Henry A. Kissinger, Ph.D. | Academy of Achievement

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Kissinger, Ph.D. | Academy of Achievement</title> <meta name="description" content="Few figures in the history of diplomacy have had as large an impact on world history as Dr. Henry Kissinger. As National Security Advisor and Secretary of State, Dr. Kissinger is generally credited with crafting the policy of détente with the Soviet Union and effecting the historic opening to China. He was awarded the Nobel Prize, along with Le Due Tho of North Vietnam, for negotiating a ceasefire agreement in the Vietnam War. Henry Alfred Kissinger was born in Fürth, Germany. Fleeing the rise of the Nazis, the Kissinger family came to the United States in 1938. He became a United States citizen in 1943 and served in the U.S. Army during World War II. From 1954 until 1969, he was a member of the faculty of Harvard University. President Richard Nixon selected Henry Kissinger as Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs in 1969. Dr. Kissinger retained this position throughout the Nixon administration, even after being appointed Secretary of State in 1973, a position he retained in the subsequent administration of President Gerald Ford. Under President Reagan he chaired the National Bipartisan Commission on Central America, and served as a member of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board from 1984 to 1990. Today, Dr. Kissinger is Chairman of Kissinger Associates, Inc., an international consulting firm."/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/henry-kissinger-ph-d/"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Henry A. Kissinger, Ph.D. | Academy of Achievement"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Few figures in the history of diplomacy have had as large an impact on world history as Dr. Henry Kissinger. As National Security Advisor and Secretary of State, Dr. Kissinger is generally credited with crafting the policy of détente with the Soviet Union and effecting the historic opening to China. He was awarded the Nobel Prize, along with Le Due Tho of North Vietnam, for negotiating a ceasefire agreement in the Vietnam War. Henry Alfred Kissinger was born in Fürth, Germany. Fleeing the rise of the Nazis, the Kissinger family came to the United States in 1938. He became a United States citizen in 1943 and served in the U.S. Army during World War II. From 1954 until 1969, he was a member of the faculty of Harvard University. President Richard Nixon selected Henry Kissinger as Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs in 1969. Dr. Kissinger retained this position throughout the Nixon administration, even after being appointed Secretary of State in 1973, a position he retained in the subsequent administration of President Gerald Ford. Under President Reagan he chaired the National Bipartisan Commission on Central America, and served as a member of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board from 1984 to 1990. Today, Dr. Kissinger is Chairman of Kissinger Associates, Inc., an international consulting firm."/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/henry-kissinger-ph-d/"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Academy of Achievement"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2018-08-24T17:56:56+00:00"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/kissinger-2-eature-Image-2800x1120.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="2800"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1120"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@achievers1961"/> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/#organization","name":"Academy of Achievement","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/","sameAs":["https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-academy-of-achievement","https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChe_87uh1H-NIMf3ndTjPFw","https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement","https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://twitter.com/achievers1961"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/#logo","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/12.png","contentUrl":"/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/12.png","width":1200,"height":630,"caption":"Academy of Achievement"},"image":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/#logo"}},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/#website","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/","name":"Academy of Achievement","description":"A museum of living history","publisher":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/search/{search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/henry-kissinger-ph-d/#primaryimage","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/kissinger-2-eature-Image-2800x1120.jpg","contentUrl":"/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/kissinger-2-eature-Image-2800x1120.jpg","width":2800,"height":1120},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/henry-kissinger-ph-d/#webpage","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/henry-kissinger-ph-d/","name":"Henry A. 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ratio-container ratio-container--feature"> <figure class="feature-box"> <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image feature-area__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/kissinger-2-eature-Image-2800x1120.jpg [(max-width:544px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/kissinger-2-eature-Image-2800x1120-1400x560.jpg [(max-width:992px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/kissinger-2-eature-Image-2800x1120.jpg"></div> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <figcaption class="feature-area__text ratio-container__text container"> <div class="feature-area__text-inner text-white"> <h2 class="serif-8 feature-area__text-subhead back"><a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever">All achievers</a></h2> <h1 class="serif-1 entry-title feature-area__text-headline">Henry A. Kissinger, Ph.D.</h1> <h5 class="sans-6 feature-area__blurb">Nobel Prize for Peace</h5> </div> </figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </header> </div>  <nav class="in-page-nav row fixedsticky"> <ul class="nav text-xs-center clearfix" role="tablist"> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link active" data-toggle="tab" href="#biography" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Biography">Biography</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#profile" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Profile">Profile</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#interview" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Interview">Interview</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#gallery" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Gallery">Gallery</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <article class="post-24997 achiever type-achiever status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry careers-diplomat"> <div class="entry-content container clearfix">  <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane active" id="biography" role="tabpanel"> <section class="achiever--biography"> <div class="row"> <header class="editorial-article__header col-md-8 col-md-offset-2 text-xs-center"> <i class="icon-icon_bio text-brand-primary"></i> <h3 class="serif-3 quote-marks">I grew up in Germany during the Nazi period, and I came to this country when I was 15. And then I had to work in a factory because we had no resources. And I went to night school. So, it was not a rational ambition for me to become a world statesman.</h3> </header> </div> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar clearfix"> <h2 class="serif-3 p-b-1">America's Senior Statesman</h2> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Birth</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> May 27, 1923 </dd> </div> </aside> <article class="editorial-article col-md-8"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><figure id="attachment_25579" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25579" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignright"><noscript><img class="wp-image-25579 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-541085475_master.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-25579 size-full lazyload" alt="American (German-born) diplomat Henry Kissinger photographed as a young boy. (Photo by ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images)" width="2280" height="3098" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-541085475_master.jpg 2280w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-541085475_master-280x380.jpg 280w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-541085475_master-559x760.jpg 559w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-541085475_master.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25579" class="wp-caption-text">Henry Kissinger photographed as a young boy. (Getty)</figcaption></figure> <p>Henry Alfred Kissinger was born in Fürth, Germany, a medium-sized town neighboring the larger city of Nuremberg in Northern Bavaria. His father Louis taught in the local gymnasium, or college preparatory school. The family valued education, although young Heinz, as he was then known, preferred soccer to studying. Like many of the Jewish families of Fürth, the Kissingers enjoyed a secure position in the community until the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Louis Kissinger was fired from his job and the family lost all the rights of German citizenship. Eager to leave, the Kissingers faced the same problem as the other Jews who fell under Nazi rule, the difficulty of finding a country to take them in. In 1938, the Kissinger family — mother, father and two sons — received permission to enter the United States by way of London. The rest of the extended family remained behind in Germany, where most of them perished. The Kissinger family settled in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan, among other German Jewish refugees.</p> <p>The 15-year-old Heinz became Henry and applied himself to his studies, but after his first year at George Washington High School, his family’s precarious finances compelled him to take a full-time job in a shaving brush factory. He continued to study for his diploma at night, and after completing high school he entered the City College of New York, where he studied accounting. He was thriving academically when he was drafted into the United States Army in 1943.</p> <figure id="attachment_25564" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25564" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-25564 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/0513-WEL-Kissinger-with-LBJ.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-25564 size-full lazyload" alt="December 5, 1968: Henry Kissinger confers with President Lyndon Johnson not long after being appointed to Richard Nixon's national security team. (Associated Press)" width="2280" height="1582" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/0513-WEL-Kissinger-with-LBJ.jpg 2280w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/0513-WEL-Kissinger-with-LBJ-380x264.jpg 380w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/0513-WEL-Kissinger-with-LBJ-760x527.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/0513-WEL-Kissinger-with-LBJ.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25564" class="wp-caption-text">1968: Kissinger confers with President Johnson after being appointed to Richard Nixon’s national security team.</figcaption></figure> <p>While in basic training, he became a United States citizen at age 20, and joined his unit, the 84th Infantry, in time for the Battle of the Bulge. A superior officer, fellow German refugee Fritz Kraemer, was impressed with young Kissinger and assigned him to the military intelligence section of the division. Private Kissinger volunteered for dangerous duty and was soon promoted to sergeant in the Counter Intelligence Corps. He was given responsibility for re-organizing civilian administration in liberated towns in Germany, and won a Bronze Star for hunting down Gestapo officers and saboteurs. Sergeant Kissinger was teaching at the European Command Intelligence School when he received his discharge. He continued teaching at the school as a civilian employee for some months after his separation from the Army.</p> <p>The G.I. Bill enabled Kissinger to return to college. He won admission to Harvard, where he received his undergraduate degree in history, <em>summa cum laude,</em> in 1950.   He remained at Harvard to earn his graduate degrees. On completing his masters degree in 1952, he became Director of the Harvard International Seminar. With the completion of his doctorate in 1954, he joined the faculty of the Department of Government and the new Center for International Affairs.</p> <figure id="attachment_25588" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25588" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-25588 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/maxanciennes026537.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-25588 size-full lazyload" alt="1969: Maurice Schumann, France's Minister of Foreign Affairs, with U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger." width="2280" height="1635" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/maxanciennes026537.jpg 2280w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/maxanciennes026537-380x273.jpg 380w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/maxanciennes026537-760x545.