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</div> </nav> </div> </div><div id=po1 class=po></div><div id=mpo></div><div id=anw class=alert-notice__wrap></div><div class=main-content-div><script> window.TAD=window.TAD||{};TAD.abtest='b'; </script><div class=bc__wrap><div class="row socrow"><div id=bc class="fixed"><div id=bct><a target=_top href="/" class=fx>Home</a>   <a target=_top href="/counters/" class=fx>Timers</a>   When Did the 21st Century Start?</div></div></div></div><main class="article layout-grid layout-grid--article"><article class="layout-grid__main article__content"><h1 class=article__title>When Did the 21st Century Start?</h1><h4 class=article__sub-title></h4><p class=article__byline>By <a href='/company/team-editorial#kb'>Konstantin Bikos</a></p><p class=article__lead>On January 1, 2000, humankind celebrated the beginning of the new millennium—which was one year too early.</p><div class=article__body><figure class="article__figure "><div class=article__img-container><img src="//c.tadst.com/gfx/600x337/fireworks-night-sydney.jpg?1" width=600 height=337 alt="Fireworks at night over a bridge. Boats on the river under the bridge." class=article__img srcset="//c.tadst.com/gfx/900x506/fireworks-night-sydney.jpg?1 1.5x,//c.tadst.com/gfx/1200x675/fireworks-night-sydney.jpg?1 2x"></div><figcaption><p class=article__img-caption>Fireworks in Sydney, Australia.</p><p class=article__img-credit>©iStock.com/E4C</p></figcaption></figure><p class=large-link><a href="/calendar/decade.html">2020 or 2021: When did the decade start?</a></p><h2>The 21st Century Started in 2001</h2><p>In 1999, the world was preparing for the <a href="/holidays/common/new-year-eve">New Year's party</a> of a lifetime. The year number in the <a href="/calendar/gregorian-calendar.html">Gregorian calendar</a> was about to tick over to 2000, supposedly ushering in not only the 21st century but also the 3rd millennium <a href="/calendar/ce-bce-what-do-they-mean.html">CE</a>.</p><p>However, the party was held one year too early—it should have been on January 1, 2001.</p><p class=large-link><a href="/calendar/ce-bce-what-do-they-mean.html">CE, BCE, AD, BC: What's the difference?</a></p><h2>Year Zero</h2><p>It all boils down to the question: was there a year 0? Let's first assume that year BCE 0 existed. This would mean that:</p><ul><li>1 full year would have passed at the end of year 0 since the beginning of the year count;</li><li>2 years would have passed at the end of year 1;</li><li>and so on...</li></ul><p>This means that 2000 years, two full millennia, would have passed at the end of year 1999. In other words, the 3rd millennium would have started on <a href="/holidays/common/new-year-day">New Year's Day</a> 2000.</p><p>The only problem with this theory is that year 0 did not exist, as historians, calendar experts, timeanddate.com, and other killjoys kept pointing out in the lead-up to the big party in year 2000.</p><p>So, how do we know there was no year zero?</p><h2>Anno Domini</h2><p><a href="/calendar/ce-bce-what-do-they-mean.html"><em>Anno domini</em></a>, the year numbering system (calendar era) we use today, was devised by a 6th-century monk named Dionysius Exiguus, who lived in an area now part of <a href="/worldclock/romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/worldclock/bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. Dionysius used Roman numerals to number the years “since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ”, as he put it in his writings—and there is no Roman numeral for the number zero.</p><p>It is worth pointing out that Dionysius did use the Latin number words <em>nulla</em> and <em>nihil</em>, both meaning “nothing,” in his calculations of the <a href="/calendar/determining-easter-date.html">date of Easter</a>. However, he used these words to imply the <em>absence</em> of a number, rather than the number zero itself. In fact, it is believed that the concept of the number zero, as it is used today, did not exist in Europe until the 13th century.</p><h2>Year 1 BCE Was Followed by Year CE 1</h2><p>This means that year AD 1 directly followed year 1 BC, without the year count ever reaching zero. In other words, the first year of the <em>anno domini</em> era was year 1, not year 0. As a consequence,</p><ul><li>1 full year had passed at the end of year 1;</li><li>2 years had passed at the end of year 2;</li><li>and so on...</li></ul><p>So, at the end of year 1999, as people were celebrating the new millennium, only 1999 full years had passed since the beginning of the calendar era—which is one year short of two full millennia.