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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Portulan</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Langue</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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<div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Homonymie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portolan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Portolan">Portolan</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p>Un <b>portulan</b>, ou <b>carte-portulan</b>, (de l'italien <i>portolano</i>, livre d’instructions nautiques), aussi appelé « carte à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhumb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhumb">rhumbs</a> », est une sorte de carte de navigation, utilisée du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, servant essentiellement à repérer les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Port_(marine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Port (marine)">ports</a> et connaître les dangers qui peuvent les entourer : courants, hauts-fonds... Les portulans se distinguent par deux caractères graphiques spécifiques : les lignes de vents ou de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhumb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhumb">rhumb</a> qui colorent et quadrillent les surfaces marines, l'alignement perpendiculaire au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait_de_c%C3%B4te?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trait de côte">trait de côte</a> des noms de lieux (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Havre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Havre">havres</a> et ports colorés différemment selon leur importance). Des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rose_des_vents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rose des vents">roses des vents</a> permettent en outre de repérer la route et de déterminer le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cap_(navigation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cap (navigation)">cap</a> à suivre.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png/220px-Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png/330px-Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png/440px-Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="860"></a> <figcaption> Un portulan de 1541. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Carte_Portulan_du_Maghreb.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Carte_Portulan_du_Maghreb.jpg/220px-Carte_Portulan_du_Maghreb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Carte_Portulan_du_Maghreb.jpg/330px-Carte_Portulan_du_Maghreb.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Carte_Portulan_du_Maghreb.jpg/440px-Carte_Portulan_du_Maghreb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1351"></a> <figcaption> Carte-portulan anonyme originaire du Maghreb, fabriqué en papier au début du <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle ; il s'agit de l'un des plus vieux portulans découverts. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Au premier abord, ces cartes peuvent paraître incompréhensibles aux non-initiés car le portulan est réalisé comme une toile d’araignée (entrelacs de lignes vertes et rouges). Elle se construit de seize <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhumb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhumb">lignes de rhumb</a>, de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rose_des_vents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rose des vents">roses des vents</a>, de seize <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Point_nodal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Point nodal">points nodaux</a> et de seize aires de vents de 22°30. Cela forme des parallélogrammes, des carrés et des rectangles. Ces tracés forment ce qu'on appelle alors un marteloire (de l'italien, <i>mar :</i> la mer et <i>teloio</i> : la toile).</p> <p>Peut-on voir dans cette construction des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9ridien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méridien">méridiens</a> et des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parall%C3%A8les?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parallèles">parallèles</a> ? Cela semble peu probable car les marins italiens de la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle et du <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle n’ont pas encore connaissance d’un quelconque <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_de_coordonn%C3%A9es_(cartographie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système de coordonnées (cartographie)">système de coordonnées</a>, système qui ne sera redécouvert qu’avec la récupération de la <i>Géographie</i> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude Ptolémée">Ptolémée</a>. C'est cette absence qui fait le charme et l'originalité de ces cartes, construites sans <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection cartographique">système de projection</a>, pourtant supposé nécessaire pour tout passage d'une surface sphérique (la Terre) à sa représentation plane.</p> <p>À l'époque, il existait deux types de portulans, le premier, peut-être plus grossièrement dessiné, dépourvu de décoration et de fioriture, sert aux marins pour se repérer et naviguer en sécurité en mer Méditerranée. Le deuxième type, plus connu aujourd'hui car de nombreux exemplaires en sont encore conservés (notamment à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a>) est un objet d'art, richement décoré, prisé des collectionneurs et des cours royales. Ces portulans sont en effet le symbole d'une connaissance approfondie des mers et du pouvoir commercial et naval d'un royaume ou autre pouvoir de l'époque. D'ailleurs, à l'époque des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grandes_d%C3%A9couvertes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grandes découvertes">Grandes découvertes</a>, ils sont considérés par les royaumes du Portugal et d'Espagne comme des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secret_d%27%C3%89tat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secret d'État">secrets d'État</a>, notamment à partir du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Tordesillas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de Tordesillas">traité de Tordesillas</a> établi en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1494?