CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">  <script src="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="64457799-0d46-4cbd-b1bc-b931e8f8df9a" tb-donotmove></script> <script type="text/javascript" tb-donotmove> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script>  <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://kit.fontawesome.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://kit-pro.fontawesome.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagservices.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.shareaholic.net"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://olytics.omeda.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://px.ads.linkedin.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://snap.licdn.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com"> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="/templates/ctf_2019/css/template.min.css?t=1733892067" integrity="sha512-gs01nFrNFaCFzLvqaR69tzsAe94mHtFisnTpwYypB64/eczgDxp+YPPHxhWvI+zFHrYH8Rbo6mUhd9m93B83uw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/cloudinary-core/2.13.1/cloudinary-core-shrinkwrap.min.js" integrity="sha512-stp48jOOmT4TXnB4bMJ0rlcR7XagE92cqr7pEb+oFQox6qNSyKiN31GajDsg5VVn+HgM5mhOZinSRXowsRmgPg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://kit.fontawesome.com/796c614b26.js" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/masonry/4.2.2/masonry.pkgd.min.js" integrity="sha512-JRlcvSZAXT8+5SQQAvklXGJuxXTouyq8oIMaYERZQasB8SBDHZaUbeASsJWpk0UUrf89DP3/aefPPrlMR1h1yQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/lazysizes.min.js" integrity="sha512-q583ppKrCRc7N5O0n2nzUiJ+suUv7Et1JGels4bXOaMFQcamPk9HjdUknZuuFjBNs7tsMuadge5k9RzdmO+1GQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/plugins/print/ls.print.min.js" integrity="sha512-tY3D/iSWSdQE2NSLW/mRWQd/bvHAGjyCLRwSd23sqNbbgVnUaah2t+ZpX7hdBOskZ7PqYvwe4E+qxNARGojJGQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha512-v2CJ7UaYy4JwqLDIrZUI/4hqeoQieOmAZNXBeQyjo21dadnwR+8ZaIJVT8EE2iyI61OV8e6M8PP2/4hpQINQ/g==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap/5.2.3/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js" integrity="sha512-i9cEfJwUwViEPFKdC1enz4ZRGBj8YQo6QByFTF92YXHi7waCqyexvRD75S5NVTsSiTv7rKWqG9Y5eFxmRsOn0A==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/limonte-sweetalert2/11.15.10/sweetalert2.all.min.js" integrity="sha512-KWZQo2EiUMmEMrjJUUZoWP8k/mL57L5PPjQF23Vv77jGidQK8WPsX/RoQ7uI0cnjDDCU8ZXa1NG24HkLOqI9sg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/css/bootstrap-select.min.css" integrity="sha512-g2SduJKxa4Lbn3GW+Q7rNz+pKP9AWMR++Ta8fgwsZRCUsawjPvF/BxSMkGS61VsR9yinGoEgrHPGPn2mrj8+4w==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/js/bootstrap-select.min.js" integrity="sha512-yrOmjPdp8qH8hgLfWpSFhC/+R9Cj9USL8uJxYIveJZGAiedxyIxwNw4RsLDlcjNlIRR4kkHaDHSmNHAkxFTmgg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex, follow"> <meta name="keywords" content="Tech Briefs, Design Engineering, Technology Transfer, electronics, semiconductors, ICs, sensors, test & measurement, data acquisition, photonics, materials, computer software, mechanics, mechanical components, machinery, automation, manufacturing, fabrication, prototyping, mathematics, information sciences, life sciences, motion control, imaging"> <meta name="author" content="Techbriefs Media Group"> <meta name="description" content="The Create the Future Design Contest was launched in 2002 by the publishers of NASA Tech Briefs magazine to help stimulate and reward engineering innovation. Th"> <title>Electronics</title> <link href="/2024/entries/electronics?format=feed&type=rss" rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Electronics"> <link href="/2024/entries/electronics?format=feed&type=atom" rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Electronics"> <link href="https://contest.techbriefs.com/2024/entries/electronics" rel="canonical"> <style> /*! inlined from /media/plg_system_webauthn/css/button.min.css by ntb_minifier */ @charset "UTF-8"; button[class*="plg_system_webauthn_login_button"] { max-height: 3rem; padding: .25rem; } button[class*="plg_system_webauthn_login_button"] span[class*="icon"] { text-align: center; vertical-align: sub; width: 1em; font-size: 1.25em; display: inline-block; } button[class*="plg_system_webauthn_login_button"] img[class*="icon"] { text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; height: 2.5rem; padding: 0 .25em 2px; font-size: 1.5em; display: inline-block; } button[class*="plg_system_webauthn_login_button"] span[class*="icon"]:not(:last-child) { margin-inline-end: .5em; } /* end /media/plg_system_webauthn/css/button.min.css */ </style> <style>/** * Critical CSS created by criticalcss.com * file: /css/critical/category-blog.css' * createdAt : 2024-12-11T04:43:13.000Z * resultStatus : GOOD * originalSize : 561607 * size : 0 * validationStatus : GOOD */ @charset "UTF-8";@font-face{font-family:Cabin;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-stretch:normal;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cabin/v27/u-4X0qWljRw-PfU81xCKCpdpbgZJl6XFpfEd7eA9BIxxkV2EH7ilwg.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:Cabin;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-stretch:normal;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cabin/v27/u-4X0qWljRw-PfU81xCKCpdpbgZJl6XFpfEd7eA9BIxxkbqDH7ilwg.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Exo 2';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/exo2/v24/7cH1v4okm5zmbvwkAx_sfcEuiD8jvvKsN9C6.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Exo 2';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/exo2/v24/7cH1v4okm5zmbvwkAx_sfcEuiD8jYPWsN9C6.ttf) format('truetype')}:root{--bs-blue:#144c89;--bs-indigo:#6610f2;--bs-purple:#6f42c1;--bs-pink:#b9519f;--bs-red:#ec1f27;--bs-orange:#f79420;--bs-yellow:#f3ec19;--bs-green:#69bd45;--bs-teal:#6ecddd;--bs-cyan:#00abe9;--bs-white:#ffffff;--bs-gray:#6c757d;--bs-gray-dark:#343a40;--bs-gray-100:#f8f9fa;--bs-gray-200:#e9ecef;--bs-gray-300:#dee2e6;--bs-gray-400:#ced4da;--bs-gray-500:#adb5bd;--bs-gray-600:#6c757d;--bs-gray-700:#495057;--bs-gray-800:#343a40;--bs-gray-900:#212529;--bs-inverse:#000000;--bs-navbar:#adb5bd;--bs-navitem:#ffffff;--bs-primary-light:#144c89;--bs-error:#ec1f27;--bs-primary:#144c89;--bs-secondary:#00abe9;--bs-success:#69bd45;--bs-info:#00abe9;--bs-warning:#f3ec19;--bs-danger:#ec1f27;--bs-light:#f8f9fa;--bs-dark:#212529;--bs-inverse-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-navbar-rgb:173,181,189;--bs-navitem-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-primary-light-rgb:20,76,137;--bs-error-rgb:236,31,39;--bs-primary-rgb:20,76,137;--bs-secondary-rgb:0,171,233;--bs-success-rgb:105,189,69;--bs-info-rgb:0,171,233;--bs-warning-rgb:243,236,25;--bs-danger-rgb:236,31,39;--bs-light-rgb:248,249,250;--bs-dark-rgb:33,37,41;--bs-white-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-black-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-body-color-rgb:33,37,41;--bs-body-bg-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-font-sans-serif:"Cabin",sans-serif;--bs-font-monospace:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,"Liberation Mono","Courier New",monospace;--bs-gradient:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0));--bs-body-font-family:Cabin,sans-serif;--bs-body-font-size:1rem;--bs-body-font-weight:400;--bs-body-line-height:1.5;--bs-body-color:#212529;--bs-body-bg:#ffffff;--bs-border-width:1px;--bs-border-style:solid;--bs-border-color:#dee2e6;--bs-border-color-translucent:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);--bs-border-radius:0.25rem;--bs-border-radius-sm:0.2rem;--bs-border-radius-lg:0.3rem;--bs-border-radius-xl:1rem;--bs-border-radius-2xl:2rem;--bs-border-radius-pill:50rem;--bs-link-color:#144c89;--bs-link-hover-color:rgb(10.2547770701, 38.9681528662, 70.2452229299);--bs-code-color:#b9519f;--bs-highlight-bg:rgb(252.6, 251.2, 209)}*,::after,::before{box-sizing:border-box}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference){:root{scroll-behavior:smooth}}body{margin:0;font-family:var(--bs-body-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-body-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-body-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-body-line-height);color:var(--bs-body-color);text-align:var(--bs-body-text-align);background-color:var(--bs-body-bg);-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}hr{margin:1rem 0;color:inherit;border:0;border-top:1px solid #495057;opacity:.25}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-family:"Exo 2",sans-serif;font-weight:600;line-height:1.2}h1,h2{font-size:calc(1.325rem + .9vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h1,h2{font-size:2rem}}h3{font-size:calc(1.3rem + .6vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h3{font-size:1.75rem}}h4{font-size:calc(1.275rem + .3vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h4{font-size:1.5rem}}h5{font-size:1.25rem}p{margin-top:0}ol,ul{padding-left:2rem;margin-top:0}ol,p,ul{margin-bottom:1rem}a{color:var(--bs-link-color);text-decoration:none}img,svg{vertical-align:middle}button{border-radius:0;text-transform:none}button,input{margin:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}[type=button],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border-style:none}::-webkit-datetime-edit-day-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-fields-wrapper,::-webkit-datetime-edit-hour-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-minute,::-webkit-datetime-edit-month-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-text,::-webkit-datetime-edit-year-field{padding:0}::-webkit-inner-spin-button{height:auto}::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-color-swatch-wrapper{padding:0}::file-selector-button{font:inherit;-webkit-appearance:button}iframe{border:0}img{max-width:100%;height:auto}.container,.container-fluid,.container-xl{--bs-gutter-x:1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y:0;width:100%;padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}@media (min-width:576px){.container{max-width:540px}}@media (min-width:768px){.container{max-width:720px}}@media (min-width:992px){.container{max-width:960px}}@media (min-width:1200px){.container,.container-xl{max-width:1140px}}@media (min-width:1400px){.container,.container-xl{max-width:1320px}}.row{--bs-gutter-x:1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y:0;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:calc(-1*var(--bs-gutter-y));margin-right:calc(-.5*var(--bs-gutter-x));margin-left:calc(-.5*var(--bs-gutter-x))}.row>*{flex-shrink:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);margin-top:var(--bs-gutter-y)}.col-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.offset-2{margin-left:16.66666667%}.g-0{--bs-gutter-x:0;--bs-gutter-y:0}@media (min-width:576px){.col-sm-1{flex:0 0 auto;width:8.33333333%}.col-sm-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-sm-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}}@media (min-width:768px){.col-md-1,.col-md-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:8.33333333%}.col-md-2{width:16.66666667%}.col-md-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-md-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-md-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}}@media (min-width:992px){.col-lg-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-lg-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-lg-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-lg-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}}@media (min-width:1200px){.col-xl-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-xl-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}}.form-control{display:block;width:100%;padding:.375rem .75rem;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;color:#212529;background-color:#fff;background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid #ced4da;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;border-radius:.25rem}.form-control::-webkit-date-and-time-value{height:1.5em}.form-control::-moz-placeholder{color:#6c757d;opacity:1}.input-group{position:relative;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:stretch;width:100%}.input-group>.form-control{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;width:1%;min-width:0}.input-group .btn{position:relative;z-index:2}.input-group:not(.has-validation)>:not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle):not(.dropdown-menu):not(.form-floating){border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0}.input-group>:not(:first-child):not(.dropdown-menu):not(.valid-tooltip):not(.valid-feedback):not(.invalid-tooltip):not(.invalid-feedback){margin-left:-1px;border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0}.btn{color:var(--bs-btn-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-bg);--bs-btn-padding-x:0.75rem;--bs-btn-padding-y:0.375rem;--bs-btn-font-size:1rem;--bs-btn-font-weight:400;--bs-btn-line-height:1.5;--bs-btn-color:#212529;--bs-btn-bg:transparent;--bs-btn-border-width:1px;--bs-btn-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-border-radius:0.25rem;--bs-btn-hover-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15),0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-btn-disabled-opacity:0.65;--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow:0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(var(--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb), .5);display:inline-block;padding:var(--bs-btn-padding-y) var(--bs-btn-padding-x);font-family:var(--bs-btn-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-btn-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-btn-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-btn-line-height);text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;border:var(--bs-btn-border-width) solid var(--bs-btn-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-btn-border-radius);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.btn-primary{--bs-btn-active-shadow:inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-bg:#144c89;--bs-btn-border-color:#144c89;--bs-btn-hover-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-hover-bg:rgb(17, 64.6, 116.45);--bs-btn-hover-border-color:rgb(16, 60.8, 109.6);--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:55,103,155;--bs-btn-active-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-active-bg:rgb(16, 60.8, 