</p><h2>Round Number Bias</h2><p>Of course, the big fuss over the year 2000, or Y2K, was understandable from a psychological point of view. The human brain is predisposed to highlight “big numbers”—a tendency psychologists call the <em>round number bias</em>. It causes us to throw extra-glamorous parties on our 20th, 30th, or 40th birthdays and to celebrate milestones like the 1000th like on Facebook or the 100th victory of our favorite sports team.</p><p>So, in celebrating the beginning of the year 2000 as the event of a lifetime, we collectively succumbed to the appeal of the big, round year number—a classic case of round number bias.</p><p class=large-link><a href="/date/pattern.html">Like round and other special numbers? Try our Date Pattern Calculator!</a><h2>What Did We Even Celebrate?</h2><p>Even people celebrating the beginning of the new millennium on the correct date must contend with the fact that, in astronomical terms, there was nothing special about this particular event.</p><p>A year on Earth is defined as the time it takes Earth to complete an orbit around the Sun. This is called a solar or <a href="/astronomy/tropical-year.html">tropical year</a>. Solar calendar systems, such as the western calendar, are designed to reflect that time span and the <a href="/astronomy/seasons-causes.html">seasons</a> it encompasses as precisely as possible, and they do so with <a href="/date/perfect-calendar.html">varying levels of accuracy</a>.</p><p>Year numbers, on the other hand, are just a means of <em>counting</em> our planet's revolutions. While this is undoubtedly a handy feature to describe and structure long time spans, the Earth's 1999th revolution around the Sun in the <em>anno domini</em> era is really no different than its 2000th revolution.</p><h2>Only in Gregorian and Julian Calendars</h2><p>In fact, looking at other calendar systems, it becomes clear how ambiguous year numbers are. For example, year 2001 marked the beginning of the 3rd millennium in the <a href="/calendar/gregorian-calendar.html">Gregorian calendar</a> only. Other calendars, such as the <a href="/calendar/jewish-calendar.html">Jewish calendar</a>, the <a href="/calendar/islamic-calendar.html">Islamic calendar</a>, and the <a href="/calendar/hindu-calendar.html">Hindu calendar</a>, use completely different year numbers. So, while the Gregorian calendar is the system officially used around the world, this goes to show that our year count is nothing more than a random fabrication, which is ultimately based on the ideas and religious fervor of a 6th-century monk.</p><p>What's more, Dionysius Exiguus based the beginning of year BCE 1 in the <a href="/calendar/julian-calendar.html">Julian calendar</a>, the predecessor of today's calendar system, on a religious event—the birth of Jesus—which not only lacks astronomical relevance but is also based on religious lore and, as such, a rough estimation at best.</p><p class=article__htags><strong>Topics: </strong><a href="/topics/calendar">Calendar</a>, <a href="/topics/history">History</a></p></div></article><aside class="layout-grid__sidebar article__sidebar"><div class="clip-block clip-block--calendar"><h3 class=clip-block__title>Create Calendar With Holidays</h3><form name=cf id=cf class="small ten" method=get action="/scripts/createcal2.php"><div class=form-row><label class="inline six"><input type=radio name=typ value=0 checked>Full year</label><input placeholder=yyyy type=text autocomplete=off tad-va=date onfocus="window.ifc&&ifc(this,'y')" pattern="[0-9]*" maxlength=4 size=9 id=boxyear name=year title="Enter year as a 4-digit number." class=six value=2024></div><div class=form-row><label class="inline six"><input type=radio name=typ value=1>Month</label><select id=month name=month class="inline six" onchange='document.cf.typ[1].checked=true'><option value=1>January</option><option value=2>February</option><option value=3>March</option><option value=4>April</option><option value=5>May</option><option value=6>June</option><option value=7>July</option><option value=8>August</option><option value=9>September</option><option value=10>October</option><option value=11 selected>November</option><option value=12>December</option></select></div><div class=form-row><select id=country name=country class="inline twelve" title="Select country"><option value=29>Australia</option><option value=27>Canada</option><option value=35>India</option><option value=32>Ireland</option><option value=30>New Zealand</option><option value=9>United Kingdom</option><option value=1>United States</option><option value=160>Afghanistan</option><option value=93>Albania</option><option value=123>Algeria</option><option value=207>American Samoa</option><option value=97>Andorra</option><option value=127>Angola</option><option value=217>Anguilla</option><option value=221>Antigua and Barbuda</option><option value=37>Argentina</option><option value=102>Armenia</option><option value=177>Aruba</option><option value=29>Australia</option><option value=36>Austria</option><option