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1494">1494</a>. Ils disparaissent au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, qui voit le développement d'innovations techniques, notamment l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chronom%C3%A8tre_de_marine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chronomètre de marine">horloge de marine</a>, permettant l'élaboration de cartes plus détaillées et surtout plus précises.</p> <p>L'établissement de ces cartes nautiques est basé sur le mode de navigation par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cabotage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cabotage">cabotage</a> : le bateau se déplace à cette époque à proximité des côtes, ce qui permet d'effectuer une série de mesures visuelles, en fonction du cap, et de les annoter (pour les navigateurs suivants). Un portulan est fondé sur des observations et des relevés faits avec des outils assez élémentaires : la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boussole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boussole">boussole</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sextant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sextant">sextant</a> et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alidade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alidade">alidade</a>. C'est d'ailleurs l'invention de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boussole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boussole">boussole</a> qui place désormais le nord en haut des cartes, les cartes théologiques du Moyen Âge plaçant généralement l'orient en haut de la carte (lieu probable du paradis terrestre). Il s'agit évidemment du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%B4le_Nord_magn%C3%A9tique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pôle Nord magnétique">nord magnétique</a> et non pas du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nord">nord géographique</a>.</p> <p>Les premiers portulans sont remarquables par leur précision. En effet, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carta_Pisana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carta Pisana">Carte Pisane</a>, considérée comme l'un des premiers portulans, ne déforme la mer Méditerranée que d'un seul degré par rapport à la réalité, soit environ 90 kilomètres. Aujourd'hui encore les chercheurs ignorent l'origine exacte des cartes-portulans, certains hésitent entre un apport de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civilisation_islamique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civilisation islamique">civilisation islamique</a> tandis que d'autres pensent plutôt à une origine européenne<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Histoire"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Histoire</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Inventaire_des_portulans_en_France"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Inventaire des portulans en France</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Portulans_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bres"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Portulans célèbres</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Annexes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Annexes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Portulan&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Carte_Pisane_Portolan.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Carte_Pisane_Portolan.jpg/220px-Carte_Pisane_Portolan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3481" data-file-height="1848"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 117px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Carte_Pisane_Portolan.jpg/220px-Carte_Pisane_Portolan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="117" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Carte_Pisane_Portolan.jpg/330px-Carte_Pisane_Portolan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Carte_Pisane_Portolan.jpg/440px-Carte_Pisane_Portolan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carta_Pisana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carta Pisana">Carta Pisana</a></i>, le premier portulan, créé en 1290.. </figcaption> </figure> <p>La plus ancienne carte nautique dite « portulan » daterait de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1290?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1290">1290</a> ; il s'agit de la <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carta_Pisana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carta Pisana">Carta Pisana</a></i> tracée peut-être à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%AAnes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gênes">Gênes</a>, conservée au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_des_cartes_et_plans_de_la_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Département des cartes et plans de la Bibliothèque nationale de France">Département des cartes et plans de la Bibliothèque nationale de France</a> : elle apparaît en Méditerranée à l'époque des croisades, caractérisée par des échanges intenses entre l'Orient et l'Occident<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En effet, les marins italiens, notamment <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%AAnes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gênes">génois</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pise">pisans</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venise">vénitiens</a> commercent à travers toute la Méditerranée et ressentent rapidement le besoin d'une carte pour se diriger facilement d'un port à un autre. Ils ne peuvent utiliser les cartes théologiques, appelées <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carte_en_T?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carte en T">cartes en T</a>, pensées par l'Eglise catholique de cette époque. Ces dernières, loin d'être des représentations exactes du monde, ne peuvent convenir à la navigation. C'est ce besoin d'une cartographie empirique et réaliste qui entraîne la création du portulan. Vient en second un portulan de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1296?