109.6);--bs-btn-active-border-color:rgb(15, 57, 102.75);--bs-btn-disabled-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg:#144c89;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#144c89}.btn-secondary{--bs-btn-color:#000000;--bs-btn-bg:#00abe9;--bs-btn-border-color:#00abe9;--bs-btn-hover-color:#000000;--bs-btn-hover-bg:rgb(38.25, 183.6, 236.3);--bs-btn-hover-border-color:rgb(25.5, 179.4, 235.2);--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:0,145,198;--bs-btn-active-color:#000000;--bs-btn-active-bg:rgb(51, 187.8, 237.4);--bs-btn-active-border-color:rgb(25.5, 179.4, 235.2);--bs-btn-disabled-color:#000000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg:#00abe9;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#00abe9;--bs-btn-active-shadow:inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125)}.btn-outline-secondary{--bs-btn-color:#00abe9;--bs-btn-border-color:#00abe9;--bs-btn-hover-color:#000000;--bs-btn-hover-bg:#00abe9;--bs-btn-hover-border-color:#00abe9;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:0,171,233;--bs-btn-active-color:#000000;--bs-btn-active-bg:#00abe9;--bs-btn-active-border-color:#00abe9;--bs-btn-disabled-color:#00abe9;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#00abe9;--bs-btn-active-shadow:inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-bg:transparent;--bs-gradient:none}.btn-sm{--bs-btn-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-btn-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-btn-font-size:0.875rem;--bs-btn-border-radius:0.2rem}.fade:not(.show){opacity:0}.collapse:not(.show){display:none}.nav{--bs-nav-link-padding-x:0.7rem;--bs-nav-link-padding-y:0.7rem;--bs-nav-link-color:var(--bs-link-color);--bs-nav-link-hover-color:var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-nav-link-disabled-color:#6c757d;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}.nav-link{display:block;padding:var(--bs-nav-link-padding-y) var(--bs-nav-link-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-nav-link-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-nav-link-font-weight);color:var(--bs-nav-link-color)}.navbar{--bs-navbar-padding-x:0;--bs-navbar-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.55);--bs-navbar-hover-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);--bs-navbar-disabled-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);--bs-navbar-active-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end:1rem;--bs-navbar-brand-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-brand-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x:0.75rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 30 30'%3e%3cpath stroke='rgba%280, 0, 0, 0.55%29' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='10' stroke-width='2' d='M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);--bs-navbar-toggler-border-radius:0.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-focus-width:0.25rem;position:relative;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-navbar-padding-y) var(--bs-navbar-padding-x);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.navbar>.container-xl{display:flex;flex-wrap:inherit;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}.navbar-nav{--bs-nav-link-padding-x:0;--bs-nav-link-padding-y:0.7rem;--bs-nav-link-color:var(--bs-navbar-color);--bs-nav-link-hover-color:var(--bs-navbar-hover-color);--bs-nav-link-disabled-color:var(--bs-navbar-disabled-color);display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}.navbar-collapse{flex-basis:100%;flex-grow:1;align-items:center}.navbar-toggler{padding:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y) var(--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size);line-height:1;color:var(--bs-navbar-color);background-color:transparent;border:var(--bs-border-width) solid var(--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-border-radius)}@media (min-width:576px){.navbar-expand-sm{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav{flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);padding-left:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x)}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-collapse{display:flex!important;flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-toggler{display:none}}.navbar-dark{--bs-navbar-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85);--bs-navbar-hover-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);--bs-navbar-disabled-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);--bs-navbar-active-color:#ffffff;--bs-navbar-brand-color:#ffffff;--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:#ffffff;--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color:transparent;--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg:none}.card{--bs-card-spacer-y:1rem;--bs-card-spacer-x:1rem;--bs-card-title-spacer-y:0.5rem;--bs-card-border-width:1px;--bs-card-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-card-border-radius:0.25rem;--bs-card-inner-border-radius:calc(0.25rem - 1px);--bs-card-cap-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-card-cap-padding-x:1rem;--bs-card-cap-bg:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03);--bs-card-bg:#ffffff;--bs-card-img-overlay-padding:1rem;--bs-card-group-margin:0.75rem;position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-width:0;height:var(--bs-card-height);word-wrap:break-word;background-color:var(--bs-card-bg);background-clip:border-box;border:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-card-border-radius)}.card-body{flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-card-spacer-y) var(--bs-card-spacer-x);color:var(--bs-card-color)}.card-header{padding:var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y) var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x);margin-bottom:0;color:var(--bs-card-cap-color);background-color:var(--bs-card-cap-bg);border-bottom:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color)}.card-header:first-child{border-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius) var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius) 0 0}.card-footer{padding:var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y) var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x);color:var(--bs-card-cap-color);background-color:var(--bs-card-cap-bg);border-top:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color)}.card-footer:last-child{border-radius:0 0 var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius) var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius)}.card-img{width:100%;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius)}.breadcrumb{display:flex;list-style:none;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x:0;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom:0;--bs-breadcrumb-font-size:0.875rem;--bs-breadcrumb-bg:transparent;--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color:#adb5bd;--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color:#adb5bd;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y) var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom);font-size:var(--bs-breadcrumb-font-size);background-color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-bg);border-radius:var(--bs-breadcrumb-border-radius)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item{padding-left:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item::before{float:left;padding-right:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color);content:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider, "|")}.breadcrumb-item.active{color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color)}.alert{--bs-alert-bg:transparent;--bs-alert-padding-x:1rem;--bs-alert-padding-y:1rem;--bs-alert-margin-bottom:1rem;--bs-alert-color:inherit;--bs-alert-border-color:transparent;--bs-alert-border:1px solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);--bs-alert-border-radius:0.25rem;position:relative;padding:var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);color:var(--bs-alert-color);background-color:var(--bs-alert-bg);border:var(--bs-alert-border);border-radius:var(--bs-alert-border-radius)}.alert-heading{color:inherit}.alert-link{font-weight:700}.alert-dismissible{padding-right:3rem}.alert-dismissible .btn-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:1.25rem 1rem}.alert-inverse{--bs-alert-color:black;--bs-alert-bg:#cccccc;--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(178.5, 178.5, 178.5)}.alert-inverse .alert-link{color:#000}.alert-inverse,.alert-navbar,.alert-navitem{background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-navbar{--bs-alert-color:rgb(103.8, 108.6, 113.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(238.6, 240.2, 241.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(230.4, 232.8, 235.2)}.alert-navbar .alert-link{color:#53575b}.alert-navitem{--bs-alert-color:#666666;--bs-alert-bg:white;--bs-alert-border-color:white}.alert-navitem .alert-link{color:#525252}.alert-cdnjs,.alert-cleanup,.alert-primary,.alert-primary-light{--bs-alert-color:rgb(12, 45.6, 82.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(208, 219.2, 231.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(184.5, 201.3, 219.6);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-cdnjs .alert-link,.alert-cleanup .alert-link,.alert-primary .alert-link,.alert-primary-light .alert-link{color:#0a2442}.alert-admin,.alert-cloudinary,.alert-criticalcss,.alert-secondary{--bs-alert-color:rgb(0, 102.6, 139.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(204, 238.2, 250.6);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(178.5, 229.8, 248.4);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-admin .alert-link,.alert-cloudinary .alert-link,.alert-criticalcss .alert-link,.alert-secondary .alert-link{color:#005270}.alert-success{--bs-alert-color:rgb(63, 113.4, 41.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(225, 241.8, 217.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(210, 235.2, 199.2);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-success .alert-link{color:#325b21}.alert-cache,.alert-info{--bs-alert-color:rgb(0, 102.6, 139.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(204, 238.2, 250.6);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(178.5, 229.8, 248.4);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-cache .alert-link,.alert-info .alert-link{color:#005270}.alert-notice,.alert-warning{--bs-alert-color:rgb(97.2, 94.4, 10);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(252.6, 251.2, 209);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(251.4, 249.3, 186);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-notice .alert-link,.alert-warning .alert-link{color:#4e4c08}.alert-danger,.alert-error{--bs-alert-color:rgb(141.6, 18.6, 23.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(251.2, 210.2, 211.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(249.3, 187.8, 190.2)}.alert-danger .alert-link,.alert-error .alert-link{color:#710f13}.alert-danger,.alert-dark,.alert-error,.alert-light{background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-light{--bs-alert-color:rgb(99.2, 99.6, 100);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(253.6, 253.8, 254);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(252.9, 253.2, 253.5)}.alert-light .alert-link{color:#4f5050}.alert-dark{--bs-alert-color:rgb(19.8, 22.2, 24.6);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(210.6, 211.4, 212.2);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(188.4, 189.6, 190.8)}.alert-dark .alert-link{color:#101214}.list-group{--bs-list-group-color:#212529;--bs-list-group-bg:#ffffff;--bs-list-group-border-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-list-group-border-width:1px;--bs-list-group-border-radius:0.25rem;--bs-list-group-item-padding-x:1rem;--bs-list-group-item-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-list-group-action-color:#495057;--bs-list-group-action-hover-color:#495057;--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg:#f8f9fa;--bs-list-group-action-active-color:#212529;--bs-list-group-action-active-bg:#e9ecef;--bs-list-group-disabled-color:#6c757d;--bs-list-group-disabled-bg:#ffffff;--bs-list-group-active-color:#ffffff;--bs-list-group-active-bg:#144c89;--bs-list-group-active-border-color:#144c89;display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;border-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius)}.list-group-item{position:relative;display:block;padding:var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-y) var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-list-group-color);background-color:var(--bs-list-group-bg);border:var(--bs-list-group-border-width) solid var(--bs-list-group-border-color)}.list-group-item:first-child{border-top-left-radius:inherit;border-top-right-radius:inherit}.list-group-item:last-child{border-bottom-right-radius:inherit;border-bottom-left-radius:inherit}.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:0}.list-group-flush{border-radius:0}.list-group-flush>.list-group-item{border-width:0 0 var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}.list-group-flush>.list-group-item:last-child{border-bottom-width:0}.modal{--bs-modal-zindex:1055;--bs-modal-width:500px;--bs-modal-padding:1rem;--bs-modal-margin:0.5rem;--bs-modal-bg:#ffffff;--bs-modal-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-modal-border-width:1px;--bs-modal-border-radius:0.3rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow:0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-modal-inner-border-radius:calc(0.3rem - 1px);--bs-modal-header-padding-x:1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding-y:1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding:1rem 1rem;--bs-modal-header-border-color:var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-header-border-width:1px;--bs-modal-title-line-height:1.5;--bs-modal-footer-gap:0.5rem;--bs-modal-footer-border-color:var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-footer-border-width:1px;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:var(--bs-modal-zindex);display:none;width:100%;height:100%;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;outline:0}.modal-dialog{position:relative;width:auto;margin:var(--bs-modal-margin)}.