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Batman (1989 film) - Wikipedia

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id="toc-Cast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Box_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Box_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Box office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Box_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Critical response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comic_book_continuations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comic_book_continuations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Comic book continuations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comic_book_continuations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_sequel_novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_sequel_novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Direct sequel novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_sequel_novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Home media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Batman</i> (1989 film)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_1989)" title="باتمان (فيلم 1989) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باتمان (فيلم 1989)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betmen_(film,_1989)" title="Betmen (film, 1989) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Betmen (film, 1989)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%86_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%D8%8C_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B8%DB%B9)" title="بتمن (فیلم، ۱۹۸۹) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بتمن (فیلم، ۱۹۸۹)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC,_1989)" title="Батман (филм, 1989) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Батман (филм, 1989)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(pel%C2%B7l%C3%ADcula_de_1989)" title="Batman (pel·lícula de 1989) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batman (pel·lícula de 1989)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(film,_1989)" title="Batman (film, 1989) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Batman (film, 1989)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(ffilm_1989)" title="Batman (ffilm 1989) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Batman (ffilm 1989)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(film)" title="Batman (film) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Batman (film)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(Film)" title="Batman (Film) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Batman (Film)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(film_1989)" title="Batman (film 1989) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Batman (film 1989)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD_(%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1,_1989)" title="Μπάτμαν (ταινία, 1989) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπάτμαν (ταινία, 1989)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(film_1989)" title="Batman (film 1989) – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Batman (film 1989)" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(pel%C3%ADcula_de_1989)" title="Batman (película de 1989) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batman (película de 1989)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(filmo)" title="Batman (filmo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batman (filmo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(1989ko_filma)" title="Batman (1989ko filma) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Batman (1989ko filma)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%86_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B8%DB%B9)" title="بتمن (فیلم ۱۹۸۹) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بتمن (فیلم ۱۹۸۹)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(film,_1989)" title="Batman (film, 1989) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Batman (film, 1989)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(filme_de_1989)" title="Batman (filme de 1989) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batman (filme de 1989)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%ED%8A%B8%EB%A7%A8_(1989%EB%85%84_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94)" title="배트맨 (1989년 영화) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="배트맨 (1989년 영화)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6_(%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B4,_1989)" title="Բեթմեն (ֆիլմ, 1989) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեթմեն (ֆիլմ, 1989)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_(1989_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)" title="बैटमैन (1989 फ़िल्म) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बैटमैन (1989 फ़िल्म)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(1989.)" title="Batman (1989.) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Batman (1989.)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(film_1989)" title="Batman (film 1989) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batman (film 1989)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(film_1989)" title="Batman (film 1989) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Batman (film 1989)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%9F_(%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98,_1989)" title="באטמן (סרט, 1989) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באטמן (סרט, 1989)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(1989_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98)" title="ბეტმენი (1989 წლის ფილმი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეტმენი (1989 წლის ფილმი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(pellicula_anni_1989)" title="Batman (pellicula anni 1989) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Batman (pellicula anni 1989)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betmens_(1989._gada_filma)" title="Betmens (1989. gada filma) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Betmens (1989. gada filma)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(film,_1989)" title="Batman (film, 1989) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Batman (film, 1989)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B4_1989)" title="Бетмен (филм од 1989) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бетмен (филм од 1989)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(1989_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98)" title="ბეტმენი (1989 წანაშ ფილმი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბეტმენი (1989 წანაშ ფილმი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_1989)" title="باتمان (فيلم 1989) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باتمان (فيلم 1989)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(1989)" title="Batman (1989) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Batman (1989)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3_(%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB)" title="バットマン (映画) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バットマン (映画)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(1989)" title="Batman (1989) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Batman (1989)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(film,_1989)" title="Batman (film, 1989) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Batman (film, 1989)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(film_1989)" title="Batman (film 1989) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Batman (film 1989)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(1989)" title="Batman (1989) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batman (1989)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(film_din_1989)" title="Batman (film din 1989) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Batman (film din 1989)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC,_1989)" title="Бэтмен (фильм, 1989) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бэтмен (фильм, 1989)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(1989_movie)" title="Batman (1989 movie) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Batman (1989 movie)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(film_z_roku_1989)" title="Batman (film z roku 1989) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Batman (film z roku 1989)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%A1%D9%A9%D9%A8%D9%A9)" title="باتمان (فیلم ١٩٨٩) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باتمان (فیلم ١٩٨٩)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%B7_1989)" title="Бетмен (филм из 1989) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бетмен (филм из 1989)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(film,_1989)" title="Batman (film, 1989) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Batman (film, 1989)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(vuoden_1989_elokuva)" title="Batman (vuoden 1989 elokuva) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Batman (vuoden 1989 elokuva)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(film,_1989)" title="Batman (film, 1989) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Batman (film, 1989)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(pelikula_ng_1989)" title="Batman (pelikula ng 1989) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Batman (pelikula ng 1989)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="பேட் மேன் (திரைப்படம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பேட் மேன் (திரைப்படம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(film,_1989)" title="Batman (film, 1989) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Batman (film, 1989)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC,_1989)" title="Бетмен (фільм, 1989) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бетмен (фільм, 1989)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(phim_1989)" title="Batman (phim 1989) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Batman (phim 1989)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9D%99%E8%9D%A0%E4%BF%A0_(1989%E5%B9%B4%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1)" title="蝙蝠俠 (1989年電影) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蝙蝠俠 (1989年電影)" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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For the DC Comic book series, see <a href="/wiki/Batman_%2789_(comic_book)" title="Batman &#39;89 (comic book)"><i>Batman '89</i> (comic book)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;">Batman</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Batman_(1989)_theatrical_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Batman_%281989%29_theatrical_poster.jpg/250px-Batman_%281989%29_theatrical_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5a/Batman_%281989%29_theatrical_poster.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="389" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Theatrical release poster by Bill Garland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Directed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Screenplay by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Hamm" title="Sam Hamm">Sam Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Skaaren" title="Warren Skaaren">Warren Skaaren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Story by</th><td class="infobox-data">Sam Hamm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Characters <br />by <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a></li> <li><div><a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a><br />by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display: inline"><ul style="display: inline"><li style="display: inline"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kane" title="Bob Kane">Bob Kane</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Finger" title="Bill Finger">Bill Finger</a><sup id="cite_ref-Finger_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finger-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Produced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Peters" title="Jon Peters">Jon Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Guber" title="Peter Guber">Peter Guber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Starring</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Keaton" title="Michael Keaton">Michael Keaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Basinger" title="Kim Basinger">Kim Basinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wuhl" title="Robert Wuhl">Robert Wuhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hingle" title="Pat Hingle">Pat Hingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Dee_Williams" title="Billy Dee Williams">Billy Dee Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gough" title="Michael Gough">Michael Gough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Palance" title="Jack Palance">Jack Palance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Cinematography</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pratt_(cinematographer)" title="Roger Pratt (cinematographer)">Roger Pratt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Edited by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lovejoy" title="Ray Lovejoy">Ray Lovejoy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Music by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Danny_Elfman" title="Danny Elfman">Danny Elfman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Production<br />companies</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="vertical-align: middle;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures" title="Warner Bros. Pictures">Warner Bros.</a><sup id="cite_ref-afi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li><li>Guber-Peters Company<sup id="cite_ref-afi_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/PolyGram_Filmed_Entertainment" title="PolyGram Filmed Entertainment">PolyGram Pictures</a><sup id="cite_ref-afi_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Distributed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Warner Bros.<sup id="cite_ref-afi_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release dates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> <ul><li>June&#160;19,&#160;1989<span style="display: none;">&#160;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989-6-19</span>)</span>&#32;(<a href="/wiki/Westwood,_Los_Angeles" title="Westwood, Los Angeles">Westwood, Los Angeles</a>)</li> <li>June&#160;23,&#160;1989<span style="display: none;">&#160;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989-6-23</span>)</span>&#32;(United States)</li> <li>August&#160;11,&#160;1989<span style="display: none;">&#160;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989-8-11</span>)</span>&#32;(United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Running time</div></th><td class="infobox-data">126 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>United States<sup id="cite_ref-Lumiere_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lumiere-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li><li>United Kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$48&#160;million<sup id="cite_ref-Guber_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guber-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Box office</th><td class="infobox-data">$411.6&#160;million<sup id="cite_ref-BoxOfficeMojo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoxOfficeMojo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Batman</b></i> is a 1989 <a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">superhero film</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a> <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">character of the same name</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kane" title="Bob Kane">Bob Kane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Finger" title="Bill Finger">Bill Finger</a>. Directed by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a>, it is the first installment of <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>' <a href="/wiki/Batman_in_film#Tim_Burton_and_Joel_Schumacher_series_(1989–1997)" title="Batman in film">initial <i>Batman</i> film series</a>. The film was produced by <a href="/wiki/Jon_Peters" title="Jon Peters">Jon Peters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Guber" title="Peter Guber">Peter Guber</a> and stars <a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Keaton" title="Michael Keaton">Michael Keaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Basinger" title="Kim Basinger">Kim Basinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wuhl" title="Robert Wuhl">Robert Wuhl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Hingle" title="Pat Hingle">Pat Hingle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Dee_Williams" title="Billy Dee Williams">Billy Dee Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gough" title="Michael Gough">Michael Gough</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Palance" title="Jack Palance">Jack Palance</a>. The film takes place early in the war on crime of <a href="/wiki/Batman_(1989_film_series_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batman (1989 film series character)">the title character</a> (Keaton) and depicts his conflict with his <a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">archenemy</a> <a href="/wiki/Joker_(Jack_Napier)" title="Joker (Jack Napier)">the Joker</a> (Nicholson). </p><p>After Burton was hired as director in 1986, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Englehart" title="Steve Englehart">Steve Englehart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julie_Hickson" title="Julie Hickson">Julie Hickson</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/Film_treatment" title="Film treatment">film treatments</a> before <a href="/wiki/Sam_Hamm" title="Sam Hamm">Sam Hamm</a> wrote the first screenplay. <i>Batman</i> was not <a href="/wiki/Greenlight" title="Greenlight">greenlit</a> until after the success of Burton's <i><a href="/wiki/Beetlejuice" title="Beetlejuice">Beetlejuice</a></i> (1988). The tone and themes of the film were partly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Moore" title="Alan Moore">Alan Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Bolland" title="Brian Bolland">Brian Bolland</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Killing_Joke" title="Batman: The Killing Joke">The Killing Joke</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Miller" title="Frank Miller">Frank Miller</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Returns" title="The Dark Knight Returns">The Dark Knight Returns</a></i>. The film primarily adapts and then diverges from the "<a href="/wiki/The_Man_Behind_the_Red_Hood!" title="The Man Behind the Red Hood!">Red Hood</a>" <a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">origin story</a> for the Joker, having Batman inadvertently cause <a href="/wiki/Gangster" title="Gangster">gangster</a> Jack Napier to fall into Axis Chemical acid, triggering his transformation into the <a href="/wiki/Psychotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotic">psychotic</a> Joker. Additionally, Batman co-creator <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kane" title="Bob Kane">Bob Kane</a> worked as a consultant for the film. </p><p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/Leading_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading man">leading men</a> were considered for the role of Batman before Keaton was cast. Keaton's casting was controversial since, by 1988, he had become <a href="/wiki/Typecasting_(acting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Typecasting (acting)">typecast</a> as a comedic actor and many observers doubted he could portray a serious role.<sup id="cite_ref-Elfman_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elfman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated top <a href="/wiki/Billing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billing (filmmaking)">billing</a>, a portion of the film's earnings (including associated merchandise), and his own shooting schedule. Filming took place at <a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Studios" title="Pinewood Studios">Pinewood Studios</a> from October 1988 to January 1989. The budget escalated from $30&#160;million to $48&#160;million, while the <a href="/wiki/1988_Writers_Guild_of_America_strike" title="1988 Writers Guild of America strike">1988 Writers Guild of America strike</a> forced Hamm to drop out. <a href="/wiki/Warren_Skaaren" title="Warren Skaaren">Warren Skaaren</a> did rewrites, with additional uncredited drafts done by <a href="/wiki/Charles_McKeown" title="Charles McKeown">Charles McKeown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Gems" title="Jonathan Gems">Jonathan Gems</a>. </p><p><i>Batman</i> was both critically and financially successful, earning over $400&#160;million in box office totals. Critics and audiences particularly praised Nicholson and Keaton's performances, Burton's direction, the production design, and Elfman's score. It was the sixth-highest-grossing film in history at the time of its release. The film received several <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn Award">Saturn Award</a> nominations and a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Globe Award">Golden Globe</a> nomination for Nicholson's performance, and won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Production_Design" title="Academy Award for Best Production Design">Academy Award for Best Art Direction</a>. </p><p>The film was followed by three sequels: <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Returns" title="Batman Returns">Batman Returns</a></i> (1992), with both Burton and Keaton returning; <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Forever" title="Batman Forever">Batman Forever</a></i> (1995), which featured <a href="/wiki/Val_Kilmer" title="Val Kilmer">Val Kilmer</a> in the lead role; and <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_(film)" title="Batman &amp; Robin (film)">Batman &amp; Robin</a></i> (1997), which featured <a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a> in the role. Keaton eventually reprised the role of Batman in the <a href="/wiki/DC_Extended_Universe" title="DC Extended Universe">DC Extended Universe</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flash_(film)" title="The Flash (film)">The Flash</a></i> (2023). The film also led to the development of <i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Animated_Series" title="Batman: The Animated Series">Batman: The Animated Series</a></i> (1992–1995), which in turn began the <a href="/wiki/DC_Animated_Universe" title="DC Animated Universe">DC Animated Universe</a> of spin-off media, and has influenced <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a>'s modern marketing and development techniques of the superhero film genre. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2></div> <p>Reporter Alexander Knox and photojournalist <a href="/wiki/Vicki_Vale" title="Vicki Vale">Vicki Vale</a> investigate sightings of "<a href="/wiki/Batman_(1989_film_series_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batman (1989 film series character)">Batman</a>", a masked vigilante targeting <a href="/wiki/Gotham_City" title="Gotham City">Gotham City</a>'s criminals. Both attend a fundraiser hosted by billionaire Bruce Wayne, who is secretly Batman, having chosen this path after witnessing a mugger murder his parents when he was a child. During the event, Wayne becomes infatuated with Vale. </p><p>Meanwhile, mob boss Carl Grissom sends his sociopathic second-in-command <a href="/wiki/Joker_(Jack_Napier)" title="Joker (Jack Napier)">Jack Napier</a> to raid Axis Chemicals and retrieve incriminating evidence. However, this is secretly a ploy to have Napier murdered for sleeping with Grissom's mistress Alicia Hunt. Corrupt lieutenant Max Eckhardt arranges the hit on Napier by conducting an unauthorized police operation. However, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gordon_(character)" title="Jim Gordon (character)">Commissioner James Gordon</a> arrives, takes command, and orders the officers to capture Napier alive. Batman also appears, while Napier kills Eckhardt as revenge for the double-crossing. During a scuffle with Batman, Napier topples off a catwalk and falls into a vat of chemicals. Although presumed dead, Napier survives with various disfigurements including chalk white skin and emerald-green hair and nails. He undergoes surgery to repair the damage, but ends up with a <a href="/wiki/Risus_sardonicus" title="Risus sardonicus">rictus grin</a>. Driven insane by his new appearance, Napier, now calling himself "the Joker", kills Grissom, massacres Grissom's associates, and takes over his operations. </p><p>He then starts terrorizing Gotham by lacing hygiene products with "Smylex" – a deadly chemical that causes victims to <a href="/wiki/Death_from_laughter" title="Death from laughter">die laughing</a>. Joker soon becomes obsessed with Vicki and lures her to the Flugelheim Museum, which his henchmen <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">start vandalizing</a>. Batman rescues Vicki, takes her to the <a href="/wiki/Batcave" title="Batcave">Batcave</a>, and provides her with all of his research on Smylex, which will allow Gotham's residents to escape the toxin. Conflicted with his love for her, Wayne visits her apartment intending to reveal his secret identity, only for the Joker to interrupt the meeting. Joker asks Wayne, "Have you ever danced with the devil in the pale moonlight?", which Wayne recognizes as the catchphrase used by the mugger who killed his parents, realizing the killer to have been Joker (as Napier) all along. He shoots Wayne, who survives thanks to a serving tray hidden underneath his shirt. </p><p>Vicki is taken to the Batcave by Wayne's butler, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pennyworth" title="Alfred Pennyworth">Alfred Pennyworth</a>, who had been coaxing the relationship between the pair. After Vicki learns his secret, Wayne chooses to battle the Joker for the sake of the city over their relationship. He then departs to destroy the Axis plant used to create Smylex. Meanwhile, Joker lures Gotham's citizens to a parade honoring Gotham's bicentennial with the promise of free money. This turns out to be a trap designed to dose them with Smylex gas held within giant parade balloons. Batman foils his plan by using his <a href="/wiki/Batplane" title="Batplane">Batwing</a> to remove the balloons, but Joker shoots him down. The Batwing crashes in front of a cathedral, which Joker uses to take Vicki hostage. Batman pursues the Joker, and in the ensuing fight, he explains that Napier killed his parents and thus, indirectly created Batman. This leads Joker to realize Batman is Bruce Wayne. Joker eventually pulls Batman and Vicki over the cathedral's roof, leaving them hanging while he calls in a helicopter. The helicopter is piloted by his goons, who throw down a ladder for him to climb. Batman uses a grappling hook to attach Joker's leg to a crumbling <a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">gargoyle</a> that eventually falls off the roof. Unable to bear the statue's immense weight, Joker falls to his death while Batman and Vicki make it to safety. </p><p>Sometime later, Gordon announces that the police have arrested all of Joker's men, effectively dismantled what remained of Carl Grissom's mafia organizations, and unveils the <a href="/wiki/Bat-Signal" title="Bat-Signal">Bat-Signal</a>. Batman leaves the police a note, promising to defend Gotham should crime strike again, and asking them to use the Bat-Signal to summon him in times of need. Alfred takes Vicki to <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Manor" title="Wayne Manor">Wayne Manor</a>, explaining that Wayne will be a little late. She responds that she is not surprised, as Batman looks at the signal's projection from a rooftop, standing watch over the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cast">Cast</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;min-width: min(25em, 100%);"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a> as <a href="/wiki/Joker_(Jack_Napier)" title="Joker (Jack Napier)">Jack Napier / The Joker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Blick" title="Hugo Blick">Hugo E. Blick</a> as young Jack Napier</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Keaton" title="Michael Keaton">Michael Keaton</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Wayne_(1989_film_series_character)" title="Bruce Wayne (1989 film series character)">Bruce Wayne / Batman</a> <ul><li>Charles Roskilly as young Bruce Wayne</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Basinger" title="Kim Basinger">Kim Basinger</a> as <a href="/wiki/Vicki_Vale" title="Vicki Vale">Vicki Vale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wuhl" title="Robert Wuhl">Robert Wuhl</a> as Alexander Knox</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hingle" title="Pat Hingle">Pat Hingle</a> as <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gordon_(character)" title="Jim Gordon (character)">Commissioner Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Dee_Williams" title="Billy Dee Williams">Billy Dee Williams</a> as <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Dent" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Dent">Harvey Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gough" title="Michael Gough">Michael Gough</a> as <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pennyworth" title="Alfred Pennyworth">Alfred Pennyworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Palance" title="Jack Palance">Jack Palance</a> as Carl Grissom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Hall" title="Jerry Hall">Jerry Hall</a> as Alicia Hunt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracey_Walter" title="Tracey Walter">Tracey Walter</a> as Bob the Goon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Wallace_(actor)" title="Lee Wallace (actor)">Lee Wallace</a> as Mayor Borg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hootkins" title="William Hootkins">William Hootkins</a> as Lt. Max Eckhardt</li> <li>Liza Ross as tourist mom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrick_Hagon" title="Garrick Hagon">Garrick Hagon</a> as tourist dad</li> <li>Adrian Meyers as tourist son</li> <li>David Baxt as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wayne" title="Thomas Wayne">Thomas Wayne</a></li> <li>Sharon Holm as <a href="/wiki/Martha_Wayne" title="Martha Wayne">Martha Wayne</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan – and I think it started when I was a child – is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a> or whatever, but that's why I loved <i>The Killing Joke</i>, because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable." </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Tim Burton<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_costumes_Jack_Nicholson_wore_in_BATMAN_1989_movie_as_Joker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_costumes_Jack_Nicholson_wore_in_BATMAN_1989_movie_as_Joker.jpg/220px-The_costumes_Jack_Nicholson_wore_in_BATMAN_1989_movie_as_Joker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_costumes_Jack_Nicholson_wore_in_BATMAN_1989_movie_as_Joker.jpg/330px-The_costumes_Jack_Nicholson_wore_in_BATMAN_1989_movie_as_Joker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_costumes_Jack_Nicholson_wore_in_BATMAN_1989_movie_as_Joker.jpg/440px-The_costumes_Jack_Nicholson_wore_in_BATMAN_1989_movie_as_Joker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>The costume worn by Jack Nicholson in the film</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1970s, Batman's popularity was waning.