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1296">1296</a> dans une charte <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naples">napolitaine</a>. Le cartographe <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angelino_Dulcert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angelino Dulcert">Angelino Dulcert</a>, de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_majorquine_de_cartographie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="École majorquine de cartographie">école majorquine de cartographie</a>, fort réputée à cette époque<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, en a réalisé un en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1339?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1339">1339</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les marins, grâce à de savants calculs et aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhumb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhumb">lignes de rhumbs</a> qui coupent les portulans, peuvent donner un cap à suivre à leur navire. Toutefois, ces cartes sont dépourvues de graticule (réseau de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parall%C3%A8les?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parallèles">parallèles</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9ridien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méridien">méridiens</a>) et ne permettent donc pas au navigateur qui la possède de connaître sa position précise. Au début du <abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, un événement majeur va faire évoluer la conception de ces cartes : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Chrysoloras?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manuel Chrysoloras">Manuel Chrysoloras</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florence">Florence</a> traduit un manuscrit et l’offre au pape <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandre_VI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandre VI">Alexandre VI</a> : c’est la redécouverte de la <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_(Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géographie (Ptolémée)">Géographie</a></i> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude Ptolémée">Ptolémée</a>. Cet ouvrage deviendra même, avec la <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">Bible</a>,</i> l’un des premiers livres imprimés. En 1535, il est traduit en français. Ce traité de géographie antique stimule la recherche et l’envie de posséder une cartographie aussi précise que possible.</p> <p>Toutefois, le paradoxe de cette redécouverte, c’est qu’elle est à la fois un stimulant et un frein à cette recherche cartographique. Par exemple, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fra_Mauro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fra Mauro">Fra Mauro</a>, moine de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venise">Venise</a>, dont la mappemonde peut encore s’admirer à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioteca_Marciana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biblioteca Marciana">bibliothèque Marciana</a>, montre les limites de sa confiance dans les calculs et les hypothèses de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude Ptolémée">Ptolémée</a>: « Je ne crois pas tout ce que dit <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude Ptolémée">Ptolémée</a> ». En effet, alors que la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carta_Pisana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carta Pisana">Carte Pisane</a> avait presque parfaitement représenté la mer Méditerranée en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Longitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Longitude">longitude</a>, le retour à une conception ptoléméenne la distord d’un excès de 20°. C’est une régression quant aux calculs des dimensions terrestres. La cartographie ptoléméenne est alors mise à jour, complétée, rectifiée, révisée mais jamais abandonnée car elle apporte un principe essentiel et dont les cartes portulans étaient démunies jusqu’alors : le principe d’un mode de calcul du « point », indispensable à la construction d’une carte. Cette recherche d’une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection cartographique">projection</a> adéquate est un véritable stimulant dans la construction des portulans.</p> <p>En 1511, Bernardus Sylvanus tente de concilier portulan et « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection cartographique">projection</a> ptoléméenne » (basée sur le principe que tout point d'une carte est caractérisé par une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latitude">latitude</a> et une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Longitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Longitude">longitude</a>). Cependant, le portulan ne peut adopter n’importe quelle <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection cartographique">projection</a>, car l’usage nautique fait que le navigateur doit pouvoir tracer sa route sur la carte : il lui faut une carte où la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loxodromie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loxodromie">loxodromie</a> soit une droite. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mercator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gérard Mercator">Gerardus Mercator</a>, scientifique hollandais, en 1569, répond à ces attentes en réalisant un chef-d'œuvre : une carte où il combine le savoir empirique des cartes-portulans, fondées sur le cap et la durée de navigation et la connaissance des scientifiques grecs de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antiquité">Antiquité</a>, à savoir la division de la surface terrestre en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Longitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Longitude">longitude</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latitude">latitude</a>. C'est la naissance de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_de_Mercator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection de Mercator">projection de Mercator</a>, encore utilisée aujourd'hui par les marins du monde entier.</p> <p>Aux conventions purement cartographiques du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> se sont progressivement ajoutées des évocations pittoresques, de la faune, de la flore, des peuples ou des modes d'habitation et de navigation, dues à des artistes (peintres, enlumineurs) qui invitent à la découverte d'un ailleurs et leur confèrent une dimension encyclopédique. Les cartes portulans passent de statut d'outil de navigation à celui d'objet d'art et de connaissance.