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transform:translate(0,-50px)}.modal-content{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;color:var(--bs-modal-color);background-color:var(--bs-modal-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border:var(--bs-modal-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-modal-border-radius);outline:0}.modal-header{display:flex;flex-shrink:0;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-modal-header-padding);border-bottom:var(--bs-modal-header-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-header-border-color);border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-modal-inner-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-modal-inner-border-radius)}.modal-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:var(--bs-modal-title-line-height)}.modal-body{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-modal-padding)}@media (min-width:576px){.modal{--bs-modal-margin:1.75rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow:0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15)}.modal-dialog{max-width:var(--bs-modal-width);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.modal-sm{--bs-modal-width:300px}}.align-top{vertical-align:top!important}.overflow-hidden{overflow:hidden!important}.d-flex{display:flex!important}.d-none{display:none!important}.border-end{border-right:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color)!important}.border-secondary{--bs-border-opacity:1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb),var(--bs-border-opacity))!important}.w-75{width:75%!important}.w-100{width:100%!important}.h-100{height:100%!important}.flex-fill{flex:1 1 auto!important}.flex-column{flex-direction:column!important}.flex-row-reverse{flex-direction:row-reverse!important}.flex-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap!important}.justify-content-center{justify-content:center!important}.justify-content-around{justify-content:space-around!important}.align-items-end{align-items:flex-end!important}.m-0{margin:0!important}.mx-auto{margin-right:auto!important;margin-left:auto!important}.my-3{margin-top:1rem!important;margin-bottom:1rem!important}.mt-5{margin-top:3rem!important}.me-auto{margin-right:auto!important}.mb-0{margin-bottom:0!important}.mb-3{margin-bottom:1rem!important}.mb-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem!important}.ms-2{margin-left:.5rem!important}.ms-3{margin-left:1rem!important}.ms-auto{margin-left:auto!important}.p-0{padding:0!important}.px-0{padding-right:0!important;padding-left:0!important}.px-2{padding-right:.5rem!important;padding-left:.5rem!important}.py-0{padding-top:0!important;padding-bottom:0!important}.py-1{padding-top:.25rem!important;padding-bottom:.25rem!important}.py-2{padding-top:.5rem!important;padding-bottom:.5rem!important}.pt-3{padding-top:1rem!important}.pb-0{padding-bottom:0!important}.pb-2{padding-bottom:.5rem!important}.text-center{text-align:center!important}.text-uppercase{text-transform:uppercase!important}.text-primary{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-white{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-muted{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:#6c757d!important}.bg-navbar{--bs-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-navbar-rgb),var(--bs-bg-opacity))!important}.bg-primary{--bs-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-error-rgb),var(--bs-bg-opacity))!important;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb),var(--bs-bg-opacity))!important}.bg-secondary{--bs-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb),var(--bs-bg-opacity))!important}.bg-light{--bs-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-danger-rgb),var(--bs-bg-opacity))!important;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb),var(--bs-bg-opacity))!important}.rounded-0{border-radius:0!important}.nav-link{font-family:"Exo 2",sans-serif;font-weight:600;font-size:16px;text-transform:uppercase}.menu-top-nav .nav-bottom .nav-item .nav-link{font-size:11px;border-left:1px solid #fff;height:100%;letter-spacing:.1em}@media (max-width:1000px){.menu-top-nav .nav-bottom .nav-item .nav-link{letter-spacing:.05em;padding-left:.45rem;padding-right:.45rem}}@media (max-width:925px){.menu-top-nav .nav-bottom .nav-item .nav-link{letter-spacing:.025em;padding-left:.4rem;padding-right:.4rem}}@media (max-width:875px){.menu-top-nav .nav-bottom .nav-item .nav-link{letter-spacing:.01em;padding-left:.35rem;padding-right:.35rem}}@media (max-width:850px){.menu-top-nav .nav-bottom .nav-item .nav-link{padding-left:.25rem;padding-right:.25rem}}.menu-top-nav .nav-bottom li:last-child{border-right:1px solid #fff}.navbar{font-family:Cabin,sans-serif;font-weight:700}.navbar-side{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;border-right:2px solid #495057;overflow-y:scroll;z-index:1000;transform:translateX(-100%);width:100%}@media (min-width:576px){.navbar-side{width:50%}}@media (min-width:768px){.d-md-block{display:block!important}.d-md-flex{display:flex!important}.navbar-side{width:35%}}@media (min-width:1200px){.navbar-side{width:28%}}.navbar-side .nav-link{font-size:16px;padding-top:.5rem;padding-bottom:.5rem}.navbar-toggler{padding:.75rem!important}.navbar-toggler-left{position:absolute}.module.card h4{color:#fff;text-transform:uppercase;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:.25rem;font-size:1.1rem}.module.card .card-body,.module.card .card-header{padding-top:.25rem;padding-bottom:.25rem}.module.card .card-header{background:#00abe9}.module.card .card-header h4{font-size:1.25rem}.module.card .list-group-item{font-size:1.25rem;font-family:"Exo 2",sans-serif}.module.card .card-body{background:#adb5bd;font-family:Cabin,sans-serif}.blog-entry.card .card-body,.blog-entry.card .card-footer{color:#6c757d}.blog-entry.card .card-header h2{font-size:1.75rem}.blog-entry.card .card-img{height:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;-o-object-position:top;object-position:top}.blog-entry.card .card-body p{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:.25rem;line-height:1.25}.blog-entry.card .card-footer{font-family:Cabin,sans-serif}.alert-message{font-size:smaller}.blur-up{filter:blur(5px)}.overlay{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;background-color:#000;opacity:.6;z-index:990}nav.header-nav .logolarge{vertical-align:middle;height:150px;max-height:150px}@media (max-width:1199.98px){nav.header-nav .logolarge{max-height:140px}}@media (max-width:991.98px){nav.header-nav .logolarge{max-height:130px}}@media (max-width:767.98px){.navbar{border-bottom:5px solid #adb5bd}nav.header-nav .logolarge{max-height:120px}}@media (max-width:575.98px){nav.header-nav .logolarge{max-height:100px;max-width:100%;padding-left:5px;padding-right:5px}}nav.header-nav .principal-sponsors{max-width:400px;max-height:165px;border-radius:.5rem;background-image:linear-gradient(rgba(20,76,137,.15),rgba(255,255,255,0) 50%,rgba(20,76,137,.15))}@media (max-width:1199.98px){nav.header-nav .principal-sponsors{max-height:155px;max-width:375px}}@media (max-width:991.98px){nav.header-nav .principal-sponsors{max-height:145px;max-width:325px}}nav.header-nav .principal-sponsors-header h3{line-height:.5;font-weight:200;font-size:1.1rem;letter-spacing:.35rem}@media (max-width:1199.98px){nav.header-nav .principal-sponsors-header h3{font-size:1rem;letter-spacing:.35rem}}@media (max-width:991.98px){nav.header-nav .principal-sponsors-header h3{font-size:.9rem;letter-spacing:.3rem}div#login-menu ul{flex-direction:column!important}}@media (max-width:767.98px){nav.header-nav .principal-sponsors{max-height:135px;max-width:280px}nav.header-nav .principal-sponsors-header h3{font-size:.8rem;letter-spacing:.25rem}}@media (max-width:575.98px){nav.header-nav .principal-sponsors{max-height:100px;max-width:40%;padding-left:5px;padding-right:5px}nav.header-nav .principal-sponsors-header h3{font-size:.5rem;letter-spacing:.1rem}}.blog h1{border-bottom:.25rem solid #00abe9;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.25rem}.overlay,.printmessage{display:none}.cls-1{fill:#6fccdd}.cls-2{fill:#fff}.cls-3{fill:#06b0d8}.cls-4{fill:#f79420}.cls-5{fill:#fbb03a}.cls-6{fill:#faed23}.cls-7{fill:#f7ec13}.cls-8{fill:#6abd45}.cls-9{fill:#b9529f}.cls-10{fill:#c1272d}.cls-11{fill:#ec2027}.cls-12{fill:#d2d3d4}:root{--blue:#007bff;--indigo:#6610f2;--purple:#6f42c1;--pink:#e83e8c;--red:#dc3545;--orange:#fd7e14;--yellow:#ffc107;--green:#28a745;--teal:#20c997;--cyan:#17a2b8;--white:#fff;--gray:#6c757d;--gray-dark:#343a40;--primary:#007bff;--secondary:#6c757d;--success:#28a745;--info:#17a2b8;--warning:#ffc107;--danger:#dc3545;--light:#f8f9fa;--dark:#343a40;--breakpoint-xs:0;--breakpoint-sm:576px;--breakpoint-md:768px;--breakpoint-lg:992px;--breakpoint-xl:1200px;--font-family-sans-serif:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue",Arial,"Noto Sans","Liberation Sans",sans-serif,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Noto Color Emoji";--font-family-monospace:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,"Liberation Mono","Courier New",monospace}.cb_template .alert{position:relative;padding:.75rem 1.25rem;margin-bottom:1rem;border:1px solid transparent;border-radius:.25rem}.cb_template .alert-heading{color:inherit}.cb_template .alert-link{font-weight:700}.cb_template .alert-dismissible{padding-right:4rem}.cb_template .alert-dismissible .close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:.75rem 1.25rem;color:inherit}.cb_template .alert-primary{color:#004085;background-color:#cce5ff;border-color:#b8daff}.cb_template .alert-primary hr{border-top-color:#9fcdff}.cb_template .alert-primary .alert-link{color:#002752}.cb_template .alert-secondary{color:#383d41;background-color:#e2e3e5;border-color:#d6d8db}.cb_template .alert-secondary hr{border-top-color:#c8cbcf}.cb_template .alert-secondary .alert-link{color:#202326}.cb_template .alert-success{color:#155724;background-color:#d4edda;border-color:#c3e6cb}.cb_template .alert-success hr{border-top-color:#b1dfbb}.cb_template .alert-success .alert-link{color:#0b2e13}.cb_template .alert-info{color:#0c5460;background-color:#d1ecf1;border-color:#bee5eb}.cb_template .alert-info hr{border-top-color:#abdde5}.cb_template .alert-info .alert-link{color:#062c33}.cb_template .alert-warning{color:#856404;background-color:#fff3cd;border-color:#ffeeba}.cb_template .alert-warning hr{border-top-color:#ffe8a1}.cb_template .alert-warning .alert-link{color:#533f03}.cb_template .alert-danger{color:#721c24;background-color:#f8d7da;border-color:#f5c6cb}.cb_template .alert-danger hr{border-top-color:#f1b0b7}.cb_template .alert-danger .alert-link{color:#491217}.cb_template .alert-light{color:#818182;background-color:#fefefe;border-color:#fdfdfe}.cb_template .alert-light hr{border-top-color:#ececf6}.cb_template .alert-light .alert-link{color:#686868}.cb_template .alert-dark{color:#1b1e21;background-color:#d6d8d9;border-color:#c6c8ca}.cb_template .alert-dark hr{border-top-color:#b9bbbe}.cb_template .alert-dark .alert-link{color:#040505}</style> <script type="application/json" class="joomla-script-options new">{"joomla.jtext":{"PLG_SYSTEM_WEBAUTHN_ERR_CANNOT_FIND_USERNAME":"Cannot find the username field in the login module. Sorry, Passwordless authentication will not work on this site unless you use a different login module.","PLG_SYSTEM_WEBAUTHN_ERR_EMPTY_USERNAME":"You need to enter your username (but NOT your password) before selecting the Web Authentication login button.","PLG_SYSTEM_WEBAUTHN_ERR_INVALID_USERNAME":"The specified username does not correspond to a user account that has enabled passwordless login on this site."},"system.paths":{"root":"","rootFull":"https:\/\/contest.techbriefs.com\/","base":"","baseFull":"https:\/\/contest.techbriefs.com\/"},"csrf.token":"54d84334fa530961cc75ed9cda1c23f5","system.keepalive":{"interval":3600000,"uri":"\/component\/ajax\/?format=json"}}</script> <script type="module"> /*! inlined from /media/system/js/joomla-hidden-mail.min.js by ntb_minifier */ /** * @copyright (C) 2019 Open Source Matters, Inc. <https://www.joomla.org> * @license GNU General Public License version 2 or later; see LICENSE.txt */ window.customElements.define('joomla-hidden-mail', class extends HTMLElement { constructor() { super(); this.newElement = ''; this.base = ''; } /** * Lifecycle */ disconnectedCallback() { this.innerHTML = ''; } /** * Lifecycle */ connectedCallback() { this.base = `${this.getAttribute('base')}/`; if (this.getAttribute('is-link') === '1') { this.newElement = document.createElement('a'); this.newElement.setAttribute('href', `mailto:${this.constructor.b64DecodeUnicode(this.getAttribute('first'))}@${this.constructor.b64DecodeUnicode(this.getAttribute('last'))}`); // Get all of the original element attributes, and pass them to the link [].slice.call(this.attributes).forEach((attribute, index) => { const { nodeName } = this.attributes.item(index); if (nodeName) { // We do care for some attributes if (['is-link', 'is-email', 'first', 'last', 'text'].indexOf(nodeName) === -1) { const { nodeValue } = this.attributes.item(index); this.newElement.setAttribute(nodeName, nodeValue); } } }); } else { this.newElement = document.createElement('span'); } if (this.getAttribute('text')) { let innerStr = this.constructor.b64DecodeUnicode(this.getAttribute('text')); innerStr = innerStr.replace('src="images/', `src="${this.base}images/`).replace('src="media/', `src="${this.base}media/`); this.newElement.innerHTML = Joomla.sanitizeHtml(innerStr); } else { this.newElement.innerText = `${window.atob(this.getAttribute('first'))}@${window.atob(this.getAttribute('last'))}`; } // Remove class and style Attributes this.removeAttribute('class'); this.removeAttribute('style'); // Remove the noscript message this.innerText = ''; // Display the new element this.appendChild(this.newElement); } static b64DecodeUnicode(str) { return decodeURIComponent(Array.prototype.map.call(atob(str), c => `%${`00${c.charCodeAt(0).toString(16)}`.slice(-2)}`).join('')); } }); /* end /media/system/js/joomla-hidden-mail.min.js */ </script> <script type="module"> /*! inlined from /media/system/js/keepalive.min.js by ntb_minifier */ /** * @copyright (C) 2018 Open Source Matters, Inc. <https://www.joomla.org> * @license GNU General Public License version 2 or later; see LICENSE.txt */ /** * Keepalive javascript behavior * * Used for keeping the session alive * * @package Joomla.JavaScript * @since 3.7.0 */ if (!window.Joomla) { throw new Error('Joomla API was not properly initialised'); } const keepAliveOptions = Joomla.getOptions('system.keepalive'); const keepAliveInterval = keepAliveOptions && keepAliveOptions.interval ? parseInt(keepAliveOptions.interval, 10) : 45 * 1000; let keepAliveUri = keepAliveOptions && keepAliveOptions.uri ? keepAliveOptions.uri.replace(/&/g, '&') : ''; // Fallback in case no keepalive uri was found. if (keepAliveUri === '') { const systemPaths = Joomla.getOptions('system.paths'); keepAliveUri = `${systemPaths ? `${systemPaths.root}/index.php` : window.location.pathname}?option=com_ajax&format=json`; } setInterval(() => fetch(keepAliveUri, { method: 'POST' }), keepAliveInterval); /* end /media/system/js/keepalive.min.js */ </script> <link rel="next" href="/2024/entries/electronics?start=10">  <script>(function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-NBC2RTV');</script>   <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="/templates/ctf_2019/favicos/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="/templates/ctf_2019/favicos/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="/templates/ctf_2019/favicos/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="/templates/ctf_2019/favicos/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="/templates/ctf_2019/favicos/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="/templates/ctf_2019/favicos/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="/templates/ctf_2019/favicos/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="/templates/ctf_2019/favicos/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/templates/ctf_2019/favicos/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/templates/ctf_2019/favicos/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/templates/ctf_2019/favicos/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/templates/ctf_2019/favicos/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/templates/ctf_2019/favicos/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128" /> <meta name="application-name" content=" " /> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#FFFFFF" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/templates/ctf_2019/favicos/mstile-144x144.