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> was interested in producing a <i>Batman in Outer Space</i> film. Producers <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Melniker" title="Benjamin Melniker">Benjamin Melniker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Uslan" title="Michael E. Uslan">Michael E. Uslan</a> purchased the <a href="/wiki/Film_rights" title="Film rights">film rights</a> of Batman from <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a> on October 3, 1979. It was Uslan's wish "to make the definitive, dark, serious version of Batman, the way <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kane" title="Bob Kane">Bob Kane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Finger" title="Bill Finger">Bill Finger</a> had envisioned him in 1939. A creature of the night; stalking criminals in the shadows."<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Maibaum" title="Richard Maibaum">Richard Maibaum</a> was approached to write a script with <a href="/wiki/Guy_Hamilton" title="Guy Hamilton">Guy Hamilton</a> to direct, but the two turned down the offer. Uslan was unsuccessful with <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(filmmaking)" title="Pitch (filmmaking)">pitching</a> <i>Batman</i> to various movie studios because they wanted the film to be similar to the <a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">campy</a> <a href="/wiki/Batman_(TV_series)" title="Batman (TV series)">1960s television series</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a> were among those to turn down the film.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A disappointed Uslan then wrote a script titled <i>Return of the Batman</i> to give the film industry a better idea of his vision for the film. Uslan later compared its dark tone to that of the successful four-part comic book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Returns" title="The Dark Knight Returns">The Dark Knight Returns</a></i>, which his script predated by six years.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In November 1979, producers <a href="/wiki/Jon_Peters" title="Jon Peters">Jon Peters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Guber" title="Peter Guber">Peter Guber</a> joined the project.<sup id="cite_ref-Guber_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guber-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Melniker and Uslan became executive producers. The four felt it was best to pattern the film's development after that of <i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film)" title="Superman (1978 film)">Superman</a></i> (1978).<sup id="cite_ref-production_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-production-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Uslan, Melniker and Guber pitched <i>Batman</i> to <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a>, but the studio turned it down.<sup id="cite_ref-road_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-road-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Though no movie studios were yet involved, the project was publicly announced with a budget of $15&#160;million in July 1980 at the <a href="/wiki/Comic_Art_Convention" title="Comic Art Convention">Comic Art Convention</a> in New York. <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>, the studio behind the successful <a href="/wiki/Superman_in_film#Salkind/Cannon_film_series_(1978–1987)" title="Superman in film">Superman film franchise</a>, decided to also accept and produce <i>Batman</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mankiewicz" title="Tom Mankiewicz">Tom Mankiewicz</a> completed a script titled <i>The Batman</i> in June 1983, focusing on Batman and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Grayson" title="Dick Grayson">Dick Grayson</a>'s origins, with the Joker and <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Thorne" title="Rupert Thorne">Rupert Thorne</a> as villains and <a href="/wiki/Silver_St._Cloud" title="Silver St. Cloud">Silver St. Cloud</a> as the romantic interest.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mankiewicz took inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)" title="Limited series (comics)">limited series</a> <i>Batman: Strange Apparitions</i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Englehart" title="Steve Englehart">Steve Englehart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-White_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Comic book artist <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Rogers" title="Marshall Rogers">Marshall Rogers</a>, who worked with Englehart on <i>Strange Apparitions</i>, was hired for <a href="/wiki/Concept_art" title="Concept art">concept art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-road_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-road-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>The Batman</i> was then announced in late 1983 for a mid-1985 release date on a budget of $20&#160;million. Originally, Mankiewicz had wanted an unknown actor for Batman, <a href="/wiki/William_Holden" title="William Holden">William Holden</a> for <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gordon_(character)" title="Jim Gordon (character)">James Gordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Niven" title="David Niven">David Niven</a> as <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pennyworth" title="Alfred Pennyworth">Alfred Pennyworth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole" title="Peter O&#39;Toole">Peter O'Toole</a> as <a href="/wiki/Penguin_(character)" title="Penguin (character)">the Penguin</a>, whom Mankiewicz wanted to portray as a mobster with low body temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Holden died in 1981 and Niven in 1983, so this would never come to pass. A number of filmmakers were attached to Mankiewicz' script, including <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Reitman" title="Ivan Reitman">Ivan Reitman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Dante" title="Joe Dante">Joe Dante</a>. Reitman wanted to cast <a href="/wiki/Bill_Murray" title="Bill Murray">Bill Murray</a> as Batman and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a> as Robin.<sup id="cite_ref-Elfman_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elfman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nine rewrites were performed by nine separate writers. Most of them were based on <i>Strange Apparitions</i>. However, it was Mankiewicz's script that was still being used to guide the project.<sup id="cite_ref-forever_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forever-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Due to the work they did together with the film <i><a href="/wiki/Swamp_Thing_(1982_film)" title="Swamp Thing (1982 film)">Swamp Thing</a></i> (1982), <a href="/wiki/Wes_Craven" title="Wes Craven">Wes Craven</a> was among the directors that Melniker and Uslan considered while looking for a director.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the financial success of <i><a href="/wiki/Pee-wee%27s_Big_Adventure" title="Pee-wee&#39;s Big Adventure">Pee-wee's Big Adventure</a></i> (1985), Warner Bros. hired Tim Burton to direct <i>Batman</i>. Burton had then-girlfriend <a href="/wiki/Julie_Hickson" title="Julie Hickson">Julie Hickson</a> write a new 30-page <a href="/wiki/Film_treatment" title="Film treatment">film treatment</a>, feeling the previous script by Mankiewicz was <a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">campy</a>. The success of <i>The Dark Knight Returns</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Killing_Joke" title="Batman: The Killing Joke">Batman: The Killing Joke</a></i> rekindled Warner Bros.' interest in a film adaptation. Burton was initially not a comic book fan, but he was impressed by the dark and serious tone found in both <i>The Dark Knight Returns</i> and <i>The Killing Joke</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elfman_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elfman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Warner Bros. enlisted the aid of Englehart to write a new treatment in March 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Steve_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steve-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Like Mankiewicz's script, it was based on his own <i>Strange Apparitions</i> and included Silver St. Cloud, Dick Grayson, the Joker, and Rupert Thorne, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Cameo_appearance" title="Cameo appearance">cameo appearance</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Penguin_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin (comics)">Penguin</a>. Warner Bros. was impressed, but Englehart felt there were too many characters. He removed the Penguin and Dick Grayson in his second treatment, finishing in May 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Steve_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steve-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burton approached <a href="/wiki/Sam_Hamm" title="Sam Hamm">Sam Hamm</a>, a comic book fan, to write the screenplay.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hamm decided not to use an <a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">origin story</a>, feeling that flashbacks would be more suitable and that "unlocking the mystery" would become part of the storyline.<sup id="cite_ref-White_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He reasoned, "You totally destroy your credibility if you show the literal process by which Bruce Wayne becomes Batman."<sup id="cite_ref-Hamm_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamm-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hamm replaced Silver St. Cloud with Vicki Vale and Rupert Thorne with his own creation, Carl Grissom. He completed his script in October 1986, which demoted Dick Grayson to a cameo rather than a supporting character.<sup id="cite_ref-storm_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storm-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> One scene in Hamm's script had a young James Gordon on duty the night of the murder of Bruce Wayne's parents. When Hamm's script was rewritten, the scene was deleted, reducing it to a photo in the <i>Gotham Globe</i> newspaper seen in the film.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warner Bros. was less willing to move forward on development, despite their enthusiasm for Hamm's script, which Kane greeted with positive feedback.<sup id="cite_ref-Elfman_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elfman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hamm's script was then bootlegged at various comic book stores in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-White_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Batman</i> was finally given the <a href="/wiki/Green-light" class="mw-redirect" title="Green-light">greenlight</a> to commence pre-production in April 1988, after the success of Burton's <i><a href="/wiki/Beetlejuice" title="Beetlejuice">Beetlejuice</a></i> the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-Elfman_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elfman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> When comic book fans found out about Burton directing the film with Michael Keaton starring in the lead role, controversy arose over the tone and direction <i>Batman</i> was going in.<sup id="cite_ref-variety_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-variety-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hamm explained, "They hear Tim Burton's name and they think of <i>Pee-wee's Big Adventure</i>. They hear Keaton's name, and they think of any number of Michael Keaton comedies. You think of the 1960s version of <i>Batman</i>, and it was the complete opposite of our film. We tried to market it with a typical dark and serious tone, but the fans didn't believe us."<sup id="cite_ref-White_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> To combat negative reports on the film's production, Kane was hired as creative consultant.<sup id="cite_ref-production_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-production-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Batman's co-creator, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Finger" title="Bill Finger">Bill Finger</a>, was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman-related media until 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Fingercredit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fingercredit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casting">Casting</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MikeandJack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/38/MikeandJack.jpg/225px-MikeandJack.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/38/MikeandJack.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michael_Keaton" title="Michael Keaton">Michael Keaton</a> as Batman and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a> as the Joker in the film's climactic confrontation</figcaption></figure> <p>Parallel to the <i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film)" title="Superman (1978 film)">Superman</a></i> casting, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood A-listers</a> were considered for the role of Batman, including <a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Costner" title="Kevin Costner">Kevin Costner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Sheen" title="Charlie Sheen">Charlie Sheen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Selleck" title="Tom Selleck">Tom Selleck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Murray" title="Bill Murray">Bill Murray</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Guber_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guber-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Quaid" title="Dennis Quaid">Dennis Quaid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Busch_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busch-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Burton was pressured by Warner Bros. to cast an obvious action movie star,<sup id="cite_ref-Elfman_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elfman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and had approached <a href="/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan" title="Pierce Brosnan">Pierce Brosnan</a>, but he had no interest in playing a comic book character.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Burton was originally interested in casting an unknown actor,<sup id="cite_ref-Busch_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busch-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Willem_Dafoe" title="Willem Dafoe">Willem Dafoe</a>, who was falsely reported to be considered for the Joker but had actually been considered for Batman early in development.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Producer Jon Peters suggested Michael Keaton, arguing he had the right "edgy, tormented quality" after having seen his dramatic performance in <i><a href="/wiki/Clean_and_Sober" title="Clean and Sober">Clean and Sober</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Having directed Keaton in <i><a href="/wiki/Beetlejuice" title="Beetlejuice">Beetlejuice</a></i>, Burton agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-Guber_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guber-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The casting of Keaton caused a furor among comic book fans,<sup id="cite_ref-variety_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-variety-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joe_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joe-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with 50,000 protest letters sent to Warner Bros. offices.<sup id="cite_ref-storm_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storm-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kane, Hamm, and Uslan also heavily questioned the casting.<sup id="cite_ref-White_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> "Obviously there was a negative response from the comic book people. I think they thought we were going to make it like the 1960s TV series, and make it campy, because they thought of Michael Keaton from <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Mom" title="Mr. Mom">Mr. Mom</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Night_Shift_(1982_film)" title="Night Shift (1982 film)">Night Shift</a></i> and stuff like that."<sup id="cite_ref-battle_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-battle-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Keaton studied <i>The Dark Knight Returns</i> for inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tim_Curry" title="Tim Curry">Tim Curry</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lithgow" title="John Lithgow">John Lithgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brad_Dourif" title="Brad Dourif">Brad Dourif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Liotta" title="Ray Liotta">Ray Liotta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Woods" title="James Woods">James Woods</a> were all considered for the Joker.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamm_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamm-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reboot_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reboot-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lithgow, during his audition, attempted to talk Burton out of casting him, a decision he would later publicly regret, stating, "I didn't realize it was such a big deal."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Burton wanted to cast <a href="/wiki/John_Glover_(actor)" title="John Glover (actor)">John Glover</a>, but the studio insisted on using a movie star.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a> lobbied hard for the part.<sup id="cite_ref-storm_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storm-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jack Nicholson had been the studio's top choice since 1980. Peters approached Nicholson as far back as 1986, during filming of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Witches_of_Eastwick_(film)" title="The Witches of Eastwick (film)">The Witches of Eastwick</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-empire_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-empire-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> unlike Keaton, he was a popular choice for his role.<sup id="cite_ref-Joe_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joe-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nicholson had what was known as an "off-the-clock" agreement. His contract specified the number of hours he was entitled to have off each day, from the time he left the set to the time he reported back for filming,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as well as being off for <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers" title="Los Angeles Lakers">Los Angeles Lakers</a> home games.<sup id="cite_ref-celfans_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celfans-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nicholson demanded that all of his scenes be shot in a three-week block, but the schedule lapsed into 106 days.<sup id="cite_ref-empire_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-empire-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He reduced his standard $10&#160;million fee to $6&#160;million in exchange for a cut of the film's earnings (including associated merchandise), which led to remuneration in excess of $50&#160;million<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>—biographer Marc Eliot reports that Nicholson may have received as much as $90&#160;million.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He also demanded top <a href="/wiki/Billing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billing (filmmaking)">billing</a> on promotional materials.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sean_Young" title="Sean Young">Sean Young</a> was originally cast as Vicki Vale, but was injured in a horse-riding accident prior to commencement of filming.<sup id="cite_ref-shadows_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shadows-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Young's departure necessitated an urgent search for an actress who, besides being right for the part, could commit to the film at very short notice. Peters suggested <a href="/wiki/Kim_Basinger" title="Kim Basinger">Kim Basinger</a>: she was able to join the production immediately and was cast.<sup id="cite_ref-Guber_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guber-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shadows_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shadows-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As a fan of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gough" title="Michael Gough">Michael Gough</a>'s work in various <a href="/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions" title="Hammer Film Productions">Hammer Film Productions</a>, Burton cast Gough as Bruce Wayne's mysterious butler, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pennyworth" title="Alfred Pennyworth">Alfred</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-audio_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audio-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Reporter Alexander Knox was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wuhl" title="Robert Wuhl">Robert Wuhl</a>. In the original script, Knox was killed by the Joker's poison gas during the climax, but the filmmakers "liked [my] character so much," Wuhl said, "that they decided to let me live."<sup id="cite_ref-heroes_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heroes-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Burton chose <a href="/wiki/Billy_Dee_Williams" title="Billy Dee Williams">Billy Dee Williams</a> as <a href="/wiki/Two-Face" title="Two-Face">Harvey Dent</a> because he wanted to include the villain <a href="/wiki/Two-Face" title="Two-Face">Two-Face</a> in a future film using the concept of an African-American Two-Face for the black and white concept,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Lee_Jones" title="Tommy Lee Jones">Tommy Lee Jones</a> was later cast in the role for <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Forever" title="Batman Forever">Batman Forever</a></i>, which disappointed Williams.<sup id="cite_ref-heroes_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heroes-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nicholson convinced the filmmakers to cast his close friend <a href="/wiki/Tracey_Walter" title="Tracey Walter">Tracey Walter</a> as the Joker's henchman Bob.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Irish child actor Ricky Addison Reed was cast as Dick Grayson before the character was removed by Warren Skarren for the revised shooting script.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The rest of the cast included <a href="/wiki/Pat_Hingle" title="Pat Hingle">Pat Hingle</a> as <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gordon_(character)" title="Jim Gordon (character)">Commissioner Gordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Hall" title="Jerry Hall">Jerry Hall</a> as Alicia, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Wallace_(actor)" title="Lee Wallace (actor)">Lee Wallace</a> as Mayor Borg, <a href="/wiki/William_Hootkins" title="William Hootkins">William Hootkins</a> as Lt. Eckhardt, and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Palance" title="Jack Palance">Jack Palance</a> as crime boss Carl Grissom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:40%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"On <i>Batman</i>, our vision of Gotham City was influenced by the tone of the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Returns" title="The Dark Knight Returns">'Dark Knight'</a></i> comics, and also <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Feininger" title="Andreas Feininger">Andreas Feininger</a>'s photographs of New York buildings and the work of Japanese architect <a href="/wiki/Shin_Takamatsu" title="Shin Takamatsu">Shin Takamatsu</a>. (<i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a></i> was consciously avoided as a reference; no one was allowed to watch it while we were designing the film and <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> was shunned altogether!)" </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Art director <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Phelps" title="Nigel Phelps">Nigel Phelps</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Burton had been impressed with the design of <a href="/wiki/Neil_Jordan" title="Neil Jordan">Neil Jordan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Company_of_Wolves" title="The Company of Wolves">The Company of Wolves</a></i> (1984), but was unable to hire its production designer <a href="/wiki/Anton_Furst" title="Anton Furst">Anton Furst</a> for <i>Beetlejuice</i><sup id="cite_ref-Joe_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joe-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as he had instead committed to Jordan's London-filmed ghost comedy <i><a href="/wiki/High_Spirits_(film)" title="High Spirits (film)">High Spirits</a></i> (1988), a choice he later regretted.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A year later Burton successfully hired Furst for <i>Batman</i>, and they enjoyed working with each other. "I don't think I've ever felt so naturally in tune with a director," Furst said. "Conceptually, spiritually, visually, or artistically. There was never any problem because we never fought over anything. Texture, attitude and feelings are what Burton is a master at."<sup id="cite_ref-production_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-production-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furst and the <a href="/wiki/Art_department" title="Art department">art department</a> deliberately mixed clashing architectural styles to "make Gotham City the ugliest and bleakest <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a> imaginable".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Furst continued, "[W]e imagined what New York City might have become without a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_City_Planning#City_Planning_Commission" title="New York City Department of City Planning">planning commission</a>. A city run by crime, with a riot of architectural styles. An essay in ugliness. As if hell erupted through the pavement and kept on going".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 1985 film <i><a href="/wiki/Brazil_(1985_film)" title="Brazil (1985 film)">Brazil</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a> was also a notable influence upon the film's production design, as both Burton and Furst studied it as a reference.<sup id="cite_ref-production_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-production-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Black and white <a href="/wiki/Charcoal_(art)" title="Charcoal (art)">charcoal drawings</a> of key locations and sets were created by Furst's longtime draftsman, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Phelps" title="Nigel Phelps">Nigel Phelps</a>. <a href="/wiki/Derek_Meddings" title="Derek Meddings">Derek Meddings</a> served as the <a href="/wiki/Visual_effects_supervisor" title="Visual effects supervisor">visual effects supervisor</a>, overseeing the miniatures and animation. Conceptual illustrator Julian Caldow designed the Batmobile, Batwing and assorted bat-gadgets that were later constructed by prop builder John Evans. <a href="/wiki/Keith_Short" title="Keith Short">Keith Short</a> sculpted the final body of the <a href="/wiki/Batmobile_(Batman_Returns)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batmobile (Batman Returns)">1989 Batmobile</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> adding two <a href="/wiki/M1919_Browning_machine_gun" title="M1919 Browning machine gun">Browning machine guns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On designing the Batmobile, Furst explained, "We looked at jet aircraft components, we looked at war machines, we looked at all sorts of things. In the end, we went into pure expressionism, taking the <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Salt_Flats" title="Bonneville Salt Flats">Salt Flat Racers</a> of the 30s and the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette_(C2)" title="Chevrolet Corvette (C2)">Sting Ray macho machines</a> of the 50s". The car was built upon a <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Impala" title="Chevrolet Impala">Chevrolet Impala</a> when previous development with a <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Cars" title="Jaguar Cars">Jaguar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Mustang" title="Ford Mustang">Ford Mustang</a> failed.