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/maxanciennes026537.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25588" class="wp-caption-text">1969: Maurice Schumann, France’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, with U.S. Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kissinger’s doctoral research on the diplomacy of post-Napoleonic Europe provided the foundation of his first book, <em>A World Restored: Castlereagh, Metternich and the Restoration of Peace, 1812-1822</em>, published in 1957.  The same year saw the publication of his first book on current affairs, <em>Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy</em>.</p> <p>While teaching at Harvard, Kissinger served as a consultant to the National Security Council, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Rand Corporation, the State Department, and the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. As Director of the Special Studies Project for the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, he came into contact with the Governor of New York, Nelson Rockefeller.   Kissinger became a foreign policy advisor to Governor Rockefeller, supporting the governor’s three campaigns for the presidency in 1960, 1964 and 1968. Although Rockefeller never won the Republican nomination he had sought, Kissinger attracted the attention of the man who defeated Rockefeller for the nomination in 1968, Richard Nixon.</p> <figure id="attachment_25576" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25576" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-25576 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-74932537_master.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-25576 size-full lazyload" alt="1972: President Richard Nixon with National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger (Photo by Frederic Lewis/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)" width="2280" height="2966" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-74932537_master.jpg 2280w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-74932537_master-292x380.jpg 292w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-74932537_master-584x760.jpg 584w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-74932537_master.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25576" class="wp-caption-text">1972: President Richard Nixon with National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger (Frederic Lewis and Getty Images)</figcaption></figure> <p>After winning the national election in 1968, Nixon appointed Kissinger to serve as National Security Advisor. When Nixon and Kissinger arrived in Washington, the U.S. was deeply embroiled in the Vietnam War, and peace talks in Paris had stalled. During his campaign, Nixon had promised “peace with honor.” In office, President Nixon gradually reduced the American role in ground combat, while escalating the bombing campaign against North Vietnam. Nixon ordered incursions into neighboring Cambodia, provoking bitter protests at home, while Kissinger focused on trying to negotiate a ceasefire with North Vietnam.</p> <figure id="attachment_25573" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25573" style="width: 990px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-25573 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Frankel-jumbo.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-25573 size-full lazyload" alt="1972: Henry Kissinger, Richard Nixon, John H. Holdridge of the National Security Council and Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai. (John Dominis/Time & Life Pictures)" width="990" height="653" data-sizes="(max-width: 990px) 100vw, 990px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Frankel-jumbo.jpg 990w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Frankel-jumbo-380x251.jpg 380w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Frankel-jumbo-760x501.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Frankel-jumbo.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25573" class="wp-caption-text">1972: Henry Kissinger, Richard Nixon, John H. Holdridge and Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai. (John Dominis)</figcaption></figure> <p>Nixon had first made his name as one of the most vigorous anti-communists in the U.S. Congress, but Kissinger made his top priority the promotion of a policy of <em>détente</em>, or relaxation of tension, between the United States and the Soviet Union. He initiated strategic arms limitation talks (SALT) with the Soviets.</p> <p>Kissinger’s efforts drew criticism from both ends of the political spectrum, from liberals who favored a more rapid withdrawal from Vietnam and from conservatives who distrusted his outreach to China and the Soviet Union. Although Kissinger himself disowned the term, his foreign policy approach was often described as one of <em>realpolitik</em>, the pursuit of a nation’s interest based on immediate practical considerations, rather than adherence to a set of fixed principles or ideology.</p> <figure id="attachment_25565" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25565" style="width: 1200px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-25565 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/1973-le-duc-tho-et-henry-kissinger.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-25565 size-full lazyload" alt="1973: Le Duc Tho and United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Le Duc Tho, a member of the North Vietnam Communist Party’s Politburo, joined the North Vietnamese negotiating team as a special counselor. The Paris peace talks had begun in March 1968, but had made little headway in ending the war. In August 1969, Tho and Henry Kissinger would begin meeting secretly in a villa outside Paris in an attempt to reach a peace settlement. It was these private talks that would ultimately result in the January 1973 Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring the Peace in Vietnam. " width="1200" height="659" data-sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/1973-le-duc-tho-et-henry-kissinger.jpg 1200w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/1973-le-duc-tho-et-henry-kissinger-380x209.jpg 380w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/1973-le-duc-tho-et-henry-kissinger-760x417.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/1973-le-duc-tho-et-henry-kissinger.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25565" class="wp-caption-text">1973: Le Duc Tho and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Le Duc Tho, a member of the North Vietnam Communist Party’s Politburo, joined the North Vietnamese negotiating team as a special counselor. The Paris peace talks had begun in March 1968, but had made little headway in ending the war. In August 1969, Tho and Kissinger began meeting secretly in a villa outside Paris, France, in an attempt to reach a peace settlement. These private talks would ultimately result in the January 1973 Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring the Peace in Vietnam.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kissinger sought to exploit the growing tensions between the two communist powers, China and the Soviet Union, by playing one against the other. Since the communist revolution of 1949, the United States had had no diplomatic relations with the government in Beijing. In the summer of 1971, Kissinger made a secret trip to China and initiated a process that would eventually lead to full diplomatic recognition and the integration of China into the global economy. In 1972, he arranged for President Nixon to meet in Beijing with Mao Zedong, the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party. This was a virtual earthquake in world politics. Kissinger and Nixon’s decision to “play the China card” is widely credited with inducing greater cooperation from the Soviet Union in the arms limitation talks, resulting in the SALT I Treaty and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.</p> <figure id="attachment_25583" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25583" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-25583 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/henry-kissinger-speaking-to-senate.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-25583 size-full lazyload" alt="1973: Appearing before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on his nomination to be Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger pledged to cooperate closely with Congress in conducting foreign policy for a "durable peace." (Bettmann/CORBIS)" width="2280" height="1529" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/henry-kissinger-speaking-to-senate.jpg 2280w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/henry-kissinger-speaking-to-senate-380x255.jpg 380w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/henry-kissinger-speaking-to-senate-760x510.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/henry-kissinger-speaking-to-senate.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25583" class="wp-caption-text">1973: Appearing before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on his nomination to be Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger pledged to cooperate closely with Congress in conducting foreign policy for a “durable peace.” (Corbis)</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1972, Kissinger and the North Vietnamese negotiator, Le Duc Tho, drafted an agreement, and with the American presidential election only a few weeks away, Kissinger announced that “peace is at hand.” President Nixon was elected to a second term in a 49-state landslide. The Paris Peace Agreement was signed by all parties the following January. Kissinger and Le Duc Tho were awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace. Le Duc Tho refused to accept his award; Kissinger announced that he would donate his prize money “to the children of American service members killed or missing in action in Indochina.</p> <figure id="attachment_25575" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25575" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-25575 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-51223457_master.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-25575 size-full lazyload" alt="1975: U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat talk during the Sinai II negotiations, which resulted in land being returned to Egypt in Alexandria, Egypt. (Photo by David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images)" width="2280" height="1513" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-51223457_master.jpg 2280w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-51223457_master-380x252.jpg 380w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-51223457_master-760x504.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-51223457_master.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25575" class="wp-caption-text">1975: Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat talk during the Sinai II negotiations, which resulted in land being returned to Egypt in Alexandria, Egypt. (David Hume Kennerly and Getty Images)</figcaption></figure> <p>It had long been apparent that Kissinger had the greatest influence over the president in matters of foreign policy, eclipsing that of his Secretary of State, William P. Rogers. In the first year of Nixon’s second term, Rogers stepped down and Kissinger succeeded him as Secretary of State, while retaining the position of National Security Advisor.</p> <p>Another controversial aspect of Kissinger’s tenure was the administration’s policy in the southern cone of South America. In Chile, the military overthrew the government of the elected president, Salvador Allende, a socialist sympathetic to communist Cuba. In Argentina, a military coup ousted President Isabel Perón, widow of the populist strongman Juan Perón. The CIA played a role in destabilizing the Allende regime, and the United States was quick to recognize the new regimes in both countries. In Kissinger’s view, the stability offered by reliably anti-communist regimes was preferable to the risk posed by unstable or openly hostile governments in the Western Hemisphere. Many years elapsed before the return of electoral democracy in Chile and Argentina, and the U.S. role in their history remains a sore spot in hemispheric relations.</p> <figure id="attachment_25589" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25589" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-25589 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/President_Ford_informally_concludes_the_Vladivostok_Summit_-_NARA_-_7062568.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-25589 size-full lazyload" alt="1974: President Ford, General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, and Dr. Henry Kissinger speaking informally at the Vladivostok Summit." width="2280" height="1499" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/President_Ford_informally_concludes_the_Vladivostok_Summit_-_NARA_-_7062568.jpg 2280w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/President_Ford_informally_concludes_the_Vladivostok_Summit_-_NARA_-_7062568-380x250.jpg 380w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/President_Ford_informally_concludes_the_Vladivostok_Summit_-_NARA_-_7062568-760x500.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/President_Ford_informally_concludes_the_Vladivostok_Summit_-_NARA_-_7062568.