobox-data">BICESTER</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode district</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/OX_postcode_area" title="OX postcode area">OX25–27</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01869</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Police</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thames_Valley_Police" title="Thames Valley Police">Thames Valley</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fire_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fire services in the United Kingdom">Fire</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Oxfordshire Fire and Rescue Service">Oxfordshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom">Ambulance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Central_Ambulance_Service" title="South Central Ambulance Service">South Central</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicester_and_Woodstock_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bicester and Woodstock (UK Parliament constituency)">Bicester and Woodstock</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bicester.gov.uk/">www<wbr />.bicester<wbr />.gov<wbr />.uk</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">List of places</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_locations" title="List of United Kingdom locations">UK</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">England</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of places in Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></dd></dl></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bicester&params=51.9_N_1.15_W_region:GB_type:city(37020)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°54′N</span> <span class="longitude">1°09′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.90°N 1.15°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.90; -1.15</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 240px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="240" data-height="200" data-zoom="11" data-overlays="["_a46c0f71c904f2ec2e870e26e1f22a1486e796a9"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,240x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bicester&groups=_a46c0f71c904f2ec2e870e26e1f22a1486e796a9" width="240" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,240x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bicester&groups=_a46c0f71c904f2ec2e870e26e1f22a1486e796a9 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bicester</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e5\/En-uk-Bicester.ogg\/En-uk-Bicester.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-Bicester.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/En-uk-Bicester.ogg/En-uk-Bicester.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-Bicester.ogg" title="File:En-uk-Bicester.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BIST</span>-ər</i></a>) is a market town and <a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil parishes in England">civil parish</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cherwell_(district)" title="Cherwell (district)">Cherwell district</a> of northeastern <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>. The town also comprises an <a href="/wiki/Eco-towns" title="Eco-towns">eco-town</a> development at <a href="/wiki/North_West_Bicester" title="North West Bicester">North West Bicester</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Self-build" title="Self-build">self-build</a> village at <a href="/wiki/Graven_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Graven Hill">Graven Hill</a>. Its local market is located on Sheep Street which is a pedestrian zone in the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_area_(United_Kingdom)" title="Conservation area (United Kingdom)">conservation area</a> of the town. Bicester is also known for the <a href="/wiki/Bicester_Village" title="Bicester Village">Bicester Village</a> shopping centre. </p><p>Bicester is one of the fastest-growing towns in Oxfordshire and has expanded rapidly in recent generations<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the town's picturesque historical town centre, garden town layout,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> independent and high-street shops and restaurants as well as rail connections to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>. The town is also on the <a href="/wiki/East_West_Rail" title="East West Rail">East West Rail</a> route which is due to provide links to <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a> starting in 2025 which is eventually planned to extend to <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town is similarly proximate to <a href="/wiki/Brackley" title="Brackley">Brackley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckingham" title="Buckingham">Buckingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banbury" title="Banbury">Banbury</a>, Milton Keynes and <a href="/wiki/Aylesbury" title="Aylesbury">Aylesbury</a> by road. A considerable volume of high-quality and environmentally friendly housing stock has been constructed, particularly at the Elmsbrook<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eco-town and the self-built homes at Graven Hill. Its flat <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> and compact size are suited to walking and cycling, which, together with an active cycle campaign,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has attracted a significant focus on developing active travel infrastructure. This includes the majority of a £14 million central government award to <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_County_Council" title="Oxfordshire County Council">Oxfordshire County Council</a> to develop safer walking and cycling schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bicester has a <a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">town council</a>. In 2014, the government, in concert with the <a href="/wiki/Local_planning_authority" title="Local planning authority">local planning authority</a>, planned for Bicester to become a <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">garden city</a> on the basis of the size of its buffers and its distance from the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Green_Belt" title="Metropolitan Green Belt">Metropolitan Green Belt</a> and to accommodate the demand of commuters to London and Oxford. Up to 13,000 new homes will be built.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, Bicester elected its first <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party</a> mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several theories about the origin of the name Bicester. It may be derived from a personal name Beorna, meaning the 'Fort of the Warriors', or it may from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for <i>Bi-cester</i>, which means 'two forts'—a Roman fortress at <a href="/wiki/Alchester" title="Alchester">Alchester</a> which is 2 miles (3 km) southwest of the town,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkinson20076_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkinson20076-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage190793–95_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage190793–95-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chesterton,_Oxfordshire" title="Chesterton, Oxfordshire">Chesterton</a> village is on the course of <a href="/wiki/Akeman_Street" title="Akeman Street">Akeman Street</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">Roman road</a> between <a href="/wiki/Watling_Street" title="Watling Street">Watling Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corinium_Dobunnorum" title="Corinium Dobunnorum">Cirencester</a>, about 1 mile (1.6 km) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Alchester_Roman_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchester Roman Town">Alchester Roman Town</a>. Bicester has been inhabited since the mid-7th century and derives from earlier forms including <i>Berncestre</i>, <i>Burencestre</i>, <i>Burcester</i>, <i>Biciter</i> and <i>Bissiter</i>; the <a href="/wiki/John_Speed" title="John Speed">John Speed</a> map of 1610 shows four different spellings, and historian G. H. Dannatt found 45 variants in wills from the 17th and 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen%27s_Avenue,_Bicester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Row of colourful town houses on Queen's Avenue, Bicester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Queen%27s_Avenue%2C_Bicester.jpg/220px-Queen%27s_Avenue%2C_Bicester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Queen%27s_Avenue%2C_Bicester.jpg/330px-Queen%27s_Avenue%2C_Bicester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Queen%27s_Avenue%2C_Bicester.jpg/440px-Queen%27s_Avenue%2C_Bicester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Townhouses on Queen's Avenue, Bicester</figcaption></figure> <p>Bicester lies close to the junction of two Roman roads – <a href="/wiki/Akeman_Street" title="Akeman Street">Akeman Street</a>, an east–west route between <a href="/wiki/St._Albans" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Albans">St. Albans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cirencester" title="Cirencester">Cirencester</a>, and a north–south route between <a href="/wiki/Dorchester_on_Thames" title="Dorchester on Thames">Dorchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Towcester" title="Towcester">Towcester</a>, which lies under Queen's Avenue. A Roman fort at <a href="/wiki/Alchester" title="Alchester">Alchester</a> lies 2 miles (3 km) southwest of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage190793–95_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage190793–95-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/West_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="West Saxons">West Saxons</a> established a settlement in the 6th century at a nodal point of these ancient routes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkinson20076_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkinson20076-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecclesiastical_history">Ecclesiastical history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecclesiastical history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Edberg%27s_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of Bicester's St Edburg's Church, a Cotswold stone building, in the sunshine, with the sun shining through a tree." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/St_Edberg%27s_Church.jpg/170px-St_Edberg%27s_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/St_Edberg%27s_Church.jpg/255px-St_Edberg%27s_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/St_Edberg%27s_Church.jpg/340px-St_Edberg%27s_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Bicester" title="Eadburh of Bicester">St Edburg</a>’s Church, Bicester</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Bicester" title="Eadburh of Bicester">St. Edburg</a>’s Church in Bicester was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Minster_(church)" title="Minster (church)">minster</a>, perhaps in the mid-7th century after <a href="/wiki/Birinus" title="Birinus">St. Birinus</a> converted <a href="/wiki/Cynegils" title="Cynegils">Cynegils</a>, King of Wessex, following their meeting near <a href="/wiki/Blewbury" title="Blewbury">Blewbury</a>. The site was just east of the old Roman road between Dorchester and Towcester that passed through the former Roman town Alchester. The earliest church was probably a timber structure serving the inhabitants of the growing <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxon</a> settlements on either side of the <a href="/wiki/River_Bure" title="River Bure">river Bure</a>, and as a mission centre for the surrounding countryside. Archaeological excavations at Procter's Yard identified the ecclesiastical enclosure boundary, and a large cemetery of Saxon graves suggesting a much larger churchyard has been excavated on the site of the Catholic Church car park almost opposite St. Edburg's. </p><p>The first documentary reference is the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> of 1086 which records it as <i>Berencestra</i>, its two <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manors</a> of Bicester and Wretchwick being held by <a href="/wiki/Robert_D%27Oyly" title="Robert D'Oyly">Robert D'Oyly</a> who built <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Castle" title="Oxford Castle">Oxford Castle</a>. The town became established as twin settlements on opposite banks of the <a href="/wiki/River_Bure" title="River Bure">River Bure</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/River_Ray" title="River Ray">Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Cherwell" title="River Cherwell">Cherwell</a>, and ultimately the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>. </p><p>By the end of the 13th century, Bicester was the centre of a <a href="/wiki/Deanery" title="Deanery">deanery</a> of 33 churches. The remains of an <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a> priory founded between 1182 and 1185 survive in the town centre. It is unclear when St. Edburg's Church was rebuilt in stone, but the 12th-century church seems to have had an aisleless <a href="/wiki/Cruciform#Cruciform_architectural_plan" title="Cruciform">cruciform plan</a>. The earliest surviving material includes parts of the nave's north wall, parts of an originally external zigzag string course, the north and south transepts, and the external clasping <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttresses</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chancel" title="Chancel">chancel</a>. The triangular-headed opening at the end of the north wall of the nave was probably an external door of the early church. Three round-headed Norman arches at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> mark the position of a 13th-century tower. </p><p>The Augustinian Priory was founded by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Basset" title="Gilbert