value=85>Azerbaijan</option><option value=110>Bahamas</option><option value=133>Bahrain</option><option value=233>Bangladesh</option><option value=112>Barbados</option><option value=83>Belarus</option><option value=31>Belgium</option><option value=193>Belize</option><option value=148>Benin</option><option value=113>Bermuda</option><option value=198>Bhutan</option><option value=53>Bolivia</option><option value=86>Bosnia and Herzegovina</option><option value=144>Botswana</option><option value=33>Brazil</option><option value=224>British Virgin Islands</option><option value=79>Brunei</option><option value=73>Bulgaria</option><option value=165>Burkina Faso</option><option value=166>Burundi</option><option value=140>Cambodia</option><option value=134>Cameroon</option><option value=27>Canada</option><option value=157>Cape Verde</option><option value=111>Cayman Islands</option><option value=167>Central African Republic</option><option value=161>Chad</option><option value=43>Chile</option><option value=41>China</option><option value=46>Colombia</option><option value=172>Comoros</option><option value=84>Congo DR</option><option value=208>Cook Islands</option><option value=58>Costa Rica</option><option value=28>Croatia</option><option value=51>Cuba</option><option value=189>Curaçao</option><option value=94>Cyprus</option><option value=3>Czechia</option><option value=2>Denmark</option><option value=153>Djibouti</option><option value=229>Dominica</option><option value=52>Dominican Republic</option><option value=49>Ecuador</option><option value=80>Egypt</option><option value=55>El Salvador</option><option value=61>Equatorial Guinea</option><option value=168>Eritrea</option><option value=72>Estonia</option><option value=81>Ethiopia</option><option value=219>Falkland Islands</option><option value=175>Faroe Islands</option><option value=180>Fiji</option><option value=24>Finland</option><option value=5>France</option><option value=235>French Guiana</option><option value=205>French Polynesia</option><option value=150>Gabon</option><option value=149>Gambia</option><option value=87>Georgia</option><option value=8>Germany</option><option value=118>Ghana</option><option value=119>Gibraltar</option><option value=11>Greece</option><option value=138>Greenland</option><option value=22>Gregorian calendar</option><option value=182>Grenada</option><option value=236>Guadeloupe</option><option value=188>Guam</option><option value=50>Guatemala</option><option value=191>Guernsey</option><option value=169>Guinea</option><option value=173>Guinea-Bissau</option><option value=227>Guyana</option><option value=103>Haiti</option><option value=54>Honduras</option><option value=42>Hong Kong</option><option value=12>Hungary</option><option value=88>Iceland</option><option value=35>India</option><option value=65>Indonesia</option><option value=75>Iran</option><option value=109>Iraq</option><option value=32>Ireland</option><option value=234>Isle of Man</option><option value=34>Israel</option><option value=13>Italy</option><option value=125>Ivory Coast</option><option value=117>Jamaica</option><option value=26>Japan</option><option value=192>Jersey</option><option value=44>Jordan</option><option value=23>Julian calendar</option><option value=82>Kazakhstan</option><option value=105>Kenya</option><option value=194>Kiribati</option><option value=120>Kosovo</option><option value=108>Kuwait</option><option value=136>Kyrgyzstan</option><option value=176>La Réunion</option><option value=200>Laos</option><option value=89>Latvia</option><option value=121>Lebanon</option><option value=163>Lesotho</option><option value=129>Liberia</option><option value=124>Libya</option><option value=96>Liechtenstein</option><option value=90>Lithuania</option><option value=17>Luxembourg</option><option value=186>Macau</option><option value=156>Madagascar</option><option value=162>Malawi</option><option value=69>Malaysia</option><option value=201>Maldives</option><option value=152>Mali</option><option value=95>Malta</option><option value=213>Marshall Islands</option><option value=181>Martinique</option><option value=210>Mauritania</option><option value=143>Mauritius</option><option value=171>Mayotte</option><option value=40>Mexico</option><option value=211>Micronesia</option><option value=91>Moldova</option><option value=99>Monaco</option><option value=185>Mongolia</option><option value=101>Montenegro</option><option value=220>Montserrat</option><option value=106>Morocco</option><option value=126>Mozambique</option><option value=190>Myanmar</option><option value=130>Namibia</option><option value=215>Nauru</option><option value=187>Nepal</option><option value=204>New Caledonia</option><option value=30>New Zealand</option><option value=57>Nicaragua</option><option value=158>Niger</option><option value=77>Nigeria</option><option