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25589" class="wp-caption-text">1974: President Ford, General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, and Henry Kissinger speak at the Vladivostok Summit.</figcaption></figure> <p>The major international crisis of Nixon and Kissinger’s second term was the Yom Kippur War of 1973. With the Soviet Union supporting Egypt and Syria, and the United States supplying Israel, the conflict threatened to escalate into a confrontation between the superpowers. Kissinger helped persuade the combatants to accept a UN-proposed ceasefire. When a peace conference in Geneva failed to produce an agreement, Kissinger undertook “shuttle diplomacy,” flying back and forth between direct meetings with the Israelis, the Egyptians and the Syrians. His labors eventually produced a disengagement agreement, with the institution of UN buffer zones between Israel and its two hostile neighbors. The war had strained Egypt’s relations with its longtime patron, Russia. Kissinger seized the opportunity and cultivated a relationship with Egypt’s President Anwar Sadat. With Kissinger’s encouragement, Egypt gradually moved from the Soviet orbit to the American one.</p> <figure id="attachment_51581" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-51581" style="width: 2955px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-51581 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/WP-SIDE-BY-SIDE-KISSINGER-WATSON-2002-DUBLIN-IRELAND.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-51581 lazyload" alt="" width="2955" height="1460" data-sizes="(max-width: 2955px) 100vw, 2955px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/WP-SIDE-BY-SIDE-KISSINGER-WATSON-2002-DUBLIN-IRELAND.jpg 2955w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/WP-SIDE-BY-SIDE-KISSINGER-WATSON-2002-DUBLIN-IRELAND-380x188.jpg 380w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/WP-SIDE-BY-SIDE-KISSINGER-WATSON-2002-DUBLIN-IRELAND-760x375.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/WP-SIDE-BY-SIDE-KISSINGER-WATSON-2002-DUBLIN-IRELAND.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-51581" class="wp-caption-text">Academy Awards Council member Dr. James D. Watson, the co-discoverer of the structure of DNA and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Medicine, presenting the Academy of Achievement’s Gold Medal to Dr. Henry A. Kissinger, the recipient of the Nobel Prize for Peace, during the 2002 International Achievement Summit held in Dublin, Ireland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kissinger planned further foreign policy initiatives for President Nixon’s second term, but the president soon became hopelessly mired in the Watergate scandal. Nixon resigned in August 1974. His successor, Gerald Ford, retained Kissinger as Secretary of State, and sought to maintain continuity with the Nixon administration.</p> <p>The United States had ended its ground operations in Vietnam, but the North Vietnamese failed to honor the peace agreement and resumed their advance in South Vietnam. When the capital, Saigon, fell to the communist forces in 1975, Kissinger offered to return his Nobel Prize medal to the Norwegian Nobel Committee.</p> <p>Gerald Ford sought a full term in the presidency but lost to Democratic candidate Jimmy Carter in 1976. In his last month in office, President Ford awarded Kissinger the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation’s highest civilian honor. Kissinger’s term as Secretary of State ended with Carter’s inauguration in January 1977.</p> <figure id="attachment_25577" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25577" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-25577 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-466576788_master.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-25577 size-full lazyload" alt="March 17, 2015: Chinese President Xi Jinping shakes hands with former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, China. (Photo by Feng Li - Pool/Getty Images)" width="2280" height="1520" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-466576788_master.jpg 2280w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-466576788_master-380x253.jpg 380w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-466576788_master-760x507.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-466576788_master.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25577" class="wp-caption-text">March 17, 2015:  Xi Jinping, President of the People’s Republic of China, shakes hands with former United States Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, China. (Feng Li – Pool/Getty Images)</figcaption></figure> <p>After leaving office, Kissinger wrote, lectured and consulted widely, teaching at Georgetown University’s Edmund Walsh School of Foreign Service. He also revisited an earlier interest, serving as Chairman of the North American Soccer League. In 1980 he received the National Book Award for his memoir, <em>The White House Years</em>. He has since continued his life story in <em>Years of Upheaval</em> and <em>Years of Renewal</em>.</p> <p>In 1982, he founded a consulting firm, Kissinger and Associates. In the 1980s, President Ronald Reagan and some of his advisors initially sought to disassociate themselves from Kissinger’s policy of <em>détente</em>, and the arms limitation process, but eventually pursued a similar course themselves. President Reagan called on Henry Kissinger to chair a panel on Central American policy. Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, President George W. Bush invited Kissinger to chair a commission of inquiry.</p> <figure id="attachment_25212" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25212" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-25212 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wp-kissinger-assk-4-our-history-2016.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-25212 size-full lazyload" alt="2016: Former U.S. Secretary of State and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Henry Kissinger and Aung San Suu Kyi, State Counsellor of Myanmar, at the New York Public Library." width="2280" height="2037" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wp-kissinger-assk-4-our-history-2016.jpg 2280w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wp-kissinger-assk-4-our-history-2016-380x340.jpg 380w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wp-kissinger-assk-4-our-history-2016-760x679.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wp-kissinger-assk-4-our-history-2016.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25212" class="wp-caption-text">2016: Former U.S. Secretary of State and Awards Council member Dr. Henry Kissinger embraces Aung San Suu Kyi, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, after the presentation of the Academy’s Golden Plate Award and Gold Medal.</figcaption></figure> <p>In recent years, Henry Kissinger has joined with former Secretary of State George Schultz, former Senator Sam Nunn and former Secretary of Defense William Perry in calling for the complete phasing out of nuclear weapons. His books on international affairs include <em>Diplomacy</em> (1994) and <em>Does America Need a Foreign Policy?</em> (2001).</p> <p>At the time of his 2000 interview with the Academy of Achievement, Kissinger was at work on his book <em>Vietnam: A Personal History of America’s Involvement in and Extrication from the Vietnam War (2002)</em>. His books since then include <em>On China</em> (2011) and <em>World Order</em> (2014).</p> </body></html> <div class="clearfix"> </div> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="profile" role="tabpanel"> <section class="clearfix"> <header class="editorial-article__header"> <figure class="text-xs-center"> <img class="inductee-badge" src="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/inducted-badge@2x.png" alt="Inducted Badge" width="120" height="120"/> <figcaption class="serif-3 text-brand-primary"> Inducted in 2002 </figcaption> </figure> </header> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar"> <dl class="clearfix m-b-0"> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Career</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> <div><a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/#filter=.diplomat">Diplomat</a></div> </dd> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Birth</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> May 27, 1923 </dd> </div> </dl> </aside> <article class="col-md-8 editorial-article clearfix"> <p>Few figures in the history of diplomacy have had as large an impact on world history as Dr. Henry Kissinger. As National Security Advisor and Secretary of State, Dr. Kissinger is generally credited with crafting the policy of détente with the Soviet Union and effecting the historic opening to China. He was awarded the Nobel Prize, along with Le Due Tho of North Vietnam, for negotiating a ceasefire agreement in the Vietnam War.</p> <p>Henry Alfred Kissinger was born in Fürth, Germany. Fleeing the rise of the Nazis, the Kissinger family came to the United States in 1938. He became a United States citizen in 1943 and served in the U.S. Army during World War II. From 1954 until 1969, he was a member of the faculty of Harvard University.</p> <p>President Richard Nixon selected Henry Kissinger as Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs in 1969. Dr. Kissinger retained this position throughout the Nixon administration, even after being appointed Secretary of State in 1973, a position he retained in the subsequent administration of President Gerald Ford. Under President Reagan he chaired the National Bipartisan Commission on Central America, and served as a member of the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board from 1984 to 1990. Today, Dr. Kissinger is Chairman of Kissinger Associates, Inc., an international consulting firm.</p> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="interview" role="tabpanel"> <section class="clearfix"> <div class="col-md-12 interview-feature-video"> <figure> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/WSbphlLUnrA?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2002-Upscale-1of1.00_07_29_23.Still001-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2002-Upscale-1of1.00_07_29_23.Still001-760x428.jpg"></div> <div class="video-tag sans-4"> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> <div class="video-tag__text">Watch full interview</div> </div> </div> </figure> </div> <header class="col-md-12 text-xs-center m-b-2"> <i class="icon-icon_bio text-brand-primary"></i> </header> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar"> <h2 class="serif-3 achiever--biography-subtitle">America's Senior Statesman</h2> <div class="sans-2">New York City</div> <div class="sans-2">September 22, 2016</div> </aside> <article class="editorial-article col-md-8">   <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>(Dr. Henry Kissinger was interviewed twice by the American Academy of Achievement — on June 8, 2002 at the Summit in Dublin, Ireland and on September 22, 2016 at the New York Public Library in New York City. The transcript draws on both interviews.)</strong></p> <p><strong>When you were growing up, did you ever imagine you would become a world statesman?</strong></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/Fz0p7pzlry4?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2002-Upscale-1of1.00_13_08_23.Still007-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2002-Upscale-1of1.00_13_08_23.Still007-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/the-american-dream/">The American Dream</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Henry Kissinger: I grew up in Germany during the Nazi period, and I came to this country when I was 15. And then I had to work in a factory because we had no resources. And I went to night school. So it was not a rational ambition for me to become a world statesman. Then I became over time a professor and I wrote about world history, but I was not an active participant. In 1968, President Nixon, newly elected, invited me to become his Security Advisor. And as the Security Advisor all the problems that have to do with national security flow through the Office of the Security Advisor to the President. So it is in that period that I became an active participant because President Nixon sent me as his principal negotiator to negotiate the end of the Vietnam War, the opening to China, and three Middle East peace agreements.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><figure id="attachment_25563" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25563" style="width: 1080px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-25563 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/swearing-in.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-25563 size-full lazyload" alt="September 22, 1973: President Richard M. Nixon; Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger and his mother, Mrs. Louis Kissinger; Chief Justice Warren Burger at the swearing-in ceremony of Henry A. Kissinger as the Secretary of State. " width="1080" height="739" data-sizes="(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/swearing-in.jpg 1080w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/swearing-in-380x260.jpg 380w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/swearing-in-760x520.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/swearing-in.