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</div> </div> <div class="site-inner site-inner-main-content"> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <article id="post-80" class="post-80 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title">Read the Declaration</h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <h2></h2> <h2 class="mb-3">Budapest Open Access Initiative</h2> <hr /> <p class="has-drop-cap">An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make possible an unprecedented public good. The old tradition is the willingness of scientists and scholars to publish the fruits of their research in scholarly journals without payment, for the sake of inquiry and knowledge. The new technology is the internet. The public good they make possible is the world-wide electronic distribution of the peer-reviewed journal literature and completely free and unrestricted access to it by all scientists, scholars, teachers, students, and other curious minds. Removing access barriers to this literature will accelerate research, enrich education, share the learning of the rich with the poor and the poor with the rich, make this literature as useful as it can be, and lay the foundation for uniting humanity in a common intellectual conversation and quest for knowledge.</p> <p>For various reasons, this kind of free and unrestricted online availability, which we will call <strong>open access</strong>, has so far been limited to small portions of the journal literature. But even in these limited collections, many different initiatives have shown that open access is economically feasible, that it gives readers extraordinary power to find and make use of relevant literature, and that it gives authors and their works vast and measurable new visibility, readership, and impact. To secure these benefits for all, we call on all interested institutions and individuals to help open up access to the rest of this literature and remove the barriers, especially the price barriers, that stand in the way. The more who join the effort to advance this cause, the sooner we will all enjoy the benefits of open access.</p> <p>The literature that should be freely accessible online is that which scholars give to the world without expectation of payment. Primarily, this category encompasses their peer-reviewed journal articles, but it also includes any unreviewed preprints that they might wish to put online for comment or to alert colleagues to important research findings. There are many degrees and kinds of wider and easier access to this literature. By “open access” to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited.</p> <p>While聽 the peer-reviewed journal literature should be accessible online without cost to readers, it is not costless to produce. However, experiments show that the overall costs of providing open access to this literature are far lower than the costs of traditional forms of dissemination. With such an opportunity to save money and expand the scope of dissemination at the same time, there is today a strong incentive for professional associations, universities, libraries, foundations, and others to embrace open access as a means of advancing their missions. Achieving open access will require new cost recovery models and financing mechanisms, but the significantly lower overall cost of dissemination is a reason to be confident that the goal is attainable and not merely preferable or utopian.</p> <p>To achieve open access to scholarly journal literature, we recommend two complementary strategies.</p> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><strong>I.</strong>聽 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-archiving#:~:text=Self%2Darchiving%20is%20the%20act,provide%20open%20access%20to%20it">Self-Archiving</a>: First, scholars need the tools and assistance to deposit their refereed journal articles in open electronic archives, a practice commonly called, self-archiving<strong>.</strong> When these archives conform to standards created by the <a href="https://www.openarchives.org/">Open Archives Initiative</a>, then search engines and other tools can treat the separate archives as one. Users then need not know which archives exist or where they are located in order to find and make use of their contents.</li> <li><strong>II.</strong> <a href="http://www.doaj.org/">Open-access Journals</a>: Second, scholars need the means to launch a new generation of journals committed to open access, and to help existing journals that elect to make the transition to open access. Because journal articles should be disseminated as widely as possible, these new journals will no longer invoke copyright to restrict access to and use of the material they publish. Instead they will use copyright and other tools to ensure permanent open access to all the articles they publish. Because price is a barrier to access, these new journals will not charge subscription or access fees, and will turn to other methods for covering their expenses. There are many alternative sources of funds for this purpose, including the foundations and governments that fund research, the universities and laboratories that employ researchers, endowments set up by discipline or institution, friends of the cause of open access, profits from the sale of add-ons to the basic texts, funds freed up by the demise or cancellation of journals charging traditional subscription or access fees, or even contributions from the researchers themselves. There is no need to favor one of these solutions over the others for all disciplines or nations, and no need to stop looking for other, creative alternatives.</li> </ul> <p>Open access to peer-reviewed journal literature is the goal. <strong>Self-archiving (I.)