Basset">Gilbert Bassett</a> around 1183, and endowed with land and buildings around the town and in other parishes including 180 acres (73 ha) and the quarry at <a href="/wiki/Kirtlington_Quarry" title="Kirtlington Quarry">Kirtlington</a>, 300 acres (120 ha) at what is now called Wretchwick, 135 acres (55 ha) at <a href="/wiki/Stratton_Audley" title="Stratton Audley">Stratton Audley</a>, and on Gravenhill and <a href="/wiki/Arncott" title="Arncott">Arncott</a>. It also held the mill at Clifton and had farms let to tenants at <a href="/wiki/Deddington" title="Deddington">Deddington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grimsbury" title="Grimsbury">Grimsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waddesdon" title="Waddesdon">Waddesdon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fringford" title="Fringford">Fringford</a>. Although these holdings were extensive and close to the market at Bicester, they appear to have been poorly managed and did not produce much income for the priory. </p><p>The priory appropriated the church in the early 13th century. The church was expanded with a south aisle, and arches were formed in the nave and south transept walls linking the new aisle to the main body of the church. </p><p>A further extension was made in the 14th century when the north aisle was built. The arched openings in the north wall of the nave are supported by octagonal columns. The <a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture#Perpendicular_Gothic" title="English Gothic architecture">Perpendicular Gothic</a> north chapel (now <a href="/wiki/Vestry" title="Vestry">vestry</a>) is of a similar date, and on the east wall are two windows. The chapel originally had an upper chamber used later for the vicars' <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a>, accessed from an external staircase which forms part of the north eastern buttress. </p><p>In the 15th century, the upper walls of the nave were raised to form a <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> with square-headed <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a> windows. The earlier central tower and its nave arch was taken down and the nave roof rebuilt (the present roof is a copy of this design built in 1803). The columns of the north arcade were undercut making them appear very slim and the capitals top heavy. In the east bay of the nave, there is carved decoration probably forming part of a canopied tomb originally set between the columns. The west tower was built in three stages, each stage marked by a horizontal string course running round the outside. The construction would have taken several years to complete. The battlements and crockets on the top of the tower were replaced in the mid 19th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dovecote_in_Old_Place_Yard,_Bicester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of old dovecote, boxes converted to windows, sharp spike on top, and modern concrete stairs added externally" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dovecote_in_Old_Place_Yard%2C_Bicester.jpg/220px-Dovecote_in_Old_Place_Yard%2C_Bicester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dovecote_in_Old_Place_Yard%2C_Bicester.jpg/330px-Dovecote_in_Old_Place_Yard%2C_Bicester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dovecote_in_Old_Place_Yard%2C_Bicester.jpg/440px-Dovecote_in_Old_Place_Yard%2C_Bicester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Dovecote in Old Place Yard, Bicester</figcaption></figure> <p>The priory church was built around 1200 and enlarged around 1300 in association with the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Purbeck_marble" class="mw-redirect" title="Purbeck marble">Purbeck marble</a> tomb of <a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Bicester" title="Eadburh of Bicester">St. Eadburh</a>. This may have been the gift of the priory's patron <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lacy,_3rd_Earl_of_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln">Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln</a>. The walled rectangular enclosure of the priory lay just south of the church. The gatehouse was on the site of 'Chapter and Verse' Guesthouse in Church Lane. The <a href="/wiki/Dovecote" title="Dovecote">dovecote</a> and houses in Old Place Yard lie within the central precinct. St. Edburg's House is built partly over the site of the large priory church. This was linked by a cloister to a quadrangle containing the refectory, kitchens, dormitory and prior's lodging. The priory farm buildings lay in the area of the present church hall, and these had direct access along Piggy Lane to land in what is now the King's End estate. </p><p>Early charters promoted Bicester's development as a trading centre, with a market and fair established by the mid 13th century. By this time two further manors are mentioned, Bury End and Nuns Place, later known as Market End and King's End respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_history">Military history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The town has a long-standing connection with the military. <a href="/wiki/Ward_Lock_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward Lock & Co">Ward Lock & Co</a>'s 'Guide to Oxford and District' suggests that Alchester was 'a kind of Roman <a href="/wiki/Aldershot" title="Aldershot">Aldershot</a>'. During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> (1642–49) Bicester was used as the headquarters of parliamentary forces. Following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> from 1793, John Coker, the manorial lord of Bicester King's End, formed an 'Association for the Protection of Property against Levellers and <a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a>' as an anti-Painite loyalist band providing local militia and volunteer drafts for the army. When <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford University</a> formed a regiment in 1798, John Coker was elected <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_Buildings,_Graven_Hill,_Bicester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Red brick military building shown from the corner set in a field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Military_Buildings%2C_Graven_Hill%2C_Bicester.jpg/220px-Military_Buildings%2C_Graven_Hill%2C_Bicester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Military_Buildings%2C_Graven_Hill%2C_Bicester.jpg/330px-Military_Buildings%2C_Graven_Hill%2C_Bicester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Military_Buildings%2C_Graven_Hill%2C_Bicester.jpg/440px-Military_Buildings%2C_Graven_Hill%2C_Bicester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Military buildings at the Graven Hill supply depot, Bicester</figcaption></figure> <p>Coker's Bicester militia had sixty privates, and six commissioned and non-commissioned officers led by Captain Henry Walford. The militia briefly stood down in 1801 after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a>, but when hostilities resumed in 1804, concerns over potential invasion led to the reformation of the local militia as the Bicester Independent Company of Infantry. It had double the earlier numbers to provide defence in the event of an invasion or Jacobin insurrection. The Bicester Company was commanded by a captain, with 2 lieutenants, an ensign, 6 sergeants, 6 corporals and 120 privates. Their training and drill were such that they were deemed 'fit to join troops in the line'. The only action recorded for them is in 1806 at the 21st birthday celebrations of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Page-Turner" title="Gregory Page-Turner">Sir Gregory O Page-Turner</a> when they performed a <i><a href="/wiki/Feu_de_joie" title="Feu de joie">feu de joie</a></i> 'and were afterwards regaled at one of the principal inns of the town'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicester_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bicester Manor House, a large, classical styled building with large windows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bicester_House.jpg/220px-Bicester_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bicester_House.jpg/330px-Bicester_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bicester_House.jpg/440px-Bicester_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Bicester Manor House, now owned by a housing association</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Manor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of the Manor">Lord of the Manor</a> of Market End was the 1st <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Derby" title="Earl of Derby">Earl of Derby</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby">Sir Thomas Stanley</a>, who had married <a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Lady Margaret Beaufort</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>. Sir Thomas placed the crown on the head of the new <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VII">King Henry VII</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bosworth">Battle of Bosworth</a>, as the step-father of Henry VII he was granted many manors. In his will of 1593, the 4th Earl of Derby, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanley,_4th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby">Sir Henry Stanley</a>, bequeathed the manor to his second son <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley,_6th_Earl_of_Derby" title="William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby">Sir William Stanley</a> of Lathom, Lancashire. Fate made William the 6th Earl of Derby in 1594 when his older brother Ferdinando, the 5th Earl, mysteriously died. In 1597, the 6th Earl sold a 9,999-year lease to 31 principal tenants. This in effect gave the manorial rights to the leaseholders, 'purchased for the benefit of those inhabitants or others who might hereafter obtain parts of the <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a>'. The leaseholders elected a bailiff to receive the profits from the <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">bailiwick</a>, mainly from the administration of the market and distribute them to the shareholders. From the bailiff's title the arrangement became known as the Bailiwick of Bicester Market End. By 1752, all of the original leases were in the hands of ten men, who leased the bailiwick control of the market to two local tradesmen. </p><p>A fire in 1724 had destroyed the buildings on the eastern side of Water Lane. A <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist</a> congregation was able to acquire a site that had formerly been the tail of a long plot occupied at the other end by the King's Arms. Their chapel built in 1728 was 'surrounded by a burying ground and ornamented with trees. At the southern and downstream end of Water Lane, there were problems of pollution from animal dung from livery stables on the edge of town associated with the London traffic. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Building_dated_1698_Market_Square_Bicester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_703018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Building_dated_1698_Market_Square_Bicester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_703018.jpg/170px-Building_dated_1698_Market_Square_Bicester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_703018.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Building_dated_1698_Market_Square_Bicester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_703018.jpg/255px-Building_dated_1698_Market_Square_Bicester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_703018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Building_dated_1698_Market_Square_Bicester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_703018.jpg/340px-Building_dated_1698_Market_Square_Bicester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_703018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Late 17th-century house in Market Square<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Edward Hemins was running a <a href="/wiki/Bellfounding" title="Bellfounding">bell-foundry</a> in Bicester by 1728 and remained in business until at least 1743.<sup id="cite_ref-Dove_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dove-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 19 of his church bells are known to survive,<sup id="cite_ref-Dove_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dove-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including some of those in the parishes of <a href="/wiki/Ambrosden#Parish_church" title="Ambrosden">Ambrosden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bletchingdon#Parish_church" title="Bletchingdon">Bletchingdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piddington,_Oxfordshire#Church_and_chapels" title="Piddington, Oxfordshire">Piddington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wootton,_West_Oxfordshire#Parish_church" title="Wootton, West Oxfordshire">Wootton</a> in Oxfordshire and <a href="/wiki/Culworth#Church_and_chapel" title="Culworth">Culworth</a> in Northamptonshire. </p><p>King's End had a substantially lower population and none of the commercial bustle found on the other side of the Bure. The manorial lords, the Cokers, lived in the <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor house</a> from 1584. The house had been rebuilt in the early 18th century remodelled in the 1780s. The park was enlarged surrounded by a wall after 1753 when a range of buildings on the north side of King's End Green were demolished by Coker. A westward enlargement of the park also extinguished the road that followed the line of the Roman road. This partly overlapped a pre-1753 close belonging to Coker. The effect of the enlargement of the park was to divert traffic at the Fox Inn through King's End, across the causeway to Market Square and Sheep Street before returning to the Roman road north of Crockwell. </p><p>The two townships of King's End and Market End evolved distinct spatial characteristics. Inns, shops and high status houses clustered around the triangular market place as commercial activity was increasingly concentrated in Market End. The bailiwick lessees promoted a much less regulated market than that found in boroughs elsewhere. Away from the market, Sheep Street was considered 'very respectable' but its northern end at Crockwell was inhabited by the poorest inhabitants in low quality, subdivided and overcrowded buildings. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Causeway,_Bicester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of the Causeway, a narrow street in Bicester, showing historic buildings on either side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_Causeway%2C_Bicester.jpg/220px-The_Causeway%2C_Bicester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_Causeway%2C_Bicester.jpg/330px-The_Causeway%2C_Bicester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_Causeway%2C_Bicester.jpg/440px-The_Causeway%2C_Bicester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3899" data-file-height="2924" /></a><figcaption>The Causeway, Bicester</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1800, the causeway had dense development forming continuous frontages on both sides. The partially buried watercourses provided a convenient drainage opportunity, and many houses had privies discharging directly into the channels. Downstream, the Bure ran parallel with Water Lane, then the main road out of town towards London. Terraces of cottages were built backing onto the brook, and here too these took advantage of the brook for sewage disposal, with privies cantilevered out from houses over the watercourse. Town houses took their water from wells dug into the substrate which became increasingly polluted by leaching of waste through the alluvial bed of the Bure. </p><p>Until the early 19th century, the road from the market place to King's End ran through a ford of the Bure brook and on to the narrow embanked road across the boggy valley. The causeway became the focus for development from the late 18th century as rubbish and debris was dumped on each side of the road to form building platforms. Minor channels of the <a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">braided stream</a> were encased and culverted as construction proceeded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, an airfield was established north of the town for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a>. This became a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> station, and is now <a href="/wiki/Bicester_Airfield" title="Bicester Airfield">Bicester Airfield</a>, the home of <a href="/wiki/Windrushers_Gliding_Club" title="Windrushers Gliding Club">Windrushers Gliding Club</a>, which was absorbed into the military gliding club previously based there, to re-emerge in 2004 when the military club left the airfield. There is now a campaign by the BCH<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Acronyms_and_abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style"><span title="The text near this tag needs the full version of this acronym at first occurrence. (July 2023)">expand acronym</span></a></i>]</sup> to turn the RAF centre into a museum.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An epitome of historical Royal Air Force (RAF) locations in the UK, RAF Bicester represents the most comprehensive portrayal of bomber airfield advancements up until 1939. Notably, it stands as the best-maintained of the bomber bases, a key component of Sir <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trenchard,_1st_Viscount_Trenchard" title="Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard">Hugh Trenchard</a>'s <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Air_Force#Strategic_bombing" title="History of the Royal Air Force">RAF expansion strategy</a> starting in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">MoD's</a> largest <a href="/wiki/Ammunition#Ordnance_ammunition" title="Ammunition">ordnance</a> depot at <a href="/wiki/MoD_Bicester" class="mw-redirect" title="MoD Bicester">MoD Bicester</a> is just outside the town. The depot has its own internal railway system, the <a href="/wiki/Bicester_Military_Railway" title="Bicester Military Railway">Bicester Military Railway</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bicester is in north Oxfordshire, 11 miles (18 km) east-northeast of <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a> boundaries. </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighbouring_areas24" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b>Neighbouring areas</b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banbury" title="Banbury">Banbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Leamington_Spa" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Leamington Spa">Royal Leamington Spa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brackley" title="Brackley">Brackley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buckingham" title="Buckingham">Buckingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bletchley" title="Bletchley">Bletchley</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Chipping_Norton,_Oxfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire">Chipping Norton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Bicester</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Aylesbury" title="Aylesbury">Aylesbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leighton_Buzzard" title="Leighton Buzzard">Leighton Buzzard</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Oxfordshire" title="Woodstock, Oxfordshire">Woodstock</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kidlington" title="Kidlington">Kidlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thame" title="Thame">Thame</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Areas_and_suburbs">Areas and suburbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Areas and suburbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 5 electoral wards, North, East, South, West and Town as defined by the town council. The areas of Bicester include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol><li>Highfield</li> <li>Woodfield</li> <li>King's End</li> <li>Bure Park</li> <li>Glory Farm</li> <li>Southwold</li> <li>Langford Village</li> <li>Kingsmere (new housing development)</li> <li>Elmsbrook (new housing development, eco-town)</li> <li>Graven Hill (new housing development)</li> <li>New Langford</li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bicester experiences an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>Cfb</i>) similar to almost all of the United Kingdom. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Bicester </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(45) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(45) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10<br />(50) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(55) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16<br />(61) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20<br />(68) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22<br />(72) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21<br />(70) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18<br />(64) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14<br />(57) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10<br />(50) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(45) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13<br />(55) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(45) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10<br />(50) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10<br />(50) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(45) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6<br />(43) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.1<br />(2.21) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.4<br />(1.55) </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.6<br />(1.95) </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.3<br />(1.67) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.0<br />(2.32) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.1<br />(1.78) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3<br />(2.06) </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.7<br />(2.27) </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.1<br />(2.05) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.5<br />(2.46) </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.3<br />(2.57) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.5<br />(2.46) </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">643.9<br />(25.35) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Causeway_Bicester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A series of vernacular buildings either side of a narrow street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Causeway_Bicester.jpg/220px-Causeway_Bicester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Causeway_Bicester.jpg/330px-Causeway_Bicester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Causeway_Bicester.jpg/440px-Causeway_Bicester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Vernacular buildings on the Causeway, Bicester</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular</a> buildings of the town have features of both the <a href="/wiki/Cotswold" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotswold">Cotswold</a> dip slope to the northwest and the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Valley" title="Thames Valley">Thames Valley</a> to the southeast. The earliest surviving buildings of the town are the medieval church of <a href="/wiki/Edburga_of_Bicester" class="mw-redirect" title="Edburga of Bicester">St Edburg</a>; the vicarage of 1500 and two post <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution</a> houses in the former Priory Precinct constructed from reused medieval material. These buildings are mainly grey <a href="/wiki/Oolitic_limestone" class="mw-redirect" title="Oolitic limestone">oolitic limestone</a>, from the Priory Quarry at <a href="/wiki/Kirtlington" title="Kirtlington">Kirtlington</a>, 5 miles (8 km) west on <a href="/wiki/Akeman_Street" title="Akeman Street">Akeman Street</a>, some ginger lias (ironstone) comes from the area around <a href="/wiki/Banbury" title="Banbury">Banbury</a> and white and bluish grey <a href="/wiki/Cornbrash" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornbrash">cornbrash</a> limestone was quarried in Crockwell and at <a href="/wiki/Caversfield" title="Caversfield">Caversfield</a> 2 miles (3 km) to the north. </p><p>Early secular buildings were box framed structures, using timber from the <a href="/wiki/Bernwood_Forest" title="Bernwood Forest">Bernwood Forest</a>. Infilling of frames was of stud and lath with <a href="/wiki/Lime_render" title="Lime render">lime render</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limewash" class="mw-redirect" title="Limewash">limewash</a>. Others were of brick or local rubble stonework. The <a href="/wiki/River_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="River valley">river valleys</a> to the south and east of the town were the source of clay for widespread local production of brick and tile. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Page-Turners had brick fields at Wretchwick and <a href="/wiki/Blackthorn,_Oxfordshire" title="Blackthorn, Oxfordshire">Blackthorn</a> which operated alongside smaller producers such as farmer George Coppock who produced bricks as a sideline. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thatched_Building_in_King%27s_End,_Bicester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Thatched stone building in quiet, tree-lined, street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Thatched_Building_in_King%27s_End%2C_Bicester.jpg/220px-Thatched_Building_in_King%27s_End%2C_Bicester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Thatched_Building_in_King%27s_End%2C_Bicester.jpg/330px-Thatched_Building_in_King%27s_End%2C_Bicester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Thatched_Building_in_King%27s_End%2C_Bicester.jpg/440px-Thatched_Building_in_King%27s_End%2C_Bicester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Thatched Building in King's End, Bicester</figcaption></figure> <p>Local roofing materials included longstraw thatch, which persisted on older and lower status areas on houses and terraced cottages. Thatch had to be laid at pitches in excess of 50 degrees. This generated narrow and steep gables which also suited heavy <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> roofs made with <a href="/wiki/Taynton_Limestone_Formation" title="Taynton Limestone Formation">Stonesfield slate</a> or other roofing slabs from the <a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">Cotswolds</a>. The other widespread roofing material was local red clay plain tiles. 19th century bulk transport innovations associated with canal and railway infrastructure allowed imports of blue slate from <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a>. These could be laid at much more shallow pitches on fashionable high status houses. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicester_library_(28090590365).