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Apis</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Bartholomew S. Apis"> <meta name="keywords" content="Bartholomew S. Apis"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="Bartholomew S. 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Apis"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 75</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Bartholomew S. Apis</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">75</span> Morphometrics Study of Apis florea and Apis mellifera from Different Locations in Sudan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20M.%20Ibrahim">Mohammed M. Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20A.%20Yusuf"> A. A. Yusuf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manuel%20Du"> Manuel Du</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fiona%20Mumoki"> Fiona Mumoki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The traditional honey bee species of Sudan is Apis mellifera, but in 1985, the dwarf bee Apis florea was introduced to the country, so now there are two species present. However, there are conflicting assessments regarding the subspecies of Apis mellifera colonies in Sudan. Likewise, it is unclear if, in the 40 years since its introduction, Apis florea has already developed regional differences or ecotypes. To shed light on these questions, we performed a morphology study on Sudanese honeybees. Samples of 10 to 20 honeybee workers per colony of the two species were collected from 16 locations, spanning different climatic zones in Sudan during 2021. Measurements were taken from 16 morphometric characteristics using a stereo-microscope equipped with an Image Analysis System (Moticam Image Plus 5.0 Digital Microscope Camera) to study their variability. The results indicate that in both species, the general means of various characters showed significant differences (p < 0.05) within a species between different locations, indicating that there might indeed be regional differences. However, more taxonomic investigation and, ideally also, molecular studies are needed in order to confirm the proper identification of subspecies and their ecotypes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Apis" title="Apis">Apis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subspecies" title=" subspecies"> subspecies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphology" title=" morphology"> morphology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sudan" title=" Sudan"> Sudan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160759/morphometrics-study-of-apis-florea-and-apis-mellifera-from-different-locations-in-sudan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160759.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">101</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">74</span> Effect of Pollination on Qualitative Characters of Rapeseed (Brassica campestris l. Var. Toria) Seed in Chitwan, Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rameshwor%20Pudasaini">Rameshwor Pudasaini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An experiment was conducted to study the effect of pollination quality of rapeseed seed in Chitwan during 2012-2013. The experiment was designed in Randomized Complete Block with four replications and five pollination treatments. The rapeseed plots were caged with mosquito nets at 10% flowering except natural pollination. Two-framed colonies of Apis mellifera L. and Apis cerana F. were introduced separately for pollination, and control plot caged without pollinators. The highest germination percent was observed on Apis cerana F. pollinated plot seeds (90.50% germination) and lowest on control plots (42.00% germination) seeds. Similarly, seed test weight of Apis cerana F. pollinated plots (3.22 gm/ 1000 seed) and Apis mellifera L. pollinated plots (2.93 gm/1000 seed) were and control plots (2.26 gm/ 1000 seed) recorded respectively. However, oil content was recorded highest on pollinated by Apis cerana F. (36.1 %) and lowest on control plots (32.8%). This study clearly indicated pollination increases the seed quality of rapeseed and therefore, management of honeybee is necessary for higher quality of rapeseed under Chitwan condition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=apis%20cerana" title="apis cerana">apis cerana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=apis%20mellifera" title=" apis mellifera"> apis mellifera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rapeseed%20pollination" title=" rapeseed pollination"> rapeseed pollination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rapeseed%20quality" title=" rapeseed quality"> rapeseed quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11604/effect-of-pollination-on-qualitative-characters-of-rapeseed-brassica-campestris-l-var-toria-seed-in-chitwan-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11604.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">339</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">73</span> Value Chain Identification of Beekeeping Business in Indonesia: Case Study of Four Beekeeping Business in West Java</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dwi%20Purnomo">Dwi Purnomo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anas%20Bunyamin"> Anas Bunyamin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fajar%20Susilo"> Fajar Susilo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akbar%20Anugrah"> Akbar Anugrah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Beekeeping became a rural economic buffer, especially for people who lived by forest side to diversify their food or sell the honey and bee colony. Aside from the high price of honey and it’s derivative products, there is another revenue stream along beekeeping value chain that could be optimized by the people. There are five of nine honey bee species in the world, exist in Indonesia, such as Apis Cerana, Apis Dorsata, Apis Andreniformis, Apis Koschevnikovi, and Apis Nigrocincta. Indonesian farmer generally developed Apis Cerana and two other honey bees species, like Apis Mellifera and Trigona. This study tried to identify, how beekeeping business practices, challenges and opportunities in four beekeeping business in West Java through the value chain along the business. Data carried out by literature review, interview and focus group discussion with key actors in beekeeping business. There are six revenue stream in beekeeping business in West Java, such as brood hunter, beehives maker, agroforestry, agro-tourism, honey and derivatives products and bee acupuncture. This assesses conclude any criteria that should grasp for developing and sustaining beekeeping business in West Java. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beekeeping%20business" title="beekeeping business">beekeeping business</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20developing" title=" business developing"> business developing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=value%20chain" title=" value chain"> value chain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=West%20Java" title=" West Java"> West Java</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95290/value-chain-identification-of-beekeeping-business-in-indonesia-case-study-of-four-beekeeping-business-in-west-java" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95290.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">209</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">72</span> Developing API Economy: Associating Value to APIs and Microservices in an Enterprise</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mujahid%20Sultan">Mujahid Sultan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The IT industry has seen many transformations in the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) methodologies and development approaches. SDLCs range from waterfall to agile, and the development approaches from monolith to microservices. Management, orchestration, and monetization of microservices have created an API economy in the modern enterprise. There are two approaches to API design, code first and design first. Design first is gaining popularity in the industry as this allows capturing the API needs from the stakeholders rather than the development teams guesstimating the needs and associating a monetary value with the APIs and microservices. In this publication, we describe an approach to organizing and creating stakeholder needs and requirements for designing microservices and APIs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=requirements%20engineering" title="requirements engineering">requirements engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enterprise%20architecture" title=" enterprise architecture"> enterprise architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=APIs" title=" APIs"> APIs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microservices" title=" microservices"> microservices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DevOps" title=" DevOps"> DevOps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=continuous%20delivery" title=" continuous delivery"> continuous delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=continuous%20integration" title=" continuous integration"> continuous integration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stakeholder%20viewpoints" title=" stakeholder viewpoints"> stakeholder viewpoints</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144757/developing-api-economy-associating-value-to-apis-and-microservices-in-an-enterprise" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144757.