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="/templates/ctf_2019/favicos/mstile-70x70.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="/templates/ctf_2019/favicos/mstile-150x150.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="/templates/ctf_2019/favicos/mstile-310x150.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="/templates/ctf_2019/favicos/mstile-310x310.png" /> </head> <body>  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NBC2RTV" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>   <header class="header"> <div class="header-container container-fluid p-0"> <nav class="header-nav navbar navbar-expand-sm navbar-dark bg-primary px-0 py-1"> <div class="row w-100"> <div class="col-xl-2 col-lg-2 col-md-1 col-sm-1 col-xs-1 col-2 align-top h-100"> <button type="button" id="navbar-side-button-small" class="hamburger navbar-toggler navbar-toggler-left" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target=".navbar-side"> <span class="fas fa-bars"></span> </button> <div id="hamburger-menu" class="navbar-collapse collapse d-none"> <ul class="navbar-nav me-auto"> <li class="nav-item active"> <a id="navbar-side-button-large" class="nav-link ms-3"> <span class="fas fa-bars"></span> </a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="col-xl-4 col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-5 col-xs-4 col-4 py-2 ctf-logo"> <div class="d-flex justify-content-around align-items-end"> <div> <a href="/"> <svg class="logolarge py-1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 2734.14 1993.33"><defs><style>.cls-1{fill:#6fccdd;}.cls-2{fill:#fff;}.cls-3{fill:#06b0d8;}.cls-4{fill:#f79420;}.cls-5{fill:#fbb03a;}.cls-6{fill:#faed23;}.cls-7{fill:#f7ec13;}.cls-8{fill:#6abd45;}.cls-9{fill:#b9529f;}.cls-10{fill:#c1272d;}.cls-11{fill:#ec2027;}.cls-12{fill:#d2d3d4;}</style></defs><g id="Layer_2" data-name="Layer 2"><g id="Layer_1-2" data-name="Layer 1"><polygon class="cls-1" points="1112.55 1624.74 1112.34 1683.17 606.53 1681.18 606.95 1622.8 1112.55 1624.74"/><path class="cls-2" d="M634.37,536.36V519.21h37.84v78.34H634.37q-16.71-42.43-55.73-42.43-19.36,0-34.37,10.06a67.37,67.37,0,0,0-23.36,27.42,87.79,87.79,0,0,0-8.35,38.5,82.63,82.63,0,0,0,7.91,36.28,66,66,0,0,0,22.1,26.32q14.19,9.82,32.66,9.82a55.9,55.9,0,0,0,39.54-15.74q16.77-15.75,22.54-41.47l43.9,20.84q-24.83,77.46-110.12,77.45-36.66,0-64.07-14t-42.2-39.91Q450,664.79,450,630.2q0-32.67,15.22-58.83a108.58,108.58,0,0,1,42.05-41q26.84-14.85,60.09-14.86Q607.77,515.52,634.37,536.36Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M830.61,584.84V631.4q-20.4,1.33-32.45,6.43a37.17,37.17,0,0,0-18.62,17.51Q773,667.76,773,690.81v15.38h30.89V742H694.91V706.19h28.53V623H696.39V586.61h72.43v39.46a59.48,59.48,0,0,1,20.25-29.7q14.77-11.82,36.66-11.82A29.45,29.45,0,0,1,830.61,584.84Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M1007.93,674.7H892q1.77,17.89,12.34,28.31t27.27,10.42q18.47,0,36.06-18.32l38.43,12.41q-12.72,19.07-31.49,28.6t-44.49,9.54q-25.73,0-45.45-9.68a72.26,72.26,0,0,1-30.6-27.42q-10.87-17.73-10.86-41.69A83,83,0,0,1,854.55,624a81.23,81.23,0,0,1,30.6-30.09,84,84,0,0,1,41.91-10.86q24.54,0,42.72,11.31t28,32.08Q1007.63,647.21,1007.93,674.7ZM924.71,616q-13.31,0-21.36,7.68t-10.12,23.51H958q-2.07-13.89-11.31-22.55A31.05,31.05,0,0,0,924.71,616Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M1172,648.69v57.5h25.12V742h-74.49V729.84q-21.15,14.48-42.27,14.48-25.57,0-40.94-13.16T1024,695.69q0-23.66,17.22-37.91T1087,643.51a66.94,66.94,0,0,1,17.67,2.14,100.08,100.08,0,0,1,18,7.32V640.56q0-11.82-7.39-18.92T1093,614.55q-16.11,0-28.53,12.41l-39.91-7.24q18.18-36.68,75.09-36.67,39,0,55.65,16T1172,648.69Zm-80.56,64.74q13.29,0,31.19-16v-13.9q-16-10.35-29.27-10.35-10.63,0-16.26,5t-5.61,14.34Q1071.44,713.45,1091.39,713.43Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M1296.05,586.61V623h-28.67v67.84c0,4.83.93,8.46,2.81,10.86s5.37,3.63,10.49,3.63q6.35,0,15.37-3.25v34.44q-20,7.83-37.54,7.83-20.25,0-30.37-10.27T1218,705V623h-19.66V586.6H1218V562.51L1267.38,527v59.57Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M1475.57,674.7H1359.68Q1361.45,692.6,1372,703t27.27,10.42q18.48,0,36.07-18.32l38.42,12.41q-12.7,19.07-31.48,28.6t-44.49,9.54q-25.72,0-45.46-9.68t-30.59-27.42q-10.87-17.73-10.86-41.69A82.87,82.87,0,0,1,1322.22,624a81.27,81.27,0,0,1,30.59-30.09,84,84,0,0,1,41.91-10.86q24.52,0,42.71,11.31t28,32.08Q1475.27,647.21,1475.57,674.7ZM1392.35,616q-13.3,0-21.36,7.68t-10.13,23.51h64.74q-2.05-13.89-11.3-22.55A31.05,31.05,0,0,0,1392.35,616Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M1590.06,653.17V674h-16.39v38.78q0,4.14,1.61,6.21t6,2.07a26.65,26.65,0,0,0,8.78-1.86v19.69a59,59,0,0,1-21.46,4.48q-11.58,0-17.36-5.87t-5.79-16.6V674h-11.24V653.17h11.24V639.41l28.22-20.28v34h16.39Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M1667.11,651.15q13.52,0,20.32,8.19t6.8,23.83v38.35h13.18V742h-41.57V684.52c0-3.67-.7-6.29-2.07-7.86s-3.68-2.36-6.88-2.36q-6.6,0-14.88,5.41v41.82h12.42V742h-55V721.53h14.36V635h-14.36V614.66H1642v45.79Q1655.71,651.14,1667.11,651.15Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M1808.42,703.52h-66.23q1,10.23,7,16.18t15.58,6q10.56,0,20.62-10.48l22,7.09a47.23,47.23,0,0,1-18,16.35q-10.74,5.45-25.44,5.45t-26-5.54a41.29,41.29,0,0,1-17.49-15.66q-6.19-10.14-6.21-23.83a47.35,47.35,0,0,1,6.47-24.5,46.44,46.44,0,0,1,17.48-17.19,48,48,0,0,1,24-6.21q14,0,24.42,6.46a42.39,42.39,0,0,1,16,18.33Q1808.26,687.81,1808.42,703.52ZM1760.86,670c-5.06,0-9.14,1.47-12.21,4.39s-5,7.41-5.78,13.44h37a21.33,21.33,0,0,0-6.47-12.89A17.69,17.69,0,0,0,1760.86,670Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M651.51,873V831.77H562.24v68.59h64.64v50.45H562.24v77.06h46.12v50.45H442.41v-50.45h42.38V831.77H442.41V781.32H708.47V873Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M829.42,1027.08q17,0,36.66-15V919.67H834.35V871.18H931.9v159.44h33.9v47.69H866.08V1061q-30.95,20.49-60.11,20.5-30.15,0-46.9-16.76t-16.76-46.11V919.67H711.17V871.18h96.57v130.47q0,14.58,4.63,20T829.42,1027.08Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M1106.65,871.18v48.49h-38.23v90.46q0,9.66,3.74,14.48t14,4.83q8.47,0,20.5-4.34V1071q-26.61,10.46-50.06,10.45-27,0-40.5-13.69t-13.5-38.73V919.66H976.38V871.17h26.21V839.05l65.83-47.3v79.41h38.23Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M1244.36,1027.08q17,0,36.65-15V919.67h-31.72V871.18h97.55v159.44h33.9v47.69H1281V1061q-30.94,20.49-60.1,20.5-30.17,0-46.91-16.76t-16.75-46.11V919.67h-31.14V871.18h96.56v130.47q0,14.58,4.63,20T1244.36,1027.08Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M1576.57,868.81v62.08q-27.19,1.77-43.25,8.58t-24.83,23.35q-8.77,16.56-8.77,47.31v20.5h41.19v47.69H1395.66v-47.69h38v-111h-36.06V871.18h96.56V923.8a79.4,79.4,0,0,1,27-39.61q19.71-15.77,48.87-15.78A42.06,42.06,0,0,1,1576.57,868.81Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M1813.41,988.64H1658.9q2.37,23.85,16.46,37.74t36.36,13.9q24.63,0,48.08-24.44l51.24,16.55q-16.95,25.42-42,38.14t-59.31,12.71q-34.29,0-60.61-12.92t-40.8-36.55q-14.47-23.65-14.48-55.57,0-31.53,15.08-57.16a108.09,108.09,0,0,1,40.8-40.1,111.91,111.91,0,0,1,55.87-14.49q32.72,0,57,15.08t37.34,42.77Q1813,952,1813.41,988.64Zm-111-78.24q-17.73,0-28.48,10.25T1660.47,952h86.33q-2.76-18.53-15.08-30.06A41.38,41.38,0,0,0,1702.45,910.4Z"/><polygon class="cls-3" points="467.4 1239.41 513.45 1275.39 345.54 1489.76 299.6 1453.74 467.4 1239.41"/><polygon class="cls-4" points="380.34 1144.36 417.01 1189.68 205.2 1360.76 168.6 1315.47 380.34 1144.36"/><polygon class="cls-5" points="316.86 1032.07 342.43 1084.63 97.53 1203.67 71.99 1151.15 316.86 1032.07"/><polygon class="cls-6" points="280.26 908.45 293.35 965.35 27.88 1026.22 14.89 969.38 280.26 908.45"/><polygon class="cls-7" points="272.44 779.72 272.33 838.04 0 837.66 0.14 779.34 272.44 779.72"/><polygon class="cls-8" points="293.77 652.66 280.53 709.42 15.23 647.8 28.43 590.99 293.77 652.66"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="343.05 533.51 317.45 585.94 72.85 466.17 98.5 413.82 343.05 533.51"/><polygon class="cls-9" points="417.98 428.53 381.24 473.85 169.91 302.15 206.58 256.87 417.98 428.53"/><polygon class="cls-10" points="514.58 343.14 468.61 378.97 301.25 164.12 347.33 128.32 514.58 343.14"/><polygon class="cls-11" points="632.12 295.88 577.39 316.08 483.37 60.48 538.08 40.37 632.12 295.88"/><polygon class="cls-4" points="758.83 271.78 700.95 279.15 666.86 9 724.66 1.62 758.83 271.78"/><polygon class="cls-5" points="887.66 276.82 829.67 270.95 857.18 0 915.23 5.97 887.66 276.82"/><polygon class="cls-7" points="1025.69 305.78 969.84 288.91 1048.85 28.33 1104.63 45.15 1025.69 305.78"/><polygon class="cls-7" points="1141.27 362.9 1090.71 333.9 1226.3 97.71 1276.88 126.83 1141.27 362.9"/><path class="cls-2" d="M604.15,1337.13h27.74c21,0,38.23,17.12,38.23,39.11s-17.37,39.11-38.23,39.11H604.15Zm19.56,61h4.39c11.68,0,21.66-6.64,21.66-21.89,0-14-8.88-21.89-21.46-21.89h-4.59v43.78Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M723.65,1354.35v13.07h22.06v17.22H723.65v13.49H746.9v17.22H704.09v-78.22H746.9v17.22Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M825.2,1357.25a20.13,20.13,0,0,0-13-5.18c-3.59,0-8.38,2.18-8.38,6.54,0,4.56,5.29,6.33,8.68,7.47l5,1.56c10.48,3.21,18.56,8.71,18.56,21.37,0,7.77-1.79,15.77-7.78,21s-13.77,7.37-21.36,7.37a45.22,45.22,0,0,1-26.45-8.92l8.39-16.39c4.89,4.47,10.68,8.1,17.36,8.1,4.59,0,9.48-2.39,9.48-7.88,0-5.71-7.68-7.68-11.87-8.92-12.27-3.63-20.36-7-20.36-22.09,0-15.88,10.88-26.26,26-26.26a50,50,0,0,1,23.55,6.44Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M889.82,1415.35H870.26v-78.22h19.56Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M1002.55,1371.67c-.2,11.41-1,21.16-7.69,30.91-7.38,10.69-18.46,15.36-31,15.36-23.65,0-40.12-16.71-40.12-41.29,0-25.42,16.57-42.12,40.82-42.12,15.47,0,27.45,7.27,33.93,21.89l-18.56,8.09c-2.7-7.47-8.38-12.45-16.27-12.45-12.87,0-19.56,12.76-19.56,24.69,0,12.14,7,24.49,19.86,24.49,8.48,0,15-4.57,15.77-13.59h-16v-16Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M1036.43,1337.13H1056l35.83,47.82h.19v-47.82h19.57v78.22H1092l-35.83-47.93h-.2v47.93h-19.56v-78.22Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M657.94,1501.79a21,21,0,0,0-17.17-8.61c-12,0-20.06,9.54-20.06,21.68,0,12.35,8.19,21.27,20.36,21.27a22.13,22.13,0,0,0,16.86-8.3v24.38c-6.48,2.07-11.18,3.63-17.27,3.63a41,41,0,0,1-28.24-11.51c-8.28-7.78-12.07-17.95-12.07-29.57a41.78,41.78,0,0,1,11.08-28.63,40,40,0,0,1,28.64-12.66,44.52,44.52,0,0,1,17.86,3.94v24.38Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M757.9,1513.2c0,25.32-17.46,43.16-41.62,43.16s-41.61-17.85-41.61-43.16c0-23.65,20-40.25,41.61-40.25S757.9,1489.55,757.9,1513.2Zm-62.88.1c0,13.49,9.58,23.35,21.26,23.35s21.26-9.85,21.26-23.35c0-10.78-9.58-20.64-21.26-20.64S695,1502.52,695,1513.3Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M775.4,1475.55H795l35.83,47.82h.2v-47.82h19.56v78.22H831l-35.83-47.93H795v47.93H775.4Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M901.69,1553.77H882.13v-61H866v-17.22h51.9v17.22H901.7v61Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M953,1492.77v13.07H975v17.22H953v13.49H976.2v17.22H933.39v-78.22H976.2v17.22Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M1038,1495.67a20.13,20.13,0,0,0-13-5.18c-3.59,0-8.38,2.18-8.38,6.54,0,4.56,5.29,6.33,8.68,7.47l5,1.56c10.48,3.21,18.56,8.71,18.56,21.37,0,7.77-1.79,15.77-7.78,21s-13.77,7.37-21.36,7.37a45.22,45.22,0,0,1-26.45-8.92l8.39-16.39c4.89,4.47,10.68,8.1,17.36,8.1,4.59,0,9.48-2.39,9.48-7.88,0-5.71-7.68-7.68-11.87-8.92-12.27-3.63-20.36-6.95-20.36-22.09,0-15.88,10.88-26.26,25.95-26.26a50,50,0,0,1,23.55,6.44Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M1096.59,1553.77H1077v-61h-16.16v-17.22h51.9v17.22H1096.6v61Z"/><path class="cls-1" d="M631.82,1795.7s46.9,5.65,57.67,11.53c82.71,45.16-9.56,184.55,92.28,184.55,92.28,0-39.51,1.55,141.49,1.55l20-1.55c101.84,0,9.57-139.39,92.28-184.55,10.77-5.88,57.67-11.53,57.67-11.53V1738H631.83v57.67Z"/><g id="Layer_2-2" data-name="Layer 2"><path