<sup id="cite_ref-empire_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-empire-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The car itself was later purchased by standup comedian/ventriloquist <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Dunham" title="Jeff Dunham">Jeff Dunham</a>, who had it outfitted with a Corvette engine to make it street legal.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_Napier_Joker.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Jack_Napier_Joker.jpeg/150px-Jack_Napier_Joker.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/da/Jack_Napier_Joker.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Nicholson's makeup appliances were sculpted and applied by Nick Dudman</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Costume_design" title="Costume design">Costume designer</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Ringwood" title="Bob Ringwood">Bob Ringwood</a> turned down the chance to work on <i><a href="/wiki/Licence_to_Kill" title="Licence to Kill">Licence to Kill</a></i> in favor of <i>Batman</i>. Ringwood found it difficult designing the <a href="/wiki/Batsuit" title="Batsuit">Batsuit</a> because "the image of Batman in the comics is this huge, big six-foot-four hunk with a dimpled chin. Michael Keaton is a guy with average build", he stated. "The problem was to make somebody who was average-sized and ordinary-looking into this bigger-than-life creature."<sup id="cite_ref-batto_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-batto-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Burton commented, "Michael is a bit <a href="/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">claustrophobic</a>, which made it worse for him. The costume put him in a dark, Batman-like mood though, so he was able to use it to his advantage".<sup id="cite_ref-batto_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-batto-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Burton's idea was to use an all-black suit, and was met with positive feedback by Bob Kane. Vin Burnham was tasked with sculpting the Batsuit, in association with Alli Eynon. Jon Peters wanted to use a <a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc." title="Nike, Inc.">Nike</a> <a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">product placement</a> with the Batsuit.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ringwood studied over 200 comic book issues for inspiration. 28 sculpted latex designs were created; 25 different cape looks and 6 different heads were made, accumulating a total cost of $250,000.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Comic book fans initially expressed negative feedback against the Batsuit.<sup id="cite_ref-Joe_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joe-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Burton opted not to use tights, spandex, or underpants as seen in the comic book, feeling it was not intimidating.<sup id="cite_ref-Elfman_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elfman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prosthetic_makeup" title="Prosthetic makeup">Prosthetic makeup</a> designer Nick Dudman used acrylic-based makeup paint called PAX for Nicholson's chalk-white face. Part of Nicholson's contract was approval over the makeup designer.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filming">Filming</h3></div><p> The filmmakers considered filming <i>Batman</i> entirely on the <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Studios_Burbank" title="Warner Bros. Studios Burbank">Warner Bros. backlot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burbank,_California" title="Burbank, California">Burbank, California</a>, but media interest in the film made them change the location. It was shot at <a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Studios" title="Pinewood Studios">Pinewood Studios</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> from October 10, 1988, to February 14, 1989, with 80 days of main shooting and 86 days of second unit shooting.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinewood_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinewood-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 18 <a href="/wiki/Sound_stage" title="Sound stage">sound stages</a> were used, with seven stages occupied, including the 51 acre backlot for the Gotham City set, one of the biggest ever built at the studio.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinewood_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinewood-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-production_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-production-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Locations included <a href="/wiki/Knebworth_House" title="Knebworth House">Knebworth House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_House" title="Hatfield House">Hatfield House</a> doubling for <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Manor" title="Wayne Manor">Wayne Manor</a>, plus <a href="/wiki/Acton_Lane_Power_Station" title="Acton Lane Power Station">Acton Lane Power Station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Barford_Power_Station" title="Little Barford Power Station">Little Barford Power Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manor_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manor-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The original production budget escalated from $30&#160;million to $48&#160;million.<sup id="cite_ref-Guber_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guber-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knebworth_W_front.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Knebworth_W_front.JPG/300px-Knebworth_W_front.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Knebworth_W_front.JPG/450px-Knebworth_W_front.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Knebworth_W_front.JPG/600px-Knebworth_W_front.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Knebworth_House" title="Knebworth House">Knebworth House</a> served as <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Manor" title="Wayne Manor">Wayne Manor</a> in the film.</figcaption></figure><p> Filming was highly secretive. The unit <a href="/wiki/Publicist" title="Publicist">publicist</a> was offered and refused <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>10,000 for the first pictures of Jack Nicholson as the Joker. The police were later called in when two reels of footage (about 20 minutes' worth) were stolen.<sup id="cite_ref-empire_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-empire-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> With various problems during filming, Burton called it "Torture. The worst period of my life!"<sup id="cite_ref-Guber_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guber-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hamm was not allowed to perform rewrites during the <a href="/wiki/1988_Writers_Guild_of_America_strike" title="1988 Writers Guild of America strike">1988 Writers Guild of America strike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Warren_Skaaren" title="Warren Skaaren">Warren Skaaren</a>, who had also worked on Burton's <i><a href="/wiki/Beetlejuice" title="Beetlejuice">Beetlejuice</a></i>, did rewrites. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Gems" title="Jonathan Gems">Jonathan Gems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_McKeown" title="Charles McKeown">Charles McKeown</a> rewrote the script during filming.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Only Skaaren received screenplay credit with Hamm. Hamm criticized the rewrites, but blamed the changes on Warner Bros.<sup id="cite_ref-White_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Burton explained, "I don't understand why that became such a problem. We started out with a script that everyone liked, although we recognized it needed a little work."<sup id="cite_ref-Elfman_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elfman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dick Grayson appeared in the shooting script but was deleted because the filmmakers felt he was irrelevant to the plot;<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kane supported this decision.<sup id="cite_ref-audio_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audio-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keaton used his comedic experience for scenes such as Bruce and Vicki's Wayne Manor dinner.<sup id="cite_ref-Joe_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joe-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He called himself a "logic freak" and was concerned that Batman's secret identity would in reality be fairly easy to uncover. Keaton discussed ideas with Burton to better disguise the character, including the use of <a href="/wiki/Contact_lenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact lenses">contact lenses</a>. Ultimately, Keaton decided to perform Batman's voice at a lower register than when he was portraying Bruce Wayne, which became a hallmark of the film version of the character, with <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bale" title="Christian Bale">Christian Bale</a> later using the same technique.<sup id="cite_ref-MTVvoice_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MTVvoice-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally in the climax, the Joker was meant to kill Vicki Vale, sending Batman into a vengeful fury. Jon Peters reworked the climax without telling Burton and commissioned production designer Anton Furst to create a 38-foot (12&#160;m) model of the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This cost $100,000 when the film was already well over budget. Burton disliked the idea, having no clue how the scene would end: "Here were Jack Nicholson and Kim Basinger walking up this cathedral, and halfway up Jack turns around and says, 'Why am I walking up all these stairs? Where am I going?' 'We'll talk about it when you get to the top!' I had to tell him that I didn't know."<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Batman_(album)" title="Batman (album)">Batman (album)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batman_(score)" title="Batman (score)">Batman (score)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:357px;max-width:357px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:351px;max-width:351px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:516px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20220610_dannyelfman_by_sachynmital_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/20220610_dannyelfman_by_sachynmital_%28cropped%29.jpg/349px-20220610_dannyelfman_by_sachynmital_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="349" height="516" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/20220610_dannyelfman_by_sachynmital_%28cropped%29.jpg/524px-20220610_dannyelfman_by_sachynmital_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/20220610_dannyelfman_by_sachynmital_%28cropped%29.jpg/698px-20220610_dannyelfman_by_sachynmital_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="1379" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Composer Danny Elfman.</div></div></div></div> <p>Burton hired <a href="/wiki/Danny_Elfman" title="Danny Elfman">Danny Elfman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oingo_Boingo" title="Oingo Boingo">Oingo Boingo</a>, his collaborator on <i>Pee-wee's Big Adventure</i> and <i>Beetlejuice</i>, to compose the music score. For inspiration, Elfman was given <i>The Dark Knight Returns</i>. Elfman was worried, as he had never worked on a production this large in budget and scale.<sup id="cite_ref-overtures_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overtures-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In addition, producer Jon Peters was skeptical of hiring Elfman, but was later convinced when he heard the opening number.<sup id="cite_ref-reborn_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reborn-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Peters and Peter Guber wanted <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a> to write music for the Joker and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> to do the romance songs. Elfman would then combine the style of Prince and Jackson's songs together for the entire film score.<sup id="cite_ref-Elfman_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elfman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At the encouragement of Prince's then-manager <a href="/wiki/Albert_Magnoli" title="Albert Magnoli">Albert Magnoli</a>, it was agreed that Prince himself would write and sing the <a href="/wiki/Batman_(album)" title="Batman (album)">film's songs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burton protested the ideas, citing "my movies aren't commercial like <i><a href="/wiki/Top_Gun" title="Top Gun">Top Gun</a></i>."<sup id="cite_ref-Elfman_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elfman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Elfman enlisted the help of composer <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Walker" title="Shirley Walker">Shirley Walker</a> and Oingo Boingo lead guitarist <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bartek" title="Steve Bartek">Steve Bartek</a> to arrange the compositions for the orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Shirley Walker is not mentioned in this article, though Bartek is (January 2022)">better&#160;source&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> Elfman was later displeased with the <a href="/wiki/Audio_mixing_(film_and_television)" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio mixing (film and television)">audio mixing</a> of his film score. "<i>Batman</i> was done in England by technicians who didn't care, and the non-caring showed," he stated. "I'm not putting down England because they've done gorgeous <a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">dubs</a> there, but this particular crew elected not to."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Batman</i> was one of the first films to spawn two soundtracks. One of them featured songs written by Prince while the other showcased Elfman's score. Both were successful,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and compilations of Elfman's <a href="/wiki/Opening_credits" title="Opening credits">opening credits</a> were used in the <a href="/wiki/Title_sequence" title="Title sequence">title sequence</a> theme for <i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Animated_Series" title="Batman: The Animated Series">Batman: The Animated Series</a></i>, also composed by Shirley Walker.<sup id="cite_ref-reboot_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reboot-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2></div> <p>When discussing the central <a href="/wiki/Theme_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (arts)">theme</a> of <i>Batman</i>, director Tim Burton explained, "the whole film and mythology of the character is a complete duel of the freaks. It's a fight between two disturbed people", adding, "The Joker is such a great character because there's a complete freedom to him. Any character who operates on the outside of society and is deemed a freak and an outcast then has the freedom to do what they want... They are the darker sides of freedom. Insanity is in some scary way the most freedom you can have, because you're not bound by the laws of society".<sup id="cite_ref-Elfman_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elfman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burton saw Bruce Wayne as the bearer of a double identity, exposing one while hiding the reality from the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Elfman_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elfman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Burton biographer Ken Hanke wrote that Bruce Wayne, struggling with his alter-ego as Batman, is depicted as an <a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">antihero</a>. Hanke felt that Batman has to push the boundaries of civil justice to deal with certain criminals, such as the Joker.<sup id="cite_ref-forever_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forever-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Newman" title="Kim Newman">Kim Newman</a> theorized that "Burton and the writers saw Batman and the Joker as a dramatic antithesis, and the film deals with their intertwined origins and fates to an even greater extent".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Batman</i> conveys trademarks found in 1930s <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp magazines</a>, notably the design of Gotham City stylized with <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> design.<sup id="cite_ref-Hal_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hal-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Corliss" title="Richard Corliss">Richard Corliss</a>, writing for <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, observed that Gotham's design was a reference to films such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a></i> (1920) and <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> (1927). "Gotham City, despite being shot on a studio <a href="/wiki/Backlot" title="Backlot">backlot</a>", he continued, "is literally another character in the script. It has the demeaning presence of <a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">fascist architecture</a>, staring down at the citizens."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hanke further addressed the notions of <i>Batman</i> being a <a href="/wiki/Period_piece" class="mw-redirect" title="Period piece">period piece</a>, in that "The citizens, cops, people and the <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> television looks like it takes place in 1939"; but later said: "Had the filmmakers made <a href="/wiki/Vicki_Vale" title="Vicki Vale">Vicki Vale</a> a <a href="/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale">femme fatale</a> rather than a <a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">damsel in distress</a>, this could have made <i>Batman</i> as a homage and tribute to classic <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Manor_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manor-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Portions of the <a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">climax</a> pay homage to <i><a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(film)" title="Vertigo (film)">Vertigo</a></i> (1958).<sup id="cite_ref-cartoon_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartoon-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marketing">Marketing</h2></div> <p>The B.D. Fox <a href="/wiki/Advertising_agency" title="Advertising agency">ad agency</a> created hundreds of unused logos and posters for promotion, many by <a href="/wiki/John_Alvin" title="John Alvin">John Alvin</a>. In the end Burton and producers decided on only using a gold and black logo designed by Anton Furst and airbrushed by Bill Garland, with no other key art variation, to keep an air of mystery about the film.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The logo is also an <a href="/wiki/Ambiguous_image" title="Ambiguous image">ambiguous image</a>, which can be read either as Batman's symbol or as a gaping mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Earlier designs "had the word 'Batman' spelled in <i><a href="/wiki/RoboCop" title="RoboCop">RoboCop</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian_(1982_film)" title="Conan the Barbarian (1982 film)">Conan the Barbarian</a></i>-type font".<sup id="cite_ref-Guber_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guber-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jon Peters unified all the film's <a href="/wiki/Tie-in" title="Tie-in">tie-ins</a>, even turning down $6&#160;million from <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> to build the <a href="/wiki/Batmobile" title="Batmobile">Batmobile</a> because the car company would not relinquish creative control.<sup id="cite_ref-Guber_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guber-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>During production, Peters read in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> that comic book fans were unsatisfied with the casting of Michael Keaton. In response, Peters rushed the first <a href="/wiki/Film_trailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Film trailer">film trailer</a> that played in thousands of theaters during Christmas. It was simply an assemblage of scenes without music, but created enormous anticipation for the film, with audiences clapping and cheering.<sup id="cite_ref-Guber_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guber-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joe_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joe-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a> allowed screenwriter Sam Hamm to write his own <a href="/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)" title="Limited series (comics)">comic book miniseries</a>. Hamm's stories were collected in the <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novel</a> <i>Batman: Blind Justice</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1563890475" title="Special:BookSources/978-1563890475">978-1563890475</a>). <a href="/wiki/Denys_Cowan" title="Denys Cowan">Denys Cowan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Giordano" title="Dick Giordano">Dick Giordano</a> illustrated the artwork.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamm_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamm-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Blind Justice</i> tells the story of Bruce Wayne trying to solve a series of murders connected to <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Enterprises" title="Wayne Enterprises">Wayne Enterprises</a>. It also marks the first appearance of Henri Ducard, who was later used in the <a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">rebooted</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Begins" title="Batman Begins">Batman Begins</a></i>, albeit as an alias for the more notable <a href="/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul" title="Ra&#39;s al Ghul">Ra's al Ghul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamm_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamm-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the months before <i>Batman</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">&#39;</span>s release in June 1989, a <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> phenomenon known as "<a href="/wiki/Lisztomania#Creation_and_use_of_the_term" title="Lisztomania">Batmania</a>" began. Over $750&#160;million worth of merchandise was sold.<sup id="cite_ref-reboot_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reboot-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult filmmaker</a> and comic book writer <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Smith" title="Kevin Smith">Kevin Smith</a> remembered: "That summer was huge. You couldn't turn around without seeing the Bat-Signal somewhere. People were cutting it into their fucking heads. It was just the summer of Batman and if you were a comic book fan it was pretty hot."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hachette_Book_Group_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette Book Group USA">Hachette Book Group USA</a> published a novelization, <i>Batman</i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Craig_Shaw_Gardner" title="Craig Shaw Gardner">Craig Shaw Gardner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It remained on <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" title="The New York Times Best Seller list"><i>The New York Times</i> Best Seller list</a> throughout June 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Burton admitted he was annoyed by the publicity. David Handelman of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i> categorized <i>Batman</i> as a <a href="/wiki/High_concept" title="High concept">high concept</a> film. He believed "it is less movie than a corporate <a href="/wiki/Behemoth" title="Behemoth">behemoth</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-cartoon_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartoon-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Box_office">Box office</h3></div> <p><i>Batman</i> grossed $2.2 million in late night previews on June 22, 1989, on 1,215 screens and grossed $40.49 million in 2,194 theaters during its opening weekend.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray2002_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray2002-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This broke the opening weekend records held by <i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</a></i> (which had a 4-day <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a> weekend gross of $37.0&#160;million the previous month)<sup id="cite_ref-Weekends_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weekends-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ghostbusters_II" title="Ghostbusters II">Ghostbusters II</a></i> (which had a $29.4&#160;million 3-day weekend the previous weekend).<sup id="cite_ref-BOMdaily_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOMdaily-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Upon opening, the film would go on to reach the number one spot above <i><a href="/wiki/Honey,_I_Shrunk_the_Kids" title="Honey, I Shrunk the Kids">Honey, I Shrunk the Kids</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Additionally, it had the largest opening weekend for a Jack Nicholson film for 14 years until it was dethroned by <i><a href="/wiki/Anger_Management_(film)" title="Anger Management (film)">Anger Management</a></i> in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Batman</i> also set a record for a second weekend gross with $30&#160;million (also the second biggest 3-day weekend of all time)<sup id="cite_ref-Weekends_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weekends-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and became the fastest film to earn $100&#160;million, reaching it in 11 days (10 days plus late night previews).<sup id="cite_ref-BOMdaily_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOMdaily-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The film closed on December 14, 1989, with a final gross of $251.4&#160;million in North America and $160.2&#160;million internationally, totaling $411.6&#160;million.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The film would hold the record for being the highest-grossing Warner Bros. film until 1996 when <i><a href="/wiki/Twister_(1996_film)" title="Twister (1996 film)">Twister</a></i> surpassed it.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It was the highest-grossing <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_DC_Comics_publications" title="List of films based on DC Comics publications">film based on a DC comic book</a> until 2008's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight" title="The Dark Knight">The Dark Knight</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Furthermore, <i>Batman</i> held the record for being the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_superhero_films" title="List of highest-grossing superhero films">highest-grossing superhero film</a> of all time until it was taken by <i><a href="/wiki/Spider-Man_(2002_film)" title="Spider-Man (2002 film)">Spider-Man</a></i> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The film's gross is the 143rd highest ever in North American ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Although <i>Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</i> made the most money worldwide in 1989,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Batman</i> was able to beat <i>The Last Crusade</i> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and made a further $150&#160;million in <a href="/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video">home video</a> sales.<sup id="cite_ref-Mad_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mad-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a> estimates that the film sold more than 60 million tickets in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the film's box office – over $400 million against a budget of no more than $48&#160;million – Warner Bros. claimed it ended up losing $35.8&#160;million and "not likely to ever show a profit," which has been attributed to a case of <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_accounting" title="Hollywood accounting">Hollywood accounting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_response">Critical response</h3></div> <p><i>Batman</i> was criticized by some for being too dark, but nonetheless received a generally positive response from critics.<sup id="cite_ref-Elfman_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elfman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On <a href="/wiki/Review_aggregator" title="Review aggregator">review aggregator</a> <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>, the film holds an approval rating of 77% based on 142 reviews, with an average score of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "An eerie, haunting spectacle, <i>Batman</i> succeeds as dark entertainment, even if Jack Nicholson's Joker too often overshadows the title character."