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">191</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">71</span> Entomological Origin of Honey Discriminated by NMR Chloroform Extracts in Ecuadorian Honey</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Vit">P. Vit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Uddin"> J. Uddin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Zuccato"> V. Zuccato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Maza"> F. Maza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Schievano"> E. Schievano</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Ecuador honeys are produced by Apis mellifera and stingless bees (Meliponini). We studied honey produced in beeswax combs by Apis mellifera, and honey produced in pots by Geotrigona and Scaptotrigona bees. Chloroform extracts of honey were obtained for fast NMR spectra. The 1D spectra were acquired at 298 K, with a 600 MHz NMR Bruker instrument, using a modified double pulsed field gradient spin echoes (DPFGSE) sequence. Signals of 1H NMR spectra were integrated and used as inputs for PCA, PLS-DA analysis, and labelled sets of classes were successfully identified, enhancing the separation between the three groups of honey according to the entomological origin: A. mellifera, Geotrigona and Scaptotrigona. This procedure is therefore recommended for authenticity test of honey in Ecuador. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Apis%20mellifera" title="Apis mellifera">Apis mellifera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=honey" title=" honey"> honey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=1H%20NMR" title=" 1H NMR"> 1H NMR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomological%20origin" title=" entomological origin"> entomological origin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meliponini" title=" meliponini "> meliponini </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24309/entomological-origin-of-honey-discriminated-by-nmr-chloroform-extracts-in-ecuadorian-honey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24309.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">401</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">70</span> DLtrace: Toward Understanding and Testing Deep Learning Information Flow in Deep Learning-Based Android Apps</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jie%20Zhang">Jie Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qianyu%20Guo"> Qianyu Guo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tieyi%20Zhang"> Tieyi Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhiyong%20Feng"> Zhiyong Feng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaohong%20Li"> Xiaohong Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the widespread popularity of mobile devices and the development of artificial intelligence (AI), deep learning (DL) has been extensively applied in Android apps. Compared with traditional Android apps (traditional apps), deep learning based Android apps (DL-based apps) need to use more third-party application programming interfaces (APIs) to complete complex DL inference tasks. However, existing methods (e.g., FlowDroid) for detecting sensitive information leakage in Android apps cannot be directly used to detect DL-based apps as they are difficult to detect third-party APIs. To solve this problem, we design DLtrace; a new static information flow analysis tool that can effectively recognize third-party APIs. With our proposed trace and detection algorithms, DLtrace can also efficiently detect privacy leaks caused by sensitive APIs in DL-based apps. Moreover, using DLtrace, we summarize the non-sequential characteristics of DL inference tasks in DL-based apps and the specific functionalities provided by DL models for such apps. We propose two formal definitions to deal with the common polymorphism and anonymous inner-class problems in the Android static analyzer. We conducted an empirical assessment with DLtrace on 208 popular DL-based apps in the wild and found that 26.0% of the apps suffered from sensitive information leakage. Furthermore, DLtrace has a more robust performance than FlowDroid in detecting and identifying third-party APIs. The experimental results demonstrate that DLtrace expands FlowDroid in understanding DL-based apps and detecting security issues therein. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20computing" title="mobile computing">mobile computing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning%20apps" title=" deep learning apps"> deep learning apps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensitive%20information" title=" sensitive information"> sensitive information</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=static%20analysis" title=" static analysis"> static analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152909/dltrace-toward-understanding-and-testing-deep-learning-information-flow-in-deep-learning-based-android-apps" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152909.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">178</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">69</span> Soil Nutrient Management Implications of Growing Food Crops within the Coffee Gardens</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pennuel%20P.%20Togonave">Pennuel P. Togonave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bartholomew%20S.%20Apis"> Bartholomew S. Apis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emma%20Kiup"> Emma Kiup</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gure%20Tumae"> Gure Tumae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Johannes%20Pakatul"> Johannes Pakatul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Webb"> Michael Webb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Interplanting food crops in coffee gardens has increased in recent years. The purpose of this study was to quantify the nutrient management implications of growing food crops within the coffee garden and to investigate the sustainability of this practice through field surveys in two accessible sites (Asaro and Bena) and two remote sites (Marawaka and Baira), in Eastern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea. Coffee gardens were selected at each site and surveys were conducted to assess the status of intercropping in each of the smallholder coffee gardens. Food crops in the coffee gardens were sampled for nutrient analysis Survey results indicate intercropping as a common practice in coffee gardens and entailed mixed cropping of food crops in an irregular pattern and spacing. More than 40% of the farmers used 40-60% of their total coffee garden area for intercropping. In remote sites, more than 50% of the coffee garden areas closest to the house were intercropped with food crops compared to 40% of inaccessible sites. In both remote and accessible sites, the most common intercropped food crops were 90% banana (Musa spp) varieties and 50% sugarcane (Saccharum spp). Nutrient analysis of the by-products and residuals of some common intercrops shows the potential to replenish the coffee plant's deficient nutrients like Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Boron and Zinc. Intercropping of coffee gardens is increasing due to land pressure, marketing opportunities, food security and labor supply <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=by-products" title="by-products">by-products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coffee" title=" coffee"> coffee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crops" title=" crops"> crops</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intercropping" title=" intercropping"> intercropping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutrients" title=" nutrients"> nutrients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil" title=" soil"> soil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167007/soil-nutrient-management-implications-of-growing-food-crops-within-the-coffee-gardens" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167007.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">68</span> Functional Expression and Characterization of a Novel Indigenous Endo-Beta 1,4- Glucanase from Apis mellifera </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amtul%20Jamil%20Sami">Amtul Jamil Sami </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Apis mellifera is an insect of immense economic importance lives on rich carbohydrate diet including cellulose, nectar, honey and pollen. The carbohydrate metabolism in A mellifera has not been understood fully, as there are no data available, on the functional expression of cellulase gene. The cellulose hydrolyzing enzyme is required for the digestion of pollen cellulose wall, to release the important nutrients (amino acids, minerals, vitamins etc.) from the pollen. A dissection of Apis genome had revealed that there is one gene present for the expression of endo-beta-1,4-glucanase, for cellulose hydrolysis. In the presented work, functional expression of endo-beta-1,4 glucanase gene is reported. Total soluble proteins of the honey bee were isolated and were tested cellulose hydrolyzing enzyme activity, using carboxy-methyl cellulose, as a substrate. A mellifera proteins were able to hydrolyze carboxy-methyl cellulose, confirming its endo- type mode of action. Endo beta-1,4 glucanase enzyme was only present in the gut tissues, no activity was detected in the salivary glands. The pH optima of the enzyme were in the acidic pH range of 4-5-5-0, indicating its metabolic role in the acidic stomach of A mellifera. The reported enzyme is unique, as endo-beta- 1,4 glucanase was able to generate non reducing sugar, as an end product. The results presented, are supportive to the information that the honey bee is capable of producing its novel endo-beta-1,4 glucanase. Further it could be helpful, in understanding, the carbohydrate metabolism in A mellifera. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=honey%20bees" title="honey bees">honey bees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Endo-beta%201" title=" Endo-beta 1"> Endo-beta 1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=4-%20glucanase" title="4- glucanase">4- glucanase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Apis%20mellifera" title=" Apis mellifera"> Apis mellifera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functional%20expression" title=" functional expression"> functional expression</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2425/functional-expression-and-characterization-of-a-novel-indigenous-endo-beta-14-glucanase-from-apis-mellifera" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2425.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">403</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">67</span> Investigation of Diseases and Enemies of Bees of Breeding Apis mellifera intermissa (Buttel-Reepen, 1906)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Zenia">S. Zenia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Bitta"> L. Bitta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Bouhamam"> O. Bouhamam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Brines"> H. Brines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Boudriaa"> M. Boudriaa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Haddadj"> F. Haddadj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Marniche"> F. Marniche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Milla"> A. Milla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Saadi"> H. Saadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Smai"> A. Smai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The bee Apis mellifera intermissa is a major social insect, in addition to its honey production, it is a pillar of our biodiversity. Several living organisms can come into contact with it: bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, mites, and insects. In Algeria, many beekeepers have reported unusual mortality of local bees, loss of foragers and significant losses of their livestock. Despite the presence of a varied honey-bearing flora and a favourable Mediterranean climate, honey production remains low. This phenomenon can be attributed to the excess winter mortality, but also to the increasing difficulties that beekeepers face in maintaining healthy bee colonies, particularly bee diseases and their transmission facilitated by trade and beekeeping practices. Our survey is based on a questionnaire composed of several parts. The results obtained show that the disease that most affects bees according to beekeepers is varroa mite with 93% followed by fungi with 26%. The most replied enemy of bees is the false ringworm with 73%, followed by the bee-eater with 63%. Our goal is to determine the causes of this low production in two areas: Bejaia and Tizi-Ouzou. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diseases" title="diseases">diseases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Apis%20mellifera%20L." title=" Apis mellifera L."> Apis mellifera L.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=varroa" title=" varroa"> varroa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=European%20foulbrood" title=" European foulbrood"> European foulbrood</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100968/investigation-of-diseases-and-enemies-of-bees-of-breeding-apis-mellifera-intermissa-buttel-reepen-1906" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100968.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">66</span> Analyzing the Market Growth in Application Programming Interface Economy Using Time-Evolving Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiroki%20Yoshikai">Hiroki Yoshikai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shin%E2%80%99ichi%20Arakawa"> Shin’ichi Arakawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tetsuya%20Takine"> Tetsuya Takine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masayuki%20Murata"> Masayuki Murata</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> API (Application Programming Interface) economy is expected to create new value by converting corporate services such as information processing and data provision into APIs and using these APIs to connect services. Understanding the dynamics of a market of API economy under the strategies of participants is crucial to fully maximize the values of the API economy. To capture the behavior of a market in which the number of participants changes over time, we present a time-evolving market model for a platform in which API providers who provide APIs to service providers participate in addition to service providers and consumers. Then, we use the market model to clarify the role API providers play in expanding market participants and forming ecosystems. The results show that the platform with API providers increased the number of market participants by 67% and decreased the cost to develop services by 25% compared to the platform without API providers. Furthermore, during the expansion phase of the market, it is found that the profits of participants are mostly the same when 70% of the revenue from consumers is distributed to service providers and API providers. It is also found that when the market is mature, the profits of the service provider and API provider will decrease significantly due to their competition, and the profit of the platform increases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=API%20economy" title="API economy">API economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecosystem" title=" ecosystem"> ecosystem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=platform" title=" platform"> platform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=API%20providers" title=" API providers"> API providers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153323/analyzing-the-market-growth-in-application-programming-interface-economy-using-time-evolving-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153323.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">65</span> Microbial Contamination of Haemolymph of Honeybee (Apis mellifera intermissa) Parasitized by Varroa Destructor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Messaouda%20Belaid">Messaouda Belaid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salima%20Kebbouche-Gana"> Salima Kebbouche-Gana </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The negative effect of the Varroa bee colony is very important. They cause morphological and physiological changes, causing a decrease in performance of individuals and long-term death of the colony. Indirectly, they weaken the bees become much more sensitive to the different pathogenic organisms naturally present in the colony. This work aims to research secondary infections of microbial origin occurred in the worker bee nurse due to parasitism by Varroa destructor. The feeding behaviour of Varroa may causes damaging host integument. The results show that the microbial contamination enable to be transmitted into honeybee heamocoel are Bacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Enterobacter, Aspergillus. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=honeybee" title="honeybee">honeybee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Apis%20mellifera%20intermissa" title=" Apis mellifera intermissa"> Apis mellifera intermissa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial%20contamination" title=" microbial contamination"> microbial contamination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Varroa%20destructor" title=" Varroa destructor "> Varroa destructor </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13183/microbial-contamination-of-haemolymph-of-honeybee-apis-mellifera-intermissa-parasitized-by-varroa-destructor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13183.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">401</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">64</span> Detection and Quantification of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients as Adulterants in Garcinia cambogia Slimming Preparations Using NIR Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dina%20Ahmed%20Selim">Dina Ahmed Selim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eman%20Shawky%20Anwar"> Eman Shawky Anwar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rasha%20Mohamed%20Abu%20El-Khair"> Rasha Mohamed Abu El-Khair</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A rapid, simple and efficient method with minimal sample treatment was developed for authentication of Garcinia cambogia fruit peel powder, along with determining undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in its herbal slimming dietary supplements using near infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. Five featured adulterants, including sibutramine, metformin, orlistat, ephedrine, and theophylline are selected as target compounds. The Near infrared spectral data matrix of authentic Garcinia cambogia fruit peel and specimens degraded by intentional contamination with the five selected APIs was subjected to hierarchical clustering analysis to investigate their bundling figure. SIMCA models were established to ensure the genuiness of Garcinia cambogia fruit peel which resulted in perfect classification of all tested specimens. Adulterated samples were utilized for construction of PLSR models based on different APIs contents at minute levels of fraud practices (LOQ < 0.2% w/w).The suggested approach can be applied to enhance and guarantee the safety and quality of Garcinia fruit peel powder as raw material and in dietary supplements. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Garcinia%20cambogia" title="Garcinia cambogia">Garcinia cambogia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Quality%20control" title="Quality control">Quality control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NIR%20spectroscopy" title="NIR spectroscopy">NIR spectroscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chemometrics" title="Chemometrics">Chemometrics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143112/detection-and-quantification-of-active-pharmaceutical-ingredients-as-adulterants-in-garcinia-cambogia-slimming-preparations-using-nir-spectroscopy-combined-with-chemometrics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143112.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">63</span> Deformed Wing Virus and Varroa Destructor in the Local Honey Bee Colonies Apis mellifera intermissa in Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noureddine%20Adjlane">Noureddine Adjlane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nizar%20Haddad"> Nizar Haddad </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) is considered as the most prevalent virus that dangerous the honeybee health worldwide today. In this study we aimed to evaluate the impact of the virus on honeybees (Apis mellifera intermissa) mortality in Algeria and we conducted the study on samples collected from the central area in the country. We used PCR for the diagnoses of the (DWV) in the diagnosis. The results had shown a high infestation in the sampled colonies and it represented 42% of the total sample. In this study, we found a clear role of both Varroa destructor mite and DWV on hive mortality in the experimented apiary. Further studies need to be conducted in order to give soled recommendations to the beekeepers, decision makers and stockholders of the Algerian beekeeping sector. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=honey%20bee" title="honey bee">honey bee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DWV" title=" DWV"> DWV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Varroa%20destructor" title=" Varroa destructor"> Varroa destructor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortality" title=" mortality"> mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prevalence" title=" prevalence"> prevalence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infestation" title=" infestation "> infestation </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2195/deformed-wing-virus-and-varroa-destructor-in-the-local-honey-bee-colonies-apis-mellifera-intermissa-in-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2195.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">455</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">62</span> Level of Sociality and Sting Autotomy </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20V.%20%20Belavadi">V. V. Belavadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Najeer%20E.%20Noor%20Khadri"> Syed Najeer E. Noor Khadri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shivamurthy%20Naik"> Shivamurthy Naik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Members of aculeate Hymenoptera exhibit different levels of sociality. While Chrysidoidea are primarily parasitic and use their sting only for the purpose parasitizing the host and never for defense, all vespoid and apoid (sphecid) wasps use their sting for paralysing their prey as well as for defending themselves from predators and intruders. Though most apoid bees use their sting for defending themselves, a few bees (Apis spp.) use their sting exclusively for defending their colonies and the brood. A preliminary study conducted on the comparative morphology of stings of apoid bees and wasps and that of vespid wasps, indicated that the backward projected barbs are more pronounced only in the genus Apis, which is considered as the reason why a honey bee worker, loses its sting and dies when it stings a higher animal. This raises an important question: How barbs on lancets of Apis bees evolved? Supposing the barbs had not been strong, the worker bee would have been more efficient in defending the colony instead of only once in its lifetime! Some arguments in favour of worker altruistic behaviour, mention that in highly social insects, the colony size is large, workers are closely related among themselves and a worker sacrificing its life for the colony is beneficial for the colony. However, in colonies with a queen that has mated multiple times, the coefficient of relatedness among workers gets reduced and still the workers continue to exhibit the same behaviour. In this paper, we have tried to compare the morphology of stings of aculeate Hymenoptera and have attempted to relate sting morphology with social behaviour. Species examined for sting morphology are A. cerana, Apis dorsata, A. florea, Amegilla violacea, A. zonata, Megachile anthracina, M. Disjuncta, Liris aurulentus, Tachysphex bengalensis. Our studies indicate that occurrence of barbs on lancets correlates with the degree of sociality and sting autotomy is more pronounced in swarm-founding species than in haplometrotic species. The number of barbs on the lancets varied from 0 to 11. Additionally SEM images also revealed interesting characters of barbs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=altruistic" title="altruistic">altruistic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barbs" title=" barbs"> barbs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sociality" title=" sociality"> sociality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sting%20autotomy" title=" sting autotomy"> sting autotomy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29572/level-of-sociality-and-sting-autotomy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29572.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">318</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">61</span> Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera) Drone Flight Behavior Revealed by Radio Frequency Identification: Short Trips That May Help Drones Survey Weather Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vivian%20Wu">Vivian Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During the mating season, honeybee drones make mating fights to congregation areas where they face fierce competition to mate with a queen. Drones have developed distinct anatomical and functional features in order to optimize their chances of success. Flight activities of western honeybee (Apis mellifera) drones and foragers were monitored using radio frequency identification (RFID) to test if drones have also developed distinct flight behaviors. Drone flight durations showed a bimodal distribution dividing the flights into short flights and long flights while forager flight durations showed a left-skewed unimodal distribution. Interestingly, the short trips occurred prior to the long trips on a daily basis. The first trips of the day the drones made were primarily short trips, and the distribution significantly shifted to long trips as the drones made more trips. In contrast, forager trips showed no such shift of distribution. In addition, drones made short trips but no long mating trips on days associated with a significant drop in temperature and increase of clouds compared to the previous day. These findings suggest that drones may have developed a unique flight behavior making short trips first to survey the weather conditions before flying out to the congregation area to pursue a successful mating. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=apis%20mellifera" title="apis mellifera">apis mellifera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drone" title=" drone"> drone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flight%20behavior" title=" flight behavior"> flight behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weather" title=" weather"> weather</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RFID" title=" RFID"> RFID</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156427/honey-bee-apis-mellifera-drone-flight-behavior-revealed-by-radio-frequency-identification-short-trips-that-may-help-drones-survey-weather-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156427.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">60</span> Effect of Varying Diets on Growth, Development and Survival of Queen Bee (Apis mellifera L.) in Captivity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Anjum%20Aqueel">Muhammad Anjum Aqueel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zaighum%20Abbas"> Zaighum Abbas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mubasshir%20Sohail"> Mubasshir Sohail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Abubakar"> Muhammad Abubakar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hafiz%20Khurram%20Shurjeel"> Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abu%20Bakar%20Muhammad%20Raza"> Abu Bakar Muhammad Raza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Afzal"> Muhammad Afzal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sami%20Ullah"> Sami Ullah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Keeping in view the increasing demand, queen of <em>Apis mellifera</em> L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) was reared artificially in this experiment at varying diets including royal jelly. Larval duration, pupal duration, weight, and size of pupae were evaluated at different diets including royal jelly. Queen larvae were raised by Doo Little grafting method. Four different diets were mixed with royal jelly and applied to larvae. Fructose, sugar, yeast, and honey were provided to rearing queen larvae along with same amount of royal jelly. Larval and pupal duration were longest (6.15 and 7.5 days, respectively) at yeast and shortest on honey (5.05 and 7.02 days, respectively). Heavier and bigger pupae were recorded on yeast (168.14 mg and 1.76 cm, respectively) followed by diets having sugar and honey. Due to production of heavier and bigger pupae, yeast was considered as best artificial diet for the growing queen larvae. So, in the second part of experiment, different amounts of yeast were provided to growing larvae along with fixed amount (0.5 g) of royal jelly. Survival rates of the larvae and queen bee were 70% and 40% in the 4-g food, 86.7% and 53.3% in the 6-g food, and 76.7% and 50% in the 8-g food. Weight of adult queen bee (1.459±0.191 g) and the number of ovarioles (41.7±21.3) were highest at 8 g of food. Results of this study are helpful for bee-keepers in producing fitter queen bees. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=apis%20melifera%20l" title="apis melifera l">apis melifera l</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dietary%20effect" title=" dietary effect"> dietary effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=survival%20and%20development" title=" survival and development"> survival and development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=honey%20bee%20queen" title=" honey bee queen"> honey bee queen</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57578/effect-of-varying-diets-on-growth-development-and-survival-of-queen-bee-apis-mellifera-l-in-captivity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57578.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">490</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">59</span> Installing Beehives in Solar Parks to Enhance Local Biodiversity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nuria%20Rubio">Nuria Rubio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mar%C3%ADa%20Campo"> María Campo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joana%20Ruiz"> Joana Ruiz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paola%20Vecino"> Paola Vecino</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Renewable energies have been proposed for some years as a solution to the ecological crisis caused by traditional fuels. The installation of solar parks for electricity production is therefore necessary for a transition to cleaner energy. Additionally, spaces occupied by solar parks can be ideal places for biodiversity promotion consisting in controlled areas allowing free transit of numerous animal species in absence of phytosanitary products or other substances commonly used in rural areas. The main objective of this project is increasing local biodiversity. Secondary objectives include the installation of beehives with Apis mellifera iberiensis swarms (native honeybee species), the monitoring and periodic evaluation of the state of health and demographic progression of these swarms and study of biodiversity increase in these areas, mainly due to the presence of Apis mellifera iberiensis. Prior to bee-hives installation, a preliminary study of the area is carried out to quantify floral load, biocenosis and geo-climatological characteristics of the area of study for determining the optimal number of hives for the benefit of the local ecosystem. Once beehives set up, the bee-swarms health status is monitored and evaluated quarterly using monitoring systems. Parameters studies are weight, humidity inside the hive, external and internal temperature, and sound inside the hive. Furthermore, a biodiversity study of the area was conducted by direct observation and quantification of species (S) in the area of bee-foraging (1 km around the beehives). A great diversity of species has been detected in the area of study. Therefore, the population of Apis mellifera iberiensis is not displacing other pollinators in the area, on the contrary, results show that it is contributing to the pollination of the different plant species enhancing wild bees’ biodiversity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiversity" title="biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=honeybee" title=" honeybee"> honeybee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pollination" title=" pollination"> pollination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20park" title=" solar park"> solar park</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182137/installing-beehives-in-solar-parks-to-enhance-local-biodiversity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182137.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">54</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">58</span> Mitochondrial Energy Utilization is Unchanged with Age in the Trophocytes and Oenocytes of Queen Honeybees (Apis mellifera)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chia-Ying%20Yen">Chia-Ying Yen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chin-Yuan%20Hsu"> Chin-Yuan Hsu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The lifespans of queen honeybees (Apis mellifera) are much longer than those of worker bees. The expression, concentration, and activity of mitochondrial energy-utilized molecules decreased with age in the trophocytes and oenocytes of worker bees, but they are unknown in queen bees. In this study, the expression, concentration, and activity of mitochondrial energy-utilized molecules were evaluated in the trophocytes and oenocytes of young and old queen bees by biochemical techniques. The results showed that mitochondrial density and mitochondrial membrane potential; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced form (NADH), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels; the NAD+/NADH ratio; and relative expression of NADH dehydrogenase 1 and ATP synthase normalized against mitochondrial density were not significantly different between young and old queen bees. These findings reveal that mitochondrial energy utilization maintains a young status in the trophocytes and oenocytes of old queen bees and that trophocytes and oenocytes have aging-delaying mechanisms and can be used to study cellular longevity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aging" title="aging">aging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=longevity" title=" longevity"> longevity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mitochondrial%20energy" title=" mitochondrial energy"> mitochondrial energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=queen%20bees" title=" queen bees"> queen bees</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23212/mitochondrial-energy-utilization-is-unchanged-with-age-in-the-trophocytes-and-oenocytes-of-queen-honeybees-apis-mellifera" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23212.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">483</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">57</span> Cellular Energy Metabolism Decreases with Age in the Trophocytes and Oenocytes of Honeybees (Apis Mellifera)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chin-Yuan%20Hsu">Chin-Yuan Hsu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Lung%20Chuang"> Yu-Lung Chuang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The expression, concentration, and activity of mitochondrial energy-utilized molecules and cellular energy-regulated molecules decreased with age in the trophocytes and oenocytes of honeybees (Apis mellifera), but those of cellular energy-metabolized molecules is unknown. In this study, the expression, concentration, and activity of cellular energy-metabolized molecules were assayed in the trophocytes and fat cells of young and old worker bees by using the techniques of cell and biochemistry. The results showed that (i) the •-hydroxylacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HOAD) activity/citrate synthase (CS) activity ratio, non-esterified fatty acids concentrations, the expression of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E, and the expression of phosphorylated eIF4E binding protein 1 decreased with age; (ii) fat and glycogen accumulation increased with age; and (iii) the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity/citrate synthase (CS) activity ratio was not correlated with age. These finding indicated that •-oxidation (HOAD/CS) and protein synthsis decreased with age. Glycolysis (PDH/CS) was unchanged with age. The most likely reason is that sugars are the vital food of worker bees. Taken together these data reveal that young workers have higher cellular energy metabolism than old workers and that aging results in a decline in the cellular energy metabolism in worker honeybees. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aging" title="aging">aging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy" title=" energy"> energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=honeybee" title=" honeybee"> honeybee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metabolism" title=" metabolism "> metabolism </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23207/cellular-energy-metabolism-decreases-with-age-in-the-trophocytes-and-oenocytes-of-honeybees-apis-mellifera" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23207.