class="cls-2" d="M1646,1583.28h-10.75v-82.94h12.35c26.54,0,34.77,8.8,34.77,24,0,17.49-13.84,24.2-30.2,24.2H1646v34.76Zm0-44h3.43c11,0,22.88-2,22.88-15.18,0-13-12.81-14.52-23.45-14.52H1646v29.7Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M1777,1583.28h-13l-25.39-35.09h-4.46v35.09h-10.75v-82.94h13c7.66,0,15.9.11,22.76,3.85a23.21,23.21,0,0,1-9.38,43Zm-42.9-43.67h3.43c11,0,22.88-2,22.88-15.18,0-13-12.81-14.85-23.45-14.85h-2.86v30Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M1901.18,1541.81c0,24.64-20.25,43.23-45.18,43.23s-45.18-18.59-45.18-43.23c0-23.76,20.47-43.23,45.18-43.23S1901.18,1518.05,1901.18,1541.81Zm-10.76,0c0-18.26-14.18-33.55-34.43-33.55s-34.43,15.29-34.43,33.55c0,18.92,15.78,33.55,34.43,33.55S1890.42,1560.73,1890.42,1541.81Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M1942.13,1500.34H1960c26.42,0,48.38,13.42,48.38,41,0,28.27-21.5,41.91-48.73,41.91h-17.5v-82.94Zm10.75,73.48h3.77c22,0,40.95-7.92,40.95-32s-19-32-40.95-32h-3.77Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M2059.83,1500.34v49c0,13.53,4.23,26.07,20.82,26.07s20.82-12.54,20.82-26.07v-49h10.75v52.47c0,18.26-11.78,32.23-31.57,32.23s-31.57-14-31.57-32.23v-52.47Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M2221.34,1516.18a35.68,35.68,0,0,0-22.76-8.14,33.77,33.77,0,1,0-.23,67.54,35.3,35.3,0,0,0,23-8.58v12.21a48.07,48.07,0,0,1-22.65,5.83c-24.59,0-45-18.81-45-42.79,0-24.53,20.47-43.67,45.87-43.67a42.87,42.87,0,0,1,21.73,5.61v12Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M2265.61,1500.34h46.32v9.46h-35.57V1533h34.54v9.46h-34.54v31.35h35.57v9.46h-46.32Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M2355.75,1500.34h17.84c26.42,0,48.38,13.42,48.38,41,0,28.27-21.5,41.91-48.73,41.91h-17.5v-82.94Zm10.75,73.48h3.77c22,0,40.95-7.92,40.95-32s-19-32-40.95-32h-3.77Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M2527.78,1500.34h10.52c16.24,0,31.57,4.07,31.57,22.77,0,6.05-3.43,13.09-9.26,15.73v.22c10.18,1.76,17.27,11.33,17.27,21,0,16.61-14.75,23.21-30,23.21h-20.13v-82.94Zm10.75,36.74h2.75c10.18,0,18.53-2,18.53-13.86,0-11.66-8.24-13.64-18.3-13.64h-3v27.5Zm0,37h8.24c9.95,0,20.36-2.86,20.36-14.63s-12.35-14.08-22-14.08h-6.63V1574Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M2612.43,1500.34h12.35l21.16,35.42,21.16-35.42h12.35l-28.14,46.86v36.08h-10.75V1547.2Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M2035.07,1645.34h43.65l33.5,60.87,33.27-60.87h43.88v165.15h-42v-93l-35.16,61.34h-.7L2076.36,1718v92.48h-41.29Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M2203.28,1645.34H2317v37.28h-71.72v27.13h64.65v35.15h-64.65v28.31h72.66v37.28H2203.28Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M2327.14,1645.34h54.26c53.08,0,83.28,32.08,83.28,80.69v2.83c0,48.6-30.43,81.63-84,81.63h-53.56V1645.34Zm42.47,38v89.18h12.27c23.59,0,39.4-13.92,39.4-43.41V1727c0-29.73-15.81-43.65-39.4-43.65Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M2474.59,1645.34h42.46v165.15h-42.46Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M2578.63,1644.39h42.94l58.27,166.09h-44.59l-9.67-29.73h-51.9l-9.44,29.73h-43.65ZM2615,1746.78l-15.34-48.36-15.34,48.36Z"/><path class="cls-2" d="M1847.41,1810.75v-35.48h98v35.48Zm89.67-65.94v-35.48h-89.66v35.48Zm8.32-65.94v-35.48h-98v35.48Zm-206.59,41.39-27.61,46c4.78-9.83-2.93-15-7.74-16.49-8.08-3.1-33.43-8.09-49.88-12.9a63.26,63.26,0,0,1-18-8.36,44.17,44.17,0,0,1-18.69-36.26c0-10.21,5.09-51.56,68.51-51.56,52.13,0,66.28,30.48,67.52,48.71h-42.65c-1.51-6.64-7.5-14.45-25.8-14.56-4.22,0-21.13.44-22.77,11.42a9.87,9.87,0,0,0,3.95,9.8c2.62,2,7.31,3.07,9,3.58,7.71,2.32,24.59,5.57,32.89,7.61C1722,1710.77,1732.35,1715.14,1738.81,1720.26Zm-53.68,55.36c-16.77,0-27.73-4.28-31.31-21.54h-43.13c0,6.91,3.62,36.25,29.87,48.56,14.7,6.9,31.12,8.12,43.89,8.12l26.36-43.87C1709,1769.37,1705.32,1775.62,1685.13,1775.62Z"/><path class="cls-12" d="M1847.41,1643.39H1785l-46.19,76.87-27.61,46-.4.67-26.36,43.87h44.49l21.33-35.5h58v35.5h39.2V1643.39Zm-39.19,101.38h-39.65l39.65-66Z"/><path class="cls-12" d="M2680.64,1960.54H1635.71V1841.23H2680.64ZM1945.55,1932a39.4,39.4,0,0,0,23.9-8.09v-31.06h-26v12.92h10.32v9.67a13.43,13.43,0,0,1-7.53,1.95c-8.37,0-14.79-6.6-14.79-18.51v-.93c0-10.79,6.32-18,14.6-18,5.58,0,9.3,2.32,12.74,5.39l9.3-12.74a33.4,33.4,0,0,0-22.41-7.91c-18,0-31.34,13.58-31.34,33.11v1.3C1914.3,1919.42,1927.79,1932,1945.55,1932Zm78.83-1.12H2041v-20.18h6l11.06,20.18h18.88l-13.39-23.62c6.88-3.44,11.62-9.49,11.62-19.16v-.46c0-6.6-2-11.63-5.67-15.25-4.19-4.28-10.79-6.6-19.53-6.6h-25.57Zm16.65-33.47v-17h8.18c5.58,0,9.12,2.79,9.12,8.37v.19c0,5.21-3.35,8.46-9,8.46Zm116.41,34.68c17.48,0,30.23-13.67,30.23-33.11v-1.4c0-19.53-12.56-33-30.13-33s-30.23,13.67-30.23,33.11v1.4C2127.31,1918.58,2139.86,1932.06,2157.44,1932.06Zm.09-15.15c-7.72,0-13.12-6.88-13.12-18.13v-1c0-11.25,5.3-18,13-18s13.11,6.88,13.11,18.13v1C2170.55,1910.12,2165.34,1916.91,2157.53,1916.91ZM2267.61,1932c15.9,0,26.59-8.28,26.59-27.15v-39.06h-16.92v39.8c0,7.72-3.72,11.25-9.58,11.25s-9.58-3.72-9.58-11.53v-39.52h-16.83v39.34C2241.29,1923.6,2251.71,1932,2267.61,1932Zm82.09-1.12h16.65V1912h6.41c14.23-.19,25.58-7.62,25.58-23.25v-.37c0-14.6-10.05-22.6-25.39-22.6H2349.7Zm16.65-32.54v-18.23h5.77c6,0,9.48,3.07,9.48,9v.28c0,5.49-3.53,8.93-9.39,8.93Z"/><path class="cls-12" d="M2696.31,1845h-7.26v-3.71h18.52V1845h-7.26v19.08h-4Z"/><path class="cls-12" d="M2711.73,1841.28H2716l6.94,10.78,6.93-10.78h4.27v22.79h-4v-16.35l-7.2,10.75h-.13l-7.13-10.68v16.28h-3.94v-22.79Z"/></g></g></g></svg></a></div></div></div> <div class="principal-sponsors col-xl-4 col-lg-4 col-md-5 col-sm-6 col-xs-7 col-6 mx-auto bg-light"> <div class="d-flex flex-column "> <div class="principal-sponsors-header mx-auto pt-3 mb-0"> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <h3 class="text-primary">PLATINUM SPONSORS</h3></div></div> <div> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/f_auto,q_auto:best/v1614086394/ctf/extra/sponsors/sponsors_merged_2021.png' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='725' height='236' alt='Platinum Sponsors' /></div></div></div> <div class="col-xl-2 col-lg-2 col-md-2 d-md-block d-none"> <div class="d-flex flex-row-reverse"> <div id="login-menu" class="navbar-collapse collapse"> <ul class="navbar-nav ms-auto"><li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="#" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#cb-form">Login</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/account/registration">Sign Up</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> </nav> <nav class="main-nav bg-navbar navbar navbar-expand-sm navbar-light main-nav py-0"> <div class="main-nav-container container-xl mx-auto px-0"><div class="menu-top-nav"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav nav-bottom flex-nowrap d-md-flex d-none mx-auto"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link " href="/how-to-vote">How to Vote</a></li></ul></div><div class="menu-top-nav"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav nav-bottom flex-nowrap d-md-flex d-none mx-auto"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link " href="/about">About</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link " href="/contest-rules">Rules & Tips</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link " href="/2024/entries">Entries</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link " href="/archive">Archive</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link " href="/prizes">Prizes</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link " href="/faqs">FAQs</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link contact-us" href="#contactus">Contact</a></li></ul></div><div id="navbarSideContainer" class="navbar-side h-100 p-0 bg-light"> <ul class="nav flex-column nav"> <li id="navbar-side-close" class="nav-item text-right bg-secondary"> <a class="nav-link pb-0" href="#"> <i class="fas fa-2x fa-window-close"></i> </a></li> <li class="nav-item bg-secondary"><form id="searchform" class="form-inline nav-link w-75" action="/search" method="get"> <div class="input-group"> <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search" id="searchbox" class="form-control" value=""> <div class="input-group-append"> <button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" onclick="$('#searchform').submit()"> <span class="fas fa-search"></span> </button></div></div></form></li><li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="#" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#cb-form">Login</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/account/registration">Sign Up</a></li>  <hr class="border-secondary m-0 w-100"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/how-to-vote">How to Vote</a></li><hr class="border-secondary m-0 w-100"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/about">About</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/contest-rules">Rules & Tips</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/2024/entries">Entries</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/archive">Archive</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/prizes">Prizes</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="/faqs">FAQs</a></li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="#contactus">Contact</a></li></ul></div><div class="overlay"></div></div> </nav></div> </header> <section id="print-only-message" class="printmessage"> </section>  <div class="container"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumb"> <ol itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList" class="breadcrumb pt-3 text-uppercase"> <li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a itemprop="item" href="/" class="pathway"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a> <meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a itemprop="item" href="/2024" class="pathway"><span itemprop="name">2024</span></a> <meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a itemprop="item" href="/2024/entries" class="pathway"><span itemprop="name">Entries</span></a> <meta itemprop="position" content="3"></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" aria-current="page"> <span itemprop="name"> Entries</span> <meta itemprop="position" content="4"></li></ol> </nav>  <section id="content" class="row my-3"> <section id="mainstory" class="left-column col-lg-8 col-md-7 .col-12"> <div>  <div id="system-message-container"></div>  <div class="com-content-category-blog blog" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Blog"> <div class="beveled"> <h1 class="text-uppercase text-primary pb-2 mb-3"> 2024<br>Electronics</h1></div> <div class="" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <div class="blog-entry card mb-4"> <div class="card-header bg-primary"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/12764-0528-030305-well-cleaners-early-warning-system-ews" itemprop="url"> <h2 class="font-weight-normal mb-0 text-white"> Well Cleaners Early Warning System (EWS)</h2> </a></div> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/12764"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_500/v1716938293/ctf/entries/2024/052830305-IMG_WELL_CLEANERS_EWS.jpg' class='card-img rounded-0 border-end lazyload blur-up' width='500' alt='' /></a></div> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <div class="card-body overflow-hidden"> <p>In recent times, numerous cases of death caused by asphyxiation among well cleaners have been reported, The safety of employees is of utmost concern in homes and workplaces where wells and small spaces are common. so, I have made a solution called "Well Cleaners Early Warning System" or "Well Cleaners EWS.</p> <p> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-outline-secondary" href="/2024/entries/electronics/12764" itemprop="url">READ MORE <i class="fas fa-angle-right ms-2"></i></a></p></div></div></div> <div class="card-footer w-100 font-weight-normal py-2 text-muted">   <div class="d-flex"> <div class="flex-fill" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemref="thisauthor"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://contest.techbriefs.com/profile?user=121157"/> <a href="/profile?user=121157"> <span itemprop="name">Alan Alappatt</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="address" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/PostalAddress"> <span itemprop="addressLocality">Thrissur</span>, <span itemprop="addressCountry" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Country"> <span itemprop="name">India</span> </span> </span></div> <div class="flex-fill px-2"> <a href="/2024/top-votes">Votes</a>: 2<br/>Views: 619</div> <div class="flex-fill"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics"> <span itemprop="articleSection">Electronics</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="datePublished" content="2024-05-28">May 28, 2024</span></div></div>   </div></div></div> <div class="" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <div class="blog-entry card mb-4"> <div class="card-header bg-primary"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/12752-0523-035629-a-cost-efficient-blender-mixer-for-milk-and-summer-beverages-made-using-a-high-torque-d-c-motor" itemprop="url"> <h2 class="font-weight-normal mb-0 text-white"> A Cost-efficient Blender Mixer for Milk and Summer Beverages Made Using a High Torque D.C. Motor</h2> </a></div> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/12752"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_500/v1716683124/ctf/entries/2024/052335629-20240520_173215.jpg' class='card-img rounded-0 border-end lazyload blur-up' width='500' alt='' /></a></div> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <div class="card-body overflow-hidden"> <p>A blender mixer is a handy tool. It perfectly serves the purpose of blending various liquids such milk , Pani-Poori Water etc.</p> <p>Applications of the project:</p> <p>You can beat eggs, whip cream, and stir batter and sauces.</p> <p>Such hand blenders incorporate air into ingredients, which is important for creating light and fluffy desserts.