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a>, the film received a <a href="/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean" title="Weighted arithmetic mean">weighted average</a> score of 69 based on 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Audiences polled by <a href="/wiki/CinemaScore" title="CinemaScore">CinemaScore</a> gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.<sup id="cite_ref-CinemaScore_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CinemaScore-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many observed that Burton was more interested in the Joker and the art and set production design than Batman or anything else in terms of characterization and screentime.<sup id="cite_ref-Elfman_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elfman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Comic book fans reacted negatively over the Joker murdering <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wayne" title="Thomas Wayne">Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martha_Wayne" title="Martha Wayne">Martha Wayne</a>; in the comic book, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Chill" title="Joe Chill">Joe Chill</a> is responsible. Writer Sam Hamm said it was Burton's idea to have the Joker murder Wayne's parents. "The Writer's Strike was going on, and Tim had the other writers do that. I also hold innocent to Alfred letting Vicki Vale into the <a href="/wiki/Batcave" title="Batcave">Batcave</a>. Fans were ticked off with that, and I agree. That would have been Alfred's last day of employment at <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Manor" title="Wayne Manor">Wayne Manor</a>," Hamm said.<sup id="cite_ref-reborn_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reborn-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The songs written by Prince were criticized for being "too out of place".<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While Burton has stated he had no problem with the Prince songs, he was less enthusiastic with their use in the film.<sup id="cite_ref-forever_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forever-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On the film, Burton remarked, "I liked parts of it, but the whole movie is mainly boring to me. It's OK, but it was more of a cultural phenomenon than a great movie."<sup id="cite_ref-Mad_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mad-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite initial negative reactions from comics fans prior to the film's release, Keaton's portrayal of Batman was generally praised.<sup id="cite_ref-cartoon_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartoon-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Berardinelli" title="James Berardinelli">James Berardinelli</a> called the film entertaining, with the highlight being the production design. However, he concluded, "the best thing that can be said about <i>Batman</i> is that it led to <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Returns" title="Batman Returns">Batman Returns</a></i>, which was a far superior effort."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i> felt "Jack Nicholson stole every scene" but still greeted the film with positive feedback.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> was highly impressed with the production design, but claimed "<i>Batman</i> is a triumph of design over story, style over substance, a great-looking movie with a plot you can't care much about." He also called the film "a depressing experience".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On the syndicated television series <i><a href="/wiki/At_the_Movies_(1986_TV_program)" title="At the Movies (1986 TV program)">Siskel &amp; Ebert</a></i>, his reviewing partner <a href="/wiki/Gene_Siskel" title="Gene Siskel">Gene Siskel</a> disagreed, describing the film as having a "refreshingly adult" approach with performances, direction and set design that "draws you into a psychological world".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anton_Furst" title="Anton Furst">Anton Furst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Young_(set_decorator)" title="Peter Young (set decorator)">Peter Young</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Production_Design" title="Academy Award for Best Production Design">Academy Award for Best Art Direction</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while Nicholson was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actor_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture_Musical_or_Comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy">Golden Globe Award for Best Actor (Musical or Comedy)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">British Academy of Film and Television Arts</a> nominated <i>Batman</i> in six categories (<a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Production_Design" title="BAFTA Award for Best Production Design">Production Design</a>, <a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Special_Visual_Effects" title="BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects">Visual Effects</a>, <a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design" title="BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design">Costume Design</a>, <a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Makeup_and_Hair" title="BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair">Makeup</a>, <a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Sound" title="BAFTA Award for Best Sound">Sound</a> and <a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Supporting_Role" title="BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role">Actor in a Supporting Role</a> for Nicholson), but it won none of the categories.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nicholson, Basinger, the makeup department, and <a href="/wiki/Costume_designer" title="Costume designer">costume designer</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Ringwood" title="Bob Ringwood">Bob Ringwood</a> all received nominations at the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn Award">Saturn Awards</a>. The film was also nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Fantasy_Film" title="Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film">Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film</a><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation" title="Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation">Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The success of <i>Batman</i> prompted <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Animation" title="Warner Bros. Animation">Warner Bros. Animation</a> to create the acclaimed <i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Animated_Series" title="Batman: The Animated Series">Batman: The Animated Series</a></i>, as a result beginning the long-running <a href="/wiki/DC_Animated_Universe" title="DC Animated Universe">DC Animated Universe</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and helped establish the modern day <a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">superhero film</a> genre. Series co-creator <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Timm" title="Bruce Timm">Bruce Timm</a> stated the television show's <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> design was inspired from the film. Timm commented, "our show would never have gotten made if it hadn't been for that first <i>Batman</i> movie."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Burton joked, "ever since I did <i>Batman</i>, it was like the first dark comic book movie. Now everyone wants to do a dark and serious superhero movie. I guess I'm the one responsible for that trend."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Batman</i> initiated the <a href="/wiki/Batman_in_film#Tim_Burton/Joel_Schumacher" title="Batman in film">original <i>Batman</i> film series</a> and spawned three sequels: <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Returns" title="Batman Returns">Batman Returns</a></i> (1992), <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Forever" title="Batman Forever">Batman Forever</a></i> (1995), and <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_(film)" title="Batman &amp; Robin (film)">Batman &amp; Robin</a></i> (1997), the latter two of which were directed by <a href="/wiki/Joel_Schumacher" title="Joel Schumacher">Joel Schumacher</a> instead of Burton and replaced Keaton as Batman with <a href="/wiki/Val_Kilmer" title="Val Kilmer">Val Kilmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a>, respectively. </p><p>Executive producers <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Melniker" title="Benjamin Melniker">Benjamin Melniker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Uslan" title="Michael E. Uslan">Michael E. Uslan</a> filed a <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_contract" title="Breach of contract">breach of contract</a> lawsuit in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors" title="Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors">Los Angeles County Superior Court</a> on March 26, 1992. Melniker and Uslan claimed to be "the victims of a sinister campaign of fraud and coercion that has cheated them out of continuing involvement in the production of <i>Batman</i> and its sequels. We were denied proper credits, and deprived of any financial rewards for our indispensable creative contribution to the success of <i>Batman</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-Guber_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guber-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Superior_court" title="Superior court">superior court</a> judge rejected the lawsuit. Total revenues of <i>Batman</i> have topped $2&#160;billion, with Uslan claiming to have "not seen a penny more than that since our <a href="/wiki/Net_profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Net profit">net profit</a> participation has proved worthless."<sup id="cite_ref-Guber_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guber-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Warner Bros. offered the pair an out-of-court settlement, a sum described by Melniker and Uslan's attorney as "two popcorns and two <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Cokes</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reflecting on the twentieth anniversary of its release in a retrospective article on <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a>, film commentator Scott Mendelson noted the continuing impact that <i>Batman</i> has had on the motion film industry, including the increasing importance of opening weekend box office receipts; the narrowing window between a film's debut and its video release that caused the demise of second-run movie theaters; the accelerated acquisition of pre-existing, pre-sold properties for film adaptations that can be readily leveraged for merchandizing tie-ins; the primacy of the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Association of America">MPAA</a> <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America_film_rating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Association of America film rating system">PG-13</a> as the target rating for film producers; and more off-beat, non-traditional casting opportunities for genre films.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The film was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification">British Board of Film Classification</a> introducing its "12" age rating, as its content fell between what was expected for a "PG" or "15" certificate.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a> anointed Batman the 46th greatest movie hero and the Joker the 45th greatest movie villain on <i><a href="/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Heroes_and_Villains" class="mw-redirect" title="AFI&#39;s 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains">AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a> lists</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Movies" title="AFI&#39;s 100 Years...100 Movies">AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies</a> – Nominated<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Thrills" title="AFI&#39;s 100 Years...100 Thrills">AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills</a> – Nominated<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Heroes_and_Villains" class="mw-redirect" title="AFI&#39;s 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains">AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains</a>: <ul><li>The Joker – #45 Villain</li> <li>Batman – #46 Hero</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Movie_Quotes" title="AFI&#39;s 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes">AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes</a>: <ul><li>"Have you ever danced with the Devil in the pale moonlight?" – Nominated<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years_of_Film_Scores" title="AFI&#39;s 100 Years of Film Scores">AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores</a> – Nominated<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AFI%27s_10_Top_10" title="AFI&#39;s 10 Top 10">AFI's 10 Top 10</a> – Nominated Fantasy Film<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Robert Wuhl reprises his role as Alexander Knox in <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Arrowverse" title="Arrowverse">Arrowverse</a> crossover, <i><a href="/wiki/Crisis_on_Infinite_Earths_(Arrowverse)" title="Crisis on Infinite Earths (Arrowverse)">Crisis on Infinite Earths</a></i>. The event also retroactively established that the world of the film and its sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Returns" title="Batman Returns">Batman Returns</a></i>, takes place on Earth-89; which is one of the worlds destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Monitor" title="Anti-Monitor">Anti-Monitor</a> (<a href="/wiki/LaMonica_Garrett" title="LaMonica Garrett">LaMonica Garrett</a>) during the Crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Michael Keaton reprises his role as Batman in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flash_(film)" title="The Flash (film)">The Flash</a></i> set in the <a href="/wiki/DC_Extended_Universe" title="DC Extended Universe">DC Extended Universe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3></div> <p>Several video games based on the film were released: By <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Software" title="Ocean Software">Ocean Software</a> in <a href="/wiki/Batman_(1989_video_game)" title="Batman (1989 video game)">1989</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Sunsoft" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunsoft">Sunsoft</a> in <a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Video_Game" title="Batman: The Video Game">1990</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batman_(1990_video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batman (1990 video game)">1991</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/Atari_Games" title="Atari Games">Atari Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Batman_(1990_arcade_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batman (1990 arcade game)">1990</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Konami" title="Konami">Konami</a> was also in talks of releasing an arcade game around the same time as Atari.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comic_book_continuations">Comic book continuations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Batman_%2789_(comic_book)" title="Batman &#39;89 (comic book)">Batman '89 (comic book)</a></div> <p>In March 2016, artist Joe Quinones revealed several art designs he and <a href="/wiki/Kate_Leth" title="Kate Leth">Kate Leth</a> had created to pitch a comic book continuation set in the Batman '89 universe to DC Comics. The pitch, which was rejected, would have included the story of Billy Dee Williams' Harvey Dent turning into Two-Face as well as the inclusion of characters such as Batgirl in a story that took place following the events of <i>Batman Returns</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2021, DC announced it would be releasing a comic book continuation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_%2789_(comic_book)" title="Batman &#39;89 (comic book)">Batman '89</a></i> film. The series would be written by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Hamm" title="Sam Hamm">Sam Hamm</a> and illustrated by Joe Quinones. The comic's synopsis revealed that it would include the return of Selina Kyle/Catwoman, an introduction of a new Robin, and the transformation of Williams' Harvey Dent into Two-Face.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A followup series was later announced by DC Comics on August 17, 2023. The first issue of the new series was released on November 28, 2023. It was written again by Sam Hamm, with art by Joe Quinones. In the series, Batman has mysteriously disappeared after Dent's death, leading Gotham citizens to take to the streets to fight in his place, including Barbara Gordon, who becomes <a href="/wiki/Batgirl" title="Batgirl">Batgirl</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_(DC_Comics)" title="Scarecrow (DC Comics)">Scarecrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harley_Quinn" title="Harley Quinn">Harley Quinn</a> will be featured as the main antagonists,<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> seemingly referencing the unproduced fifth film in the Burton and Schumacher series, <i>Batman Unchained</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_sequel_novels">Direct sequel novels</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Batman:_Resurrection" title="Batman: Resurrection">Batman: Resurrection</a></div> <p>On April 11, 2024, it was announced that a new novel would be released which would tie-in to the film. Announced with the title <i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Resurrection" title="Batman: Resurrection">Batman: Resurrection</a></i>, the novel was written by author <a href="/wiki/John_Jackson_Miller" title="John Jackson Miller">John Jackson Miller</a>, and acts as a direct sequel to the film, being set between the events of <i>Batman</i> and its sequel <i>Batman Returns</i>, with Batman focusing on dismantling the remnants of Joker's organization, while contemplating on the idea that Joker might not actually be dead. The novel also includes certain characters introduced in the sequel, with one example being Max Shreck.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It was released on October 15, 2024, by <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a>; a sequel, titled <i>Batman: Revolution</i>, was later revealed by Miller and is scheduled for release in fall 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_media">Home media</h3></div> <p><i>Batman</i> has been released on various formats, including <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a>, <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a>. In an unprecedented move at the time, it was made available to buy on VHS in the United States on November 15, less than six months after its theatrical release, at a suggested retail price of only $24.95 although most sellers sold it for less.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It was first released on DVD on March 25, 1997, as a double sided disc containing both <a href="/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">Widescreen</a> (1.85:1) and <a href="/wiki/Fullscreen_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fullscreen (filmmaking)">Full Screen</a> (1.33:1) versions of the film. The 2005 <i>Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology 1989–1997</i> included 2-disc special edition DVDs of the film and all three of its sequels. The anthology was also released as a 4-disc Blu-ray set in 2009, with each film and its previous extras contained on a single disc. Other Blu-ray reissues include a "30th Anniversary" Digibook with 50-page booklet, and a steelcase edition; both also include a <a href="/wiki/Digital_Copy" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Copy">Digital Copy</a>. Most recently the "25th Anniversary" Diamond Luxe reissue contained the same disc as before and on a second disc, a new 25-minute featurette: "Batman: The Birth of the Modern Blockbuster". </p><p>The film was also included in <i>The Tim Burton Collection</i> DVD and Blu-ray set in 2012, alongside its first sequel, <i>Batman Returns</i>. </p><p><i>Batman</i> was released on <a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a> on June 4, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Finger-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finger_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Finger" title="Bill Finger">Bill Finger</a>, co-creator of Batman, the Penguin, and Catwoman, was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman related media until 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Fingercredit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fingercredit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fingercredit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fingercredit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fingercredit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://io9.gizmodo.com/dc-will-finally-credit-bill-finger-as-co-creator-of-bat-1731947676">"DC Will Finally Credit Bill Finger As Co-Creator Of Batman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gizmodo" title="Gizmodo">Gizmodo</a>. September 20, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831223843/https://io9.gizmodo.com/dc-will-finally-credit-bill-finger-as-co-creator-of-bat-1731947676">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=DC+Will+Finally+Credit+Bill+Finger+As+Co-Creator+Of+Batman&amp;rft.pub=Gizmodo&amp;rft.date=2015-09-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fio9.gizmodo.com%2Fdc-will-finally-credit-bill-finger-as-co-creator-of-bat-1731947676&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-afi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-afi_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afi_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afi_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afi_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/57898">"Batman (1989)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Film+Institute&amp;rft.atitle=Batman+%281989%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.afi.com%2FCatalog%2Fmoviedetails%2F57898&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lumiere-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lumiere_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=2474">"<i>Batman</i> (1989)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lumiere_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumiere (database)">Lumiere</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180623142858/http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=2474">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Lumiere&amp;rft.atitle=Batman+%281989%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flumiere.obs.coe.int%2Fweb%2Ffilm_info%2F%3Fid%3D2474&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408150048/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b79c7384e">"Batman (1989)"</a>. <i>BFI</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b79c7384e">the original</a> on April 8, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=BFI&amp;rft.atitle=Batman+%281989%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.bfi.org.uk%2Ffilms-tv-people%2F4ce2b79c7384e&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guber-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guber_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guber_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guber_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guber_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guber_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guber_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guber_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guber_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guber_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guber_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guber_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guber_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffinMasters1997" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Nancy; Masters, Kim (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitrunhowjonpete00grif/page/158">"Hit Men"</a>. <i>Hit &amp; Run: How Jon Peters and Peter Guber Took Sony For A Ride In Hollywood</i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon &amp; Schuster">Simon &amp; Schuster</a>. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitrunhowjonpete00grif/page/158">158–174</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80931-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80931-1"><bdi>0-684-80931-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Hit+Men&amp;rft.btitle=Hit+%26+Run%3A+How+Jon+Peters+and+Peter+Guber+Took+Sony+For+A+Ride+In+Hollywood&amp;rft.pages=158-174&amp;rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=0-684-80931-1&amp;rft.aulast=Griffin&amp;rft.aufirst=Nancy&amp;rft.au=Masters%2C+Kim&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitrunhowjonpete00grif%2Fpage%2F158&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoxOfficeMojo-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoxOfficeMojo_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0096895/">"Batman (1989)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616234608/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0096895/">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&amp;rft.atitle=Batman+%281989%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0096895%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elfman-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elfman_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elfman_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elfman_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elfman_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elfman_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elfman_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elfman_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elfman_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elfman_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elfman_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elfman_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elfman_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elfman_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elfman_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalisburyBurton2006" class="citation book cs1">Salisbury, Mark; <a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Burton, Tim</a> (2006). "Batman". <i>Burton on Burton</i>. London: Faber and Faber. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">70–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-22926-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-22926-3"><bdi>0-571-22926-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Batman&amp;rft.btitle=Burton+on+Burton&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&amp;rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=0-571-22926-3&amp;rft.aulast=Salisbury&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.au=Burton%2C+Tim&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Burton, <i>Burton on Burton: Revised Edition</i> (London: Faber and Faber, 2006) 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBS-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBill_&quot;Jett&quot;_Ramey2005" class="citation news cs1">Bill "Jett" Ramey (November 8, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101837/http://www.batman-on-film.com/interview_muslan_2.html">"An Interview With Michael Uslan – Part 1"</a>. <i>Batman-on-Film</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.batman-on-film.com/interview_muslan_2.html">the original</a> on September 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Batman-on-Film&amp;rft.atitle=An+Interview+With+Michael+Uslan+%E2%80%93+Part+1&amp;rft.date=2005-11-08&amp;rft.au=Bill+%22Jett%22+Ramey&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.batman-on-film.com%2Finterview_muslan_2.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBill_&quot;Jett&quot;_Ramey2005" class="citation news cs1">Bill "Jett" Ramey (November 11, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101835/http://www.batman-on-film.com/interview_muslan_3.html">"An Interview With Michael Uslan – Part 2"</a>. <i>Batman-on-Film</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.batman-on-film.com/interview_muslan_3.html">the original</a> on September 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Batman-on-Film&amp;rft.atitle=An+Interview+With+Michael+Uslan+%E2%80%93+Part+2&amp;rft.date=2005-11-11&amp;rft.au=Bill+%22Jett%22+Ramey&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.batman-on-film.com%2Finterview_muslan_3.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-production-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-production_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-production_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-production_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-production_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-production_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones1989" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Alan (November 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204224714/http://www.batman-online.com/index.php?articles;id=2">"<i>Batman</i> in Production"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cinefantastique" title="Cinefantastique">Cinefantastique</a>. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">75–</span>88. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.batman-online.com/index.php?articles;id=2">the original</a> on December 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Batman+in+Production&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&amp;rft.date=1989-11&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.batman-online.com%2Findex.php%3Farticles%3Bid%3D2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-road-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-road_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-road_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Uslan" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Uslan">Michael Uslan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Melniker" title="Benjamin Melniker">Benjamin Melniker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Guber" title="Peter Guber">Peter Guber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mankiewicz" title="Tom Mankiewicz">Tom Mankiewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Hamm" title="Sam Hamm">Sam Hamm</a>, <i>Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight—The Road to Gotham City</i>, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Home_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Home Video">Warner Home Video</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones1989" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Alan (November 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205004312/http://www.1989batman.com/2013/08/vintage-magazine-article.html">"Batman"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cinefantastique" title="Cinefantastique">Cinefantastique</a></i>. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">55–</span>67. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1989batman.com/2013/08/vintage-magazine-article.html">the original</a> on December 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cinefantastique&amp;rft.atitle=Batman&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&amp;rft.date=1989-11&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1989batman.com%2F2013%2F08%2Fvintage-magazine-article.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStax2001" class="citation news cs1">Stax (December 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://movies.ign.com/articles/036/036038p1.html">"The Stax Report Special Edition: Script Review of <i>The Batman</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206080334/http://movies.ign.com/articles/036/036038p1.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=IGN&amp;rft.atitle=The+Stax+Report+Special+Edition%3A+Script+Review+of+The+Batman&amp;rft.date=2001-12-01&amp;rft.au=Stax&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmovies.ign.com%2Farticles%2F036%2F036038p1.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhite1989" class="citation news cs1">White, Taylor L. (July 1989). "Batman". <i><a href="/wiki/Cinefantastique" title="Cinefantastique">Cinefantastique</a></i>. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">33–</span>40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cinefantastique&amp;rft.atitle=Batman&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&amp;rft.date=1989-07&amp;rft.aulast=White&amp;rft.aufirst=Taylor+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forever-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forever_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forever_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forever_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanke1999" class="citation book cs1">Hanke, Ken (1999). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Archived+copy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvignette3.wikia.nocookie.net%2Fbatmananthology%2Fimages%2Ff%2Ff4%2FGordonBeat.jpg%2Frevision%2Flatest%3Fcb%3D20140217042511&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-variety-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-variety_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-variety_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLowry2013" class="citation web cs1">Lowry, Brian (August 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2013/voices/columns/batman-backlash-ben-affleck-has-nothing-on-michael-keaton-1200587317/">"Batman Backlash: Ben Affleck Has Nothing on Michael Keaton"</a>. <i>Variety</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191121060333/https://variety.com/2013/voices/columns/batman-backlash-ben-affleck-has-nothing-on-michael-keaton-1200587317/">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Variety&amp;rft.atitle=Batman+Backlash%3A+Ben+Affleck+Has+Nothing+on+Michael+Keaton&amp;rft.date=2013-08-23&amp;rft.aulast=Lowry&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2013%2Fvoices%2Fcolumns%2Fbatman-backlash-ben-affleck-has-nothing-on-michael-keaton-1200587317%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Busch-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Busch_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Busch_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBusch,_Jenna2014" class="citation news cs1">Busch, Jenna (July 3, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.superherohype.com/features/306949-exclusive-interview-batman-producer-michael-uslan-talks-the-legacy-of-superhero-cinema">"Interview: Batman Producer Michael Uslan Talks the Legacy of Superhero Cinema"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Batman+Producer+Michael+Uslan+Talks+the+Legacy+of+Superhero+Cinema&amp;rft.date=2014-07-03&amp;rft.au=Busch%2C+Jenna&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.superherohype.com%2Ffeatures%2F306949-exclusive-interview-batman-producer-michael-uslan-talks-the-legacy-of-superhero-cinema&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/aug/21/pierce-brosnan-turned-down-tim-burton-batman">"Pierce Brosnan: I turned down Tim Burton's Batman"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Willem+Dafoe+As+Batman%3F+It+Almost+Happened%21&amp;rft.date=2009-10-27&amp;rft.aulast=Wigler&amp;rft.aufirst=Josh&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsplashpage.mtv.com%2F2009%2F10%2F27%2Fexclusive-willem-dafoe-as-batman-it-almost-happened%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Peters, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_%22Superman_Lives%22:_What_Happened%3F" title="The Death of &quot;Superman Lives&quot;: What Happened?">The Death of "Superman Lives": What Happened?</a></i>, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joe-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joe_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joe_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joe_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joe_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joe_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joe_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgenstern1989" class="citation news cs1">Morgenstern, Joe (April 9, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/09/magazine/tim-burton-batman-and-the-joker.html">"Tim Burton, Batman and The Joker"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084229/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/09/magazine/tim-burton-batman-and-the-joker.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Tim+Burton%2C+Batman+and+The+Joker&amp;rft.date=1989-04-09&amp;rft.aulast=Morgenstern&amp;rft.aufirst=Joe&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F04%2F09%2Fmagazine%2Ftim-burton-batman-and-the-joker.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-battle-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-battle_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHilary_de_Vries1989" class="citation news cs1">Hilary de Vries (February 5, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/05/movies/film-batman-battles-for-big-money.html">"<i>Batman</i> Battles for Big Money"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207110506/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/05/movies/film-batman-battles-for-big-money.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/ray_liotta_says_tim_burton_wanted_to_meet_with_him_for_batman">the original</a> on September 3, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nba.com/features/lakers_celebs_070309.html">the original</a> on December 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NBA.com&amp;rft.atitle=Top+10+Celebrity+Lakers+Fans&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nba.com%2Ffeatures%2Flakers_celebs_070309.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHochman2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Hochman, David (March 3, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/article/2000/03/03/biggest-movie-payoffs/">"The biggest movie payoffs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222151019/https://ew.com/article/2000/03/03/biggest-movie-payoffs/">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=You+don%27t+know+Jack+%28Nicholson%29&amp;rft.date=2013-11-08&amp;rft.aulast=Carey&amp;rft.aufirst=Matt&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F11%2F08%2Fshowbiz%2Fcelebrity-news-gossip%2Fjack-nicholson-you-dont-know-jack%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/top-ten-batman-villains-on-screen-c9xwz76jg6q">"Top ten Batman villains on screen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Nicholson... demanded top-billing and a deal that gave him royalties on merchandise.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Top+ten+Batman+villains+on+screen&amp;rft.date=2012-07-17&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Ftop-ten-batman-villains-on-screen-c9xwz76jg6q&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shadows-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shadows_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shadows_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight</i>, "Part 2: The Gathering Storm", DVD documentary, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-audio-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-audio_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-audio_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a>, DVD <a href="/wiki/Audio_commentary" title="Audio commentary">audio commentary</a>, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Home_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Home Video">Warner Home Video</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heroes-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heroes_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heroes_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wuhl" title="Robert Wuhl">Robert Wuhl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Dee_Williams" title="Billy Dee Williams">Billy Dee Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Hingle" title="Pat Hingle">Pat Hingle</a>, <i>Batman: The Heroes</i>, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Home_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Home Video">Warner Home Video</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Batman</i> Special Edition DVD/Blu-ray, Tim Burton Commentary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tracey_Walter" title="Tracey Walter">Tracey Walter</a>, <i>Batman: The Villains</i>, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Home_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Home Video">Warner Home Video</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comics Scene magazine, #14, August 1990, page 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEttedgui1999" class="citation book cs1">Ettedgui, Peter (1999). <i>Production Design and Art Direction (Screencraft Series)</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=How+Jeff+Dunham%27s+offensive+puppets+became+the+voice+of+Trump%27s+America&amp;rft.date=2018-05-08&amp;rft.au=Walker%2C+Rob&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fstage%2F2018%2Fmay%2F08%2Fjeff-dunham-offensive-puppets-voice-trumps-america-achmed-dead-terrorist-jose-mexican-immigrant&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-batto-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-batto_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-batto_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJody_Duncan_Shannon1990" class="citation news cs1">Jody Duncan Shannon (February 1990). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nike+designed+a+pretty+terrible+pair+of+boots+for+Tim+Burton%27s+1989+%27Batman%27+movie&amp;rft.date=2016-03-26&amp;rft.aulast=Robinson&amp;rft.aufirst=Melia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fnike-batman-boots-2016-3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20081006231931/http://blogs.amctv.com/future_of_classic/2007/06/reinventing-the.html">"Reinventing the Batsuit for the Modern Era"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AMC_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="AMC (TV network)">American Movies Classic</a></i>. 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"The Joker's Make-up". <i><a href="/wiki/Cinefantastique" title="Cinefantastique">Cinefantastique</a></i>. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">69–</span>70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cinefantastique&amp;rft.atitle=The+Joker%27s+Make-up&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&amp;rft.date=1989-11&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinewood-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pinewood_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinewood_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Welcome to Europe Batman (Pinewood Studios advertisement)". <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. 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Ukonscreen.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208165444/http://www.ukonscreen.com/gkjhkbb-Batman-(1989).html">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Batman+%281989%29+Filming+Locations&amp;rft.pub=Ukonscreen.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukonscreen.com%2Fgkjhkbb-Batman-%281989%29.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salisbury, Burton, p.145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MTVvoice-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MTVvoice_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWigler" class="citation web cs1">Wigler, Josh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204095907/http://www.mtv.com/news/2047921/michael-keaton-batman-voice/">"Michael Keaton Reveals The Secret Origin Of His Batman Voice"</a>. <i>MTV</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/news/2047921/michael-keaton-batman-voice/">the original</a> on December 4, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=MTV&amp;rft.atitle=Michael+Keaton+Reveals+The+Secret+Origin+Of+His+Batman+Voice&amp;rft.aulast=Wigler&amp;rft.aufirst=Josh&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.com%2Fnews%2F2047921%2Fmichael-keaton-batman-voice%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStone2004" class="citation news cs1">Stone, Tom (September 28, 2004). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Prince%27s+%27Batman%27+at+30%3A+How+the+Film+Saved+His+Career+From+%27Horrible%27+Financial+Straits&amp;rft.pub=Variety&amp;rft.date=2019-06-24&amp;rft.aulast=Gilchrist&amp;rft.aufirst=Todd&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2019%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fprince-batman-at-30-how-film-saved-his-career-1203251356%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGivens1990" class="citation magazine cs1">Givens, Ron (February 23, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/article/1990/02/23/danny-elfman-rise/">"The Elfman Cometh"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080107120918/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C316794%2C00.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Batman&amp;rft.date=1989-06-23&amp;rft.aulast=Hinson&amp;rft.aufirst=Hal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fstyle%2Flongterm%2Fmovies%2Fvideos%2Fbatmanpg13hinson_a07fb8.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorliss1989" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Corliss" title="Richard Corliss">Corliss, Richard</a> (June 19, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080424105538/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,957972,00.html">"Murk in The Myth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,957972,00.html">the original</a> on April 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft.atitle=Murk+in+The+Myth&amp;rft.date=1989-06-19&amp;rft.aulast=Corliss&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C957972%2C00.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cartoon-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cartoon_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartoon_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartoon_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcMahan2005" class="citation book cs1">McMahan, Alison (2005). "Burton's Batman: Myth, Marketing, and Merchandising". <i>The Films of Tim Burton: Animating Live Action in Contemporary Hollywood</i>. <a href="/wiki/Farmington_Hills,_Michigan" title="Farmington Hills, Michigan">Farmington Hills, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gale_(Cengage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (Cengage)">Gale</a>. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">121–</span>156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-1566-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-1566-0"><bdi>0-8264-1566-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Burton%27s+Batman%3A+Myth%2C+Marketing%2C+and+Merchandising&amp;rft.btitle=The+Films+of+Tim+Burton%3A+Animating+Live+Action+in+Contemporary+Hollywood&amp;rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Michigan&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&amp;rft.pub=Gale&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=0-8264-1566-0&amp;rft.aulast=McMahan&amp;rft.aufirst=Alison&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2019" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Giacomo (September 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitalartsonline.co.uk/features/graphic-design/batman-1989-why-anton-fursts-iconic-movie-logo-designs-still-resonate-30-years-on/">"Batman 1989: Why the iconic movie logo and design work by Anton Furst still resonate"</a>. <i>Digital Arts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Digital+Arts&amp;rft.atitle=Batman+1989%3A+Why+the+iconic+movie+logo+and+design+work+by+Anton+Furst+still+resonate&amp;rft.date=2019-09-03&amp;rft.aulast=Lee&amp;rft.aufirst=Giacomo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalartsonline.co.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fgraphic-design%2Fbatman-1989-why-anton-fursts-iconic-movie-logo-designs-still-resonate-30-years-on%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurray2013" class="citation web cs1">Murray, Noel (October 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedissolve.com/features/adventures-in-licensing/207-how-the-1989-batman-logo-helped-set-the-course-for/">"How the 1989 Batman logo helped set the course for superhero movies"</a>. <i>The Dissolve</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Dissolve&amp;rft.atitle=How+the+1989+Batman+logo+helped+set+the+course+for+superhero+movies&amp;rft.date=2013-10-09&amp;rft.aulast=Murray&amp;rft.aufirst=Noel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthedissolve.com%2Ffeatures%2Fadventures-in-licensing%2F207-how-the-1989-batman-logo-helped-set-the-course-for%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Smith" title="Kevin Smith">Kevin Smith</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_with_Kevin_Smith" title="An Evening with Kevin Smith">An Evening with Kevin Smith</a></i>, 2002, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Home_Entertainment" title="Sony Pictures Home Entertainment">Sony Pictures Home Entertainment</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGardner1992" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Craig Shaw (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/batmanreturns00gard"><i>Batman: The Novelization (Mass Market Paperback)</i></a></span>. Warner Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0446363030" title="Special:BookSources/0446363030"><bdi>0446363030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Batman%3A+The+Novelization+%28Mass+Market+Paperback%29&amp;rft.pub=Warner+Books&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=0446363030&amp;rft.aulast=Gardner&amp;rft.aufirst=Craig+Shaw&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbatmanreturns00gard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Paperback Best Sellers: June 18, 1989". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. June 18, 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Paperback+Best+Sellers%3A+June+18%2C+1989&amp;rft.date=1989-06-18&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray2002-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gray2002_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGray2002" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Brandon (May 6, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=1157&amp;p=.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Spider-Man' Takes Box Office on the Ultimate Spin: $114.8 Million"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207041845/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=1157&amp;p=.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&amp;rft.atitle=%27Spider-Man%27+Takes+Box+Office+on+the+Ultimate+Spin%3A+%24114.8+Million&amp;rft.date=2002-05-06&amp;rft.aulast=Gray&amp;rft.aufirst=Brandon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fnews%2F%3Fid%3D1157%26p%3D.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weekends-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weekends_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weekends_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1989" class="citation magazine cs1">Murphy, Arthur D. (October 31, 1989). "Leading North American Film Boxoffice Weekends in History". <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Daily Variety</a></i>. p.&#160;53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Daily+Variety&amp;rft.atitle=Leading+North+American+Film+Boxoffice+Weekends+in+History&amp;rft.pages=53&amp;rft.date=1989-10-31&amp;rft.aulast=Murphy&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BOMdaily-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BOMdaily_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOMdaily_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=daily&amp;id=batman.htm">"Batman (1989) Daily Box Office"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180402035506/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=daily&amp;id=batman.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&amp;rft.atitle=Batman+%281989%29+Daily+Box+Office&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fpage%3Ddaily%26id%3Dbatman.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcBride1989" class="citation news cs1">McBride, Joseph (June 28, 1989). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Batman' Swoops to Conquer". <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. p.&#160;1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Variety&amp;rft.atitle=%27Batman%27+Swoops+to+Conquer&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.date=1989-06-28&amp;rft.aulast=McBride&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/santa-cruz-sentinel-batman-breaks-box/129289946/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Batman' breaks box-office records"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Sentinel" title="Santa Cruz Sentinel">Santa Cruz Sentinel</a>. June 27, 1989. p.&#160;30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230802022355/https://www.newspapers.com/article/santa-cruz-sentinel-batman-breaks-box/129289946/">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2023</span> &#8211; via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27Batman%27+breaks+box-office+records&amp;rft.pages=30&amp;rft.date=1989-06-27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fsanta-cruz-sentinel-batman-breaks-box%2F129289946%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGray2003" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Brandon (April 14, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/article/ed829686788/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Anger' Manages April Record: $42.2 Million"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514235806/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/article/ed829686788/">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&amp;rft.atitle=%27Anger%27+Manages+April+Record%3A+%2442.2+Million&amp;rft.date=2003-04-14&amp;rft.aulast=Gray&amp;rft.aufirst=Brandon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Farticle%2Fed829686788%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcBride1989" class="citation news cs1">McBride, Joseph (July 5, 1989). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Batman' Tops $100-Million". <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. p.&#160;1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Variety&amp;rft.atitle=%27Batman%27+Tops+%24100-Million&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.date=1989-07-05&amp;rft.aulast=McBride&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=batman.htm">"Batman (1989)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090611040540/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=batman.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&amp;rft.atitle=Batman+%281989%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fid%3Dbatman.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2020/06/25/twister-is-getting-rebooted-because-now-every-hit-movie-is-a-franchise/?sh=3bb11fd32470">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Twister': The Circumstances Of Its Blockbuster Success May Be Impossible To Replicate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227180341/https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2020/06/25/twister-is-getting-rebooted-because-now-every-hit-movie-is-a-franchise/?sh=3bb11fd32470">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft.atitle=%27Twister%27%3A+The+Circumstances+Of+Its+Blockbuster+Success+May+Be+Impossible+To+Replicate&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fscottmendelson%2F2020%2F06%2F25%2Ftwister-is-getting-rebooted-because-now-every-hit-movie-is-a-franchise%2F%3Fsh%3D3bb11fd32470&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxofficemojo.com/franchises/chart/?id=dccomics.htm">"DC Comics Movies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022122056/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/franchises/chart/?id=dccomics.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&amp;rft.atitle=DC+Comics+Movies&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboxofficemojo.com%2Ffranchises%2Fchart%2F%3Fid%3Ddccomics.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGray2002" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Brandon (May 20, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/article/ed2054423556/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Spider-Man,' 'About a Boy' Survive and Thrive Under 'Attack'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230101161553/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/article/ed2054423556/">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&amp;rft.atitle=%27Spider-Man%2C%27+%27About+a+Boy%27+Survive+and+Thrive+Under+%27Attack%27&amp;rft.date=2002-05-20&amp;rft.aulast=Gray&amp;rft.aufirst=Brandon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Farticle%2Fed2054423556%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/domestic.htm">"All Time Domestic Box Office Results"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803190039/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/domestic.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&amp;rft.atitle=All+Time+Domestic+Box+Office+Results&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboxofficemojo.com%2Falltime%2Fdomestic.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&amp;yr=1989&amp;p=.htm">"1989 Worldwide Grosses"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015082918/http://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&amp;yr=1989&amp;p=.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&amp;rft.atitle=1989+Worldwide+Grosses&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboxofficemojo.com%2Fyearly%2Fchart%2F%3Fview2%3Dworldwide%26yr%3D1989%26p%3D.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=1989&amp;p=.htm">"1989 Domestic Grosses"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216052455/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=1989&amp;p=.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&amp;rft.atitle=1989+Domestic+Grosses&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboxofficemojo.com%2Fyearly%2Fchart%2F%3Fyr%3D1989%26p%3D.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mad-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mad_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mad_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Resner (August 1992). "Three Go Mad in Gotham", <i><a href="/wiki/Empire_(magazine)" title="Empire (magazine)">Empire</a></i>, pp. 44–52. Retrieved on August 14, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=batman.htm&amp;adjust_yr=1&amp;p=.htm">"Batman (1989)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804215946/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=batman.htm&amp;adjust_yr=1&amp;p=.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&amp;rft.atitle=Batman+%281989%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fid%3Dbatman.htm%26adjust_yr%3D1%26p%3D.