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">470</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">56</span> Non-Fungible Token (NFT) - Used in the Music Industry for Independent Artists without a Music Recording Label</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bartholomew%20Badar">Bartholomew Badar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An NFT is a digital certificate with rights to own an asset, including various valuable digital goods such as art pieces, music items, collectibles, etc. The market for NFTs started developing in 2017 and has lately seen increased growth as crypto-currencies and the blockchain market continue to gain popularity. This study aims to understand potential uses for NFTs concerning the music industry and record labels. Independent artists struggle to distribute and sell their music without the help of a record label. The NFT marketplace could be a great tool to eliminate this problem. The research objective is to identify possibilities for independent artists to own their music rights and share value with an audience. We see a trend of new-school music artists trying to enter the music NFT market by creating visualizers, beats, cover art, etc. To analyze various existing music NFT assets and determine whether or not independent artists could monetize their music without a record label is the main focus of this scholarly paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blockchain" title="blockchain">blockchain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crypto-currency" title=" crypto-currency"> crypto-currency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=music" title=" music"> music</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artist" title=" artist"> artist</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NFT" title=" NFT"> NFT</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144397/non-fungible-token-nft-used-in-the-music-industry-for-independent-artists-without-a-music-recording-label" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144397.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">177</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">55</span> Eco-Ethology of Bees Visitors on Vicia faba L. var. Major (Fabaceae) in Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Bendifallah">L. Bendifallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Doumandji"> S. Doumandji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Louadi"> K. Louadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Iserbyt"> S. Iserbyt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Acheuk"> F. Acheuk </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to their ecological key position and diversity, plant-bee relationships constitute excellent models to understand the processes of food specialisation. The purpose of this study is to define and identify the most important species of bees foraging broadbean flowers, we estimated morphological, phonological and behavioural features. We discuss the results by considering the food specialisation level of the visitor. In the studied populations (Algiers, Algeria), visiting bees belong to four different genus: Apis, Andrena, Eucera and Xylocopa. Eucera is foraging broad beans flowers during months of April, May. The genus Andrena and Xylocopa were found on weeds after the flowering period of beans. The two species have not a preferred type of vegetation compared to Eucera. The main pollinators were generalist bees such as Apis mellifera L. and Xylocopa pubescens Spinola (Apidae), and specialist bees such Eucera numida Lep. (Apidae). The results show that no one of the studied species, neither the specialist, nor the generalist ones, share adaptative morphological or behavioural features that may improve foraging on Vicia faba. However, there is a narrow synchronisation between the daily and yearly phenologies of Eucera numida and those of V. faba. This could be an adaptation of the specialist bee to its host plant. Thus, the food specialisation of Eucera numida, as for most specialist bees, would be more linked to its adapted phenology than to an adapted morphology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vicia%20faba" title="Vicia faba">Vicia faba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bees" title=" bees"> bees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pollinators" title=" pollinators"> pollinators</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Algeria" title=" Algeria"> Algeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14225/eco-ethology-of-bees-visitors-on-vicia-faba-l-var-major-fabaceae-in-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14225.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">54</span> Current Practices of Permitted Daily Exposure (PDE) Calculation and Selection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Annie%20Ramanbhai%20Mecwan">Annie Ramanbhai Mecwan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cleaning validation in a pharmaceutical manufacturing facility is documented evidence that a cleaning process has effectively removed contaminants, residues from previous drug products and cleaning agents below a pre-defined threshold from the reusable tools and parts of equipment. In shared manufacturing facilities more than one drug product is prepared. After cleaning of reusable tools and parts of equipment after one drug product manufacturing, there are chances that some residues of drug substance from previously manufactured drug products may be retained on the equipment and can carried forward to the next drug product and thus cause cross-contamination. Health-based limits through the derivation of a safe threshold value called permitted daily exposure (PDE) for the residues of drug substances should be employed to identify the risks posed at these manufacturing facilities. The PDE represents a substance-specific dose that is unlikely to cause an adverse effect if an individual is exposed to or below this dose every day for a lifetime. There are different practices to calculate PDE. Data for all APIs in the public domain are considered to calculate PDE value though, company to company may vary the final PDE value based on different toxicologist’s perspective or their subjective evaluation. Hence, Regulatory agencies should take responsibility for publishing PDE values for all APIs as it is done for elemental PDEs. This will harmonize the PDE values all over the world and prevent the unnecessary load on manufacturers for cleaning validation <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=active%20pharmaceutical%20ingredient" title="active pharmaceutical ingredient">active pharmaceutical ingredient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=good%20manufacturing%20practice" title=" good manufacturing practice"> good manufacturing practice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NOAEL" title=" NOAEL"> NOAEL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=no%20observed%20adverse%20effect%20level" title=" no observed adverse effect level"> no observed adverse effect level</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permitted%20daily%20exposure" title=" permitted daily exposure"> permitted daily exposure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172904/current-practices-of-permitted-daily-exposure-pde-calculation-and-selection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172904.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">53</span> S. S. L. Andrade, E. A. Souza, L. C. L. Santos, C. Moraes, A. K. C. L. Lobato</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fazal%20Said">Fazal Said</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mian%20Inayatullah"> Mian Inayatullah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Various insect visitors in common and honeybees in particular are considered to be accountable for 80-85% of pollination services for numerous crops worldwide. Pollinators not only increase crop yield but also improve quality of produce as well. The present investigation is therefore, an endeavor to assess the visitation pattern of honeybees, Apis florea (Hymenopterae: Apidae) in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The current research trial was carried out at New Developmental Farm (NDF), The University of Agriculture Peshawar, (34.01° N, 71.53° E) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan during 2012 and 2013. Different observations on the foraging behavior of A. florea’s individuals were made from 0800 hr in the morning and continued until 1800 hr in the evening. Hence, total duration of foraging activity of A. florea individuals was comprised of 10 hours. It was found that two peaks of visitation/foraging occurred between 1400 to 1600 hr of the day. First peak of foraging was recorded at 1600hr, where 15 individuals of honeybees/3 m2 were counted to be engaged in foraging sunflower blooms. Second peak visitation was recorded with a total of 12 bees/3 m2 at 1400 hrs of the day. Visitations of A. florea were observed to its minimum intensity of only 07 individuals during late hours of the day as evening approached after 1800 hrs. Similarly, due to more number of pollens and nectars on flowers, high frequency of A. florea were found engaged in foraging during 20th and 25th day after initiation of blooms on sunflower. Minimum numbers of honeybees were recorded during initial and very last days of flowering due to less number of plants with blooms and less availability of pollen and nectar on flowers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=apis%20florea" title="apis florea">apis florea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=days%20after%20flowering" title=" days after flowering"> days after flowering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=daily%20hours" title=" daily hours"> daily hours</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sunflower" title=" sunflower"> sunflower</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visitation%20pattern" title=" visitation pattern "> visitation pattern </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40011/s-s-l-andrade-e-a-souza-l-c-l-santos-c-moraes-a-k-c-l-lobato" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40011.