</strong> and a new generation of <strong>open-access journals (II.) </strong>are the ways to attain this goal. They are not only direct and effective means to this end, they are within the reach of scholars themselves, immediately, and need not wait on changes brought about by markets or legislation. While we endorse the two strategies just outlined, we also encourage experimentation with further ways to make the transition from the present methods of dissemination to open access. Flexibility, experimentation, and adaptation to local circumstances are the best ways to assure that progress in diverse settings will be rapid, secure, and long-lived.</p> <p>The <a href="https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/">Open Society Institute</a>, the foundation network founded by philanthropist George Soros, is committed to providing initial help and funding to realize this goal. It will use its resources and influence to extend and promote institutional self-archiving, to launch new open-access journals, and to help an open-access journal system become economically self-sustaining. While the Open Society Institute’s commitment and resources are substantial, this initiative is very much in need of other organizations to lend their effort and resources.</p> <p>We invite governments, universities, libraries, journal editors, publishers, foundations, learned societies, professional associations, and individual scholars who share our vision to join us in the task of removing the barriers to open access and building a future in which research and education in every part of the world are that much more free to flourish.</p> <p>February 14, 2002<br /> Budapest, Hungary</p> <p><strong>Leslie聽Chan</strong>:<em>聽Bioline International</em><strong><br /> Darius聽Cuplinskas</strong>:<em>聽Director, Information Program,聽Open Society Institute</em><strong><br /> Michael聽Eisen</strong>:<em>聽Public Library of Science</em><strong><br /> Fred聽Friend</strong>:聽Director Scholarly Communication,聽University College London<strong><br /> Yana聽Genova</strong>:聽Next Page Foundation<br /> <strong>Jean-Claude聽Gu茅don</strong>:聽University of Montreal<strong><br /> Melissa聽Hagemann</strong>:聽Program Officer, Information Program,聽Open Society Institute<br /> <strong>Stevan聽Harnad</strong>:聽Professor of Cognitive Science,聽University of Southampton, Universite du Quebec a Montreal<strong><br /> Rick聽Johnson</strong>:聽Director,聽Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC)<br /> <strong>Rima聽Kupryte</strong>:聽Open Society Institute<strong><br /> Manfredi聽La Manna</strong>:聽Electronic Society for Social Scientists<br /> <strong>Istv谩n聽R茅v</strong>:聽Open Society Institute, Open Society Archives<br /> <strong>Monika聽Segbert</strong>:聽eIFL Project consultant <strong><br /> Sidnei de聽Souza</strong>:聽Informatics Director at CRIA,聽Bioline International<strong><br /> Peter聽Suber</strong>:聽Professor of Philosophy,聽Earlham College & The Free Online Scholarship Newsletter<strong><br /> Jan聽Velterop</strong>:<em>聽Publisher,聽BioMed Central</em></p> <p> <h6 class="mb-2">Sign the Declaration</h6> <hr class="hr-thick my-2" /> <div class="bootstrapped"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="card-deck signature-count"> <div class="card mb-4 card-cpt10"> <div class="card-header"> <h4 class="my-0 font-weight-normal">Individuals</h4> </div> <div class="card-body"> <h3 class="signature-count-display my-0"> 7492 </h3> <p class="card-text text-muted text-uppercase mt-0 mb-4">Signatures</p> <p class="card-text">For an individual, signing indicates a commitment to open access for one's own research (by self-archiving what one publishes in toll-based journals and/or by publishing in open-access-journals).</p> <p class="mb-0"><a class="btn btn-primary" href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/sign/individual/">Sign as Individual</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="card mb-4 card-cpt10"> <div class="card-header"> <h4 class="my-0 font-weight-normal">Organizations</h4> </div> <div class="card-body"> <h3 class="signature-count-display my-0"> 1878 </h3> <p class="card-text text-muted text-uppercase mt-0 mb-4">Signatures</p> <p class="card-text">For an institution, signing means a commitment to open access by supporting institutional self-archiving and/or open-access-journals. Open Access journals are encouraged to sign the BOAI, but the BOAI is separate from the <a href="https://www.doaj.org/">Directory of Open Access Journals</a>.</p> <p class="mb-0"><a class="btn btn-primary" href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/sign/organization/">Sign as Organization</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> </article> </main> </div> <aside id="secondary" class="sidebar widget-area"> <section id="text-6" class="widget widget_text"><h2 class="widget-title">About the Declaration</h2> <div class="textwidget"><p>The BOAI is a statement of principle, a statement of strategy, and a statement of commitment. The initiative was signed by the Budapest participants and thousands of individuals and organizations from around the world who represent researchers, universities, laboratories, libraries, foundations, journals, publishers, learned societies, and kindred open-access initiatives.</p> <p><a class="btn-primary mb-3" href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/sign/">Sign Declaration</a> <a class="btn-primary mb-3" href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/faq/">FAQ</a></p> </div> </section><section id="nav_menu-2" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><h2 class="widget-title">Translations</h2><div class="menu-boai-translations-container"><ul id="menu-boai-translations" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-581" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-80 current_page_item menu-item-581"><a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read/" aria-current="page">English</a></li> <li id="menu-item-376" class="menu-item 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