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25563" class="wp-caption-text">September 22, 1973: President Richard M. Nixon; Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger and his mother, Mrs. Louis Kissinger; Chief Justice Warren Burger at the swearing-in ceremony of Henry A. Kissinger as the Secretary of State.</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>What did you say when you got that call from President Nixon?</strong></p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/sxeHaZP7wjA?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2002-Upscale-1of1.00_10_12_13.Still006-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2002-Upscale-1of1.00_10_12_13.Still006-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/integrity/">Integrity</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Henry Kissinger: I had been really advisor to Governor Rockefeller, who was an opponent within the Republican Party of President Nixon. So when President Nixon offered me that position, I said, “I need to talk to Governor Rockefeller, with whom I’m associated.” And Rockefeller said to me, “Think about it this way, he is taking a much bigger chance on you than you are taking on him.” And so then I accepted the job.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><figure id="attachment_25587" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25587" style="width: 2048px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-25587 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/la-oe-1018-ferguson-kissinger-obama-20151018.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-25587 size-full lazyload" alt="June 1973: Henry A. Kissinger, President Nixon's National Security Advisor, stands with Le Duc Tho, a member of Hanoi's Politburo, in Paris. (Michel Lipchitz/Associated Press)" width="2048" height="1441" data-sizes="(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/la-oe-1018-ferguson-kissinger-obama-20151018.jpg 2048w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/la-oe-1018-ferguson-kissinger-obama-20151018-380x267.jpg 380w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/la-oe-1018-ferguson-kissinger-obama-20151018-760x535.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/la-oe-1018-ferguson-kissinger-obama-20151018.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25587" class="wp-caption-text">1973: Henry A. Kissinger, National Security Advisor, with Le Duc Tho, a member of Hanoi’s Politburo, in Paris.</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>When President Nixon asked you to serve as National Security Advisor in 1969, the U.S. was already deeply involved in the Vietnam War. Why were we involved there, and why did it take us so long to extricate ourselves? </strong></p> <p>Henry Kissinger:  The first thing to remember is the Nixon administration actually did not get involved in Vietnam. We found the war and our task was to liquidate it.</p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/YlnirJkdTCc?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2016-MasterEdit.00_03_58_03.Still014-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2016-MasterEdit.00_03_58_03.Still014-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>In retrospect, we got involved in Vietnam because we thought that the tragedy in Vietnam was a part of a vast communist system and that the way to resist global penetration of communism was to fight it wherever it occurred. That was sort of the accepted view and it was done in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. I think in retrospect it was a mistake. It was an honorable mistake by people carrying out the traditions of previous American foreign policy. The question of how do you get out when you have 500,000 troops in place and you have a million allied troops and about the same number of hostile troops, how you can get out without producing a catastrophe, and secondly, how you can get out without undermining the face of the United States. That was the problem the administration which I served faced, which had inherited 550,000 troops in place. We thought the honor of the United States required a gradual extrication. There was no dispute about getting out. The dispute was how to get out, and under what conditions. It was easy to take heroic stances, carrying placards around. Those were not the people who had to implement the decisions.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><p><strong>There is still bitterness and confusion about the war. There are even people who believe that we left American prisoners behind</strong>.</p> <p>Henry Kissinger: That is ridiculous, absolutely ridiculous that we left American prisoners there. There is not a shred of evidence that American prisoners were left. There have been Congressional hearings that went into everything. When you think about it rationally, why would an American administration that is accused on the one side of having fought unnecessarily end it by leaving American prisoners there? That is not a rational accusation.</p> <figure id="attachment_25580" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25580" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-25580 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-568875769_master.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-25580 lazyload" alt="August 28, 1974: Secretary of State Henry Kissinger talks with George Bush, then Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office to the People's Republic of China, at the White House, shortly after Gerald Ford became president. (Photo by David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images)" width="2280" height="1460" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-568875769_master.jpg 2280w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-568875769_master-380x243.jpg 380w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-568875769_master-760x487.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-568875769_master.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25580" class="wp-caption-text">August 28, 1974: Secretary of State Henry Kissinger talks with George Bush, then Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office to the People’s Republic of China, at the White House, shortly after Gerald Ford became president. (David Hume)</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>The question arose because of soldiers who were missing and never accounted for.<br> </strong><br> Henry Kissinger: Being not accounted for has to do with the difficulty of the terrain. The Vietnamese had an obligation to account for the missing. They seemed to have a warehouse of bones. Every time they wanted to make an impression on America, they give us a few bones. That is a disgrace.</p> <p><strong>Looking back on that war with the hindsight of so many years, would you have advised differently?<br> </strong><br> Henry Kissinger:  I have written a book that will come out which will discuss what we did. The administration which I served found 555,000 troops and we got them out. There can be a lot of heroes with retroactive consideration who can have brilliant ideas about what should have been done and what might have been done. We did the best we could under the extremely difficult circumstances. There is nothing I would significantly do differently.</p> <p><strong>We’d like to discuss the opening to China. Why was establishing diplomatic relations with China so important in your view?</strong></p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/PQespQEo1W8?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2016-MasterEdit.00_04_34_09.Still015-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2016-MasterEdit.00_04_34_09.Still015-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Henry Kissinger: It is a fifth of the human population. It was not natural for the United States and China to have no contacts. It made it extremely difficult to conduct foreign policy when on every issue China was considered an enemy. Therefore, we thought we were serving the cause of peace by bringing China into a relationship with the United States and thereby with the rest of the world because China didn’t have contact with any other country either. So, we led the way into dialogue with China and thereby made it possible to have a wider international system.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><figure id="attachment_25572" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25572" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-25572 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Ford_Kissinger_Rockefeller.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-25572 lazyload" alt="April 28, 1975: President Gerald Ford meets with Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger and Vice President Nelson A. Rockefeller to discuss the American evacuation of Saigon, in the Oval Office of the White House." width="2280" height="1452" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Ford_Kissinger_Rockefeller.jpg 2280w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Ford_Kissinger_Rockefeller-380x242.jpg 380w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Ford_Kissinger_Rockefeller-760x484.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Ford_Kissinger_Rockefeller.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25572" class="wp-caption-text">April 28, 1975: President Gerald Ford meets with Henry A. Kissinger and Vice President Nelson A. Rockefeller to discuss the American evacuation of Saigon on April 29th, in the Oval Office of the White House. This marked the end of the Vietnam War and the start of a transition to the reunification of Vietnam under the Socialist Republic.</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>You were born in Germany. How did the coming of Hitler affect your father and the rest of the family?</strong></p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/pmFWDeAlx2s?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2016-MasterEdit.00_06_52_11.Still016-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2016-MasterEdit.00_06_52_11.Still016-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Henry Kissinger: My father was a teacher in a middle school and he lost his job, which was something that never happened in his life. So, the condition of our family changed from being members of the community to being a discriminated minority. I was a kid, and children adjust to everything, so I can’t say that – I mean any of these people could be run up on the street. They almost became part of the existence. I didn’t realize how hard that was until I came to the United States. So I can’t say that I’ve suffered deeply, but I developed understanding. When I teach at public schools at New York, I understand what minorities feel.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><figure id="attachment_25591" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25591" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-25591 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wn20130410a5a.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-25591 size-full lazyload" alt="September 18,1975: Margaret Thatcher, leader of Great Britain's Conservative party, is given a look at the Capitol from a balcony of the State Department during a breakfast meeting in Washington, by U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. (AP Photo/Bob Daugherty, File)" width="2280" height="1798" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wn20130410a5a.jpg 2280w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wn20130410a5a-380x300.jpg 380w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wn20130410a5a-760x599.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wn20130410a5a.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25591" class="wp-caption-text">September 18,1975: Margaret Thatcher, leader of Great Britain’s Conservative party, is given a look at the Capitol from a balcony of the State Department during a breakfast meeting in Washington, by Henry Kissinger. (AP Photo)</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>How much of your family came to America with you?</strong></p> <p>We were very lucky that my parents and my brother — so the whole nuclear family came together. About 15 of our relatives, that is brothers and sisters of my parents and grandmother, didn’t make it. But the nuclear family, we were all together.</p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/PevwHx7og4c?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2002-Upscale-1of1.00_20_20_05.Still011-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2002-Upscale-1of1.00_20_20_05.Still011-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/the-american-dream/">The American Dream</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Henry Kissinger: Well of course for my family and me, coming to America saved our lives. But more important than that, we lived in a totalitarian state, and when we came to America, and we could see how people talked to each other and dealt with each other, that was a liberating experience. And I wrote an essay in high school about coming as a refugee, and could you find many things different, and you miss many things. But then you remember that you can walk across the street with your head erect and then that makes it all worthwhile.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>How did you first discover your direction in life?</strong></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/_wT33k3bpgk?