value=237>Norfolk Island</option><option value=183>North Korea</option><option value=92>North Macedonia</option><option value=225>Northern Mariana Islands</option><option value=18>Norway</option><option value=135>Oman</option><option value=64>Pakistan</option><option value=212>Palau</option><option value=60>Panama</option><option value=202>Papua New Guinea</option><option value=56>Paraguay</option><option value=47>Peru</option><option value=67>Philippines</option><option value=14>Poland</option><option value=15>Portugal</option><option value=114>Puerto Rico</option><option value=107>Qatar</option><option value=151>Republic of the Congo</option><option value=19>Romania</option><option value=20>Russia</option><option value=128>Rwanda</option><option value=232>Saint Barthélemy</option><option value=170>Saint Helena</option><option value=226>Saint Kitts and Nevis</option><option value=218>Saint Lucia</option><option value=231>Saint Martin</option><option value=228>Saint Pierre and Miquelon</option><option value=222>Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</option><option value=206>Samoa</option><option value=98>San Marino</option><option value=174>São Tomé and Príncipe</option><option value=74>Saudi Arabia</option><option value=147>Senegal</option><option value=38>Serbia</option><option value=154>Seychelles</option><option value=164>Sierra Leone</option><option value=63 selected>Singapore</option><option value=230>Sint Maarten</option><option value=39>Slovakia</option><option value=45>Slovenia</option><option value=209>Solomon Islands</option><option value=137>Somalia</option><option value=62>South Africa</option><option value=70>South Korea</option><option value=146>South Sudan</option><option value=16>Spain</option><option value=116>Sri Lanka</option><option value=145>Sudan</option><option value=178>Suriname</option><option value=155>Swaziland</option><option value=21>Sweden</option><option value=10>Switzerland</option><option value=132>Syria</option><option value=71>Taiwan</option><option value=197>Tajikistan</option><option value=115>Tanzania</option><option value=68>Thailand</option><option value=25>The Netherlands</option><option value=199>Timor-Leste</option><option value=159>Togo</option><option value=195>Tonga</option><option value=104>Trinidad and Tobago</option><option value=122>Tunisia</option><option value=4>Turkey</option><option value=196>Turkmenistan</option><option value=223>Turks and Caicos Islands</option><option value=214>Tuvalu</option><option value=179>U.S. Virgin Islands</option><option value=139>Uganda</option><option value=76>Ukraine</option><option value=66>United Arab Emirates</option><option value=9>United Kingdom</option><option value=1>United States</option><option value=59>Uruguay</option><option value=184>Uzbekistan</option><option value=203>Vanuatu</option><option value=100>Vatican City</option><option value=48>Venezuela</option><option value=78>Vietnam</option><option value=216>Wallis and Futuna</option><option value=131>Yemen</option><option value=142>Zambia</option><option value=141>Zimbabwe</option></select></div><div class=form-row><input type=submit value="View Calendar"></div></form></div><div class="clip-block clip-block--list"><div class=blk-series><h3 class="blk-series__title clip-block__title">Calendar History</h3><ol class=blk-series__list><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/gregorian-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Gregorian Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/julian-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Julian Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/julian-gregorian-switch.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Switch from Julian to Gregorian </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/roman-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Roman Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/ce-bce-what-do-they-mean.html" class=blk-series__item-link> What Do CE and BCE Mean? </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/how-do-roman-numerals-work.html" class=blk-series__item-link> How To Write and Count Roman Numerals </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/decade.html" class=blk-series__item-link> When Do Decades Start? </a></li><li class="blk-series__item active"> Did the Millennium Start in 2000 or 2001? </li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/what-is-a-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> What Is a Calendar? </a></li></ol><p class=blk-series__footer><a href="/calendar/info.html" class=read-more> All About Calendars </a></p></div></div><div class="clip-block clip-block--list"><div class=blk-series><h3 class="blk-series__title clip-block__title">Calendars Worldwide</h3><ol