</p> <p>Cartes manuscrites essentiellement d'apparat<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, elles deviennent imprimées à partir du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> qui voit leur commercialisation, notamment, assurée par les Hollandais<sup id="cite_ref-Expo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Expo-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anvers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anvers">Anvers</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amsterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, haut lieu de l'imprimerie (grâce à des hommes tels que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christophe_Plantin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christophe Plantin">Christophe Plantin</a>) et du commerce maritime.</p> <p>Les cartes portulans disparaîtront progressivement au cours des <abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> et <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècles.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Inventaire_des_portulans_en_France">Inventaire des portulans en France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Portulan&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Inventaire des portulans en France" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Un programme national de recherches inauguré en <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-01" data-sort-value="2010-01">janvier 2010</time> a pour but de localiser, d'identifier, de signaler et de numériser la centaine de portulans conservés dans les bibliothèques, archives et musées français.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Portulans_célèbres"><span id="Portulans_c.C3.A9l.C3.A8bres"></span>Portulans célèbres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Portulan&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Portulans célèbres" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carte_d%27Avignon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carte d'Avignon">Carte d'Avignon</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archives_d%C3%A9partementales_de_Vaucluse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archives départementales de Vaucluse">Archives départementales du Vaucluse</a>) ;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carta_Pisana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carta Pisana">Carta Pisana</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle (France, Bibliothèque nationale) ;</li> <li>Portulan d'Angélino Dulcert, 1339 (France, Bibliothèque nationale) ;</li> <li>Portulan de Pascal Roiz, 1632 (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Dinan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musée de Dinan">musée de Dinan</a>) ;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan_m%C3%A9dic%C3%A9en?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portulan médicéen">Portulan médicéen</a>, 1351 (Florence, bibliothèque Laurentienne) ;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atlas_de_Pinelli%E2%80%93Walckenaer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atlas de Pinelli–Walckenaer">Atlas de Pinelli–Walckenaer</a>, fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle (Londres, British Library) ;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atlas_Corbitis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atlas Corbitis">Atlas Corbitis</a>, fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle (Venise, Bibliotheca Marciana) ;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planisph%C3%A8re_de_King-Hamy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planisphère de King-Hamy">Planisphère de King-Hamy</a>, 1502 (San Marino, bibliothèque Huntington) ;</li> <li>Portulan de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pietro_Coppo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pietro Coppo">Pietro Coppo</a>, 1528, (France, Bibliothèque nationale).</li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Europe_Mediterranean_Catalan_Atlas.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlas catalan (1375)"> <noscript> <img alt="Atlas catalan (1375)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Europe_Mediterranean_Catalan_Atlas.jpeg/120px-Europe_Mediterranean_Catalan_Atlas.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="696"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 82px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Europe_Mediterranean_Catalan_Atlas.jpeg/120px-Europe_Mediterranean_Catalan_Atlas.jpeg" data-alt="Atlas catalan (1375)" data-width="120" data-height="82" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Europe_Mediterranean_Catalan_Atlas.jpeg/180px-Europe_Mediterranean_Catalan_Atlas.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Europe_Mediterranean_Catalan_Atlas.jpeg/240px-Europe_Mediterranean_Catalan_Atlas.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atlas_catalan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atlas catalan">Atlas catalan</a> (1375) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:039_Portulan_de_Guillaume_Brouscon_1548.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Portulan de Guillaume Brouscon (1548)"> <noscript> <img alt="Portulan de Guillaume Brouscon (1548)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/039_Portulan_de_Guillaume_Brouscon_1548.JPG/120px-039_Portulan_de_Guillaume_Brouscon_1548.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/039_Portulan_de_Guillaume_Brouscon_1548.JPG/120px-039_Portulan_de_Guillaume_Brouscon_1548.JPG" data-alt="Portulan de Guillaume Brouscon (1548)" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/039_Portulan_de_Guillaume_Brouscon_1548.JPG/180px-039_Portulan_de_Guillaume_Brouscon_1548.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/039_Portulan_de_Guillaume_Brouscon_1548.JPG/240px-039_Portulan_de_Guillaume_Brouscon_1548.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Portulan de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guillaume_Brouscon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guillaume Brouscon">Guillaume Brouscon</a> (1548) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:038_Portulan_de_Jean_Gu%C3%A9dard_1627.