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2002-Upscale-1of1.00_20_38_26.Still012-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2002-Upscale-1of1.00_20_38_26.Still012-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/preparation/">Preparation</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Henry Kissinger: The military service was tremendously important because I came to this country, as I said, as a refugee. And I lived in a section of New York where there were also a lot of other refugees. So it wasn’t in the Army — until the Army that I met, what you would call “average Americans” on a regular basis. In the factory in which I worked, there was mostly Italian refugees or Italian immigrants. It wasn’t so much refugees. In my military service I was with the 84th Infantry Division. And that division was composed of people from Northern Illinois and Southern Wisconsin. And that was and is sort of the heartland of America. So it was tremendously important in teaching me about how the typical, average American thinks, and in the Army you are dependent on each other, and nobody really cares what you did before, and it was an absolutely formative aspect of my life — I can’t say I enjoyed digging foxholes and things like this, but in retrospect it was a very important part of my life.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><figure id="attachment_25582" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25582" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-25582 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Henry_Kissinger_with_former_USSR_leaders_-_WEF_Annual_Meeting_1992.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-25582 size-full lazyload" alt="1992: Henry Kissinger, former U.S. Secretary of State, chairing a panel session on “The New Partners” with Presidents (left to right) Ayaz Mutalibov of Azerbaijan; Stanislav Shushkevich, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus; Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan; Mircea Snegur of Moldova; Leonid Kravchuk of Ukraine; Islam Karimov of Uzbekistan; at the Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum in Davos." width="2280" height="1530" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Henry_Kissinger_with_former_USSR_leaders_-_WEF_Annual_Meeting_1992.jpg 2280w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Henry_Kissinger_with_former_USSR_leaders_-_WEF_Annual_Meeting_1992-380x255.jpg 380w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Henry_Kissinger_with_former_USSR_leaders_-_WEF_Annual_Meeting_1992-760x510.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Henry_Kissinger_with_former_USSR_leaders_-_WEF_Annual_Meeting_1992.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25582" class="wp-caption-text">1992: Henry Kissinger chairing a session on “The New Partners” with Presidents Ayaz Mutalibov of Azerbaijan; Stanislav Shushkevich, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus; Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan; Mircea Snegur of Moldova; Leonid Kravchuk of Ukraine; Islam Karimov of Uzbekistan at Davos World Economic Forum.</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>An instructor you met in the Army commented that you had a very sharp mind, deeply attuned to history. I know you are a musical person. Where does that sense of history come from?</strong></p> <p>Henry Kissinger: I can’t really tell you because when this man said this, it was news to me.  He turned out to be a man who affected my life by calling my attention to some of these qualities. If I can describe it, having seen failure early in my life, how an apparently normal existence can disintegrate under the impact of dictatorship and the imposition of force, and therefore we reflect about how one can mitigate or avoid such conditions.</p> <p><strong>Who was this Army instructor?</strong></p> <p>Henry Kissinger: He wasn’t really an instructor<strong>.</strong>  He was a very odd personality, actually. He was a German, not Jewish, and left Germany out of conviction. He was much older than I and had been drafted into the Army. He had a stupendous education and he was doing odd jobs for division headquarters. I heard him speak once and dropped him a note, which I practically never do. And so, we got to know each other. For about 20 years afterwards, he became somebody that I took very seriously. Then, when I got into government, he thought that I was making too many agreements with the Soviets and our relations then ended on his side. But he was a huge influence in my life.</p> <p><strong>What was his name?</strong></p> <p>Henry Kissinger:  Fritz Kraemer.</p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>You reached the highest levels of the American government with a very distinctive accent. How did people react to that?</strong></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/CsnxwctSKmM?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2002-Upscale-1of1.00_19_23_28.Still010-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2002-Upscale-1of1.00_19_23_28.Still010-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Henry Kissinger: I was sort of self-conscious about my accent, but in the Army nobody ever mentioned it. So I thought I had lost it. It wasn’t until I got out of the Army back to Harvard that people started asking about my accent. By the time I was in office, it had become sort of a trademark and not consciously, but so then people didn’t ask me about my accent. They sometimes made — It became a subject of benevolent jokes. But we didn’t get much hate mail about my accent.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>Did your father and mother urge you to achieve? Were they ambitious for you?</strong></p> <p>Well, my father was a teacher in Germany. And he was of course very interested, as these parents generally were, that I would be a good student. But when we were in Germany I have to say I was more interested in football than in studying, and I got pretty good grades, but nothing outstanding. But then when I came here then I became a good student.</p> <p><strong>What changed?</strong></p> <p>Henry Kissinger: Well it was one way to distinguish myself. I knew I wasn’t going to be a great football star anymore.</p> <p><strong>What made you want to distinguish yourself?</strong></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/xMeSWRr3gSo?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2002-Upscale-1of1.00_10_12_23.Still005-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2002-Upscale-1of1.00_10_12_23.Still005-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/passion/">Passion</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Henry Kissinger: I guess it is something born into you, but I’ve been lucky in the sense that all of my life, that I could control, I was enabled to do what I love doing, and what I’m most interested in, which is study of history, study of foreign policy, and the execution of foreign policy. And I had the good fortune that all my life, even today, I could still combine all of these. I know people always expect you to say that you have some crazy regret, and as everybody I didn’t get everything at the time that I wanted, but the major direction of my life was the way that I wanted it to go. And so I think I was extremely fortunate.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><p>I think it must be genes. My father was very studious, and my mother was extremely energetic. And so I did an outstanding job in picking my parents.</p> <figure id="attachment_25590" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25590" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-25590 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/White_House_meeting_about_New_START_Treaty.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-25590 lazyload" alt="November 2010: President Barack Obama attends a New START Treaty meeting hosted by Vice President Joe Biden in the Roosevelt Room of the White House. (Official White House Photo by Pete Souza)" width="2280" height="1520" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/White_House_meeting_about_New_START_Treaty.jpg 2280w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/White_House_meeting_about_New_START_Treaty-380x253.jpg 380w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/White_House_meeting_about_New_START_Treaty-760x507.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/White_House_meeting_about_New_START_Treaty.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25590" class="wp-caption-text">November 2010: President Barack Obama attends a New START Treaty meeting with foreign policy advisors.</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>When you talk to college students and young people who want to use their lives to make a difference, what advice do you have for them?</strong></p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/P65TRDfffm8?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2002-Upscale-1of1.00_19_17_10.Still008-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kissinger-Henry-2002-Upscale-1of1.00_19_17_10.Still008-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/passion/">Passion</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Henry Kissinger: There are a lot of ambitious younger people, and some of them have a specific job that they think they want to do. I always tell them, do what most interests you in any one year in which you can glow a bit. And let the job take care of itself. If you are good, a job will find you. If you strive all the time for immediate advancement, you’re bound to get disappointed somewhere along the road.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><figure id="attachment_25581" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25581" style="width: 2048px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-25581 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826im_/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Henry_Kissinger_at_Met_Opera.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-25581 lazyload" alt="2008: Henry and Nancy Kissinger at the Metropolitan Opera opening. The Kissingers have been married since 1974." width="2048" height="3072" data-sizes="(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px" data-srcset="/web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Henry_Kissinger_at_Met_Opera.jpg 2048w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Henry_Kissinger_at_Met_Opera-253x380.jpg 253w, /web/20210905051826im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Henry_Kissinger_at_Met_Opera-507x760.jpg 507w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051826/https://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Henry_Kissinger_at_Met_Opera.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-25581" class="wp-caption-text">2008: Henry and Nancy Kissinger at the Metropolitan Opera opening. The Kissingers have been married since 1974.</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>You really keep going. Is there still more you want to do? Are there things you still want to achieve?</strong></p> <p>Henry Kissinger:  I work all the time. Now, not for financial reasons, but because I do things I want to do. So I’m writing a book right now and of course I want to finish that. And there are various international issues in which I get involved. But I have no specific ambition. I’ll be 94 at my next birthday. So I don’t have to fill an indefinite number of years.</p> <p><strong>Thank you for speaking with us today.</strong></p> </body></html> </div>  </aside>  </article> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="gallery" role="tabpanel"> <section class="isotope-wrapper">  <header class="toolbar toolbar--gallery bg-white clearfix"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="serif-4">Henry A. Kissinger, Ph.D. Gallery</div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 text-md-right isotope-toolbar"> <ul class="list-unstyled list-inline m-b-0 text-brand-primary sans-4"> <li class="list-inline-item" data-filter=".photo"><i class="icon-icon_camera"></i>31 photos</li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="isotope-gallery isotope-box single-achiever__gallery clearfix"> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.89342105263158" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wp-kissinger-assk-4-our-history-2016.jpg" data-image-caption="2016: Former U.S. Secretary of State and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Henry Kissinger and Aung San Suu Kyi, State Counsellor of Myanmar, at the New York Public Library." data-image-copyright="wp-kissinger-assk-4-our-history-2016" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wp-kissinger-assk-4-our-history-2016-380x340.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wp-kissinger-assk-4-our-history-2016-760x679.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4990138067061" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wp-kissinger-GettyImages-456097952_master.jpg" data-image-caption="September 8, 2014: Former United States Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, in New York City. (Todd Plitt/Contour by Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="Henry Kissinger, USA Today, September 9, 2014" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wp-kissinger-GettyImages-456097952_master-253x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wp-kissinger-GettyImages-456097952_master-507x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.78815789473684" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wn20130410a5a.jpg" data-image-caption="September 18,1975: Margaret Thatcher, leader of Great Britain's Conservative party, is given a look at the Capitol from a balcony of the State Department during a breakfast meeting in Washington, by U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. (AP Photo/Bob Daugherty, File)" data-image-copyright="Margaret Thatcher, Henry Kissinger" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wn20130410a5a-380x300.