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bicester_library_%2828090590365%29.jpg/220px-Bicester_library_%2828090590365%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bicester_library_%2828090590365%29.jpg/330px-Bicester_library_%2828090590365%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bicester_library_%2828090590365%29.jpg/440px-Bicester_library_%2828090590365%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Bicester Library</figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from imported slate, a striking characteristic of all of the new buildings of the early 19th century is the continued use of local vernacular materials, albeit in buildings of non-vernacular design. The new buildings were constructed alongside older wholly vernacular survivals and sometimes superficially updated with fashionable applied facades, <a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">fenestration</a> or upper floors and roofs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The town's nearest motorway is the <a href="/wiki/M40_motorway" title="M40 motorway">M40 motorway</a>, which is served by junction 9 to the south, an interchange with the <a href="/wiki/A34_road" title="A34 road">A34</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and the <a href="/wiki/A41_road" title="A41 road">A41</a> for Bicester and <a href="/wiki/Aylesbury" title="Aylesbury">Aylesbury</a>. Bicester has a <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring road</a> which is made up of the A41, <a href="/wiki/A4095_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A4095 road (Great Britain)">A4095</a>, <a href="/wiki/A4421_road_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="A4421 road (Great Britain)">A4421</a>, and the newly completed Vendee Drive which forms part of the <a href="/wiki/B4030_road" class="mw-redirect" title="B4030 road">B4030</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicester_North_Railway_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bicester North railway station showing buildings, platform, and gardens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bicester_North_Railway_Station.jpg/220px-Bicester_North_Railway_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bicester_North_Railway_Station.jpg/330px-Bicester_North_Railway_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bicester_North_Railway_Station.jpg/440px-Bicester_North_Railway_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Bicester North Railway Station, opened 1905, on the Birmingham - London line</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicester_Village_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Bicester Village station, featuring a blue tiled atrium." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bicester_Village_Station.jpg/220px-Bicester_Village_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bicester_Village_Station.jpg/330px-Bicester_Village_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bicester_Village_Station.jpg/440px-Bicester_Village_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bicester_Village_railway_station" title="Bicester Village railway station">Bicester Village railway station</a>, previously called Bicester Town railway station, re-opened on 26 October 2015 as part of the Oxford - Bicester - London Marylebone line. </figcaption></figure> <p>Bicester benefited from the <a href="/wiki/Railway_Mania" title="Railway Mania">Railway Mania</a> of the 1840s. The <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_Railway" title="Buckinghamshire Railway">Buckinghamshire Railway</a> was fully opened between <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_railway_station" title="Bletchley railway station">Bletchley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxford_railway_station" title="Oxford railway station">Oxford</a> on 20 May 1851, running through the eastern side of Bicester, with "a neat station at the bottom of the London road" being opened on 1 October 1850 to serve the town.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bicester's first fatal railway accident occurred at this station on 6 September 1851. Six people were killed and 18 injured.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The station was renamed Bicester London Road station in March 1954 and Bicester Town station in May 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> sought to shorten its mainline route from <a href="/wiki/Paddington_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddington railway station">London Paddington</a> to <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Snow_Hill_railway_station" title="Birmingham Snow Hill railway station">Birmingham Snow Hill</a> and, in 1910, opened the <a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Main_Line#The_Bicester_cut-off" title="Chiltern Main Line">Bicester cut-off</a> line through the north of the town, to complete a new fast route between the two cities and a large railway station on Buckingham Road named <a href="/wiki/Bicester_North_railway_station" title="Bicester North railway station">Bicester North</a>, which was opened on 1 July 1910. The final <a href="/wiki/Slip_coach" title="Slip coach">slip coach</a> on the <a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Railways</a> network was "slipped" at Bicester North on 10 September 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bletchley - Oxford line was closed on 1 January 1968, but partly reopened on 11 May 1987, when a shuttle service was instituted between Bicester Town and Oxford. The line towards Bletchley remains closed. In 2011, funding for <a href="/wiki/East_West_Rail" title="East West Rail">East West Rail</a> was approved, with a plan to restore passenger services between Oxford and Bletchley via Bicester in 2017, then continuing to <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Central_railway_station" title="Milton Keynes Central railway station">Milton Keynes Central</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bedford_railway_station" title="Bedford railway station">Bedford</a>. A further proposal was to extend the route through <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_railway_station" title="Cambridge railway station">Cambridge</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_railway_station" title="Ipswich railway station">Ipswich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwich_railway_station" title="Norwich railway station">Norwich</a>, but that did not materialise. At the end of 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Department for Transport</a> announced further government funding and a private company to build and operate the line by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-RTM221117_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTM221117-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bicester has also benefited from the <a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Railways#Evergreen_3" title="Chiltern Railways">Chiltern Evergreen 3 project</a>, which created a new mainline allowing trains to run from <a href="/wiki/Marylebone_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Marylebone railway station">London Marylebone</a> to Oxford via Bicester. The station was completely rebuilt and, despite objection by some local residents, renamed <a href="/wiki/Bicester_Village_railway_station" title="Bicester Village railway station">Bicester Village</a>, after a large retail centre nearby. The station opened in October 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The London to Birmingham line was run down in the 1970s. With the threat of partial closure, stretches of the line singled and trains rerouted into London, Marylebone. Following privatisation, <a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Railways" title="Chiltern Railways">Chiltern Railways</a> was awarded the franchise. It reinstated the double track and considerably boosted the number of services, resulting in a substantial increase in patronage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus">Bus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_East" title="Stagecoach East">Stagecoach East</a> route X5 links Bicester with <a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a> and Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_in_Oxfordshire" title="Stagecoach in Oxfordshire">Stagecoach in Oxfordshire</a> buses link Bicester with Oxford, Banbury, Brackley, <a href="/wiki/Headington" title="Headington">Headington</a>, <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Bullingdon" title="HM Prison Bullingdon">HM Prison Bullingdon</a> and some local villages.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grayline<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hallmark_Connections" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallmark Connections">Hallmark Connections</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provide some local bus services, and Langston & Tasker runs a limited service between Bicester and Buckingham.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2022 Diamond Bus South East, who had acquired <a href="/wiki/Hallmark_Connections" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallmark Connections">Hallmark Connections</a>, announced that service 250 which connected Bicester with Oxford via a number of villages would cease operating on Saturday 11 February 2023. A partial replacement will be provided by new Grayline service 24 from Monday 13 February 2023. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bicester is within an hour's drive of three major airports and 8 miles (13 km) from <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Airport" title="Oxford Airport">Oxford Airport</a>. <a href="/wiki/Luton_Airport" title="Luton Airport">Luton Airport</a> is the nearest major airport, 43 miles (69 km) by road, taking around 1 hour 5 minutes. Due to the town's location beside the <a href="/wiki/M40_motorway" title="M40 motorway">M40 motorway</a>, it is a slightly shorter journey time of 51 minutes to <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a> which is 54 miles (87 km) away and 54 minutes to <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Airport" title="Birmingham Airport">Birmingham Airport</a> which is 52 miles (84 km) away. <a href="/wiki/Bicester_Airfield" title="Bicester Airfield">Bicester Airfield</a>, available for private flights, is located adjacent to the town of Bicester to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garth_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of the former hunting lodge at Garth Park in the sunshine with a green lawn in the foreground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Garth_Park.jpg/220px-Garth_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Garth_Park.jpg/330px-Garth_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Garth_Park.jpg/440px-Garth_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3791" data-file-height="2843" /></a><figcaption>The Garth, a former hunting lodge, now offices of Bicester Town Council. The surrounding Garth Park is now a public park, playground, skate park, and café</figcaption></figure> <p>There are three tiers of local government covering Bicester, at <a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">civil parish</a> (town), <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">district</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">county</a> level: Bicester Town Council, <a href="/wiki/Cherwell_District_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherwell District Council">Cherwell District Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_County_Council" title="Oxfordshire County Council">Oxfordshire County Council</a>. The town council is based at The Garth on Launton Road.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_history">Administrative history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Administrative history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bicester was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient parish">ancient parish</a>. It was subdivided into two <a href="/wiki/Township_(England)" title="Township (England)">townships</a>, called King's End and Market End. Such townships became <a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">civil parishes</a> in 1866. The parish historically also included <a href="/wiki/Stratton_Audley" title="Stratton Audley">Stratton Audley</a>, which was a <a href="/wiki/Chapelry" title="Chapelry">chapelry</a> of Bicester until it was made a separate parish around 1455.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An attempt to establish a <a href="/wiki/Local_board_of_health" title="Local board of health">local government district</a> covering the whole parish of Bicester was rejected at a public meeting in 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, separate local government districts were established for King's End in 1859 and Market End in 1862, with each district having its own local board responsible for providing services including water supply, sewage treatment and street maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government merged the two districts into a single Bicester district in 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such local government districts were reconstituted as <a href="/wiki/Urban_district_(England_and_Wales)" title="Urban district (England and Wales)">urban districts</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1894" title="Local Government Act 1894">Local Government Act 1894</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1946, Bicester Urban District Council bought The Garth, a large 1840s house, for £6,500. The main building was converted into the council's headquarters, and the grounds were opened to the public as Garth Park.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bicester Urban District was abolished in 1974 under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a>. District-level functions passed to the new Cherwell District Council. A <a href="/wiki/Successor_parish" title="Successor parish">successor parish</a> called Bicester covering the area of the abolished urban district was created as part of the 1974 reforms, with its parish council adopting the name Bicester Town Council.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residents'_associations"><span id="Residents.27_associations"></span>Residents' associations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Residents' associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bicester has several active residents' associations including: Bure Park Residents' Association; Langford Village Community Association; Priory Lane Residents' Association, Derwent Green Residents Group and Bicester Parkland View Residents' Association.