</p> <p> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-outline-secondary" href="/2024/entries/electronics/12752" itemprop="url">READ MORE <i class="fas fa-angle-right ms-2"></i></a></p></div></div></div> <div class="card-footer w-100 font-weight-normal py-2 text-muted">   <div class="d-flex"> <div class="flex-fill" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemref="thisauthor"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://contest.techbriefs.com/profile?user=120703"/> <a href="/profile?user=120703"> <span itemprop="name">Anmol Agarwal</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="address" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/PostalAddress"> <span itemprop="addressLocality">Nehtaur</span>, <span itemprop="addressCountry" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Country"> <span itemprop="name">India</span> </span> </span></div> <div class="flex-fill px-2"> <a href="/2024/top-votes">Votes</a>: 0<br/>Views: 492</div> <div class="flex-fill"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics"> <span itemprop="articleSection">Electronics</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="datePublished" content="2024-05-23">May 23, 2024</span></div></div>   </div></div></div> <div class="" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <div class="blog-entry card mb-4"> <div class="card-header bg-primary"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/12857-0620-224916-a-future-proof-best-practice-open-architecture-vendor-neutral-means-to-inspect-and-clean-fiber-optic-surfaces" itemprop="url"> <h2 class="font-weight-normal mb-0 text-white"> A Future-Proof, Best Practice, Open-Architecture (Vendor Neutral) Means to Inspect and Clean Fiber Optic Surfaces</h2> </a></div> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/12857"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_500/v1720650825/ctf/entries/2024/0620224916-SAE_Matrix-2024.jpg' class='card-img rounded-0 border-end lazyload blur-up' width='500' alt='' /></a></div> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <div class="card-body overflow-hidden"> <p>As inconceivable as it may seem, existing fiber optic inspection standards consider (characterize) the three-dimensional connector in limited two-dimensions. Cleaning standards reflect this limitation. Fiber Optic Connector Surfaces, as characterized by IEC 61300-3-35, are an essential minimum requirement for those planning and working on the contemporary fiber optic connector.</p> <p> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-outline-secondary" href="/2024/entries/electronics/12857" itemprop="url">READ MORE <i class="fas fa-angle-right ms-2"></i></a></p></div></div></div> <div class="card-footer w-100 font-weight-normal py-2 text-muted">   <div class="d-flex"> <div class="flex-fill" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemref="thisauthor"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://contest.techbriefs.com/profile?user=121551"/> <a href="/profile?user=121551"> <span itemprop="name">Edward J Forrest Jr</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="address" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/PostalAddress"> <span itemprop="addressLocality">Marietta</span>, <span itemprop="addressCountry" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Country"> <span itemprop="name">United States</span> </span> </span></div> <div class="flex-fill px-2"> <a href="/2024/top-votes">Votes</a>: 1<br/>Views: 425</div> <div class="flex-fill"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics"> <span itemprop="articleSection">Electronics</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="datePublished" content="2024-06-21">Jun 21, 2024</span></div></div>   </div></div></div> <div class="" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <div class="blog-entry card mb-4"> <div class="card-header bg-primary"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/13126-0701-223103-advanced-designing-of-rugged-board" itemprop="url"> <h2 class="font-weight-normal mb-0 text-white"> Advanced Designing of Rugged Board</h2> </a></div> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/13126"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_500/v1719953792/ctf/entries/2024/0701223103-RB.jpg' class='card-img rounded-0 border-end lazyload blur-up' width='500' alt='' /></a></div> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <div class="card-body overflow-hidden"> <p>This project aims to enhance the efficiency and performance of rugged boards, essential for industrial, military, and aerospace applications. Key improvements focus on thermal management, power efficiency, structural integrity, and component reliability. Advanced cooling techniques, energy-efficient components, and robust materials will be employed to optimize thermal dissipation, reduce power consumption, and increase mechanical durability.</p> <p> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-outline-secondary" href="/2024/entries/electronics/13126" itemprop="url">READ MORE <i class="fas fa-angle-right ms-2"></i></a></p></div></div></div> <div class="card-footer w-100 font-weight-normal py-2 text-muted">   <div class="d-flex"> <div class="flex-fill" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemref="thisauthor"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://contest.techbriefs.com/profile?user=122259"/> <a href="/profile?user=122259"> <span itemprop="name">Sanjithaa Shree</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="address" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/PostalAddress"> <span itemprop="addressLocality">Erode</span>, <span itemprop="addressCountry" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Country"> <span itemprop="name">India</span> </span> </span></div> <div class="flex-fill px-2"> <a href="/2024/top-votes">Votes</a>: 1<br/>Views: 391</div> <div class="flex-fill"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics"> <span itemprop="articleSection">Electronics</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="datePublished" content="2024-07-02">Jul 2, 2024</span></div></div>   </div></div></div> <div class="" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <div class="blog-entry card mb-4"> <div class="card-header bg-primary"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/12731-0513-142524-affordable-satellite-iot-network" itemprop="url"> <h2 class="font-weight-normal mb-0 text-white"> Affordable Satellite IoT Network</h2> </a></div> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/12731"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_500/v1715664185/ctf/entries/2024/0513142524-sistema.png' class='card-img rounded-0 border-end lazyload blur-up' width='500' alt='' /></a></div> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <div class="card-body overflow-hidden"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/f_auto,q_auto:best/v1724197376/ctf/extra/badges/2024/top_100.jpg' class='w-35 lazyload blur-up' width='3' height='200' alt='' /><p>We have developed a cutting-edge, low-cost CubeSat designed specifically for Internet of Things (IoT) communication. This miniaturized satellite embodies a revolutionary approach in the field of space technology, merging affordability with high functionality and reliability. It has been already launched and proved into space.</p> <p> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-outline-secondary" href="/2024/entries/electronics/12731" itemprop="url">READ MORE <i class="fas fa-angle-right ms-2"></i></a></p></div></div></div> <div class="card-footer w-100 font-weight-normal py-2 text-muted">   <div class="d-flex"> <div class="flex-fill" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemref="thisauthor"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://contest.techbriefs.com/profile?user=120647"/> <a href="/profile?user=120647"> <span itemprop="name">Alejandro Cordero</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="address" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/PostalAddress"> <span itemprop="addressLocality">Buenos Aires</span>, <span itemprop="addressCountry" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Country"> <span itemprop="name">Argentina</span> </span> </span></div> <div class="flex-fill px-2"> <a href="/2024/top-votes">Votes</a>: 1<br/>Views: 596</div> <div class="flex-fill"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics"> <span itemprop="articleSection">Electronics</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="datePublished" content="2024-05-13">May 13, 2024</span></div></div>   </div></div></div> <div class="" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <div class="blog-entry card mb-4"> <div class="card-header bg-primary"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/13220-0708-230151-ai-and-iot-in-grand-care" itemprop="url"> <h2 class="font-weight-normal mb-0 text-white"> AI and IoT in Grand Care</h2> </a></div> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/13220"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_500/v1720566885/ctf/entries/2024/0708230151-WORKFLOW.jpg' class='card-img rounded-0 border-end lazyload blur-up' width='500' alt='' /></a></div> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <div class="card-body overflow-hidden"> <p>Elderly people are falling more frequently worldwide, especially those who are 60 years of age and beyond. One major factor that contributes to these falls is the lack of routine supervision provided to older individuals living alone. Many claims are made for injuries sustained by older people when they fall, and occasionally these accidents are deadly. Thus,</p> <p> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-outline-secondary" href="/2024/entries/electronics/13220" itemprop="url">READ MORE <i class="fas fa-angle-right ms-2"></i></a></p></div></div></div> <div class="card-footer w-100 font-weight-normal py-2 text-muted">   <div class="d-flex"> <div class="flex-fill" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemref="thisauthor"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://contest.techbriefs.com/profile?user=123421"/> <a href="/profile?user=123421"> <span itemprop="name">Tharun Teja G</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="address" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/PostalAddress"> <span itemprop="addressLocality">Erode</span>, <span itemprop="addressCountry" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Country"> <span itemprop="name">India</span> </span> </span></div> <div class="flex-fill px-2"> <a href="/2024/top-votes">Votes</a>: 0<br/>Views: 533</div> <div class="flex-fill"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics"> <span itemprop="articleSection">Electronics</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="datePublished" content="2024-07-09">Jul 9, 2024</span></div></div>   </div></div></div> <div class="" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <div class="blog-entry card mb-4"> <div class="card-header bg-primary"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/13145-0702-104417-anisotropic-electromagnetic-force-phenomena" itemprop="url"> <h2 class="font-weight-normal mb-0 text-white"> Anisotropic Electromagnetic Force Phenomena</h2> </a></div> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/13145"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_500/v1721016098/ctf/entries/2024/0702104417-1_2019_05_23_00_39_04_20190309003.gif' class='card-img rounded-0 border-end lazyload blur-up' width='500' alt='' /></a></div> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <div class="card-body overflow-hidden"> <p>Sunatori's Effect refers to Anisotropic Electromagnetic Force Phenomena which were recently discovered by Simon Sunatori, P.Eng./ing., M.Eng. (Engineering Physics/Génie physique), DTech.c, RD.c, FEC.c, FNA, IEEE-LSM, WFS-LM, BNR/NT (MSS).</p> <p>Anisotropy manifests itself in dramatic fashion as unexpected physical phenomena of magnetic attraction-repulsion, which is analogous to love-hate relationship.</p> <p> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-outline-secondary" href="/2024/entries/electronics/13145" itemprop="url">READ MORE <i class="fas fa-angle-right ms-2"></i></a></p></div></div></div> <div class="card-footer w-100 font-weight-normal py-2 text-muted">   <div class="d-flex"> <div class="flex-fill" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemref="thisauthor"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://contest.techbriefs.com/profile?user=267"/> <a href="/profile?user=267"> <span itemprop="name">Simon Sunatori</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="address" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/PostalAddress"> <span itemprop="addressLocality">Gatineau</span>, <span itemprop="addressCountry" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Country"> <span itemprop="name">Canada</span> </span> </span></div> <div class="flex-fill px-2"> <a href="/2024/top-votes">Votes</a>: 5<br/>Views: 454</div> <div class="flex-fill"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics"> <span itemprop="articleSection">Electronics</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="datePublished" content="2024-07-02">Jul 2, 2024</span></div></div>   </div></div></div> <div class="" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <div class="blog-entry card mb-4"> <div class="card-header bg-primary"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/13060-0701-115953-aquaguard-enhancing-vehicle-and-passenger-safety-in-confined-waterlogging" itemprop="url"> <h2 class="font-weight-normal mb-0 text-white"> AquaGuard: Enhancing Vehicle and Passenger Safety in Confined Waterlogging</h2> </a></div> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/13060"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_500/v1719924968/ctf/entries/2024/0701115953-WhatsApp_Image.jpg' class='card-img rounded-0 border-end lazyload blur-up' width='500' alt='' /></a></div> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <div class="card-body overflow-hidden"> <p>Waterlogging incidents that can be fatal to vehicle and passenger safety have grown more frequent and severe as a result of urbanization, climate change. The AquaGuard project will be responsible for creating a new type of safety system that aims to protect vehicles and their occupants in enclosed waterlogged spaces. AquaGuard is powered by cutting-edge sensors,</p> <p> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-outline-secondary" href="/2024/entries/electronics/13060" itemprop="url">READ MORE <i class="fas fa-angle-right ms-2"></i></a></p></div></div></div> <div class="card-footer w-100 font-weight-normal py-2 text-muted">   <div class="d-flex"> <div class="flex-fill" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemref="thisauthor"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://contest.techbriefs.com/profile?user=121831"/> <a href="/profile?user=121831"> <span itemprop="name">Buvan T</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="address" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/PostalAddress"> <span itemprop="addressLocality">Erode</span>, <span itemprop="addressCountry" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Country"> <span itemprop="name">India</span> </span> </span></div> <div class="flex-fill px-2"> <a href="/2024/top-votes">Votes</a>: 2<br/>Views: 442</div> <div class="flex-fill"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics"> <span