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/wn20130410a5a-760x599.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/White_House_meeting_about_New_START_Treaty.jpg" data-image-caption="November 2010: President Barack Obama attends a New START Treaty meeting hosted by Vice President Joe Biden in the Roosevelt Room of the White House. (Official White House Photo by Pete Souza)" data-image-copyright="white_house_meeting_about_new_start_treaty" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/White_House_meeting_about_New_START_Treaty-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/White_House_meeting_about_New_START_Treaty-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.65789473684211" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/President_Ford_informally_concludes_the_Vladivostok_Summit_-_NARA_-_7062568.jpg" data-image-caption="1974: President Ford, General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, and Dr. Henry Kissinger speaking informally at the Vladivostok Summit." data-image-copyright="president_ford_informally_concludes_the_vladivostok_summit_-_nara_-_7062568" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/President_Ford_informally_concludes_the_Vladivostok_Summit_-_NARA_-_7062568-380x250.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/President_Ford_informally_concludes_the_Vladivostok_Summit_-_NARA_-_7062568-760x500.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.71710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/maxanciennes026537.jpg" data-image-caption="1969: Maurice Schumann, France's Minister of Foreign Affairs, with U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger." data-image-copyright="maxanciennes026537" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/maxanciennes026537-380x273.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/maxanciennes026537-760x545.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.70394736842105" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/la-oe-1018-ferguson-kissinger-obama-20151018.jpg" data-image-caption="June 1973: Henry A. Kissinger, President Nixon's National Security Advisor, stands with Le Duc Tho, a member of Hanoi's Politburo, in Paris. (Michel Lipchitz/Associated Press)" data-image-copyright="la-oe-1018-ferguson-kissinger-obama-20151018" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/la-oe-1018-ferguson-kissinger-obama-20151018-380x267.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/la-oe-1018-ferguson-kissinger-obama-20151018-760x535.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.2063492063492" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/kissinger_photo.jpg" data-image-caption="Henry Kissinger (Jurgen Frank)" data-image-copyright="HenryKissinger_06B22" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/kissinger_photo-315x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/kissinger_photo-630x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/IMG_6772.jpg" data-image-caption="U.S. Secretary of State Dr. Henry Kissinger, President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai, Senator George J. Mitchell, Quincy Jones, Catherine B. Reynolds. The 41st annual Salute to Excellence and International Achievement Summit in Dublin, Ireland, June 2002. (© Academy of Achievement)" data-image-copyright="img_6772" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/IMG_6772-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/IMG_6772-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/IMG_6770.jpg" data-image-caption="U.S. Secretary of State Dr. Henry Kissinger greets President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai at the 2002 International Achievement Summit in Dublin, Ireland. (© Academy of Achievement)" data-image-copyright="img_6770" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/IMG_6770-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/IMG_6770-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.67105263157895" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/henry-kissinger-speaking-to-senate.jpg" data-image-caption="1973: Appearing before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on his nomination to be Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger pledged to cooperate closely with Congress in conducting foreign policy for a "durable peace." (Bettmann/CORBIS)" data-image-copyright="Henry Kissinger Speaking to Senate" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/henry-kissinger-speaking-to-senate-380x255.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/henry-kissinger-speaking-to-senate-760x510.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.67105263157895" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Henry_Kissinger_with_former_USSR_leaders_-_WEF_Annual_Meeting_1992.jpg" data-image-caption="1992: Henry Kissinger, former U.S. Secretary of State, chairing a panel session on “The New Partners” with Presidents (left to right) Ayaz Mutalibov of Azerbaijan; Stanislav Shushkevich, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus; Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan; Mircea Snegur of Moldova; Leonid Kravchuk of Ukraine; Islam Karimov of Uzbekistan; at the Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum in Davos." data-image-copyright="henry_kissinger_with_former_ussr_leaders_-_wef_annual_meeting_1992" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Henry_Kissinger_with_former_USSR_leaders_-_WEF_Annual_Meeting_1992-380x255.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Henry_Kissinger_with_former_USSR_leaders_-_WEF_Annual_Meeting_1992-760x510.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4990138067061" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Henry_Kissinger_at_Met_Opera.jpg" data-image-caption="2008: Henry and Nancy Kissinger at the Metropolitan Opera opening. The Kissingers have been married since 1974." data-image-copyright="2008: Henry and Nancy Kissinger at the Metropolitan Opera opening." data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Henry_Kissinger_at_Met_Opera-253x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Henry_Kissinger_at_Met_Opera-507x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.64078947368421" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-568875769_master.jpg" data-image-caption="August 28, 1974: Secretary of State Henry Kissinger talks with George Bush, then Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office to the People's Republic of China, at the White House, shortly after Gerald Ford became president. (Photo by David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="Kissinger and Bush In a Private Conversation" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-568875769_master-380x243.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-568875769_master-760x487.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.3595706618962" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-541085475_master.jpg" data-image-caption="American (German-born) diplomat Henry Kissinger photographed as a young boy. (Photo by ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="HENRY KISSINGER (1923- ). American (German-born) diplomat. Photographed as a young boy." data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-541085475_master-280x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-541085475_master-559x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.67763157894737" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-515113724_master.jpg" data-image-caption="November 23, 1974: In the dining car on the train from Vladivostok to the airport, President Gerald Ford discusses progress on the SALT agreement with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. President Ford and Kissinger spent two days in talks with Soviet leaders." data-image-copyright="President Ford Discussing Progress with Henry Kissinger" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-515113724_master-380x258.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-515113724_master-760x515.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-466576788_master.jpg" data-image-caption="March 17, 2015: Chinese President Xi Jinping shakes hands with former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, China. (Photo by Feng Li - Pool/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="Chinese President Xi Jinping Meets Former U.S Secretary Of State Henry Kissinger" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-466576788_master-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-466576788_master-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.3013698630137" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-74932537_master.jpg" data-image-caption="1972: President Richard Nixon with National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger (Photo by Frederic Lewis/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="Nixon And Kissinger" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-74932537_master-292x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-74932537_master-584x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66315789473684" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-51223457_master.jpg" data-image-caption="1975: U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat talk during the Sinai II negotiations, which resulted in land being returned to Egypt in Alexandria, Egypt. (Photo by David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="Henry Kissinger Retrospective" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-51223457_master-380x252.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-51223457_master-760x504.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.78157894736842" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-2636695.jpg" data-image-caption="December 6, 1972: Chief of the South Vietnamese delegation Phan Dan Lam, with Dr. Henry Kissinger, U.S. Secretary of State, during peace negotiations in Paris, to bring about the end of the Vietnam War. (Photo by Central Press/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="Phan Dan Lam" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-2636695-380x297.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GettyImages-2636695-760x594.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.65921052631579" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Frankel-jumbo.jpg" data-image-caption="1972: Henry Kissinger, Richard Nixon, John H. Holdridge of the National Security Council and Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai. (John Dominis/Time & Life Pictures)" data-image-copyright="frankel-jumbo" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Frankel-jumbo-380x251.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Frankel-jumbo-760x501.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.63684210526316" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Ford_Kissinger_Rockefeller.jpg" data-image-caption="April 28, 1975: President Gerald Ford meets with Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger and Vice President Nelson A. Rockefeller to discuss the American evacuation of Saigon, in the Oval Office of the White House." data-image-copyright="ford_kissinger_rockefeller" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Ford_Kissinger_Rockefeller-380x242.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Ford_Kissinger_Rockefeller-760x484.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66578947368421" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/D164-058-2.jpg" data-image-caption="September 1975: Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres and Henry Kissinger at the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding between the United States and Israel. (Moshe Milner, Government Press Office)" data-image-copyright="d164-058-2" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/D164-058-2-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/D164-058-2-760x506.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66578947368421" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/D164-057-2.jpg" data-image-caption="September 1975: Yitzhak Rabin and Henry Kissinger shake hands after the initialling of the interim agreement of the Memorandum of Understanding." data-image-copyright="d164-057-2" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/D164-057-2-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/D164-057-2-760x506.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.62236842105263" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/A_meeting_on_the_second_day_of_the_Vladivostok_Summit_Meeting_1974_-_NARA_-_7161787.jpg" data-image-caption="November 24, 1974: President Gerald Ford and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev meet to discuss nuclear arms limitations and the signing of a joint communiqué. Conference Hall-Okeansky Sanitarium, Vladivostok, USSR. Also present are U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko, Brezhnev’s personal interpreter, Victor Sukhodev, and others." data-image-copyright="Gerald Ford Library White House Photograph A2147-33A; 600dpi sca" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/A_meeting_on_the_second_day_of_the_Vladivostok_Summit_Meeting_1974_-_NARA_-_7161787-380x237.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/A_meeting_on_the_second_day_of_the_Vladivostok_Summit_Meeting_1974_-_NARA_-_7161787-760x473.