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools">Schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bicester has three secondary schools: <a href="/wiki/The_Bicester_School" title="The Bicester School">The Bicester School</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Cooper_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cooper School">the Cooper School</a>, and Whitelands Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of primary schools including: Langford Village Primary; Glory Farm Primary School; Southwold;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brookside Primary School; St Edburg's; Five Acres; Longfields; St Mary's Primary School; King's Meadow, Bure Park Primary and Gaglebrook Primary School. The new Kingsmere development (south of Bicester) is due to create a two-form primary school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local news and television programmes are provided by <a href="/wiki/BBC_South" title="BBC South">BBC South</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_Meridian" title="ITV Meridian">ITV Meridian</a>. Television signals are received from the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_transmitting_station" title="Oxford transmitting station">Oxford</a> TV transmitter.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bicester's local radio stations are <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Oxford" title="BBC Radio Oxford">BBC Radio Oxford</a> on 95.2 FM, <a href="/wiki/Heart_South" title="Heart South">Heart South</a> on 102.6 FM, <a href="/wiki/Capital_Mid-Counties" title="Capital Mid-Counties">Capital Mid-Counties</a> on 107.6 FM, <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_South" title="Greatest Hits Radio South">Greatest Hits Radio South</a> on 106.4 FM, <a href="/wiki/Hits_Radio_Oxfordshire" title="Hits Radio Oxfordshire">Hits Radio Oxfordshire</a> on 107.9 FM, and community based radio station 3Bs Radio that broadcast to the town as well as <a href="/wiki/Buckingham" title="Buckingham">Buckingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brackley" title="Brackley">Brackley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Bicester Advertiser</i> is the town's weekly local newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport_and_leisure">Sport and leisure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sport and leisure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bicester and North Oxford Cricket Club play at Akeman Street, <a href="/wiki/Chesterton,_Oxfordshire" title="Chesterton, Oxfordshire">Chesterton</a>. It was formed in 1996 from a merger of Bicester Town, (founded in 1871) and the North Oxford Cricket Clubs which until 1929 shared the Oxford Road ground with the town's football club. As of 2014 season, the senior teams play in the Cherwell League.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bicester_Rugby_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicester Rugby Club">Bicester Rugby Club</a> was founded in 1947, originally playing on land provided by the King's Head pub. The club is presently based at the Akeman Street Ground. The senior teams play in the <a href="/wiki/Berks/Bucks_%26_Oxon_Premier" title="Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier">Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bicester_Town_F.C." title="Bicester Town F.C.">Bicester Town Football Club</a> was founded in 1896 and until the 2010–11 season played in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Football_League" title="Hellenic Football League">Hellenic League</a>. Bicester Colts F.C. organises teams from ages 5 through to 17 at facilities based at Akeman Street, <a href="/wiki/Chesterton,_Oxfordshire" title="Chesterton, Oxfordshire">Chesterton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bicester Blue Fins Amateur Swimming Club was established in 1950 and has been based at Bicester Leisure Centre since 1971. Bicester Blue Fins is 'SWIM 21' accredited and affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a> & North <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a> <a href="/wiki/Amateur_Swimming_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur Swimming Association">ASA</a> and the ASA South East Region.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bicester Leisure Centre, which opened in 1970, comprises a swimming pool, fitness, gym facilities and all-weather pitches. Other popular sports and pastimes include tennis, which is played at the Bicester Tennis Club based at the Garth. It is affiliated to the Oxfordshire and Thames Valleys <a href="/wiki/Lawn_Tennis_Association" title="Lawn Tennis Association">LTAs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lawn_bowls" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawn bowls">Lawn bowls</a> is organised by the Bicester Bowls Club which was founded in 1862 and since 1951 has been at the Garth.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two 18-hole <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf courses</a>, at the Bicester Hotel and Bicester Country Club. The traditional game of <a href="/wiki/Aunt_Sally" title="Aunt Sally">Aunt Sally</a>, widespread in Oxfordshire, is popular in the town and is organised under the auspices of the Bicester and District Aunt Sally League.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bicester Town Council provides a wide range of sport and leisure facilities for local residents and sports team on sites at Pingle Field and Sunderland Drive<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shopping">Shopping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Shopping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Market_Square_2,_Bicester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of historical buildings surrounding a public square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Market_Square_2%2C_Bicester.jpg/220px-Market_Square_2%2C_Bicester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Market_Square_2%2C_Bicester.jpg/330px-Market_Square_2%2C_Bicester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Market_Square_2%2C_Bicester.jpg/440px-Market_Square_2%2C_Bicester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The Market Square, Bicester</figcaption></figure> <p>The historic shopping streets, particularly Sheep Street and Market Square, have a range of independent and national shops together with cafés, pubs and restaurants. Sheep Street is now pedestrianised, with car parks nearby. There are weekly markets on Fridays in the town centre along with <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_market" title="Farmers' market">farmers' markets</a> and an occasional French market. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicester_Village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1335617.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bicester_Village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1335617.jpg/170px-Bicester_Village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1335617.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bicester_Village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1335617.jpg/255px-Bicester_Village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1335617.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bicester_Village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1335617.jpg/340px-Bicester_Village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1335617.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Part of <a href="/wiki/Bicester_Village" title="Bicester Village">Bicester Village</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A £70 million redevelopment of the part of the town centre, originally planned to start in 2008, was delayed by the onset of the credit crunch; <a href="/wiki/Sainsbury%27s" title="Sainsbury's">Sainsbury's</a> developed the project itself, commencing in January 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development, since named Pioneer Square, is now complete and opened on 9 July 2013, offering a Sainsbury's supermarket, 7 screen <a href="/wiki/Vue_Cinemas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vue Cinemas">Vue Cinemas</a> and many smaller retail units and restaurants such as <a href="/wiki/Nando%27s" title="Nando's">Nando's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prezzo_(restaurant)" title="Prezzo (restaurant)">Prezzo</a>. In early 2023, <a href="/wiki/Cherwell_District_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherwell District Council">Cherwell District Council</a> announced plans to pedestrianise the Market Square to create a continental style plaza.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South of Bicester, beyond Pingle Field, is discount brand outlet <a href="/wiki/Bicester_Village" title="Bicester Village">Bicester Village</a>, and beyond that is <a href="/wiki/Bicester_Avenue" title="Bicester Avenue">Bicester Avenue Home & Garden Centre</a>, one of the largest garden centres in the UK. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Churches">Churches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Edburg%27s_Church,_Bicester,_Oxfordshire,_UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/St._Edburg%27s_Church%2C_Bicester%2C_Oxfordshire%2C_UK.jpg/170px-St._Edburg%27s_Church%2C_Bicester%2C_Oxfordshire%2C_UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/St._Edburg%27s_Church%2C_Bicester%2C_Oxfordshire%2C_UK.jpg/255px-St._Edburg%27s_Church%2C_Bicester%2C_Oxfordshire%2C_UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/St._Edburg%27s_Church%2C_Bicester%2C_Oxfordshire%2C_UK.jpg/340px-St._Edburg%27s_Church%2C_Bicester%2C_Oxfordshire%2C_UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Tower of St Edburg's Parish Church</figcaption></figure> <p>Most churches in Bicester belong to an informal local group Churches in Bicester. This enables them to work together and share responsibilities, for example the Bicester Food Bank and the Bicester Refugee Support Group. </p><p>Member churches include: Journey Communities (Pioneers in missional church); St Edburg's Parish Church (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>); Emmanuel Church (Church of England, which meets in a modern building at Barberry Place); Bicester Community Church (meeting in the Salvation Army Hall); Bicester Methodist Church; The Church of the Immaculate Conception (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elim Lighthouse Church (<a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> – meeting in Bicester Methodist Church); Orchard Baptist Church (meeting in Cooper School); and the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a>. Churches independent of Churches in Bicester are: Bicester Baptist Church (meeting in Southwold Community Centre); and Hebron Gospel Hall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_developments">Future developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Future developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elmsbrook_Eco-Town.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Eco-Houses at Elmsbrook Eco-Town, Bicester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Elmsbrook_Eco-Town.jpg/220px-Elmsbrook_Eco-Town.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Elmsbrook_Eco-Town.jpg/330px-Elmsbrook_Eco-Town.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Elmsbrook_Eco-Town.jpg/440px-Elmsbrook_Eco-Town.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Elmsbrook Eco Town, Bicester</figcaption></figure> <p>Bicester is in the midst of several construction projects the most recent of these completed is the new <a href="/wiki/Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</a> superstore<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which replaces the former site in Pingle Drive. The Pigle Drive site will be used to expand the Bicester village outlet centre by an additional quarter in size.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 December 2014, it was announced that Bicester had been chosen as the site for the <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">British government's</a> second new <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">garden city</a>. Up to 13,000 new homes could be built in the town, as part of plans to help deal with the UK's housing shortage. The former Bicester Town railway station was reopened as Bicester Village Station, to serve the expanded population as part of rail plans previously detailed by Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The station will also serve the planned <a href="/wiki/East_West_Rail" title="East West Rail">East West Rail</a> Project, connecting Oxford to Cambridge, via Milton Keynes and Bedford. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Self_Build_Homes_at_Graven_Hill,_Bicester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A selection of diverse self-build homes with a green in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Self_Build_Homes_at_Graven_Hill%2C_Bicester.jpg/220px-Self_Build_Homes_at_Graven_Hill%2C_Bicester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Self_Build_Homes_at_Graven_Hill%2C_Bicester.jpg/330px-Self_Build_Homes_at_Graven_Hill%2C_Bicester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Self_Build_Homes_at_Graven_Hill%2C_Bicester.jpg/440px-Self_Build_Homes_at_Graven_Hill%2C_Bicester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Self-Build Homes, at Graven Hill, Bicester</figcaption></figure> <p>In accordance with the award of garden town status, the 6,000 home Eco-Town development has been constructed at Elmsbrook,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the northwest of Bicester. These comprise homes constructed with high environmental standards and environmentally friendly technology such as photovoltaic electrical panels, rainwater harvesting, and district heating. The first residents moved into the Eco-Town development in May 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, 1,585 homes (phase 1) and 709 homes (phase 2) have been built in the southwesterly development named Kingsmere.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cherwell District Council established a self-build neighbourhood at the former Ministry of Defence estate at Graven Hill, to the south of Bicester, delivered through a wholly owned subsidiary company, the Graven Hill Village Development Company.