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">635</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">52</span> Identifying Apis millefera Strains in Akkar District (North Lebanon) Using Mitochondrial DNA: A Step in Preserving the Local Strain A. m. Syriaca </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zeina%20Nasr">Zeina Nasr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bashar%20Merheb"> Bashar Merheb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The honey bee is a social insect that had driven the human interest much more than any other organism. Beekeeping practices dated the appearance of Man on earth and now it provides a hobby or a secondary work that contributes to the family revenue and requires a little time engagement and money investment. Honey production is not the only contribution of honey bees to the economy, since honey bees play an important role in the pollination. Bee keeping in Lebanon is an important part of the agricultural economy. However, a growing concern about bees is spreading globally, due to an accelerated decline of bees colonies. This raises the alert to preserve and protect local bee strains against uncontrolled introduction of foreign strains and invasive parasitic species. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers are commonly used in studying genetic variation in the Apis mellifera species. The DraI-COI-COII test is based on the analysis of the intergenic region between the two genes COI and COII. The different honey bee strains differ in the presence or absence of the p sequence and the number of Q sequences present. A. m. syriaca belonging to the lineage Z, is the native honey bee subspecies in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Palestine. A. m. syriaca is known for its high defensiveness, even though it has many important advantages. However, commercial breeder strains, such as the Italian (A. m. ligustica), and Carniolan (A. m. carnica) strains, have been introduced by beekeepers and regularly used for honey production. This raises worries about the disappearance of the local subspecies. It is obvious that identifying A. m. syriaca colonies and protecting them against uncontrolled mating with other bee strains is a crucial step to protect and improve the original local strain. This study aims to reveal the existing sub-species of honey bee in Akkar – Lebanon and to assess the influence of introgression on the hybridization of the local strain. This will help to identify areas of pure A.m. syriaca population over this district to be considered in choosing syriaca reserves. We collected samples of bees from different regions of Akkar district in order to perform mtDNA analysis. We determined the restriction fragments length of the intergenic region COI-COII, using the restriction enzyme DraI. The results showed both the C and the Z lineages. Four restriction patterns were identified among the restriction maps of the studied samples. The most abundant mitochondrial lineage is the Z lineage constituting about 60% of the identified samples. Al-Dreib region reported the lowest introgression with foreign mtDNA of 21% making it the most suitable area for a genetic reserve of syriaca in Akkar based on its lowest introgression and suitable environment in addition to the attitude of local beekeepers to conserve the local strain. Finally, this study is the first step in constructing conservation programs for the preservation of the local strain and should be generalized to the whole Lebanese population, consistent with the effort done in neighboring countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akkar%20Lebanon" title="Akkar Lebanon">Akkar Lebanon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Apis%20millefera%20syriaca" title=" Apis millefera syriaca"> Apis millefera syriaca</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DraI-COI-COII%20test" title=" DraI-COI-COII test"> DraI-COI-COII test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mitochondrial%20DNA" title=" mitochondrial DNA"> mitochondrial DNA</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72542/identifying-apis-millefera-strains-in-akkar-district-north-lebanon-using-mitochondrial-dna-a-step-in-preserving-the-local-strain-a-m-syriaca" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72542.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">276</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">51</span> Ordered Mesoporous Carbons of Different Morphology for Loading and Controlled Release of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aleksander%20Ejsmont">Aleksander Ejsmont</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aleksandra%20Galarda"> Aleksandra Galarda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joanna%20Goscianska"> Joanna Goscianska</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Smart porous carriers with defined structure and physicochemical properties are required for releasing the therapeutic drug with precise control of delivery time and location in the body. Due to their non-toxicity, ordered structure, chemical, and thermal stability, mesoporous carbons can be considered as modern carriers for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) whose effectiveness needs frequent dosing algorithms. Such an API-carrier system, if programmed precisely, may stabilize the pharmaceutical and increase its dissolution leading to enhanced bioavailability. The substance conjugated with the material, through its prior adsorption, can later be successfully applied internally to the organism, as well as externally if the API release is feasible under these conditions. In the present study, ordered mesoporous carbons of different morphologies and structures, prepared by hard template method, were applied as carriers in the adsorption and controlled release of active pharmaceutical ingredients. In the first stage, the carbon materials were synthesized and functionalized with carboxylic groups by chemical oxidation using ammonium persulfate solution and then with amine groups. Materials obtained were thoroughly characterized with respect to morphology (scanning electron microscopy), structure (X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy), characteristic functional groups (FT-IR spectroscopy), acid-base nature of surface groups (Boehm titration), parameters of the porous structure (low-temperature nitrogen adsorption) and thermal stability (TG analysis). This was followed by a series of tests of adsorption and release of paracetamol, benzocaine, and losartan potassium. Drug release experiments were performed in the simulated gastric fluid of pH 1.2 and phosphate buffer of pH 7.2 or 6.8 at 37.0 °C. The XRD patterns in the small-angle range and TEM images revealed that functionalization of mesoporous carbons with carboxylic or amine groups leads to the decreased ordering of their structure. Moreover, the modification caused a considerable reduction of the carbon-specific surface area and pore volume, but it simultaneously resulted in changing their acid-base properties. Mesoporous carbon materials exhibit different morphologies, which affect the host-guest interactions during the adsorption process of active pharmaceutical ingredients. All mesoporous carbons show high adsorption capacity towards drugs. The sorption capacity of materials is mainly affected by BET surface area and the structure/size matching between adsorbent and adsorbate. Selected APIs are linked to the surface of carbon materials mainly by hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and electrostatic interactions. The release behavior of API is highly dependent on the physicochemical properties of mesoporous carbons. The release rate of APIs could be regulated by the introduction of functional groups and by changing the pH of the receptor medium. Acknowledgments—This research was supported by the National Science Centre, Poland (project SONATA-12 no: 2016/23/D/NZ7/01347). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ordered%20mesoporous%20carbons" title="ordered mesoporous carbons">ordered mesoporous carbons</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sorption%20capacity" title=" sorption capacity"> sorption capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20delivery" title=" drug delivery"> drug delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20nanocarriers" title=" carbon nanocarriers"> carbon nanocarriers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138027/ordered-mesoporous-carbons-of-different-morphology-for-loading-and-controlled-release-of-active-pharmaceutical-ingredients" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138027.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">50</span> Development of Two Phage Therapy-Based Strategies for the Treatment of American Foulbrood Disease Affecting Apis Mellifera capensis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ridwaan%20N.%20Milase">Ridwaan N. Milase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leonardo%20J.