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDougal1991" class="citation web cs1">McDougal, Dennis (March 21, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-21-ca-796-story.html">"A Blockbuster Deficit&#160;: 'Batman' Accounts Show a $35.8-Million Deficit for the Warners Hit That Grossed $253.4 Million; the Film May Never Show Profit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731004833/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-21-ca-796-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft.atitle=A+Blockbuster+Deficit+%3A+%27Batman%27+Accounts+Show+a+%2435.8-Million+Deficit+for+the+Warners+Hit+That+Grossed+%24253.4+Million%3B+the+Film+May+Never+Show+Profit&amp;rft.date=1991-03-21&amp;rft.aulast=McDougal&amp;rft.aufirst=Dennis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-03-21-ca-796-story.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1001781-batman">"Batman (1989)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Fandango_Media" title="Fandango Media">Fandango</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220725123544/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1001781-batman">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Rotten+Tomatoes&amp;rft.atitle=Batman+%281989%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2F1001781-batman&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116852#P444" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metacritic.com/movie/batman">"Batman (1989): Reviews"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130326155043/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/batman">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Metacritic&amp;rft.atitle=Batman+%281989%29%3A+Reviews&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metacritic.com%2Fmovie%2Fbatman&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CinemaScore-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CinemaScore_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.cinemascore.com">"CinemaScore"</a>. <i>cinemascore.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20170916153548/https://m.cinemascore.com/">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=cinemascore.com&amp;rft.atitle=CinemaScore&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.cinemascore.com&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSauriol,_Patrick1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Sauriol, Patrick (July 1998). "Dark Knight Triumphant". <i><a href="/wiki/Wizard_(magazine)" title="Wizard (magazine)">Wizard</a></i>. p.&#160;208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Wizard&amp;rft.atitle=Dark+Knight+Triumphant&amp;rft.pages=208&amp;rft.date=1998-07&amp;rft.au=Sauriol%2C+Patrick&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerardinelli2001" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Berardinelli" title="James Berardinelli">Berardinelli, James</a> (June 5, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://preview.reelviews.net/movies/b/batman.html">"Batman (1989)"</a>. <i>ReelViews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121162118/https://preview.reelviews.net/movies/b/batman.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ReelViews&amp;rft.atitle=Batman+%281989%29&amp;rft.date=2001-06-05&amp;rft.aulast=Berardinelli&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpreview.reelviews.net%2Fmovies%2Fb%2Fbatman.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/1988/film/reviews/batman-2-1200428063/">"Film Reviews: Batman"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. June 14, 1989<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Variety&amp;rft.atitle=Film+Reviews%3A+Batman&amp;rft.date=1989-06-14&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F1988%2Ffilm%2Freviews%2Fbatman-2-1200428063%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEbert1989" class="citation news cs1">Ebert, Roger (June 23, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/batman-1989">"Batman"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130413215358/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/batman-1989">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2008</span> &#8211; via <a href="/wiki/RogerEbert.com" title="RogerEbert.com">RogerEbert.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&amp;rft.atitle=Batman&amp;rft.date=1989-06-23&amp;rft.aulast=Ebert&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerebert.com%2Freviews%2Fbatman-1989&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEbertGene1989" class="citation episode cs1">Ebert, Roger (host); Gene, Siskel (host) (June 24, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZ3taEufae0">"Batman, Honey I Shrunk the Kids, Tummy Trouble, Ghostbusters II, Kung-fu Master!"</a>. <i>Siskel &amp; Ebert</i>. Season 3. Episode 41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211115/nZ3taEufae0">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2021 &#8211; via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Siskel+%26+Ebert&amp;rft.series=Season+3.+Episode+41&amp;rft.date=1989-06-24&amp;rft.aulast=Ebert&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger+%28host%29&amp;rft.au=Gene%2C+Siskel+%28host%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DnZ3taEufae0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1990/B?qt-honorees=1#block-quicktabs-honorees">"Batman"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917081048/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1990/B?qt-honorees=1#block-quicktabs-honorees">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Motion+Picture+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Batman&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Foscars%2Fceremonies%2F1990%2FB%3Fqt-honorees%3D1%23block-quicktabs-honorees&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828132535/http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/23678">"Batman"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Foreign_Press_Association" title="Hollywood Foreign Press Association">Hollywood Foreign Press Association</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/23678">the original</a> on August 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Hollywood+Foreign+Press+Association&amp;rft.atitle=Batman&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldenglobes.org%2Fbrowse%2Ffilm%2F23678&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bafta.org/awards-database.html?sq=Batman">"Batman"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">British Academy of Film and Television Arts</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120707205616/http://www.bafta.org/awards-database.html?sq=Batman">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Academy+of+Film+and+Television+Arts&amp;rft.atitle=Batman&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bafta.org%2Fawards-database.html%3Fsq%3DBatman&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511180136/http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html">"Past Saturn Awards"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn Awards</a>.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html">the original</a> on May 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Saturn+Awards.org&amp;rft.atitle=Past+Saturn+Awards&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saturnawards.org%2Fpast.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/index.php?s=Batman">"1990 Hugo Awards"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Awards</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302032538/http://www.thehugoawards.org/index.php?s=Batman">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Hugo+Awards&amp;rft.atitle=1990+Hugo+Awards&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Findex.php%3Fs%3DBatman&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiniKidd1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dini" title="Paul Dini">Dini, Paul</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chip_Kidd" title="Chip Kidd">Kidd, Chip</a> (1998). <a href="/wiki/Batman_Animated" title="Batman Animated"><i>Batman Animated</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Titan_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan Books">Titan Books</a>. p.&#160;2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84023-016-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84023-016-9"><bdi>1-84023-016-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Batman+Animated&amp;rft.pages=2&amp;rft.pub=Titan+Books&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=1-84023-016-9&amp;rft.aulast=Dini&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.au=Kidd%2C+Chip&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTimmNolen-Weathington2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Timm" title="Bruce Timm">Timm, Bruce</a>; Nolen-Weathington, Erick (2004). <i>Modern Masters Volume 3: Bruce Timm</i>. <a href="/wiki/TwoMorrows_Publishing" title="TwoMorrows Publishing">TwoMorrows Publishing</a>. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">38–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893905-30-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-893905-30-6"><bdi>1-893905-30-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Modern+Masters+Volume+3%3A+Bruce+Timm&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&amp;rft.pub=TwoMorrows+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=1-893905-30-6&amp;rft.aulast=Timm&amp;rft.aufirst=Bruce&amp;rft.au=Nolen-Weathington%2C+Erick&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoucher2008" class="citation news cs1">Boucher, Geoff (October 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herocomplex.latimes.com/uncategorized/tim-burton-talk/">"Tim Burton talks about Johnny Depp, 'Alice in Wonderland' and 'The Dark Knight'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202184347/http://herocomplex.latimes.com/uncategorized/tim-burton-talk/">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Tim+Burton+talks+about+Johnny+Depp%2C+%27Alice+in+Wonderland%27+and+%27The+Dark+Knight%27&amp;rft.date=2008-10-15&amp;rft.aulast=Boucher&amp;rft.aufirst=Geoff&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherocomplex.latimes.com%2Funcategorized%2Ftim-burton-talk%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olly Richards (September 1992). "Trouble in Gotham", <i><a href="/wiki/Empire_(magazine)" title="Empire (magazine)">Empire</a></i>, pp. 21–23. Retrieved on August 14, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMendelson2009" class="citation news cs1">Mendelson, Scott (June 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090627032037/http://open.salon.com/blog/scott_mendelson/2009/06/24/20_years_later_how_batman_changed_the_movie_business">"20 years later, how Batman changed the movie business..."</a> <i>Salon.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://open.salon.com/blog/scott_mendelson/2009/06/24/20_years_later_how_batman_changed_the_movie_business">the original</a> on June 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Salon.com&amp;rft.atitle=20+years+later%2C+how+Batman+changed+the+movie+business...&amp;rft.date=2009-06-24&amp;rft.aulast=Mendelson&amp;rft.aufirst=Scott&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopen.salon.com%2Fblog%2Fscott_mendelson%2F2009%2F06%2F24%2F20_years_later_how_batman_changed_the_movie_business&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2223293.stm">"The 12: From Batman to Spider-Man"</a>. BBC News. August 29, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506214023/https://server-uk.imrworldwide.com/a1.js">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+12%3A+From+Batman+to+Spider-Man&amp;rft.date=2002-08-29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F2223293.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/along-came-a-spider-175398.html">"Along came a spider"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. January 10, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506214024/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/along-came-a-spider-175398.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Independent&amp;rft.atitle=Along+came+a+spider&amp;rft.date=2014-01-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Falong-came-a-spider-175398.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807135547/http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/handv100.pdf?docID=246">"AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/handv100.pdf?docID%3D246">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=AFI%27s+100+Years...+100+Greatest+American+Movie+Nominees&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afi.com%2FDocs%2F100Years%2Fmovies400.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/thrills400.pdf">"AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills Nominees"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706070532/http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/thrills400.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Comic+Book+Resources&amp;rft.atitle=DC+Announces+Batman+%2789+and+Superman+%2778+Digital+First+Series&amp;rft.date=2021-02-17&amp;rft.aulast=Arvedon&amp;rft.aufirst=Jon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbr.com%2Fdc-batman-89-superman-78-digital-first%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Aguilar2023" class="citation web cs1">Matthew Aguilar (August 17, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comicbook.com/comics/news/dc-reveals-sequels-to-batman-89-and-superman-78-exclusive/">"DC Reveals Sequels to Batman '89 and Superman '78 (Exclusive)"</a>. <i>Comicbook.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Comicbook.com&amp;rft.atitle=DC+Reveals+Sequels+to+Batman+%2789+and+Superman+%2778+%28Exclusive%29&amp;rft.date=2023-08-17&amp;rft.au=Matthew+Aguilar&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomicbook.com%2Fcomics%2Fnews%2Fdc-reveals-sequels-to-batman-89-and-superman-78-exclusive%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchedeen2023" class="citation web cs1">Schedeen, Jesse (August 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/articles/batman-89-echoes-scarecrow-harley-quinn-superman-78">"Batman '89: Echoes Adds Scarecrow and Harley Quinn to the Burtonverse"</a>. <i>IGN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=IGN&amp;rft.atitle=Batman+%2789%3A+Echoes+Adds+Scarecrow+and+Harley+Quinn+to+the+Burtonverse&amp;rft.date=2023-08-21&amp;rft.aulast=Schedeen&amp;rft.aufirst=Jesse&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2Fbatman-89-echoes-scarecrow-harley-quinn-superman-78&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Aguilar2024" class="citation web cs1">Matthew Aguilar (April 11, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/batman-resurrections-novel-1989-john-jackson-miller-1851403150">"Batman 1989 Continues, in a Brand New Novel"</a>. <i>Gizmodo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&amp;rft.atitle=Batman+1989+Continues%2C+in+a+Brand+New+Novel&amp;rft.date=2024-04-11&amp;rft.au=Matthew+Aguilar&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fbatman-resurrections-novel-1989-john-jackson-miller-1851403150&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/750157/batman-resurrection-by-john-jackson-miller/">"Batman: Resurrection by John Jackson Miller"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240411173800/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/750157/batman-resurrection-by-john-jackson-miller/">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Batman%3A+Resurrection+by+John+Jackson+Miller&amp;rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F750157%2Fbatman-resurrection-by-john-jackson-miller%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comicbook.com/movies/news/batman-resurrection-prose-novel-tim-burton-film-sequel-excerpt/">"Batman: Resurrection Continues the Dark Knight's Tale From the Tim Burton Film (Exclusive)"</a>. <i>comicbook.com</i>. October 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=comicbook.com&amp;rft.atitle=Batman%3A+Resurrection+Continues+the+Dark+Knight%27s+Tale+From+the+Tim+Burton+Film+%28Exclusive%29&amp;rft.date=2024-10-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomicbook.com%2Fmovies%2Fnews%2Fbatman-resurrection-prose-novel-tim-burton-film-sequel-excerpt%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slashfilm.com/1688100/batman-resurrection-book-batman-1989-batman-returns-gap/">"New Batman: Resurrection Book Fills In The Gap Between Batman 1989 And Batman Returns"</a>. <i>slashfilm.com</i>. October 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=slashfilm.com&amp;rft.atitle=New+Batman%3A+Resurrection+Book+Fills+In+The+Gap+Between+Batman+1989+And+Batman+Returns&amp;rft.date=2024-10-15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slashfilm.com%2F1688100%2Fbatman-resurrection-book-batman-1989-batman-returns-gap%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Batman' a Potent Weapon in Sell-through Crusade". <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. November 15, 1989. p.&#160;31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Variety&amp;rft.atitle=%27Batman%27+a+Potent+Weapon+in+Sell-through+Crusade&amp;rft.pages=31&amp;rft.date=1989-11-15&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Batman' Vids Fly Off Shelves; Stores Face Limited Supploy". <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. November 22, 1989. p.&#160;81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Variety&amp;rft.atitle=%27Batman%27+Vids+Fly+Off+Shelves%3B+Stores+Face+Limited+Supploy&amp;rft.pages=81&amp;rft.date=1989-11-22&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Batman-4K-Blu-ray/230456/"><i>Batman 4K Blu-ray</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190409031757/https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Batman-4K-Blu-ray/230456/">archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Batman+4K+Blu-ray&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blu-ray.com%2Fmovies%2FBatman-4K-Blu-ray%2F230456%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalfyard2004" class="citation book cs1">Halfyard, Janet K. (October 28, 2004). <i>Danny Elfman's Batman: A Film Score Guide</i> (Paperback). A careful study of Elfman's scoring technique with a detailed analysis of the film itself. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5126-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-5126-1"><bdi>0-8108-5126-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Danny+Elfman%27s+Batman%3A+A+Film+Score+Guide&amp;rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&amp;rft.date=2004-10-28&amp;rft.isbn=0-8108-5126-1&amp;rft.aulast=Halfyard&amp;rft.aufirst=Janet+K.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCraig_Shaw_Gardner1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Shaw_Gardner" title="Craig Shaw Gardner">Craig Shaw Gardner</a> (June 1, 1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/batman00gard"><i>Batman</i></a></span> (Mass Market Paperback). <a href="/wiki/Novelization" title="Novelization">Novelization</a> of the film. <a href="/wiki/Hachette_Book_Group_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette Book Group USA">Hachette Book Group USA</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-35487-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-446-35487-2"><bdi>0-446-35487-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Batman&amp;rft.pub=Hachette+Book+Group+USA&amp;rft.date=1989-06-01&amp;rft.isbn=0-446-35487-2&amp;rft.au=Craig+Shaw+Gardner&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbatman00gard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatman+%281989+film%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Memorial_Award" title="The President&#39;s Memorial Award">President's Memorial Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Time_Bandits" title="Time Bandits">Time Bandits</a></i> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Corman" title="Roger Corman">Roger Corman</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Arnold_(director)" title="Jack Arnold (director)">Jack Arnold</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Purple_Rose_of_Cairo" title="The Purple Rose of Cairo">The Purple Rose of Cairo</a></i> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stefano" title="Joseph Stefano">Joseph Stefano</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Brickman" title="Marshall Brickman">Marshall Brickman</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Manhattan_Project_(film)" title="The Manhattan Project (film)">The Manhattan Project</a></i> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jittlov" title="Mike Jittlov">Mike Jittlov</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Speed_and_Time" title="The Wizard of Speed and Time">The Wizard of Speed and Time</a></i> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Fisher" title="Carrie Fisher">Carrie Fisher</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batman</a></i> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Shaye" title="Robert Shaye">Robert Shaye</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gale_Anne_Hurd" title="Gale Anne Hurd">Gale Anne Hurd</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Singer" title="Bryan Singer">Bryan Singer</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Bob_Thornton" title="Billy Bob Thornton">Billy Bob Thornton</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_Monsters_(film)" title="Gods and Monsters (film)">Gods and Monsters</a></i> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Friedkin" title="William Friedkin">William Friedkin</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Shepard_(film_preservationist)" title="David Shepard (film preservationist)">David Shepard</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Donner" title="Richard Donner">Richard Donner</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dustin_Lance_Black" title="Dustin Lance Black">Dustin Lance Black</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gale_Anne_Hurd" title="Gale Anne Hurd">Gale Anne Hurd</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_E._de_Souza" title="Steven E. de Souza">Steven E. de Souza</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elsa_Lanchester" title="Elsa Lanchester">Elsa Lanchester</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a> (2018)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Batman_(1989–97)270" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Batman_(1989_film_series)" title="Template:Batman (1989 film series)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Batman_(1989_film_series)" title="Template talk:Batman (1989 film series)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Batman_(1989_film_series)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Batman (1989 film series)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Batman_(1989–97)270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_in_film#Tim_Burton_and_Joel_Schumacher_series_(1989–1997)" title="Batman in film">Batman</a></i> (1989–97)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batman</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Returns" title="Batman Returns">Batman Returns</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Forever" title="Batman Forever">Batman Forever</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_(film)" title="Batman &amp; Robin (film)">Batman &amp; Robin</a></i> (1997)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="DC_Extended_Universe20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DC Extended Universe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flash_(film)" title="The Flash (film)">The Flash</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batgirl_(film)" title="Batgirl (film)">Batgirl</a></i> (unreleased)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batman_OnStar_commercials" title="Batman OnStar commercials"><i>Batman</i> OnStar commercials</a> (2000–02)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_%2789_(comic_book)" title="Batman &#39;89 (comic book)"><i>Batman '89</i></a> (2021–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Resurrection" title="Batman: Resurrection">Batman: Resurrection</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Wayne_(1989_film_series_character)" title="Bruce Wayne (1989 film series character)">Bruce Wayne / Batman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joker_(Jack_Napier)" title="Joker (Jack Napier)">Jack Napier / Joker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selina_Kyle_(Batman_Returns)" title="Selina Kyle (Batman Returns)">Selina Kyle / Catwoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Allen_(DC_Extended_Universe)" title="Barry Allen (DC Extended Universe)">Barry Allen / Flash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(score)" title="Batman (score)">Batman</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(score)" title="Batman (score)">Batman: Original Motion Picture Score</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(album)" title="Batman (album)">Batman</a></i> (1989) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Batdance" title="Batdance">Batdance</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Partyman" title="Partyman">Partyman</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Arms_of_Orion" title="The Arms of Orion">The Arms of Orion</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Scandalous!" title="Scandalous!">Scandalous!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Future_(song)" title="The Future (song)">The Future</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Returns_(soundtrack)" title="Batman Returns (soundtrack)">Batman Returns</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Returns_(soundtrack)" title="Batman Returns (soundtrack)">Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack</a></i> (1992) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Face_to_Face_(Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees_song)" title="Face to Face (Siouxsie and the Banshees song)">Face to Face</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Forever_(score)" title="Batman Forever (score)">Batman Forever</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Forever_(score)" title="Batman Forever (score)">Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Forever_(soundtrack)" title="Batman Forever (soundtrack)">Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture</a></i> (1995) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Hold_Me,_Thrill_Me,_Kiss_Me,_Kill_Me" title="Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me">Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kiss_from_a_Rose" title="Kiss from a Rose">Kiss from a Rose</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Hunter_Gets_Captured_by_the_Game" title="The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game">The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nobody_Lives_Without_Love" title="Nobody Lives Without Love">Nobody Lives Without Love</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Smash_It_Up" title="Smash It Up">Smash It Up</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Riddler_(song)" title="The Riddler (song)">The Riddler</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Passenger_(song)" title="The Passenger (song)">The Passenger</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_(soundtrack)" title="Batman &amp; Robin (soundtrack)">Batman &amp; Robin</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_(soundtrack)" title="Batman &amp; Robin (soundtrack)">Batman &amp; Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman &amp; Robin" Motion Picture</a></i> (1997) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_End_Is_the_Beginning_Is_the_End" title="The End Is the Beginning Is the End">The End Is the Beginning Is the End</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Look_into_My_Eyes_(Bone_Thugs-n-Harmony_song)" title="Look into My Eyes (Bone Thugs-n-Harmony song)">Look into My Eyes</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gotham_City_(song)" title="Gotham City (song)">Gotham City</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Foolish_Games" title="Foolish Games">Foolish Games</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lazy_Eye_(Goo_Goo_Dolls_song)" title="Lazy Eye (Goo Goo Dolls song)">Lazy Eye</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Poison_Ivy_(song)" title="Poison Ivy (song)">Poison Ivy</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Moaner_(song)" title="Moaner (song)">Moaner</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(1989_video_game)" title="Batman (1989 video game)">Batman: The Movie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Video_Game" title="Batman: The Video Game">Batman: The Video Game</a></i> (1989–90) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Video_Game_(Game_Boy_video_game)" title="Batman: The Video Game (Game Boy video game)">Game Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_(Sega_Genesis_video_game)" title="Batman (Sega Genesis video game)">Sega Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_(PC_Engine_video_game)" title="Batman (PC Engine video game)">PC Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_(1991_arcade_game)" title="Batman (1991 arcade game)">arcade</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Returns_(video_games)" title="Batman Returns (video games)">Batman Returns</a></i> (1992) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Returns_(Atari_Lynx_video_game)" title="Batman Returns (Atari Lynx video game)">Lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Returns_(NES_video_game)" title="Batman Returns (NES video game)">NES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Returns_(SNES_video_game)" title="Batman Returns (SNES video game)">SNES</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Forever_(video_game)" title="Batman Forever (video game)">Batman Forever</a></i> (1995) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Forever:_The_Arcade_Game" title="Batman Forever: The Arcade Game">arcade</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_(video_game)" title="Batman &amp; Robin (video game)">Batman &amp; Robin</a></i> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin:_The_Chiller" title="Batman &amp; Robin: The Chiller">Batman &amp; Robin: The Chiller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Forever_(pinball)" title="Batman Forever (pinball)">Batman Forever Pinball</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batmania" title="Batmania">Batmania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Batman_(1989_film_series)" title="Category:Batman (1989 film series)">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Batman_franchise_media288" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Batman_in_popular_media" title="Template:Batman in popular media"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Batman_in_popular_media" title="Template talk:Batman in popular media"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Batman_in_popular_media" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Batman in popular media"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Batman_franchise_media288" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a> <a href="/wiki/Batman_(franchise)" title="Batman (franchise)">franchise media</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live-action television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(TV_series)" title="Batman (TV series)">Batman</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Batman_(TV_series)_episodes" title="List of Batman (TV series) episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_OnStar_commercials" title="Batman OnStar commercials"><i>Batman</i> OnStar commercials</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_Prey_(TV_series)" title="Birds of Prey (TV series)">Birds of Prey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Return_to_the_Batcave:_The_Misadventures_of_Adam_and_Burt" title="Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt">Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotham_(TV_series)" title="Gotham (TV series)">Gotham</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gotham_episodes" title="List of Gotham episodes">episodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gotham_season_1" title="Gotham season 1">season 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotham_season_2" title="Gotham season 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotham_season_3" title="Gotham season 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotham_season_4" title="Gotham season 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotham_season_5" title="Gotham season 5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gotham_(TV_series)_characters" title="List of Gotham (TV series) characters">characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pennyworth_(TV_series)" title="Pennyworth (TV series)">Pennyworth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batwoman_(TV_series)" title="Batwoman (TV series)">Batwoman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotham_Knights_(TV_series)" title="Gotham Knights (TV series)">Gotham Knights</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Penguin_(TV_series)" title="The Penguin (TV series)">The Penguin</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/After_Hours_(The_Penguin)" title="After Hours (The Penguin)">After Hours</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Inside_Man_(The_Penguin)" title="Inside Man (The Penguin)">Inside Man</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bliss_(The_Penguin)" title="Bliss (The Penguin)">Bliss</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cent%27Anni" title="Cent&#39;Anni">Cent'Anni</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Homecoming_(The_Penguin)" title="Homecoming (The Penguin)">Homecoming</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gold_Summit" title="Gold Summit">Gold Summit</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Top_Hat_(The_Penguin)" title="Top Hat (The Penguin)">Top Hat</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Great_or_Little_Thing" title="A Great or Little Thing">A Great or Little Thing</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Batman_in_film" title="Batman in film">Live-action films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Serials7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batman_(serial)" title="Batman (serial)"><i>Batman</i> (1943)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_and_Robin_(serial)" title="Batman and Robin (serial)">Batman and Robin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batman_(1966_film)" title="Batman (1966 film)"><i>Batman</i> (1966)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1989–1997 film series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Batman</i> (1989)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Returns" title="Batman Returns">Batman Returns</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Forever" title="Batman Forever">Batman Forever</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_(film)" title="Batman &amp; Robin (film)">Batman &amp; Robin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>The Dark Knight Trilogy</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Begins" title="Batman Begins">Batman Begins</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight" title="The Dark Knight">The Dark Knight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Rises" title="The Dark Knight Rises">The Dark Knight Rises</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DC Extended Universe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_v_Superman:_Dawn_of_Justice" title="Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice">Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batgirl_(film)" title="Batgirl (film)">Batgirl</a></i> (unreleased)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Batman_(film)" title="The Batman (film)">The Batman</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Batman/Superman_Hour" title="The Batman/Superman Hour">The Batman/Superman Hour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Batman" title="The Adventures of Batman">The Adventures of Batman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_Batman" title="The New Adventures of Batman">The New Adventures of Batman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Batman/Tarzan_Adventure_Hour" title="The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour">The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Animated_Series" title="Batman: The Animated Series">The Animated Series</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Batman:_The_Animated_Series_episodes" title="List of Batman: The Animated Series episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Batman_Adventures" title="The New Batman Adventures">The New Batman Adventures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Beyond" title="Batman Beyond">Batman Beyond</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Batman_Beyond_episodes" title="List of Batman Beyond episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Batman_(TV_series)" title="The Batman (TV series)">The Batman</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Batman_episodes" title="List of The Batman episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Brave_and_the_Bold" title="Batman: The Brave and the Bold">The Brave and the Bold</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Batman:_The_Brave_and_the_Bold_episodes" title="List of Batman: The Brave and the Bold episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beware_the_Batman" title="Beware the Batman">Beware the Batman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batwheels" title="Batwheels">Batwheels</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Caped_Crusader" title="Batman: Caped Crusader">Caped Crusader</a></i></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Mask_of_the_Phantasm" title="Batman: Mask of the Phantasm">Mask of the Phantasm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_%26_Mr._Freeze:_SubZero" title="Batman &amp; Mr. Freeze: SubZero">SubZero</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Beyond:_Return_of_the_Joker" title="Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker">Return of the Joker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Mystery_of_the_Batwoman" title="Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman">Mystery of the Batwoman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Batman_vs._Dracula" title="The Batman vs. Dracula">The Batman vs. Dracula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Gotham_Knight" title="Batman: Gotham Knight">Gotham Knight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superman/Batman:_Public_Enemies" title="Superman/Batman: Public Enemies">Public Enemies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Under_the_Red_Hood" title="Batman: Under the Red Hood">Under the Red Hood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superman/Batman:_Apocalypse" title="Superman/Batman: Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Year_One_(film)" title="Batman: Year One (film)">Year One</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Dark_Knight_Returns_(film)" title="Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (film)">The Dark Knight Returns</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lego_Batman:_The_Movie_%E2%80%93_DC_Super_Heroes_Unite" class="mw-redirect" title="Lego Batman: The Movie – DC Super Heroes Unite">DC Super Heroes Unite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Batman" title="Son of Batman">Son of Batman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Assault_on_Arkham" title="Batman: Assault on Arkham">Assault on Arkham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Unlimited:_Animal_Instincts" title="Batman Unlimited: Animal Instincts">Animal Instincts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_vs._Robin" title="Batman vs. Robin">Batman vs. Robin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Unlimited:_Monster_Mayhem" title="Batman Unlimited: Monster Mayhem">Monster Mayhem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Bad_Blood" title="Batman: Bad Blood">Bad Blood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Killing_Joke_(film)" title="Batman: The Killing Joke (film)">The Killing Joke</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Unlimited:_Mechs_vs._Mutants" title="Batman Unlimited: Mechs vs. Mutants">Mechs vs. Mutants</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Return_of_the_Caped_Crusaders" title="Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders">Return of the Caped Crusaders</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lego_Batman_Movie" title="The Lego Batman Movie">The Lego Batman Movie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_and_Harley_Quinn" title="Batman and Harley Quinn">Batman and Harley Quinn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_vs._Two-Face" title="Batman vs. Two-Face">Batman vs. Two-Face</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scooby-Doo!_%26_Batman:_The_Brave_and_the_Bold" title="Scooby-Doo! &amp; Batman: The Brave and the Bold">Scooby-Doo! &amp; Batman: The Brave and the Bold</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Gotham_by_Gaslight" title="Batman: Gotham by Gaslight">Gotham by Gaslight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Ninja" title="Batman Ninja">Batman Ninja</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_vs._Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles" title="Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles">Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Hush_(film)" title="Batman: Hush (film)">Hush</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lego_DC_Batman:_Family_Matters" title="Lego DC Batman: Family Matters">Family Matters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Soul_of_the_Dragon" title="Batman: Soul of the Dragon">Soul of the Dragon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Long_Halloween_(film)" title="Batman: The Long Halloween (film)">The Long Halloween</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_and_Superman:_Battle_of_the_Super_Sons" title="Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons">Battle of the Super Sons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Doom_That_Came_to_Gotham_(film)" title="Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham (film)">The Doom That Came to Gotham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merry_Little_Batman" title="Merry Little Batman">Merry Little Batman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Batman:_Clash_of_Empires" title="Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires">Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Ninja_vs._Yakuza_League" title="Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League">Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated shorts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chase_Me" title="Chase Me">Chase Me</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Strange_Days" title="Batman: Strange Days">Strange Days</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Death_in_the_Family" title="Batman: Death in the Family">Death in the Family</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Ultimate_Evil" title="Batman: The Ultimate Evil">The Ultimate Evil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enemies_%26_Allies" title="Enemies &amp; Allies">Enemies &amp; Allies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wayne_of_Gotham" title="Wayne of Gotham">Wayne of Gotham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Resurrection" title="Batman: Resurrection">Batman: Resurrection</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Podcasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Audio_Adventures" title="Batman: The Audio Adventures">Batman: The Audio Adventures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Unburied" title="Batman Unburied">Batman Unburied</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Batman_enemies_in_other_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Batman enemies in other media">Enemies in other media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bane_in_other_media" title="Bane in other media">Bane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joker_in_other_media" title="Joker in other media">Joker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Freeze_in_other_media" title="Mr. Freeze in other media">Mr. Freeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin_in_other_media" title="Penguin in other media">Penguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddler_in_other_media" title="Riddler in other media">Riddler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_in_other_media" title="Scarecrow in other media">Scarecrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-Face_in_other_media" title="Two-Face in other media">Two-Face</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supporting characters<br />in other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Gordon_in_other_media" title="Barbara Gordon in other media">Barbara Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catwoman_in_other_media" title="Catwoman in other media">Catwoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_in_other_media" title="Robin in other media">Robin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_%26_Bill" title="Batman &amp; Bill">Batman &amp; Bill</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Wayne_(TV_series)" title="Bruce Wayne (TV series)"><i>Bruce Wayne</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unproduced series)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batkid_Begins" title="Batkid Begins">Batkid Begins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_action_figures" title="Batman action figures">Batman action figures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lego_Batman" title="Lego Batman">Lego Batman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Total_Justice" title="Batman Total Justice">Batman Total Justice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Unlimited" title="Batman Unlimited">Batman Unlimited</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_phone" title="Bat phone">Bat phone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bat-Manga!:_The_Secret_History_of_Batman_in_Japan" title="Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan">Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Batman_films_cast_members" title="List of Batman films cast members">List of Batman films cast members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Batman_television_series_cast_members" title="List of Batman television series cast members">List of Batman television series cast members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Batman_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Batman video games">List of Batman video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Batman_children%27s_books" title="List of Batman children&#39;s books">List of Batman children's books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_music" title="Batman music">Batman music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Live" title="Batman Live">Batman Live</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Musical_B@man!" title="Holy Musical B@man!">Holy Musical B@man!</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_%2789_(comic_book)" title="Batman &#39;89 (comic book)"><i>Batman '89</i> (comic book)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Riddler:_Year_One" title="The Riddler: Year One">The Riddler: Year One</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Batman_in_film197" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Batman_in_film" title="Template:Batman in film"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Batman_in_film" title="Template talk:Batman in film"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Batman_in_film" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Batman in film"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Batman_in_film197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Batman_in_film" title="Batman in film">Batman in film</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batman_(serial)" title="Batman (serial)"><i>Batman</i> (1943 serial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_and_Robin_(serial)" title="Batman and Robin (serial)"><i>Batman and Robin</i> (1949 serial)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adam West films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(1966_film)" title="Batman (1966 film)">Batman</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Return_of_the_Caped_Crusaders" title="Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders">Return of the Caped Crusaders</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_vs._Two-Face" title="Batman vs. Two-Face">Batman vs. Two-Face</a></i> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1989–1997 series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batman</a></i> (1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batman_(score)" title="Batman (score)">score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_(album)" title="Batman (album)">soundtrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_(1989_video_game)" title="Batman (1989 video game)">home computer game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Video_Game" title="Batman: The Video Game">NES game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Video_Game_(Game_Boy_video_game)" title="Batman: The Video Game (Game Boy video game)">Game Boy game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_(Sega_Genesis_video_game)" title="Batman (Sega Genesis video game)">Sega Genesis game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_(PC_Engine_video_game)" title="Batman (PC Engine video game)">PC Engine game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_(1991_arcade_game)" title="Batman (1991 arcade game)">arcade game</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Returns" title="Batman Returns">Batman Returns</a></i> (1992) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Returns_(soundtrack)" title="Batman Returns (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Returns_(video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batman Returns (video game)">video game</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Forever" title="Batman Forever">Batman Forever</a></i> (1995) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Forever_(score)" title="Batman Forever (score)">score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Forever_(soundtrack)" title="Batman Forever (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Forever_(video_game)" title="Batman Forever (video game)">video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Forever:_The_Arcade_Game" title="Batman Forever: The Arcade Game">arcade game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Forever_(pinball)" title="Batman Forever (pinball)">pinball game</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_(film)" title="Batman &amp; Robin (film)">Batman &amp; Robin</a></i> (1997) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_(soundtrack)" title="Batman &amp; Robin (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_(video_game)" title="Batman &amp; Robin (video game)">video game</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Wayne_(1989_film_series_character)" title="Bruce Wayne (1989 film series character)">Bruce Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joker_(Jack_Napier)" title="Joker (Jack Napier)">Joker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selina_Kyle_(Batman_Returns)" title="Selina Kyle (Batman Returns)">Catwoman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>The Dark Knight</i> trilogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Begins" title="Batman Begins">Batman Begins</a></i> (2005) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Begins_(soundtrack)" title="Batman Begins (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Begins_(video_game)" title="Batman Begins (video game)">video game</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight" title="The Dark Knight">The Dark Knight</a></i> (2008) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_(soundtrack)" title="The Dark Knight (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Dark_Knight_(video_game)" title="Batman: The Dark Knight (video game)">canceled video game</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Rises" title="The Dark Knight Rises">The Dark Knight Rises</a></i> (2012) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Rises_(soundtrack)" title="The Dark Knight Rises (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Wayne_(Dark_Knight_trilogy)" title="Bruce Wayne (Dark Knight trilogy)">Bruce Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joker_(The_Dark_Knight)" title="Joker (The Dark Knight)">Joker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Dawes" title="Rachel Dawes">Rachel Dawes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DC Extended Universe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_v_Superman:_Dawn_of_Justice" title="Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice">Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice</a></i> (2016) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batman_v_Superman:_Dawn_of_Justice_(soundtrack)" title="Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suicide_Squad_(2016_film)" title="Suicide Squad (2016 film)">Suicide Squad</a></i> (2016) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_Squad_(soundtrack)" title="Suicide Squad (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Justice_League_(film)" title="Justice League (film)">Justice League</a></i> (2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justice_League_(soundtrack)" title="Justice League (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zack_Snyder%27s_Justice_League" title="Zack Snyder&#39;s Justice League">Zack Snyder's Justice League</a></i> (2021) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zack_Snyder%27s_Justice_League_(soundtrack)" title="Zack Snyder&#39;s Justice League (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flash_(film)" title="The Flash (film)">The Flash</a></i> (2023) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Flash_(soundtrack)" title="The Flash (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batgirl_(film)" title="Batgirl (film)">Batgirl</a></i> (unreleased)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Wayne_(DC_Extended_Universe)" title="Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)">Bruce Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harley_Quinn_(DC_Extended_Universe)" title="Harley Quinn (DC Extended Universe)">Harley Quinn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>The Batman</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Batman_(film)" title="The Batman (film)">The Batman</a></i> (2022) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accolades_received_by_The_Batman_(film)" title="List of accolades received by The Batman (film)">accolades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Batman_(soundtrack)" title="The Batman (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theatrical animated films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Mask_of_the_Phantasm" title="Batman: Mask of the Phantasm">Mask of the Phantasm</a></i> (1993) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Mask_of_the_Phantasm_(soundtrack)" title="Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Killing_Joke_(film)" title="Batman: The Killing Joke (film)">The Killing Joke</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lego_Batman_Movie" title="The Lego Batman Movie">The Lego Batman Movie</a></i> (2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lego_Batman_Movie_(soundtrack)" title="The Lego Batman Movie (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spin-off films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Catwoman_(film)" title="Catwoman (film)">Catwoman</a></i> (2004) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catwoman_(video_game)" title="Catwoman (video game)">video game</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joker_(2019_film)" title="Joker (2019 film)">Joker</a></i> (2019) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accolades_received_by_Joker_(2019_film)" title="List of accolades received by Joker (2019 film)">accolades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joker_(soundtrack)" title="Joker (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_Prey_(2020_film)" title="Birds of Prey (2020 film)">Birds of Prey</a></i> (2020) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_Prey_(soundtrack)" title="Birds of Prey (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joker:_Folie_%C3%A0_Deux" title="Joker: Folie à Deux">Joker: Folie à Deux</a></i> (2024) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joker:_Folie_%C3%A0_Deux_(score)" title="Joker: Folie à Deux (score)">score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joker:_Folie_%C3%A0_Deux_(soundtrack)" title="Joker: Folie à Deux (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial and fan films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Dracula" title="Batman Dracula">Batman Dracula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alyas_Batman_at_Robin" title="Alyas Batman at Robin">Alyas Batman at Robin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/James_Batman" title="James Batman">James Batman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Fights_Dracula" title="Batman Fights Dracula">Batman Fights Dracula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fight_Batman_Fight!" title="Fight Batman Fight!">Fight Batman Fight!