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Portulan de Jean Guérard (1627)"> <noscript> <img alt="Portulan de Jean Guérard (1627)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/038_Portulan_de_Jean_Gu%C3%A9dard_1627.JPG/82px-038_Portulan_de_Jean_Gu%C3%A9dard_1627.JPG" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2011" data-file-height="2941"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 82px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/038_Portulan_de_Jean_Gu%C3%A9dard_1627.JPG/82px-038_Portulan_de_Jean_Gu%C3%A9dard_1627.JPG" data-alt="Portulan de Jean Guérard (1627)" data-width="82" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/038_Portulan_de_Jean_Gu%C3%A9dard_1627.JPG/123px-038_Portulan_de_Jean_Gu%C3%A9dard_1627.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/038_Portulan_de_Jean_Gu%C3%A9dard_1627.JPG/164px-038_Portulan_de_Jean_Gu%C3%A9dard_1627.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Portulan de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Gu%C3%A9rard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Guérard">Jean Guérard</a> (1627) </div></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Portulan&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nicolai2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roel_Nicolai2016"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Roel <span class="nom_auteur">Nicolai</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The enigma of the origin of Portolan charts : a geodetic analysis of the hypothesis of a medieval origin</cite>, Leiden/Boston, BRILL, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-05-19" data-sort-value="2016-05-19">19 mai 2016</time>, 544 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-90-04-28512-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-90-04-28512-5"><span class="nowrap">978-90-04-28512-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DWA_0DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA415%26dq%3Dislamic%2Bportolan">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+enigma+of+the+origin+of+Portolan+charts&rft.place=Leiden%2FBoston&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.stitle=a+geodetic+analysis+of+the+hypothesis+of+a+medieval+origin&rft.aulast=Nicolai&rft.aufirst=Roel&rft.date=2016-05-19&rft.tpages=544&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28512-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APortulan"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3DoVfO16Cwq4U">Doctorat Roel Nicolai</a>. Youtube, 25 feb. 2015</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Mireille Pastoureau, <i>Voies océanes</i>, Paris, 1990, p. 13</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Houssaye_Michienzi2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ingrid-_Houssaye_Michienzi2013">Ingrid- Houssaye Michienzi, <cite class="italique">Datini, Majorque et le Maghreb (14e-15e siècles) : réseaux, espaces Méditerranéens et stratégies marchandes</cite>, Leiden/Boston, Brill, <time>2013</time>, 724 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-90-04-24543-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-90-04-24543-3"><span class="nowrap">978-90-04-24543-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DqiIJyoDYWfoC%26pg%3DPA406%26q%3Dcartographie%2Bcresques%2Bmajorque">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 406<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Datini%2C+Majorque+et+le+Maghreb+%2814e-15e+si%C3%A8cles%29&rft.place=Leiden%2FBoston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.stitle=r%C3%A9seaux%2C+espaces+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9ens+et+strat%C3%A9gies+marchandes&rft.au=Ingrid-+Houssaye+Michienzi&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=406&rft.tpages=724&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24543-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APortulan"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monique_de_La_Ronci%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monique de La Roncière">Monique de La Roncière</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Mollat_du_Jourdin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Mollat du Jourdin">Michel Mollat du Jourdin</a>, <i>Les portulans</i>, Paris, 1984</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Les cartes embarquées en mer sont beaucoup plus frustes et très abîmées.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Expo-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Expo_7-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Exposition « L’âge d’or des cartes marines - Quand l’Europe découvrait le monde » à la BNF, 23 octobre 2012 au 27 janvier 2013</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Annexes">Annexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Portulan&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Annexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Portolan_charts?uselang%3Dfr">Portulan</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/portulan" class="extiw" title="wikt:portulan">portulan</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Portulan&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Fairytale_warning.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/26px-Fairytale_warning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/34px-Fairytale_warning.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell"> Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:EditPage/Portulan">Votre aide</a> est la bienvenue ! <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">Comment faire ?</a> </div> </div> <ul> <li>F. Tisserand, H. Andoyer, <i>Leçons de Cosmographie,</i> Armand Colin, 1907</li> <li>Chris Schüller, <i>La mer et les étoiles, la cartographie maritime et céleste de l'Antiquité à nos jours,</i> Place des Victoires, 2012</li> <li>Chris Schüller, <i>Dessiner le Monde, atlas de la cartographie du <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle à 1914,</i> Place des Victoires, 2010</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Chauvin1980"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rémy_Chauvin1980"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Chauvin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rémy Chauvin">Rémy Chauvin</a>, <cite class="italique">Les secrets des portulans ou les cartes de l'inconnu</cite>, Paris, France Empire, <time>1980</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+secrets+des+portulans+ou+les+cartes+de+l%27inconnu&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=France+Empire&rft.aulast=Chauvin&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9my&rft.date=1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APortulan"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="de_La_Roncière1984"><span class="ouvrage" id="Monique_de_La_Roncière1984"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monique_de_La_Ronci%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monique de La Roncière">Monique de La Roncière</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Mollat_du_Jourdin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Mollat du Jourdin">Michel Mollat du Jourdin</a>, <cite class="italique">Les Portulans : Cartes marines du XIIIe au XVIIe siècle</cite>, Nathan, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1984-01-01" data-sort-value="1984-01-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier 1984</time>, 295 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2092905388?