%20Van%20Zyl"> Leonardo J. Van Zyl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marla%20Trindade"> Marla Trindade</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> American foulbrood (AFB) is the world’s most devastating honeybee disease that has drastically reduced the population of Apis mellifera capensis since 2009. The outbreak has jeopardized the South African bee keeping industry as well as the agricultural sector dependent on honeybees for honey production and pollination, leading to significant economic losses. AFB is caused by Paenibacillus larvae, a spore-forming, Gram positive facultative anaerobic and flagellated bacterium. The use of antibiotics within beehives has selected for resistant strains of P. larvae, while the current practice of burning spore contaminated beehives and equipment contributes to the economic losses in the honeybee-keeping industry. Therefore, phage therapy is proposed as a promising alternative to combat P. larvae strains affecting A. mellifera capensis. The genomes of two P. larvae strains isolated from infected combs in the Western Cape have been sequenced and annotated using bioinformatics tools. Genome analyses has revealed that these P. larvae strains are lysogens to more than 6 different prophages and possess different type of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPRs) regions per strain. Active prophages from one of the two P. larvae strains were detected and identified using PCR. Electron microscopy was used to determine the family of the identified active prophages. Lytic bacteriophages that specifically target the two P. larvae strains were purified from sewage wastewater, beehive materials, and soil samples to investigate their potential development as anti-P. larvae agents. Another alternative treatment being investigated is the development of a prophage endolysin cocktail. Endolysin genes of the prophages have been targeted, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The heterologously expressed endolysins have been purified and are currently being assessed for their lytic activity against P. larvae strains and other commensal microorganisms that compose the honeybee larvae microbiota. The study has shown that phage therapy and endolysins have a great potential as alternative control methods for AFB disease affecting A. mellifera capensis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=American%20foulbrood" title="American foulbrood">American foulbrood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteriophage" title=" bacteriophage"> bacteriophage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=honeybee" title=" honeybee"> honeybee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paenibacillus%20larvae" title=" Paenibacillus larvae"> Paenibacillus larvae</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57452/development-of-two-phage-therapy-based-strategies-for-the-treatment-of-american-foulbrood-disease-affecting-apis-mellifera-capensis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57452.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">181</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">49</span> HTML5 Online Learning Application with Offline Web, Location Based, Animated Web, Multithread, and Real-Time Features</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sheetal%20R.%20Jadhwani">Sheetal R. Jadhwani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daisy%20Sang"> Daisy Sang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang-Shyh%20Peng"> Chang-Shyh Peng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Web applications are an integral part of modem life. They are mostly based upon the HyperText Markup Language (HTML). While HTML meets the basic needs, there are some shortcomings. For example, applications can cease to work once user goes offline, real-time updates may be lagging, and user interface can freeze on computationally intensive tasks. The latest language specification HTML5 attempts to rectify the situation with new tools and protocols. This paper studies the new Web Storage, Geolocation, Web Worker, Canvas, and Web Socket APIs, and presents applications to test their features and efficiencies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=web%20worker" title=" web worker"> web worker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=canvas" title=" canvas"> canvas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=web%20socket" title=" web socket"> web socket</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43143/html5-online-learning-application-with-offline-web-location-based-animated-web-multithread-and-real-time-features" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43143.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">48</span> Method Comprising One to One Web Based Real Time Communications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lata%20Kiran%20Dey">Lata Kiran Dey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajendra%20Kumar"> Rajendra Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Biren%20Karmakar"> Biren Karmakar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Web Real Time Communications is a collection of standards, protocols, which provides real-time communications capabilities between web browsers and devices. This paper outlines the design and further implementation of web real-time communications on secure web applications having audio and video call capabilities. This proposed application may put up a system that will be able to work over both desktops as well as the mobile browser. Though, WebRTC also gives a set of JavaScript standard RTC APIs, which primarily works over the real-time communication framework. This helps to build a suitable communication application, which enables the audio, video, and message transfer in between the today’s modern browsers having WebRTC support. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SIP" title=" SIP"> SIP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RTC" title=" RTC"> RTC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=JavaScript" title=" JavaScript"> JavaScript</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SRTP" title=" SRTP"> SRTP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=secure%20web%20sockets" title=" secure web sockets"> secure web sockets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=browser" title=" browser"> browser</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151216/method-comprising-one-to-one-web-based-real-time-communications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151216.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">47</span> Parallel Querying of Distributed Ontologies with Shared Vocabulary</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharjeel%20Aslam">Sharjeel Aslam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vassil%20Vassilev"> Vassil Vassilev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karim%20Ouazzane"> Karim Ouazzane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ontologies and various semantic repositories became a convenient approach for implementing model-driven architectures of distributed systems on the Web. SPARQL is the standard query language for querying such. However, although SPARQL is well-established standard for querying semantic repositories in RDF and OWL format and there are commonly used APIs which supports it, like Jena for Java, its parallel option is not incorporated in them. This article presents a complete framework consisting of an object algebra for parallel RDF and an index-based implementation of the parallel query engine capable of dealing with the distributed RDF ontologies which share common vocabulary. It has been implemented in Java, and for validation of the algorithms has been applied to the problem of organizing virtual exhibitions on the Web. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distributed%20ontologies" title="distributed ontologies">distributed ontologies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parallel%20querying" title=" parallel querying"> parallel querying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantic%20indexing" title=" semantic indexing"> semantic indexing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shared%20vocabulary" title=" shared vocabulary"> shared vocabulary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SPARQL" title=" SPARQL"> SPARQL</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105046/parallel-querying-of-distributed-ontologies-with-shared-vocabulary" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105046.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">204</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">46</span> Validating the Contract between Microservices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parveen%20Banu%20Ansari">Parveen Banu Ansari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Venkatraman%20Chinnappan"> Venkatraman Chinnappan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paramasivam%20Shankar"> Paramasivam Shankar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Contract testing plays a pivotal role in the current landscape of microservices architecture. Testing microservices at the initial stages of development helps to identify and rectify issues before they escalate to higher levels, such as UI testing. By validating microservices through contract testing, you ensure the integration quality of APIs, enhancing the overall reliability and performance of the application. Contract testing, being a collaborative effort between testers and developers, ensures that the microservices adhere to the specified contracts or agreements. This proactive approach significantly reduces defects, streamlines the development process, and contributes to the overall efficiency and robustness of the application. In the dynamic and fast-paced world of digital applications, where microservices are the building blocks, embracing contract testing is indeed a strategic move for ensuring the quality and reliability of the entire system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=validation" title="validation">validation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=testing" title=" testing"> testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract" title=" contract"> contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agreement" title=" agreement"> agreement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microservices" title=" microservices"> microservices</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180208/validating-the-contract-between-microservices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180208.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">57</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bartholomew%20S.%20Apis&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bartholomew%20S.%20Apis&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bartholomew%20S.%20Apis&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" 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