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alyas_Batman_en_Robin" title="Alyas Batman en Robin">Alyas Batman en Robin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_XXX" title="Batman XXX">Batman XXX</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shorts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Dead_End" title="Batman: Dead End">Dead End</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grayson_(film)" title="Grayson (film)">Grayson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Finest_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="World&#39;s Finest (film)">World's Finest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Scars" title="City of Scars">City of Scars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Dying_Is_Easy" title="Batman: Dying Is Easy">Dying Is Easy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Beyond:_Year_One" title="Batman Beyond: Year One">Batman Beyond: Year One</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batman_(franchise)" title="Batman (franchise)"><i>Batman</i> franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Batman_films_cast_members" title="List of Batman films cast members">List of <i>Batman</i> films cast members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_OnStar_commercials" title="Batman OnStar commercials"><i>Batman</i> OnStar commercials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Live-action_films_based_on_DC_Comics148" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Live-action_theatrical_films_based_on_DC_Comics" title="Template:Live-action theatrical films based on DC Comics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Live-action_theatrical_films_based_on_DC_Comics" title="Template talk:Live-action theatrical films based on DC Comics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Live-action_theatrical_films_based_on_DC_Comics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Live-action theatrical films based on DC Comics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Live-action_films_based_on_DC_Comics148" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_DC_Comics_publications#Feature_films" title="List of films based on DC Comics publications">Live-action films based on DC Comics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Captain_Marvel" title="Adventures of Captain Marvel">Adventures of Captain Marvel</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spy_Smasher_(serial)" title="Spy Smasher (serial)">Spy Smasher</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(serial)" title="Batman (serial)">Batman</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hop_Harrigan_(serial)" title="Hop Harrigan (serial)">Hop Harrigan</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vigilante" title="The Vigilante">The Vigilante</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(serial)" title="Superman (serial)">Superman</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congo_Bill_(serial)" title="Congo Bill (serial)">Congo Bill</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_and_Robin_(serial)" title="Batman and Robin (serial)">Batman and Robin</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atom_Man_vs._Superman" title="Atom Man vs. Superman">Atom Man vs. Superman</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blackhawk_(serial)" title="Blackhawk (serial)">Blackhawk</a></i> (1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Steel_(1997_film)" title="Steel (1997 film)">Steel</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catwoman_(film)" title="Catwoman (film)">Catwoman</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(film)" title="Constantine (film)">Constantine</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watchmen_(2009_film)" title="Watchmen (2009 film)">Watchmen</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Hex_(film)" title="Jonah Hex (film)">Jonah Hex</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_Lantern_(film)" title="Green Lantern (film)">Green Lantern</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_v_Superman:_Dawn_of_Justice" title="Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice">Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Justice_League_(film)" title="Justice League (film)">Justice League</a></i> (2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_of_Justice_League_(film)" title="Production of Justice League (film)">production</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zack_Snyder%27s_Justice_League" title="Zack Snyder&#39;s Justice League">Zack Snyder's Justice League</a></i> (2021)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_Prey_(2020_film)" title="Birds of Prey (2020 film)">Birds of Prey</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batgirl_(film)" title="Batgirl (film)">Batgirl</a></i> (produced 2021–2022; unreleased)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Adam_(film)" title="Black Adam (film)">Black Adam</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flash_(film)" title="The Flash (film)">The Flash</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Beetle_(film)" title="Blue Beetle (film)">Blue Beetle</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Franchises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquaman_in_other_media#Film" title="Aquaman in other media">Aquaman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquaman_(film)" title="Aquaman (film)">Aquaman</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquaman_and_the_Lost_Kingdom" title="Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom">The Lost Kingdom</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Batman_in_film" title="Batman in film">Batman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(1966_film)" title="Batman (1966 film)">Batman</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batman</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Returns" title="Batman Returns">Batman Returns</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Forever" title="Batman Forever">Batman Forever</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_(film)" title="Batman &amp; Robin (film)">Batman &amp; Robin</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Begins" title="Batman Begins">Batman Begins</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight" title="The Dark Knight">The Dark Knight</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Rises" title="The Dark Knight Rises">The Dark Knight Rises</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Batman_(film)" title="The Batman (film)">The Batman</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joker_in_other_media#Film" title="Joker in other media">Joker</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Joker_(2019_film)" title="Joker (2019 film)">Joker</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joker:_Folie_%C3%A0_Deux" title="Joker: Folie à Deux">Folie à Deux</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)#Feature_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Marvel (DC Comics)">Shazam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shazam!_(film)" title="Shazam! (film)">Shazam!</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shazam!_Fury_of_the_Gods" title="Shazam! Fury of the Gods">Fury of the Gods</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suicide_Squad#Film" title="Suicide Squad">Suicide Squad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Suicide_Squad_(2016_film)" title="Suicide Squad (2016 film)">Suicide Squad</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Suicide_Squad_(film)" title="The Suicide Squad (film)">The Suicide Squad</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supergirl" title="Supergirl">Supergirl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Supergirl_(1984_film)" title="Supergirl (1984 film)">Supergirl</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Supergirl:_Woman_of_Tomorrow" title="Supergirl: Woman of Tomorrow">Woman of Tomorrow</a></i> (2026)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Superman_in_film" title="Superman in film">Superman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Superman_and_the_Mole_Men" title="Superman and the Mole Men">Superman and the Mole Men</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Day_for_Superman" title="Stamp Day for Superman">Stamp Day for Superman</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film)" title="Superman (1978 film)">Superman</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superman_II" title="Superman II">Superman II</a></i> (1980) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Superman_II:_The_Richard_Donner_Cut" title="Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut">The Richard Donner Cut</a></i> (2006)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superman_III" title="Superman III">Superman III</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superman_IV:_The_Quest_for_Peace" title="Superman IV: The Quest for Peace">The Quest for Peace</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superman_Returns" title="Superman Returns">Superman Returns</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_of_Steel_(film)" title="Man of Steel (film)">Man of Steel</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(2025_film)" title="Superman (2025 film)">Superman</a></i> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swamp_Thing#Film" title="Swamp Thing">Swamp Thing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Swamp_Thing_(1982_film)" title="Swamp Thing (1982 film)">Swamp Thing</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_Swamp_Thing" title="The Return of Swamp Thing">The Return of Swamp Thing</a></i> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman_in_other_media#Film" title="Wonder Woman in other media">Wonder Woman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman_(2017_film)" title="Wonder Woman (2017 film)">Wonder Woman</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman_1984" title="Wonder Woman 1984">Wonder Woman 1984</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DC Imprints</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Road_to_Perdition" title="Road to Perdition">Road to Perdition</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_League_of_Extraordinary_Gentlemen_(film)" title="The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film)">The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Violence" title="A History of Violence">A History of Violence</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V_for_Vendetta_(film)" title="V for Vendetta (film)">V for Vendetta</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(2007_film)" title="Stardust (2007 film)">Stardust</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_(2008_film)" title="The Spirit (2008 film)">The Spirit</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Losers_(2010_film)" title="The Losers (2010 film)">The Losers</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kitchen_(2019_film)" title="The Kitchen (2019 film)">The Kitchen</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_(film_series)" title="Red (film series)">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_(2010_film)" title="Red (2010 film)">Red</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_2_(film)" title="Red 2 (film)">Red 2</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DC_Studios" title="DC Studios">DC Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC_Extended_Universe" title="DC Extended Universe">DC Extended Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC_Universe_(franchise)" title="DC Universe (franchise)">DC Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproduced_DC_Comics_projects" title="List of unproduced DC Comics projects">List of unproduced DC Comics projects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproduced_films_based_on_DC_Comics_imprints" title="List of unproduced films based on DC Comics imprints">DC Imprints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tim_Burton357" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tim_Burton" title="Template:Tim Burton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tim_Burton" title="Template talk:Tim Burton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tim_Burton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tim Burton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tim_Burton357" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton_filmography" title="Tim Burton filmography">Filmography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_frequent_Tim_Burton_collaborators" title="List of frequent Tim Burton collaborators">Frequent collaborators</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton%27s_unrealized_projects" title="Tim Burton&#39;s unrealized projects">Unproduced projects</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton_Productions" title="Tim Burton Productions">Tim Burton Productions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Skellington_Productions" title="Skellington Productions">Skellington Productions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Tim_Burton" title="List of awards and nominations received by Tim Burton">Awards and nominations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Director</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Feature films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pee-wee%27s_Big_Adventure" title="Pee-wee&#39;s Big Adventure">Pee-wee's Big Adventure</a></i> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Beetlejuice" title="Beetlejuice">Beetlejuice</a></i> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batman</a></i> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Scissorhands" title="Edward Scissorhands">Edward Scissorhands</a></i> (1990, also wrote)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Returns" title="Batman Returns">Batman Returns</a></i> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood_(film)" title="Ed Wood (film)">Ed Wood</a></i> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Attacks!" title="Mars Attacks!">Mars Attacks!</a></i> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_(film)" title="Sleepy Hollow (film)">Sleepy Hollow</a></i> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(2001_film)" title="Planet of the Apes (2001 film)">Planet of the Apes</a></i> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Big_Fish" title="Big Fish">Big Fish</a></i> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_(film)" title="Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)">Charlie and the Chocolate Factory</a></i> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Corpse_Bride" title="Corpse Bride">Corpse Bride</a></i> (2005, also created characters)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Todd:_The_Demon_Barber_of_Fleet_Street_(2007_film)" title="Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film)">Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street</a></i> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(2010_film)" title="Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)">Alice in Wonderland</a></i> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Shadows_(film)" title="Dark Shadows (film)">Dark Shadows</a></i> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)" title="Frankenweenie (2012 film)">Frankenweenie</a></i> (2012, also wrote)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Big_Eyes" title="Big Eyes">Big Eyes</a></i> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Miss_Peregrine%27s_Home_for_Peculiar_Children_(film)" title="Miss Peregrine&#39;s Home for Peculiar Children (film)">Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children</a></i> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dumbo_(2019_film)" title="Dumbo (2019 film)">Dumbo</a></i> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Beetlejuice_Beetlejuice" title="Beetlejuice Beetlejuice">Beetlejuice Beetlejuice</a></i> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Island_of_Doctor_Agor" title="The Island of Doctor Agor">The Island of Doctor Agor</a></i> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Stalk_of_the_Celery_Monster" title="Stalk of the Celery Monster">Stalk of the Celery Monster</a></i> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Vincent_(1982_film)" title="Vincent (1982 film)">Vincent</a></i> (1982, also wrote)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel_(1983_TV_special)" title="Hansel and Gretel (1983 TV special)">Hansel and Gretel</a></i> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Frankenweenie_(1984_film)" title="Frankenweenie (1984 film)">Frankenweenie</a></i> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Stainboy" title="Stainboy">Stainboy</a></i> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Wednesday_(TV_series)" title="Wednesday (TV series)">Wednesday</a></i> (2022–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music videos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Bones_(The_Killers_song)" title="Bones (The Killers song)">Bones</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Here_with_Me_(The_Killers_song)" title="Here with Me (The Killers song)">Here with Me</a>"</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nightmare_Before_Christmas" title="The Nightmare Before Christmas">The Nightmare Before Christmas</a></i> (1993, also produced)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Melancholy_Death_of_Oyster_Boy_%26_Other_Stories" title="The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy &amp; Other Stories">The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy &amp; Other Stories</a></i> (1997)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV series created</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Beetlejuice_(TV_series)" title="Beetlejuice (TV series)">Beetlejuice</a></i> (1989–91)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yearly_highest-grossing_films_in_the_United_States264" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yearly_highest-grossing_US_films" title="Template:Yearly highest-grossing US films"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yearly_highest-grossing_US_films" title="Template talk:Yearly highest-grossing US films"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yearly_highest-grossing_US_films" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yearly highest-grossing US films"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yearly_highest-grossing_films_in_the_United_States264" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_the_United_States_by_year" title="List of highest-grossing films in the United States by year">Yearly highest-grossing films in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Films listed as number-one by in-year release</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s–1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1977_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1977 box office number-one films in the United States">1977</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Grease_(film)" title="Grease (film)">Grease</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1978_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1978 box office number-one films in the United States">1978</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Kramer_vs._Kramer" title="Kramer vs. Kramer">Kramer vs. Kramer</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1979_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1979 box office number-one films in the United States">1979</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back" title="The Empire Strikes Back">The Empire Strikes Back</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1980_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1980 box office number-one films in the United States">1980</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1981_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1981 box office number-one films in the United States">1981</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial">E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1982_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1982 box office number-one films in the United States">1982</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi" title="Return of the Jedi">Return of the Jedi</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1983_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1983 box office number-one films in the United States">1983</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Cop" title="Beverly Hills Cop">Beverly Hills Cop</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1984_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1984 box office number-one films in the United States">1984</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future" title="Back to the Future">Back to the Future</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1985_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1985 box office number-one films in the United States">1985</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Top_Gun" title="Top Gun">Top Gun</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1986_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1986 box office number-one films in the United States">1986</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Men_and_a_Baby" title="Three Men and a Baby">Three Men and a Baby</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1987_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1987 box office number-one films in the United States">1987</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rain_Man" title="Rain Man">Rain Man</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1988_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1988 box office number-one films in the United States">1988</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batman</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1989_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1989 box office number-one films in the United States">1989</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s−2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Home_Alone" title="Home Alone">Home Alone</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1990_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1990 box office number-one films in the United States">1990</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Terminator_2:_Judgment_Day" title="Terminator 2: Judgment Day">Terminator 2: Judgment Day</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1991_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1991 box office number-one films in the United States">1991</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)" title="Aladdin (1992 Disney film)">Aladdin</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1992_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1992 box office number-one films in the United States">1992</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film)" title="Jurassic Park (film)">Jurassic Park</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1993_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1993 box office number-one films in the United States">1993</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Forrest_Gump" title="Forrest Gump">Forrest Gump</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1994_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1994 box office number-one films in the United States">1994</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1995_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1995 box office number-one films in the United States">1995</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(1996_film)" title="Independence Day (1996 film)">Independence Day</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1996_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1996 box office number-one films in the United States">1996</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1997_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1997 box office number-one films in the United States">1997</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan" title="Saving Private Ryan">Saving Private Ryan</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1998_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1998 box office number-one films in the United States">1998</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_I_%E2%80%93_The_Phantom_Menace" title="Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace">Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_1999_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 1999 box office number-one films in the United States">1999</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/How_the_Grinch_Stole_Christmas_(2000_film)" title="How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)">How the Grinch Stole Christmas</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2000_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2000 box office number-one films in the United States">2000</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Philosopher&#39;s Stone (film)">Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2001_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2001 box office number-one films in the United States">2001</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Spider-Man_(2002_film)" title="Spider-Man (2002 film)">Spider-Man</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2002_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2002 box office number-one films in the United States">2002</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King">The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2003_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2003 box office number-one films in the United States">2003</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Shrek_2" title="Shrek 2">Shrek 2</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2004_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2004 box office number-one films in the United States">2004</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_III_%E2%80%93_Revenge_of_the_Sith" title="Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith">Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2005_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2005 box office number-one films in the United States">2005</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_Dead_Man%27s_Chest" title="Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man&#39;s Chest">Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2006_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2006 box office number-one films in the United States">2006</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Spider-Man_3" title="Spider-Man 3">Spider-Man 3</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2007_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2007 box office number-one films in the United States">2007</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight" title="The Dark Knight">The Dark Knight</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2008_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2008 box office number-one films in the United States">2008</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2009_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2009 box office number-one films in the United States">2009</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s−2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story_3" title="Toy Story 3">Toy Story 3</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2010_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2010 box office number-one films in the United States">2010</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%E2%80%93_Part_2" title="Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2011_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2011 box office number-one films in the United States">2011</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Avengers_(2012_film)" title="The Avengers (2012 film)">The Avengers</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2012_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2012 box office number-one films in the United States">2012</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunger_Games:_Catching_Fire" title="The Hunger Games: Catching Fire">The Hunger Games: Catching Fire</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2013_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2013 box office number-one films in the United States">2013</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/American_Sniper" title="American Sniper">American Sniper</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2014_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2014 box office number-one films in the United States">2014</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Force_Awakens" title="Star Wars: The Force Awakens">Star Wars: The Force Awakens</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2015_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2015 box office number-one films in the United States">2015</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rogue_One" title="Rogue One">Rogue One</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2016_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2016 box office number-one films in the United States">2016</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Last_Jedi" title="Star Wars: The Last Jedi">Star Wars: The Last Jedi</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2017_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2017 box office number-one films in the United States">2017</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_(film)" title="Black Panther (film)">Black Panther</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2018_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2018 box office number-one films in the United States">2018</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Avengers:_Endgame" title="Avengers: Endgame">Avengers: Endgame</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2019_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2019 box office number-one films in the United States">2019</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_Boys_for_Life" title="Bad Boys for Life">Bad Boys for Life</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2020_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2020 box office number-one films in the United States">2020</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Spider-Man:_No_Way_Home" title="Spider-Man: No Way Home">Spider-Man: No Way Home</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2021_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2021 box office number-one films in the United States">2021</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Top_Gun:_Maverick" title="Top Gun: Maverick">Top Gun: Maverick</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2022_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2022 box office number-one films in the United States">2022</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Barbie_(film)" title="Barbie (film)">Barbie</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2023_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2023 box office number-one films in the United States">2023</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Inside_Out_2" title="Inside Out 2">Inside Out 2</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_2024_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States" title="List of 2024 box office number-one films in the United States">2024</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="List of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada">List of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116852#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1299" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116852#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1299" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116852#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/183956854">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3145424153786791776">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/292698958">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/224738764">4</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4228734-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92021592">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165614818">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165614818">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&amp;authority_id=XX4209227">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987011045473805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515807506706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7fd96bd568‐lfzrb Cached time: 20250315044621 Cache expiry: 3600 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.357 seconds 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