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2092905388"><span class="nowrap">978-2092905388</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Portulans+%3A+Cartes+marines+du+XIIIe+au+XVIIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=Nathan&rft.au=Monique+de+La+Ronci%C3%A8re&rft.date=1984-01-01&rft.tpages=295&rft.isbn=978-2092905388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APortulan"></span></span></span></li> <li>Jacques Mille, Paul Fermon, « Une carte portulan récemment découverte. Peut-être une des plus anciennes conservées ? La carte d’Avignon », dans <i>The Brussels Map Circle</i>, 2017 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bimcc.org/history-of-cartography/avignon-chart">(<i>lire en ligne</i>)</a></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="HofmannRichardVagnon2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Catherine_HofmannHélène_RichardEmmanuelle_Vagnon2012">Catherine Hofmann, Hélène Richard et Emmanuelle Vagnon, <cite class="italique">L'Âge d'or des cartes marines. Quand l'Europe découvrait le monde</cite>, Paris, Coédition Bibliothèque nationale de France / Seuil, <time>2012</time>, 256 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-02-108443-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-02-108443-6"><span class="nowrap">978-2-02-108443-6</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%82ge+d%27or+des+cartes+marines.+Quand+l%27Europe+d%C3%A9couvrait+le+monde&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Co%C3%A9dition+Biblioth%C3%A8que+nationale+de+France+%2F+Seuil&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne+Richard&rft.au=Emmanuelle+Vagnon&rft.date=2012&rft.tpages=256&rft.isbn=978-2-02-108443-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APortulan"></span></span></span></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Portulan&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carte_g%C3%A9ographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carte géographique">carte géographique</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carte_marine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carte marine">carte marine</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhumb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhumb">rhumb</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Routier_(instructions_nautiques)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Routier (instructions nautiques)">Routier (instructions nautiques)</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9ticule_des_vents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réticule des vents">réticule des vents</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mar%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marée">marée</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johannes_Kepler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galil%C3%A9e_(savant)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galilée (savant)">Galilée</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isaac_Newton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=La_Cartograf%C3%ADa_Mallorquina&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="La Cartografía Mallorquina (page inexistante)">La Cartografía Mallorquina</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cartograf%25C3%25ADa_Mallorquina" class="extiw" title="en:La Cartografía Mallorquina"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « La Cartografía Mallorquina »">(en)</span></a></i></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Portulan&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sbpm.be/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Mercator.pdf">http://www.sbpm.be/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Mercator.pdf</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://expositions.bnf.fr/ciel/catalan/">Les portulans</a> - exposition virtuelle (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://classes.bnf.fr/dossisup/grands/ec101a.htm">Francesco Oliva, carte-portulan</a> de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Méditerranée">Méditerranée</a>, Messine, 1603 (BNF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://median.hypotheses.org/23">Cartes marines anciennes de l'Océan Indien</a></li> </ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Maritime?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du monde maritime"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Circle-icons-anchor.svg/24px-Circle-icons-anchor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Circle-icons-anchor.svg/24px-Circle-icons-anchor.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Circle-icons-anchor.svg/36px-Circle-icons-anchor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Circle-icons-anchor.svg/48px-Circle-icons-anchor.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Maritime?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Maritime">Portail du monde maritime</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Cartographie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la cartographie"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Circle-icons-map.svg/24px-Circle-icons-map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Circle-icons-map.svg/24px-Circle-icons-map.