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1,900 homes were due to be built, the majority to be self-build homes with the intention of offering an alternative to the mass build volume units being constructed in the rest of the town. The first ten self-builders were featured on the Channel 4 television show <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Designs" title="Grand Designs">Grand Designs: The Street</a></i>. However, controversy has arisen through the company's recent decision to pivot to constructing mass build volume units itself, marketed as 'custom build', with residents complaining that the company is now delivering 'volume build, identikit, energy inefficient' units.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns">Twin towns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Twin towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bicester is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neunkirchen-Seelscheid" title="Neunkirchen-Seelscheid">Neunkirchen-Seelscheid</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czernich%C3%B3w,_Krak%C3%B3w_County" title="Czernichów, Kraków County">Czernichów</a>, Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Essarts,_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Les Essarts, Vendée">Les Essarts</a>, France</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_residents_and_natives">Notable residents and natives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notable residents and natives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Freeman_Africanus_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Freeman Africanus King">Albert Freeman Africanus King</a>, (born in a hospital) doctor who took care of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> when he was shot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunkin" title="John Dunkin">John Dunkin</a> (1782–1846), topographer and local historian, who wrote comprehensive histories of Bicester and the surrounding villages – <i>The History and Antiquities of Bicester</i> and <i>The History and Antiquities of the Hundreds of Bullingdon and Ploughley</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Harvey" title="Tim Harvey">Tim Harvey</a>, racing driver and TV-commentator.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenson_Button" title="Jenson Button">Jenson Button</a>, racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_St_Clair" title="Isla St Clair">Isla St Clair</a>, singer and broadcaster</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Gomarsall" title="Andy Gomarsall">Andy Gomarsall</a>, played Rugby Union for Bicester until 1993 and for England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Jones" title="Freddie Jones">Freddie Jones</a>, actor, died at Bicester in 2019</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Paice" title="Ian Paice">Ian Paice</a>, drummer with rock group <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</a>. Brought up in King's End</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alun_Howkins" title="Alun Howkins">Alun Howkins</a>, born and brought up in the town. Professor of history at <a href="/wiki/Sussex_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Sussex University">Sussex University</a>. Wrote and presented the BBC TV series <i>Fruitful Earth</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Long_(footballer,_born_1995)" title="Sam Long (footballer, born 1995)">Sam Long</a>, professional footballer for <a href="/wiki/Oxford_United_F.C." title="Oxford United F.C.">Oxford United</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Bicester </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicester_Escutcheon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bicester_Escutcheon.png/220px-Bicester_Escutcheon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bicester_Escutcheon.png/330px-Bicester_Escutcheon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Bicester_Escutcheon.png 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="505" /></a></span> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd>Granted to Bicester Urban District Council, 30 October 1959<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Crest</dt> <dd>On a wreath of the colours in front of a fox's mask two stalks of wheat in saltire leaved Proper.</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Barry nebuly Or and Gules a hurt charged with a fleur de lys Gold.</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>Ut Tibi Sic Aliis (Unto Thyself So To Others)</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bua2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bua2011_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/southeastengland/admin/cherwell/E04012925__bicester/">"Bicester"</a>. <i>City population</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+population&rft.atitle=Bicester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fuk%2Fsoutheastengland%2Fadmin%2Fcherwell%2FE04012925__bicester%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Kingdom Censuses 1951–2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil" class="citation web cs1">Council, Cherwell District. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cherwell.gov.uk/info/260/bicester-garden-town">"Bicester Garden Town | Cherwell District Council"</a>. <i>www.cherwell.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cherwell.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Bicester+Garden+Town+%7C+Cherwell+District+Council&rft.aulast=Council&rft.aufirst=Cherwell+District&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cherwell.gov.uk%2Finfo%2F260%2Fbicester-garden-town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2024" class="citation news cs1">Foster, Laura (11 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cqxwe9ynqx4o">"What is happening with East West Rail?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(January 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDannat2024" class="citation web cs1">Dannat, Francis (5 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxoniensia.org/volumes/1961-2/dannatt.pdf">"Bicester in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>oxoniensia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cherwell.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=4032">the original</a> on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Year+brings+good+news+for+Bicester+town+centre&rft.pub=Cherwell+District+Council&rft.date=2010-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cherwell.gov.uk%2Findex.cfm%3Farticleid%3D4032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil" class="citation web cs1">Council, Cherwell District. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cherwell.gov.uk/news/article/1020/council-will-invest-to-transform-market-square">"Council will invest to transform Market Square"</a>. <i>www.cherwell.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cherwell.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Council+will+invest+to+transform+Market+Square&rft.aulast=Council&rft.aufirst=Cherwell+District&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cherwell.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F1020%2Fcouncil-will-invest-to-transform-market-square&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://immaculate-conception.org.uk/home">"Catholic Church in Bicester, Oxfordshire"</a>. <i>immaculate-conception.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=immaculate-conception.org.uk&rft.atitle=Catholic+Church+in+Bicester%2C+Oxfordshire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimmaculate-conception.org.uk%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/14428150.Tesco_customers_queue_at_8am_to_drink_champagne_inside_new_Bicester_store">"Loyal Tesco customers queue at 8am to be the first inside new Bicester superstore"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Loyal+Tesco+customers+queue+at+8am+to+be+the+first+inside+new+Bicester+superstore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmail.co.uk%2Fnews%2F14428150.Tesco_customers_queue_at_8am_to_drink_champagne_inside_new_Bicester_store&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-20913898">"Bicester Village to expand by a quarter"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bicester+Village+to+expand+by+a+quarter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-oxfordshire-20913898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-30287273">"Bicester chosen as new garden city with 13,000 homes"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 1 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bicester+chosen+as+new+garden+city+with+13%2C000+homes&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-30287273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil" class="citation web cs1">Council, Cherwell District. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cherwell.gov.uk/info/260/bicester-garden-town">"Bicester Garden Town | Cherwell District Council"</a>. <i>www.cherwell.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cherwell.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Bicester+Garden+Town+%26%23124%3B+Cherwell+District+Council&rft.aulast=Council&rft.aufirst=Cherwell+District&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cherwell.gov.uk%2Finfo%2F260%2Fbicester-garden-town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-36366763">"First residents move into Bicester's 'eco-homes'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=First+residents+move+into+Bicester%27s+%27eco-homes%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-oxfordshire-36366763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecobicester.org.uk/cms/node/39">Kingsmere</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gravenhill.co.uk/ghvdc/">"GHVDC"</a>. <i>Graven Hill</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Graven+Hill&rft.atitle=GHVDC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gravenhill.co.uk%2Fghvdc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-65188664">"Self-builders pen open letter over site future"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Self-builders+pen+open+letter+over+site+future&rft.date=2023-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-oxfordshire-65188664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://civicheraldry.co.uk/south_central.html#bicester%20tc">"Bicester Town Council (Oxfordshire)"</a>. Civic Heraldry of England<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bicester+Town+Council+%28Oxfordshire%29&rft.pub=Civic+Heraldry+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcivicheraldry.co.uk%2Fsouth_central.html%23bicester%2520tc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_further_reading">Sources and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeesley1841" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Beesley, Alfred (1841). <i>The History of Banbury</i>. Vol. 16 OxLSC (Extra illustrated ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Banbury&rft.edition=Extra+illustrated&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Beesley&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomfield1882" class="citation book cs1">Blomfield, J.C. (1882). <i>History of the present deanery of Bicester</i>. Oxford: Parker and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+present+deanery+of+Bicester&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Parker+and+Co.&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Blomfield&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond1980" class="citation book cs1">Bond, C.J. (1980). "The Small Towns of Oxfordshire in the Nineteenth Century". In Rowley, T (ed.). <i>The Oxford Region</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">55–</span>79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Small+Towns+of+Oxfordshire+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Region&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDannatt1961–1962" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dannatt, G.H. (1961–1962). "Bicester in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxoniensia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxoniensia">Oxoniensia</a></i>. <span class="nowrap">XXVI–</span>XXVII. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_Architectural_and_Historical_Society" title="Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society">Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society</a>: <span class="nowrap">244–</span>311.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxoniensia&rft.atitle=Bicester+in+the+Seventeenth+and+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft.volume=XXVI%E2%80%93XXVII&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E244-%3C%2Fspan%3E311&rft.date=1961%2F1962&rft.aulast=Dannatt&rft.aufirst=G.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunkin1816" class="citation book cs1">Dunkin, John (1816). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyandantiq00kenngoog"><i>The History and Antiquities of Bicester; a market town in Oxfordshire</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Antiquities+of+Bicester%3B+a+market+town+in+Oxfordshire&rft.date=1816&rft.aulast=Dunkin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryandantiq00kenngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunkin1823" class="citation book cs1">Dunkin, John (1823). <i>History and Antiquities of the hundreds of Bullingdon and Ploughley</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Antiquities+of+the+hundreds+of+Bullingdon+and+Ploughley&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=Dunkin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennett1818" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/White_Kennett" title="White Kennett">Kennett, White</a> (1818) [<i>circa</i> 1718]. <i>Parochial Antiquities Attempted in the History of Ambrosden, Burchester, and other adjacent parts in the counties of Oxford and Bucks</i>. Vol. 1 (expanded ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. pp. xvii, 582.