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.67368421052632" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/80819632-national-security-advisor-henry-kissinger-signs-the.jpg.CROP_.cq5dam_web_1280_1280_jpeg.jpg" data-image-caption="January 27, 1973: Henry Kissinger signs the Paris Peace Accords in Paris. The Vietnam War ended on April 30, 1975, when Saigon surrendered, almost without fighting, to the communist forces, ending the United States’s involvement in Vietnam. (Getty)" data-image-copyright="80819632-national-security-advisor-henry-kissinger-signs-the-jpg-crop-cq5dam_web_1280_1280_jpeg" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/80819632-national-security-advisor-henry-kissinger-signs-the.jpg.CROP_.cq5dam_web_1280_1280_jpeg-380x256.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/80819632-national-security-advisor-henry-kissinger-signs-the.jpg.CROP_.cq5dam_web_1280_1280_jpeg-760x512.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.70131578947368" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/1303801.jpg" data-image-caption="November 24, 1973: U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger meeting with Chinese President Mao Zedong in Beijing. Chinese leader Mao Zedong proposed sending 10 million Chinese women to the United States, in talks with top envoy Henry Kissinger in 1973, according to documents released on February 12, 2008. The powerful chairman of the Chinese Communist Party said he believed such emigration could kickstart bilateral trade but could also "harm" the United States with a population explosion similar to China, according to documents released by the State Department on U.S.-China ties between 1973 to 1976." data-image-copyright="(FILES) This file photo taken on November 24, 1973 shows US Secretary" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/1303801-380x267.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/1303801-760x533.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.54868421052632" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/1973-le-duc-tho-et-henry-kissinger.jpg" data-image-caption="1973: Le Duc Tho and United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Le Duc Tho, a member of the North Vietnam Communist Party’s Politburo, joined the North Vietnamese negotiating team as a special counselor. The Paris peace talks had begun in March 1968, but had made little headway in ending the war. In August 1969, Tho and Henry Kissinger would begin meeting secretly in a villa outside Paris in an attempt to reach a peace settlement. It was these private talks that would ultimately result in the January 1973 Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring the Peace in Vietnam. " data-image-copyright="1973: Le Duc Tho and United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger." data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/1973-le-duc-tho-et-henry-kissinger-380x209.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/1973-le-duc-tho-et-henry-kissinger-760x417.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.69342105263158" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/0513-WEL-Kissinger-with-LBJ.jpg" data-image-caption="December 5, 1968: Henry Kissinger confers with President Lyndon Johnson not long after being appointed to Richard Nixon's national security team. (Associated Press)" data-image-copyright="President Lyndon Johnson and Harvard Prof. Henry A. Kissinger" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/0513-WEL-Kissinger-with-LBJ-380x264.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/0513-WEL-Kissinger-with-LBJ-760x527.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.68421052631579" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/swearing-in.jpg" data-image-caption="September 22, 1973: President Richard M. Nixon; Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger and his mother, Mrs. Louis Kissinger; Chief Justice Warren Burger at the swearing-in ceremony of Henry A. Kissinger as the Secretary of State. " data-image-copyright="swearing-in" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/swearing-in-380x260.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/swearing-in-760x520.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.49342105263158" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/WP-SIDE-BY-SIDE-KISSINGER-WATSON-2002-DUBLIN-IRELAND.jpg" data-image-caption="Academy Awards Council member Dr. James D. Watson, the co-discoverer of the structure of DNA and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Medicine, presenting the American Academy of Achievement’s Golden Plate Award to Dr. Henry A. Kissinger, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Peace, at the 2002 International Achievement Summit held in Dublin." data-image-copyright="WP-SIDE-BY-SIDE---KISSINGER-WATSON-2002-DUBLIN-IRELAND" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/WP-SIDE-BY-SIDE-KISSINGER-WATSON-2002-DUBLIN-IRELAND-380x188.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/WP-SIDE-BY-SIDE-KISSINGER-WATSON-2002-DUBLIN-IRELAND-760x375.jpg"></div>  </figure>    </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <footer class="editorial-article__footer col-md-8 col-md-offset-4"> <div class="editorial-article__next-link sans-3"> <a href="#"><strong>What's next:</strong> <span class="editorial-article__next-link-title">profile</span></a> </div> <ul class="social list-unstyled list-inline ssk-group m-b-0"> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-facebook" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared Achiever on Facebook"><i class="icon-icon_facebook-circle"></i></a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-twitter" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared Achiever on Twitter"><i class="icon-icon_twitter-circle"></i></a></li>  <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-email" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared Achiever via Email"><i class="icon-icon_email-circle"></i></a></li> </ul> <time class="editorial-article__last-updated sans-6">This page last revised on August 24, 2018</time> <div class="sans-4"><a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/how-to-cite" target="_blank">How to cite this page</a></div> </footer> </div> <div class="container interview-related-achievers"> <hr class="m-t-3 m-b-3"/> <footer class="clearfix small-blocks text-xs-center"> <h3 class="m-b-3 serif-3">If you are inspired by this achiever’s story, you might also enjoy:</h3> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever imprisonment-persecution ambitious spiritual-religious pursue-public-office " data-year-inducted="2000" data-achiever-name="Bhutto"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/benazir-bhutto/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/bhu0-003a-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/03/bhu0-003a-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Benazir Bhutto</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Former Prime Minister of Pakistan</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">2000</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever public-service help-mankind experienced-war-firsthand ambitious join-the-military pursue-public-office " data-year-inducted="1995" data-achiever-name="Bush"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/george-h-w-bush/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/bush-007a-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/05/bush-007a-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">George H. 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Bush</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">41st President of the United States</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">1995</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever public-service small-town-rural-upbringing spiritual-religious ambitious curious help-mankind write pursue-public-office teach-others " data-year-inducted="1984" data-achiever-name="Carter"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/jimmy-carter/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/carter_760_ac-1-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/04/carter_760_ac-1-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Jimmy Carter</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">39th President of the United States</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">1984</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever public-service public-service experienced-war-firsthand imprisonment-persecution racism-discrimination help-mankind pursue-public-office " data-year-inducted="2003" data-achiever-name="Peres"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/shimon-peres/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/peres_760_ac-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/04/peres_760_ac-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Shimon Peres</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Nobel Prize for Peace</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">2003</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever public-service experienced-war-firsthand racism-discrimination ambitious join-the-military pursue-public-office spiritual-religious " data-year-inducted="1988" data-achiever-name="Powell"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/general-colin-l-powell/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/powell_760_SQUARE-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/04/powell_760_SQUARE-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">General Colin L. 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Doudna, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/rita-dove/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Rita Dove</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/sylvia-earle/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sylvia Earle, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/elbaradei/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mohamed ElBaradei</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/gertrude-elion/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Gertrude B. Elion, M.Sc.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/larry-j-ellison/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Larry J. Ellison</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/nora-ephron/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nora Ephron</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/julius-erving/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Julius Erving</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/tony-fadell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Tony Fadell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/paul-farmer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Paul Farmer, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/suzanne-farrell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Suzanne Farrell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/anthony-s-fauci-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony S. Fauci, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/sally-field/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sally Field</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/lord-norman-foster/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lord Norman Foster</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/aretha-franklin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Aretha Franklin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/milton-friedman-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Milton Friedman, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/carlos-fuentes/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Fuentes</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/athol-fugard/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Athol Fugard</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/peter-gabriel/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peter Gabriel</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/ernest-j-gaines/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ernest J. Gaines</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/william-h-gates-iii/"><span class="achiever-list-name">William H. Gates III</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/leymah-gbowee/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leymah Gbowee</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/frank-gehry/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank O. Gehry</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/murray-gell-mann-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Murray Gell-Mann, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/vince-gill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Vince Gill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/ruth-bader-ginsburg/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/louise-gluck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Louise Glück</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/whoopi-goldberg/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Whoopi Goldberg</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/jane-goodall/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Jane Goodall</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/doris-kearns-goodwin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Doris Kearns