itemprop="articleSection">Electronics</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="datePublished" content="2024-07-01">Jul 1, 2024</span></div></div>   </div></div></div> <div class="" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <div class="blog-entry card mb-4"> <div class="card-header bg-primary"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/13074-0701-130917-battery-management-system" itemprop="url"> <h2 class="font-weight-normal mb-0 text-white"> Battery Management System</h2> </a></div> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/13074"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_500/v1719966889/ctf/entries/2024/0701130917-Screenshot_2024-07-01_221510.jpg' class='card-img rounded-0 border-end lazyload blur-up' width='500' alt='' /></a></div> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <div class="card-body overflow-hidden"> <p>Recently, electric vehicle (EV) technology has received massive attention worldwide due to its improved performance efficiency and significant contributions to addressing carbon emission problems. In line with that, EVs could play a vital role in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). However, EVs face some challenges such as battery health degradation, battery management complexities, power electronics integration,</p> <p> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-outline-secondary" href="/2024/entries/electronics/13074" itemprop="url">READ MORE <i class="fas fa-angle-right ms-2"></i></a></p></div></div></div> <div class="card-footer w-100 font-weight-normal py-2 text-muted">   <div class="d-flex"> <div class="flex-fill" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemref="thisauthor"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://contest.techbriefs.com/profile?user=122326"/> <a href="/profile?user=122326"> <span itemprop="name">Siva Subramanian A</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="address" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/PostalAddress"> <span itemprop="addressLocality">Sathyamangalam</span>, <span itemprop="addressCountry" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Country"> <span itemprop="name">India</span> </span> </span></div> <div class="flex-fill px-2"> <a href="/2024/top-votes">Votes</a>: 16<br/>Views: 700</div> <div class="flex-fill"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics"> <span itemprop="articleSection">Electronics</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="datePublished" content="2024-07-01">Jul 1, 2024</span></div></div>   </div></div></div> <div class="" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <div class="blog-entry card mb-4"> <div class="card-header bg-primary"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/13155-0703-134757-contactless-dorebell-with-security-system" itemprop="url"> <h2 class="font-weight-normal mb-0 text-white"> Contactless Doorbell With Security System</h2> </a></div> <div class="row g-0"> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics/13155"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_4:3,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_500/v1721064852/ctf/entries/2024/0703134757-CONTACTLESS_DOREBELL-1.png' class='card-img rounded-0 border-end lazyload blur-up' width='500' alt='' /></a></div> <div class="col-lg-6 col-12"> <div class="card-body overflow-hidden"> <p>In the contemporary world, the demand for contactless, fast, and automated systems has surged, especially due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This discription explores the design, implementation, and functionality of a Contactless IoT Doorbell with an integrated security system, utilizing Raspberry Pi technology to provide automatic visitor recognition and real-time alerts to homeowners.</p> <p> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-outline-secondary" href="/2024/entries/electronics/13155" itemprop="url">READ MORE <i class="fas fa-angle-right ms-2"></i></a></p></div></div></div> <div class="card-footer w-100 font-weight-normal py-2 text-muted">   <div class="d-flex"> <div class="flex-fill" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemref="thisauthor"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://contest.techbriefs.com/profile?user=122330"/> <a href="/profile?user=122330"> <span itemprop="name">Gokul Kumar</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="address" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/PostalAddress"> <span itemprop="addressLocality">Karamadai</span>, <span itemprop="addressCountry" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Country"> <span itemprop="name">India</span> </span> </span></div> <div class="flex-fill px-2"> <a href="/2024/top-votes">Votes</a>: 0<br/>Views: 1116</div> <div class="flex-fill"> <a href="/2024/entries/electronics"> <span itemprop="articleSection">Electronics</span> </a> <br/> <span itemprop="datePublished" content="2024-07-03">Jul 3, 2024</span></div></div>   </div></div></div> <div class="ctf-pagination"> <p class="counter pull-right"> Page 1 of 6</p><nav role="navigation" aria-label="New Pagination"> <ul class="pagination pagination-sm justify-content-center sans-serif"> <li class="pagination-start page-item"><li class="disabled page-item" > <a class="page-link" href="/"> <span class="fas fa-angle-double-left"></span></a></li></li> <li class="pagination-prev page-item"><li class="disabled page-item" > <a class="page-link" href="/"> <span class="fas fa-angle-left"></span></a></li></li> <li class="page-item"><li class="active page-item" > <a class="page-link" href="/"> 1</a></li></li> <li class="page-item"><li class="page-item" > <a class="page-link" href="/2024/entries/electronics?start=10"> 2</a></li></li> <li class="page-item"><li class="page-item" > <a class="page-link" href="/2024/entries/electronics?start=20"> 3</a></li></li> <li class="page-item"><li class="page-item" > <a class="page-link" href="/2024/entries/electronics?start=30"> 4</a></li></li> <li class="page-item"><li class="page-item" > <a class="page-link" href="/2024/entries/electronics?start=40"> 5</a></li></li> <li class="page-item"><li class="page-item" > <a class="page-link" href="/2024/entries/electronics?start=50"> 6</a></li></li> <li class="pagination-next page-item"><li class="page-item" > <a class="hasTooltip page-link" title="Next" href="/2024/entries/electronics?start=10"> <span class="fas fa-angle-right"></span></a></li></li> <li class="pagination-end page-item"><li class="page-item" > <a class="hasTooltip page-link" title="End" href="/2024/entries/electronics?start=50"> <span class="fas fa-angle-double-right"></span></a></li></li></ul> </nav></div></div></div> </section>  <section id="sidebar" class="right-column col-lg-4 col-md-5 d-md-block d-none"> <div><div class="module card text-center mb-3"> <div class="card-header py-1"> <h4>Gold Sponsor</h4></div> <div id="mod-custom259" class="mod-custom custom"> <p><a href="/sponsors/12587" target="_blank" rel="alternate noopener noreferrer"> <img style="padding-top: 10px;" data-src="https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/q_auto,f_auto/ctf/extra/sponsors/Summit-Interconnect-logo-2024-250.jpg" alt="Summit Interconnect logo" width="150" / class="lazyload"> </a></p></div></div> <div class="module card text-center mb-3"> <div class="card-header py-1"> <h4>View Entries by</h4></div> <div id="mod-custom260" class="mod-custom custom"> <div class="card-body"> <h4>Contest Category</h4></div> <ul class="list-group list-group-flush"> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/2024/entries/aerospace-and-defense/by-date">Aerospace & Defense</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/2024/entries/automotive-transportation/by-date">Automotive/Transportation</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/2024/entries/medical/by-date">Medical</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/2024/entries/electronics/by-date">Electronics</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/2024/entries/manufacturing-and-materials/by-date">Manufacturing & Materials</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/2024/entries/robotics-and-automation/by-date">Robotics & Automation</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/2024/entries/sustainable-technology/by-date">Sustainable Technology</a></li></ul> <div class="card-body"> <h4>Also</h4></div> <ul class="list-group list-group-flush"> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/tags">Tag Cloud</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/2024/entrants">2024 Entrants</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/2024/top-votes">Number of Votes</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/2024/entries/by-views">Number of Page Views</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/2024/entries">View All Entries</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="module card text-center mb-3"> <div class="card-header py-1"> <h4>2024 Contest Results</h4></div> <div id="mod-custom216" class="mod-custom custom"> <ul class="list-group list-group-flush"> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/2024/winners">Grand Prize & Category Winners</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/2024/top-100">Top 100 Entries</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/2024/entries">Browse All the Entries</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/2024/top-votes">Final Voting Scoreboard</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/2024/judges">Meet the Judges </a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="_right"> <h3>Follow Us</h3> <div id="ctf_followus" class="mt-3"> <a class="text-info fs-5" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=18e410eb5fc79f84f064431251ed4713&service_nickname=facebook&username=CreateTheFutureContest" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook fa-2xl"></i></a> <a class="text-info fs-5 ms-4" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=18e410eb5fc79f84f064431251ed4713&service_nickname=twitter&username=CTFcontest" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-twitter fa-2xl"></i></a> <a class="text-info fs-5 ms-4" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=18e410eb5fc79f84f064431251ed4713&service_nickname=linkedin_company&username=sae-media-group" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin fa-2xl"></i></a></div></div></div> </section>  </section>  <div id="footer"> <footer> <div class="loginbar"> <div id="cb-form" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="exampleModalLabel" aria-hidden="true" > <div class="modal-dialog modal-sm mt-5" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h5 class="modal-title" id="exampleModalLabel">Sign In</h5> <button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-bs_dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button></div> <div class="modal-body"> <form action="https://contest.techbriefs.com/account/login" method="post" id="login-form" class="form-inline cbLoginForm" data-bs-target="#cb-form"> <input type="hidden" name="option" value="com_comprofiler"/> <input type="hidden" name="view" value="login"/> <input type="hidden" name="op2" value="login"/> <input type="hidden" name="return" value="B:aHR0cHM6Ly9jb250ZXN0LnRlY2hicmllZnMuY29tLzIwMjQvZW50cmllcy9lbGVjdHJvbmljcw=="/> <input type="hidden" name="message" value="0"/> <input type="hidden" name="loginfrom" value="loginmodule"/> <input type="hidden" name="54d84334fa530961cc75ed9cda1c23f5" value="1" /> <div class="form-group mb-3 w-100"> <input name="username" type="username" class="form-control col-8" id="inputUserName" aria-describedby="userNameHelp" placeholder="Username"></div> <div class="form-group mb-3 w-100"> <input name="passwd" type="password" class="form-control col-8" id="inputPassword" placeholder="Password"></div> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary offset-2 col-8 mb-3">Submit <i class="fas fa-sign-in"></i></button> <a href="https://contest.techbriefs.com/account/forgot-login" class=" offset-2 col-8"> <span class="fas fa-unlock-alt"></span></span> Forgot Login? </a></form></div></div></div></div></div> <div class=" notify"> <div id="mod-custom142" class="mod-custom custom"> <p> Contest Notifications: <a href="/2023/winners">Click here for the full list of 2023 winning entries</a></p></div></div> <div class=""> <ul class="mod-menu mod-list nav "> <li class="nav-item item-10"><a href="https://www.saemediagroup.com/" >© 2024 SAE Media Group</a></li><li class="nav-item item-9"><a href="/privacy" class="ms-3">Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="nav-item item-854"><a href="https://status.saemediagroup.com/" class="ms-3">Service Status</a></li></ul></div> </footer>  </div>  </div>  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/cloudinary-core/2.13.1/cloudinary-core-shrinkwrap.min.js" tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-stp48jOOmT4TXnB4bMJ0rlcR7XagE92cqr7pEb+oFQox6qNSyKiN31GajDsg5VVn+HgM5mhOZinSRXowsRmgPg=="></script><script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/796c614b26.js" tb-donotmove async crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/masonry/4.2.2/masonry.pkgd.min.js" tb-donotmove async crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-JRlcvSZAXT8+5SQQAvklXGJuxXTouyq8oIMaYERZQasB8SBDHZaUbeASsJWpk0UUrf89DP3/aefPPrlMR1h1yQ=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/lazysizes.min.js" tb-donotmove async crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-q583ppKrCRc7N5O0n2nzUiJ+suUv7Et1JGels4bXOaMFQcamPk9HjdUknZuuFjBNs7tsMuadge5k9RzdmO+1GQ=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js" tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-v2CJ7UaYy4JwqLDIrZUI/4hqeoQieOmAZNXBeQyjo21dadnwR+8ZaIJVT8EE2iyI61OV8e6M8PP2/4hpQINQ/g=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap/5.2.3/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js" tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-i9cEfJwUwViEPFKdC1enz4ZRGBj8YQo6QByFTF92YXHi7waCqyexvRD75S5NVTsSiTv7rKWqG9Y5eFxmRsOn0A=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/js/bootstrap-select.min.js" defer tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-yrOmjPdp8qH8hgLfWpSFhC/+R9Cj9USL8uJxYIveJZGAiedxyIxwNw4RsLDlcjNlIRR4kkHaDHSmNHAkxFTmgg=="></script><script type="text/javascript" tb-donotmove> $(function () { var cl = cloudinary.Cloudinary.new({ cloud_name: "tbmg" }); cl.config({ defaultBreakpoints: [100,200,400,500,800,1000,1200], responsive_use_breakpoints: true, }); cl.responsive(); }); var match_md_max = window.matchMedia("(max-width: 991px)"); $(function () { var tooltipTriggerList = [].