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parochial+Antiquities+Attempted+in+the+History+of+Ambrosden%2C+Burchester%2C+and+other+adjacent+parts+in+the+counties+of+Oxford+and+Bucks&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=xvii%2C+582&rft.edition=expanded&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1818&rft.aulast=Kennett&rft.aufirst=White&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennett1818" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/White_Kennett" title="White Kennett">Kennett, White</a> (1818) [<i>circa</i> 1718]. <i>Parochial Antiquities Attempted in the History of Ambrosden, Burchester, and other adjacent parts in the counties of Oxford and Bucks</i>. Vol. 2 (expanded ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. pp. 526, un-numbered indices of names and places, extensive glossary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parochial+Antiquities+Attempted+in+the+History+of+Ambrosden%2C+Burchester%2C+and+other+adjacent+parts+in+the+counties+of+Oxford+and+Bucks&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=526%2C+un-numbered+indices+of+names+and+places%2C+extensive+glossary&rft.edition=expanded&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1818&rft.aulast=Kennett&rft.aufirst=White&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawtonSackett1992" class="citation book cs1">Lawton, E.R.; Sackett, M.W. (1992). <i>The Bicester Military Railway</i>. Oxford Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86093-467-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86093-467-5"><bdi>0-86093-467-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bicester+Military+Railway&rft.pub=Oxford+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-86093-467-5&rft.aulast=Lawton&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rft.au=Sackett%2C+M.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobel1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lobel" title="Mary Lobel">Lobel, Mary D.</a>, ed. (1959). <i><a href="/wiki/Victoria_County_History" title="Victoria County History">Victoria County History</a>: A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 6</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victoria+County+History%3A+A+History+of+the+County+of+Oxford%3A+Volume+6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=1959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Jon (2011). "Prehistoric, Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon Activity at Whitelands Farm, Bicester". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxoniensia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxoniensia">Oxoniensia</a></i>. <b>LXXVI</b>. <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_Architectural_and_Historical_Society" title="Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society">Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society</a>: <span class="nowrap">173–</span>240. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-5562">0308-5562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxoniensia&rft.atitle=Prehistoric%2C+Romano-British+and+Anglo-Saxon+Activity+at+Whitelands+Farm%2C+Bicester&rft.volume=LXXVI&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0308-5562&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellSmith2005" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, V.; Smith, K. (2005). <i>Oxford to Bletchley</i>. Country Railway Routes. Middleton Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904474-57-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-904474-57-8"><bdi>1-904474-57-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+to+Bletchley&rft.series=Country+Railway+Routes&rft.pub=Middleton+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-904474-57-8&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Smith%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage1907" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Page" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Page">Page, W.H.</a>, ed. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol2"><i>A History of the County of Oxford</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_County_History" title="Victoria County History">Victoria County History</a>. Vol. 2: Ecclesiastical History, <i>etc</i>. Westminster: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Constable" title="Archibald Constable">Archibald Constable</a> & Co. pp. <span class="nowrap">93–</span>95, 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Oxford&rft.place=Westminster&rft.series=Victoria+County+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E95%2C+154&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable+%26+Co&rft.date=1907&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fvch%2Foxon%2Fvol2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson, R. (2007). <i>Continuity and Change in an Oxfordshire Market Town – Bicester 1801–1861</i>. Oxford: unpublished dissertation, <a href="/wiki/Kellogg_College,_Oxford" title="Kellogg College, Oxford">Kellogg College, Oxford</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuity+and+Change+in+an+Oxfordshire+Market+Town+%E2%80%93+Bicester+1801%E2%80%931861&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=unpublished+dissertation%2C+Kellogg+College%2C+Oxford&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Parkinson&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuick2019" class="citation book cs1">Quick, Michael (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115225509/https://rchs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Railway-Passenger-Stations-v5.01-2.pdf"><i>Railway passenger stations in Great Britain: a chronology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Railway_and_Canal_Historical_Society" title="Railway and Canal Historical Society">Railway and Canal Historical Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rchs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Railway-Passenger-Stations-v5.01-2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railway+passenger+stations+in+Great+Britain%3A+a+chronology&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Railway+and+Canal+Historical+Society&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Quick&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frchs.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F09%2FRailway-Passenger-Stations-v5.01-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwoodPevsner1974" class="citation book cs1">Sherwood, Jennifer; <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner, Nikolaus</a> (1974). <i>Oxfordshire</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pevsner_Architectural_Guides#Buildings_of_England" title="Pevsner Architectural Guides">The Buildings of England</a>. Harmondsworth: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">452–</span>456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071045-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-071045-0"><bdi>0-14-071045-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxfordshire&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.series=The+Buildings+of+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E452-%3C%2Fspan%3E456&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-14-071045-0&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Pevsner%2C+Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Pictorial and Descriptive Guide to Oxford and District</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Ward_Lock_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward Lock & Co">Ward Lock & Co</a>. 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pictorial+and+Descriptive+Guide+to+Oxford+and+District&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ward+Lock+%26+Co&rft.date=1928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABicester" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bicester#Q251903" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Bicester">Bicester</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bicester" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bicester">Bicester</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bicester.gov.uk/">Bicester Town Council</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_District_of_Cherwell657" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cherwell" title="Template:Cherwell"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cherwell" title="Template talk:Cherwell"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cherwell" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cherwell"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_District_of_Cherwell657" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The District of <a href="/wiki/Cherwell_(district)" title="Cherwell (district)">Cherwell</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_local_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxfordshire local elections">County Council elections</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cherwell_local_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherwell local elections">District Council elections</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Banbury (UK Parliament constituency)">Banbury County Constituency</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bicester_and_Woodstock_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bicester and Woodstock (UK Parliament constituency)">Bicester and Woodstock County Constituency</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banbury" title="Banbury">Banbury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bicester</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OxfordshireCherwell.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/OxfordshireCherwell.png/75px-OxfordshireCherwell.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/OxfordshireCherwell.png/113px-OxfordshireCherwell.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/OxfordshireCherwell.png/150px-OxfordshireCherwell.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="267" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adderbury" title="Adderbury">Adderbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosden" title="Ambrosden">Ambrosden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arncott" title="Arncott">Arncott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloxham" title="Bloxham">Bloxham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodicote" title="Bodicote">Bodicote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caversfield" title="Caversfield">Caversfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deddington" title="Deddington">Deddington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Oxfordshire" title="Clifton, Oxfordshire">Clifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hempton,_Oxfordshire" title="Hempton, Oxfordshire">Hempton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_Norton" title="Hook Norton">Hook Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidlington" title="Kidlington">Kidlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launton" title="Launton">Launton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Heyford,_Oxfordshire" title="Upper Heyford, Oxfordshire">Upper Heyford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarnton" title="Yarnton">Yarnton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other civil parishes<br />(component villages<br />and hamlets)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardley,_Oxfordshire" title="Ardley, Oxfordshire">Ardley</a> (Fewcott)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barford_St._John_and_St._Michael" title="Barford St. John and St. Michael">Barford St. John and St. Michael</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barford_St._Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Barford St. Michael">Barford St. Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barford_St._John" class="mw-redirect" title="Barford St. John">Barford St. John</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begbroke" title="Begbroke">Begbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackthorn,_Oxfordshire" title="Blackthorn, Oxfordshire">Blackthorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bletchingdon" title="Bletchingdon">Bletchingdon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enslow" title="Enslow">Enslow</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourton,_Cherwell" title="Bourton, Cherwell">Bourton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Bourton" title="Great Bourton">Great Bourton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Bourton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Little Bourton (page does not exist)">Little Bourton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broughton,_Oxfordshire" title="Broughton, Oxfordshire">Broughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucknell,_Oxfordshire" title="Bucknell, Oxfordshire">Bucknell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlton-on-Otmoor" title="Charlton-on-Otmoor">Charlton-on-Otmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesterton,_Oxfordshire" title="Chesterton, Oxfordshire">Chesterton</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Chesterton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Little Chesterton (page does not exist)">Little Chesterton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claydon_with_Clattercot" title="Claydon with Clattercot">Claydon with Clattercot</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claydon,_Oxfordshire" title="Claydon, Oxfordshire">Claydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clattercote" title="Clattercote">Clattercote</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottisford" title="Cottisford">Cottisford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juniper_Hill" title="Juniper Hill">Juniper Hill</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cropredy" title="Cropredy">Cropredy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drayton,_Cherwell" title="Drayton, Cherwell">Drayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Tew" title="Duns