Goodwin, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/mikhail-s-gorbachev/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mikhail S. Gorbachev</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/nadine-gordimer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nadine Gordimer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/stephen-jay-gould/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen Jay Gould, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/carol-greider-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carol W. Greider, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/john-grisham/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Grisham</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/sir-john-gurdon/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir John Gurdon</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/dorothy-hamill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dorothy Hamill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/demis-hassabis-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Demis Hassabis, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/lauryn-hill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lauryn Hill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/sir-edmund-hillary/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Edmund Hillary</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/reid-hoffman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Reid Hoffman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/khaled-hosseini/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Khaled Hosseini, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/ron-howard/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ron Howard</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/john-hume/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Hume</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/louis-ignarro-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Louis Ignarro, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/daniel-inouye/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Daniel K. Inouye</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/jeremy-irons/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jeremy Irons</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/john-irving/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Irving</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/kazuo-ishiguro/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Kazuo Ishiguro</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/sir-peter-jackson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Peter Jackson</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/donald-c-johanson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Donald C. Johanson, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/frank-m-johnson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank M. Johnson, Jr.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/philip-johnson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Philip C. Johnson</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/chuck-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Chuck Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/james-earl-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Earl Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/quincy-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Quincy Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/beverly-joubert/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Beverly Joubert</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/dereck-joubert/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dereck Joubert</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/paul-kagame/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Paul Kagame</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/thomas-keller-2/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Thomas Keller</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/anthony-m-kennedy/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony M. Kennedy</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/carole-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carole King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/b-b-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">B.B. King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/coretta-scott-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Coretta Scott King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/henry-kissinger-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Henry A. Kissinger, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/willem-j-kolff/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Willem J. Kolff, M.D., Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/wendy-kopp/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wendy Kopp</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/henry-r-kravis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Henry R. Kravis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/nicholas-d-kristof/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nicholas D. Kristof</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/mike-krzyzewski/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mike Krzyzewski</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/ray-kurzwell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ray Kurzweil</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/eric-lander-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Eric S. Lander, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/robert-s-langer-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert S. Langer, Sc.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/richard-leakey/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Richard E. Leakey</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/leon-lederman-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leon Lederman, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/robert-lefkowitz-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert J. Lefkowitz, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/congressman-john-r-lewis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Congressman John R. Lewis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/maya-lin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Maya Lin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/george-lucas/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George Lucas</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/paul-b-maccready-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Paul B. MacCready, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/norman-mailer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Norman Mailer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/peyton-manning/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peyton Manning</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/wynton-marsalis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wynton Marsalis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/john-c-mather-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John C. Mather, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/johnny-mathis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Johnny Mathis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/ernst-mayr-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ernst Mayr, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/willie-mays/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Willie Mays</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/frank-mccourt/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank McCourt</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/david-mccullough/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David McCullough</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/audra-mcdonald/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Audra McDonald</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/admiral-william-h-mcraven/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral William H. McRaven, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/w-s-merwin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">W. S. Merwin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/reinhold-messner/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Reinhold Messner</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/james-a-michener/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James A. Michener</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/marvin-minsky-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Marvin Minsky, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/mario-j-molina-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mario J. Molina, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/n-scott-momaday-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">N. Scott Momaday, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/story-musgrave/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Story Musgrave, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/ralph-nader/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ralph Nader</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/peggy-noonan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peggy Noonan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/jessye-norman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jessye Norman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/tommy-norris/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lt. Thomas R. Norris, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/lynn-nottage/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lynn Nottage</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/joyce-carol-oates/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Joyce Carol Oates</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/pierre-omidyar/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Pierre Omidyar</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/jimmy-page/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jimmy Page</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/larry-page/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Larry Page</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/arnold-palmer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Arnold Palmer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/leon-panetta/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leon Panetta</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/rosa-parks/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Rosa Parks</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/suzan-lori-parks/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Suzan-Lori Parks</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/linus-pauling/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Linus C. Pauling, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/shimon-peres/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Shimon Peres</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/itzhak-perlman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Itzhak Perlman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/general-david-petraeus/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General David H. Petraeus, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/sidney-poitier/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sidney Poitier</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/general-colin-l-powell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General Colin L. Powell, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/harold-prince/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Harold Prince</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/venki-ramakrishnan-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Venki Ramakrishnan, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/lord-martin-rees/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lord Martin Rees</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/lloyd-richards/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lloyd Richards</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/sally-ride-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sally K. Ride, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/cal-ripken-jr/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Cal Ripken Jr.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/sonny-rollins/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sonny Rollins</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/anthony-romero/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony D. 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Seaborg, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/neil-sheehan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Neil Sheehan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/admiral-alan-shepard-jr/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral Alan B. Shepard, Jr., USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/ellen-johnson-sirleaf/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/carlos-slim/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Slim Helú</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210905051826/https://achievement.org/achiever/frederick-w-smith/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frederick W. 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