class=blk-series__list><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/gregorian-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Gregorian Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/julian-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Julian Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/hindu-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Hindu Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/buddhist-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Buddhist Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/islamic-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Islamic Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/jewish-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Jewish Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/persian-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Persian Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/about-chinese.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Chinese Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/bahai-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Baháʼí Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/tamil-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Tamil Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/coptic-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Coptic Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/ethiopia-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Ethiopian Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/revised-julian-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Revised Julian Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/mayan.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Mayan Calendar </a></li></ol><p class=blk-series__footer><a href="/calendar/info.html" class=read-more> Calendar Services </a></p></div></div><div class="clip-block clip-block--tool"><h3><a href="/calendar/weekdays.html">When is the next occurrence of</a></h3><form class=inline method=get action="/scripts/goweekdays.php"><select id=day name=day><option value=1>1</option><option value=2>2</option><option value=3>3</option><option value=4>4</option><option value=5>5</option><option value=6>6</option><option value=7>7</option><option value=8>8</option><option value=9>9</option><option value=10>10</option><option value=11>11</option><option value=12>12</option><option value=13>13</option><option value=14>14</option><option value=15>15</option><option value=16>16</option><option value=17>17</option><option value=18>18</option><option value=19>19</option><option value=20>20</option><option value=21>21</option><option value=22>22</option><option value=23>23</option><option value=24 selected>24</option><option value=25>25</option><option value=26>26</option><option value=27>27</option><option value=28>28</option><option value=29>29</option><option value=30>30</option><option value=31>31</option></select> <select id=weekd name=weekd><option value=7>Sunday</option><option value=1>Monday</option><option value=2>Tuesday</option><option value=3>Wednesday</option><option value=4>Thursday</option><option value=5>Friday</option><option value=6>Saturday</option></select> <input type=submit value=Go></form><h3><a href="/calendar/repeating.html">Which years use the same calendar</a></h3><form class=inline method=get action="/calendar/repeating.html"><input placeholder=yyyy type=text tad-va=date onfocus="window.ifc&&ifc(this,'y')" pattern="[0-9]*" maxlength=4 size=5 id=y_year name=year title="Enter year as a 4-digit number." value=2024> <input type=submit value=Show></form><h3><a href="/calendar/repeating-month.html">Which months are the same</a></h3><form class=inline method=get action="/calendar/repeating-month.html"><input placeholder=yyyy type=text tad-va=date onfocus="window.ifc&&ifc(this,'y')" pattern="[0-9]*" maxlength=4 size=5 id=year name=year title="Enter year as a 4-digit number." value=2024> <input tad-va=date placeholder=mm type=text onfocus="window.ifc&&ifc(this,'m')" maxlength=12 size=3 id="month" name="month" title="Please enter the month of the year as a one or two-digit number, or as a name. The valid numeric range is from 1 to 12, and valid names, for example, are 'Oct' or 'October'." value=11> <input type=submit value=Show></form></div><article class="card "><a href="/countdown/newyear" class=card__link aria-label="Countdown to New Year"><div class=card__img-wrap><img src="//c.tadst.com/gfx/300x168/new-year-countdown.png?1" width=300 height=168 alt="Illustration image" class=card__img srcset="//c.tadst.com/gfx/450x252/new-year-countdown.png?1 1.5x,//c.tadst.com/gfx/600x337/new-year-countdown.png?1 2x"></div><section class=card__content><h4 class=card__title>Countdown to New Year</h4><p class=card__text>How many days until New Year? 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