Tew">Duns Tew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epwell" title="Epwell">Epwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencott_and_Murcott" title="Fencott and Murcott">Fencott and Murcott</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fencott" title="Fencott">Fencott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcott,_Oxfordshire" title="Murcott, Oxfordshire">Murcott</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finmere" title="Finmere">Finmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringford" title="Fringford">Fringford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritwell" title="Fritwell">Fritwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godington" title="Godington">Godington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosford_and_Water_Eaton" title="Gosford and Water Eaton">Gosford and Water Eaton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gosford,_Oxfordshire" title="Gosford, Oxfordshire">Gosford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Eaton,_Oxfordshire" title="Water Eaton, Oxfordshire">Water Eaton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Gay_and_Poyle" title="Hampton Gay and Poyle">Hampton Gay and Poyle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hampton_Gay" title="Hampton Gay">Hampton Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Poyle" title="Hampton Poyle">Hampton Poyle</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanwell,_Oxfordshire" title="Hanwell, Oxfordshire">Hanwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardwick_with_Tusmore" title="Hardwick with Tusmore">Hardwick with Tusmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hardwick,_Cherwell" title="Hardwick, Cherwell">Hardwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusmore,_Oxfordshire" title="Tusmore, Oxfordshire">Tusmore</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hethe" title="Hethe">Hethe</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Willaston,_Oxfordshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willaston, Oxfordshire (page does not exist)">Willaston</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyford_Park" title="Heyford Park">Heyford Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horley,_Oxfordshire" title="Horley, Oxfordshire">Horley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornton" title="Hornton">Hornton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horton-cum-Studley" title="Horton-cum-Studley">Horton-cum-Studley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islip,_Oxfordshire" title="Islip, Oxfordshire">Islip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtlington" title="Kirtlington">Kirtlington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northbrook,_Oxfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Northbrook, Oxfordshire">Northbrook</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Heyford" title="Lower Heyford">Lower Heyford</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caulcott,_Oxfordshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caulcott, Oxfordshire (page does not exist)">Caulcott</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merton,_Oxfordshire" title="Merton, Oxfordshire">Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Aston" title="Middle Aston">Middle Aston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleton_Stoney" title="Middleton Stoney">Middleton Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milcombe" title="Milcombe">Milcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton,_Cherwell" title="Milton, Cherwell">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixbury" title="Mixbury">Mixbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollington,_Oxfordshire" title="Mollington, Oxfordshire">Mollington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Purcell_with_Shelswell" title="Newton Purcell with Shelswell">Newton Purcell with Shelswell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newton_Purcell" title="Newton Purcell">Newton Purcell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelswell" title="Shelswell">Shelswell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noke,_Oxfordshire" title="Noke, Oxfordshire">Noke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Aston" title="North Aston">North Aston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Newington" title="North Newington">North Newington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oddington,_Oxfordshire" title="Oddington, Oxfordshire">Oddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piddington,_Oxfordshire" title="Piddington, Oxfordshire">Piddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescote" title="Prescote">Prescote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenington_with_Alkerton" title="Shenington with Alkerton">Shenington with Alkerton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shenington" title="Shenington">Shenington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkerton,_Oxfordshire" title="Alkerton, Oxfordshire">Alkerton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipton-on-Cherwell_and_Thrupp" title="Shipton-on-Cherwell and Thrupp">Shipton-on-Cherwell and Thrupp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shipton-on-Cherwell" title="Shipton-on-Cherwell">Shipton-on-Cherwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrupp,_Oxfordshire" title="Thrupp, Oxfordshire">Thrupp</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutford" title="Shutford">Shutford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibford_Ferris" title="Sibford Ferris">Sibford Ferris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibford_Gower" title="Sibford Gower">Sibford Gower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burdrop" title="Burdrop">Burdrop</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerton,_Oxfordshire" title="Somerton, Oxfordshire">Somerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souldern" title="Souldern">Souldern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Newington" title="South Newington">South Newington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeple_Aston" title="Steeple Aston">Steeple Aston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Lyne" title="Stoke Lyne">Stoke Lyne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bainton,_Oxfordshire" title="Bainton, Oxfordshire">Bainton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratton_Audley" title="Stratton Audley">Stratton Audley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swalcliffe" title="Swalcliffe">Swalcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadmarton" title="Tadmarton">Tadmarton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardington" title="Wardington">Wardington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lower_Wardington" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Wardington">Lower Wardington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Wardington" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Wardington">Upper Wardington</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendlebury" title="Wendlebury">Wendlebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston-on-the-Green" title="Weston-on-the-Green">Weston-on-the-Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigginton,_Oxfordshire" title="Wigginton, Oxfordshire">Wigginton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroxton" title="Wroxton">Wroxton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balscote" title="Balscote">Balscote</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former districts<br />and boroughs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banbury#Administrative_history" title="Banbury">Municipal Borough of Banbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banbury_Rural_District" title="Banbury Rural District">Banbury Rural District</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Administrative_history">Bicester Urban District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploughley_Rural_District" title="Ploughley Rural District">Ploughley Rural District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicester_Rural_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bicester Rural District (page does not exist)">Bicester Rural District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former<br />constituencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Oxfordshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Oxfordshire County Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodstock_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Woodstock (UK Parliament constituency)">Mid Oxfordshire or Woodstock County Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Oxfordshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Mid Oxfordshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Mid Oxfordshire County Constituency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Oxfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Oxfordshire">List of parliamentary constituencies in Oxfordshire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of places in Oxfordshire">List of places in Oxfordshire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of civil parishes in Oxfordshire">List of civil parishes in Oxfordshire</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Oxfordshire323" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxfordshire" title="Template:Oxfordshire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oxfordshire" title="Template talk:Oxfordshire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oxfordshire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oxfordshire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Oxfordshire323" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oxfordshire" title="Portal:Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire Portal</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherwell_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherwell District">District of Cherwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">City of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Oxfordshire" title="South Oxfordshire">District of South Oxfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_White_Horse" title="Vale of White Horse">District of the Vale of White Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oxfordshire" title="West Oxfordshire">District of West Oxfordshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon-on-Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banbury" title="Banbury">Banbury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burford" title="Burford">Burford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carterton,_Oxfordshire" title="Carterton, Oxfordshire">Carterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlbury" title="Charlbury">Charlbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipping_Norton" title="Chipping Norton">Chipping Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deddington" title="Deddington">Deddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didcot" title="Didcot">Didcot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faringdon" title="Faringdon">Faringdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henley-on-Thames" title="Henley-on-Thames">Henley-on-Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidlington" title="Kidlington">Kidlington</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thame" title="Thame">Thame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallingford,_Oxfordshire" title="Wallingford, Oxfordshire">Wallingford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wantage" title="Wantage">Wantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watlington,_Oxfordshire" title="Watlington, Oxfordshire">Watlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witney" title="Witney">Witney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Oxfordshire" title="Woodstock, Oxfordshire">Woodstock</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of civil parishes in Oxfordshire">List of civil parishes in Oxfordshire</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Oxfordshire" title="Flag of Oxfordshire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Oxfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Oxfordshire">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_County_Council_elections" title="Oxfordshire County Council elections">County Council elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of places in Oxfordshire">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Oxfordshire">Sites of Special Scientific Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of schools in Oxfordshire">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Oxfordshire" title="Category:Country houses in Oxfordshire">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Oxfordshire" title="Grade I listed buildings in Oxfordshire">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oxfordshire" title="History of Oxfordshire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Oxfordshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Oxfordshire">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Oxfordshire" title="High Sheriff of Oxfordshire">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of museums in Oxfordshire">Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251903#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata915" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251903#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata915" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251903#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158311764">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdx9Y6ydm9GdvtH8vgMyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4466507-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83048602">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007536656905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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