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Circle-icons-map.svg/36px-Circle-icons-map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Circle-icons-map.svg/48px-Circle-icons-map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Cartographie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Cartographie">Portail de la cartographie</a></span> </span></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DPortulan%26oldid%3D216346551">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portulan&oldid=216346551</a> ». </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Portulan&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="WikiCleanerBot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1719603177"> <span>Dernière modification le 28 juin 2024, à 20:32</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA_%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="مخططات بورتولان – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخططات بورتولان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="Портолан – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Портолан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta_portolana" title="Carta portolana – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carta portolana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portol%25C3%25A1nov%25C3%25A1_mapa" title="Portolánová mapa – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portolánová mapa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolan" title="Portolan – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Portolan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolan" title="Portolan – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portolan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259B%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B5%25CE%25BD%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B4%25CE%25B5%25CE%25AF%25CE%25BA%25CF%2584%25CE%25B7%25CF%2582" title="Λιμενοδείκτης – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιμενοδείκτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Portolan chart" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulano" title="Portulano – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portulano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulano" title="Portulano – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Portulano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolano" title="Portolano – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Portolano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%25A8%25D7%2598%25D7%2595%25D7%259C%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2595" title="פורטולאנו – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורטולאנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portol%25C3%25A1nt%25C3%25A9rk%25C3%25A9p" title="Portolántérkép – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portolántérkép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258A%25D5%25B8%25D6%2580%25D5%25BF%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25AC%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Պորտուլաններ – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պորտուլաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolanokort" title="Portolanokort – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Portolanokort" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolano" title="Portolano – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Portolano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25BE%2585%25E9%2587%259D%25E5%2584%2580%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E5%259B%25B3" title="羅針儀海図 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="羅針儀海図" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Портоландар – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Портоландар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%258F%25AC%25EB%25A5%25B4%25ED%2586%25A8%25EB%259D%25BC%25EB%2585%25B8" title="포르톨라노 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포르톨라노" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolani" title="Portolani – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Portolani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulanas" title="Portulanas – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Portulanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolaan" title="Portolaan – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portolaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulan" title="Portulan – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Portulan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolan" title="Portolan – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Portolan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulano" title="Portulano – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Portulano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulan" title="Portulan – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Portulan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="Портулан – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Портулан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portol%25C3%25A1n" title="Portolán – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portolán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolanski_zemljevid" title="Portolanski zemljevid – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Portolanski zemljevid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="Портолан – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Портолан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolan" title="Portolan – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Portolan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%259C%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B7%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599" title="แผนที่เดินเรือพอร์โทลาน – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แผนที่เดินเรือพอร์โทลาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolan_haritas%25C4%25B1" title="Portolan haritası – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Portolan haritası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="Портолан – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Портолан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto%25C5%2582an" title="Portołan – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Portołan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B3%25A2%25E7%2589%25B9%25E8%2598%25AD%25E5%259E%258B%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E5%259C%2596" title="波特蘭型海圖 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波特蘭型海圖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 28 juin 2024 à 20:32.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous licence <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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