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('[data-bs-toggle="tooltip"]')) var tooltipList = tooltipTriggerList.map(function (tooltipTriggerEl) { return new bootstrap.Tooltip(tooltipTriggerEl) }) }); </script> <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js" as="script"/> <meta name="shareaholic:site_id" content="18e410eb5fc79f84f064431251ed4713"/> <script data-cfasync="false" async src="https://cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js"></script> <script tb-donotmove> window.fwSettings = { 'widget_id': 30000000144 }; !function () { if ("function" != typeof window.FreshworksWidget) { var n = function () { n.q.push(arguments) }; n.q = [], window.FreshworksWidget = n } }() </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://widget.freshworks.com/widgets/30000000144.js' async defer tb-donotmove> </script> <script src="/media/system/js/core.js" tb-donotmove></script>   <link href="https://olytics.omeda.com/olytics/css/v3/p/olytics.css" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="/components/com_comprofiler/plugin/templates/default/bootstrap.min.css?v=49a2bdfe30936590" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="/components/com_comprofiler/plugin/templates/default/fontawesome.min.css?v=49a2bdfe30936590" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="/components/com_comprofiler/plugin/templates/default/template.min.css?v=49a2bdfe30936590" rel="stylesheet" /> <script src="/media/system/js/core.js?37ffe4186289eba9c5df81bea44080aff77b9684"></script> <script src="/media/vendor/webcomponentsjs/js/webcomponents-bundle.min.js?2.8.0" nomodule defer></script> <script src="/media/vendor/bootstrap/js/bootstrap-es5.min.js?5.3.2" nomodule defer></script> <script src="/media/vendor/bootstrap/js/popover.min.js?5.3.2" type="module"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/templates/ctf_2019/css/template.min.css?t=1733892067" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-gs01nFrNFaCFzLvqaR69tzsAe94mHtFisnTpwYypB64/eczgDxp+YPPHxhWvI+zFHrYH8Rbo6mUhd9m93B83uw=="/> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/plugins/print/ls.print.min.js" defer crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-tY3D/iSWSdQE2NSLW/mRWQd/bvHAGjyCLRwSd23sqNbbgVnUaah2t+ZpX7hdBOskZ7PqYvwe4E+qxNARGojJGQ=="></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/limonte-sweetalert2/11.15.10/sweetalert2.all.min.js" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-KWZQo2EiUMmEMrjJUUZoWP8k/mL57L5PPjQF23Vv77jGidQK8WPsX/RoQ7uI0cnjDDCU8ZXa1NG24HkLOqI9sg=="></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/css/bootstrap-select.min.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-g2SduJKxa4Lbn3GW+Q7rNz+pKP9AWMR++Ta8fgwsZRCUsawjPvF/BxSMkGS61VsR9yinGoEgrHPGPn2mrj8+4w=="/>  <script> /*! inlined from /media/system/js/keepalive-es5.min.js by ntb_minifier */ (function(){'use strict';if(!window.Joomla){throw new Error('Joomla API was not properly initialised');} var keepAliveOptions=Joomla.getOptions('system.keepalive');var keepAliveInterval=keepAliveOptions&&keepAliveOptions.interval?parseInt(keepAliveOptions.interval,10):45*1000;var keepAliveUri=keepAliveOptions&&keepAliveOptions.uri?keepAliveOptions.uri.replace(/&/g,'&'):'';if(keepAliveUri===''){var systemPaths=Joomla.getOptions('system.paths');keepAliveUri=(systemPaths?systemPaths.root+"/index.php":window.location.pathname)+"?option=com_ajax&format=json";} setInterval(function(){return fetch(keepAliveUri,{method:'POST'});},keepAliveInterval);})(); /*! inlined from /media/plg_system_webauthn/js/login.min.js by ntb_minifier */ window.Joomla=window.Joomla||{};((Joomla,document)=>{const interpolateParameters=(object,prefix='')=>{let encodedString='';Object.keys(object).forEach(prop=>{if(typeof object[prop]!=='object'){if(encodedString.length>0){encodedString+='&';} if(prefix===''){encodedString+=`${encodeURIComponent(prop)}=${encodeURIComponent(object[prop])}`;}else{encodedString+=`${encodeURIComponent(prefix)}[${encodeURIComponent(prop)}]=${encodeURIComponent(object[prop])}`;} return;} encodedString+=`${interpolateParameters(object[prop], prop)}`;});return encodedString;};const findField=(form,fieldSelector)=>{const elInputs=form.querySelectorAll(fieldSelector);if(!elInputs.length){return null;} return elInputs[0];};const lookForField=(outerElement,fieldSelector)=>{let elInput=null;if(!outerElement){return elInput;} const elElement=outerElement.parentElement;if(elElement.nodeName==='FORM'){elInput=findField(elElement,fieldSelector);return elInput;} const elForms=elElement.querySelectorAll('form');if(elForms.length){for(let i=0;i<elForms.length;i+=1){elInput=findField(elForms[i],fieldSelector);if(elInput!==null){return elInput;}}} return null;};const handleLoginError=message=>{Joomla.renderMessages({error:[message]});};const handleLoginChallenge=publicKey=>{const arrayToBase64String=a=>btoa(String.fromCharCode(...a));const base64url2base64=input=>{let output=input.replace(/-/g,'+').replace(/_/g,'/');const pad=output.length%4;if(pad){if(pad===1){throw new Error('InvalidLengthError: Input base64url string is the wrong length to determine padding');} output+=new Array(5-pad).join('=');} return output;};if(!publicKey.challenge){handleLoginError(Joomla.Text._('PLG_SYSTEM_WEBAUTHN_ERR_INVALID_USERNAME'));return;} publicKey.challenge=Uint8Array.from(window.atob(base64url2base64(publicKey.challenge)),c=>c.charCodeAt(0));if(publicKey.allowCredentials){publicKey.allowCredentials=publicKey.allowCredentials.map(data=>{data.id=Uint8Array.from(window.atob(base64url2base64(data.id)),c=>c.charCodeAt(0));return data;});} navigator.credentials.get({publicKey}).then(data=>{const publicKeyCredential={id:data.id,type:data.type,rawId:arrayToBase64String(new Uint8Array(data.rawId)),response:{authenticatorData:arrayToBase64String(new Uint8Array(data.response.authenticatorData)),clientDataJSON:arrayToBase64String(new Uint8Array(data.response.clientDataJSON)),signature:arrayToBase64String(new Uint8Array(data.response.signature)),userHandle:data.response.userHandle?arrayToBase64String(new Uint8Array(data.response.userHandle)):null}};const paths=Joomla.getOptions('system.paths');window.location=`${paths ? `${paths.base}/index.php` : window.location.pathname}?${Joomla.getOptions('csrf.token')}=1&option=com_ajax&group=system&plugin=webauthn&`+`format=raw&akaction=login&encoding=redirect&data=${btoa(JSON.stringify(publicKeyCredential))}`;}).catch(error=>{handleLoginError(error);});};Joomla.plgSystemWebauthnLogin=formId=>{const elFormContainer=document.getElementById(formId);const elUsername=lookForField(elFormContainer,'input[name=username]');const elReturn=lookForField(elFormContainer,'input[name=return]');if(elUsername===null){Joomla.renderMessages({error:[Joomla.Text._('PLG_SYSTEM_WEBAUTHN_ERR_CANNOT_FIND_USERNAME')]});return false;} const username=elUsername.value;const returnUrl=elReturn?elReturn.value:null;if(username===''){Joomla.renderMessages({error:[Joomla.Text._('PLG_SYSTEM_WEBAUTHN_ERR_EMPTY_USERNAME')]});return false;} const postBackData={option:'com_ajax',group:'system',plugin:'webauthn',format:'raw',akaction:'challenge',encoding:'raw',username,returnUrl};postBackData[Joomla.getOptions('csrf.token')]=1;const paths=Joomla.getOptions('system.paths');Joomla.request({url:`${paths ? `${paths.base}/index.php` : window.location.pathname}?${Joomla.getOptions('csrf.token')}=1`,method:'POST',data:interpolateParameters(postBackData),onSuccess(rawResponse){let jsonData={};try{jsonData=JSON.parse(rawResponse);}catch(e){} handleLoginChallenge(jsonData);},onError:xhr=>{handleLoginError(`${xhr.status} ${xhr.statusText}`);}});return false;};const loginButtons=[].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('.plg_system_webauthn_login_button'));if(loginButtons.length){loginButtons.forEach(button=>{button.addEventListener('click',({currentTarget})=>{Joomla.plgSystemWebauthnLogin(currentTarget.getAttribute('data-webauthn-form'));});});}})(Joomla,document); /*! inlined from /media/system/js/joomla-hidden-mail-es5.min.js by ntb_minifier */ (function(){'use strict';function _inheritsLoose(subClass,superClass){subClass.prototype=Object.create(superClass.prototype);subClass.prototype.constructor=subClass;_setPrototypeOf(subClass,superClass);} function _getPrototypeOf(o){_getPrototypeOf=Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.getPrototypeOf.bind():function _getPrototypeOf(o){return o.__proto__||Object.getPrototypeOf(o);};return _getPrototypeOf(o);} function _setPrototypeOf(o,p){_setPrototypeOf=Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf.bind():function _setPrototypeOf(o,p){o.__proto__=p;return o;};return _setPrototypeOf(o,p);} function _isNativeReflectConstruct(){if(typeof Reflect==="undefined"||!Reflect.construct)return false;if(Reflect.construct.sham)return false;if(typeof Proxy==="function")return true;try{Boolean.prototype.valueOf.call(Reflect.construct(Boolean,[],function(){}));return true;}catch(e){return false;}} function _construct(Parent,args,Class){if(_isNativeReflectConstruct()){_construct=Reflect.construct.bind();}else{_construct=function _construct(Parent,args,Class){var a=[null];a.push.apply(a,args);var Constructor=Function.bind.apply(Parent,a);var instance=new Constructor();if(Class)_setPrototypeOf(instance,Class.prototype);return instance;};} return _construct.apply(null,arguments);} function _isNativeFunction(fn){return Function.toString.call(fn).indexOf("[native code]")!==-1;} function _wrapNativeSuper(Class){var _cache=typeof Map==="function"?new Map():undefined;_wrapNativeSuper=function _wrapNativeSuper(Class){if(Class===null||!_isNativeFunction(Class))return Class;if(typeof Class!=="function"){throw new TypeError("Super expression must either be null or a function");} if(typeof _cache!=="undefined"){if(_cache.has(Class))return _cache.get(Class);_cache.set(Class,Wrapper);} function Wrapper(){return _construct(Class,arguments,_getPrototypeOf(this).constructor);} Wrapper.prototype=Object.create(Class.prototype,{constructor:{value:Wrapper,enumerable:false,writable:true,configurable:true}});return _setPrototypeOf(Wrapper,Class);};return _wrapNativeSuper(Class);} window.customElements.define('joomla-hidden-mail',function(_HTMLElement){_inheritsLoose(_class,_HTMLElement);function _class(){var _this;_this=_HTMLElement.call(this)||this;_this.newElement='';_this.base='';return _this;} var _proto=_class.prototype;_proto.disconnectedCallback=function disconnectedCallback(){this.innerHTML='';};_proto.connectedCallback=function connectedCallback(){var _this2=this;this.base=this.getAttribute('base')+"/";if(this.getAttribute('is-link')==='1'){this.newElement=document.createElement('a');this.newElement.setAttribute('href',"mailto:"+this.constructor.b64DecodeUnicode(this.getAttribute('first'))+"@"+this.constructor.b64DecodeUnicode(this.getAttribute('last')));[].slice.call(this.attributes).forEach(function(attribute,index){var _this2$attributes$ite=_this2.attributes.item(index),nodeName=_this2$attributes$ite.nodeName;if(nodeName){if(['is-link','is-email','first','last','text'].indexOf(nodeName)===-1){var _this2$attributes$ite2=_this2.attributes.item(index),nodeValue=_this2$attributes$ite2.nodeValue;_this2.newElement.setAttribute(nodeName,nodeValue);}}});}else{this.newElement=document.createElement('span');} if(this.getAttribute('text')){var innerStr=this.constructor.b64DecodeUnicode(this.getAttribute('text'));innerStr=innerStr.replace('src="images/',"src=\""+this.base+"images/").replace('src="media/',"src=\""+this.base+"media/");this.newElement.innerHTML=Joomla.sanitizeHtml(innerStr);}else{this.newElement.innerText=window.atob(this.getAttribute('first'))+"@"+window.atob(this.getAttribute('last'));} this.removeAttribute('class');this.removeAttribute('style');this.innerText='';this.appendChild(this.newElement);};_class.b64DecodeUnicode=function b64DecodeUnicode(str){return decodeURIComponent(Array.prototype.map.call(atob(str),function(c){return"%"+("00"+c.charCodeAt(0).toString(16)).slice(-2);}).join(''));};return _class;}(_wrapNativeSuper(HTMLElement)));})(); /*! inlined from /media/mod_menu/js/menu-es5.min.js by ntb_minifier */ (function(){'use strict';(function(){function topLevelMouseOver(el,settings){var ulChild=el.querySelector('ul');if(ulChild){ulChild.setAttribute('aria-hidden','false');ulChild.classList.add(settings.menuHoverClass);}} function topLevelMouseOut(el,settings){var ulChild=el.querySelector('ul');if(ulChild){ulChild.setAttribute('aria-hidden','true');ulChild.classList.remove(settings.menuHoverClass);}} function setupNavigation(nav){var settings={menuHoverClass:'show-menu',dir:'ltr'};var topLevelChilds=nav.querySelectorAll(':scope > li');topLevelChilds.forEach(function(topLevelEl){var linkEl=topLevelEl.querySelector('a');if(linkEl){linkEl.tabIndex='0';linkEl.addEventListener('mouseover',topLevelMouseOver(topLevelEl,settings));linkEl.addEventListener('mouseout',topLevelMouseOut(topLevelEl,settings));} var spanEl=topLevelEl.querySelector('span');if(spanEl){spanEl.tabIndex='0';spanEl.addEventListener('mouseover',topLevelMouseOver(topLevelEl,settings));spanEl.addEventListener('mouseout',topLevelMouseOut(topLevelEl,settings));} topLevelEl.addEventListener('mouseover',function(_ref){var currentTarget=_ref.currentTarget;var ulChild=currentTarget.querySelector('ul');if(ulChild){ulChild.setAttribute('aria-hidden','false');ulChild.classList.add(settings.menuHoverClass);}});topLevelEl.addEventListener('mouseout',function(_ref2){var currentTarget=_ref2.currentTarget;var ulChild=currentTarget.querySelector('ul');if(ulChild){ulChild.setAttribute('aria-hidden','true');ulChild.classList.remove(settings.menuHoverClass);}});topLevelEl.addEventListener('focus',function(_ref3){var currentTarget=_ref3.currentTarget;var ulChild=currentTarget.querySelector('ul');if(ulChild){ulChild.setAttribute('aria-hidden','true');ulChild.classList.add(settings.menuHoverClass);}});topLevelEl.addEventListener('blur',function(_ref4){var currentTarget=_ref4.currentTarget;var ulChild=currentTarget.querySelector('ul');if(ulChild){ulChild.setAttribute('aria-hidden','false');ulChild.classList.remove(settings.menuHoverClass);}});topLevelEl.addEventListener('keydown',function(event){var keyName=event.key;var curEl=event.target;var curLiEl=curEl.parentElement;var curUlEl=curLiEl.parentElement;var prevLiEl=curLiEl.previousElementSibling;var nextLiEl=curLiEl.nextElementSibling;if(!prevLiEl){prevLiEl=curUlEl.children[curUlEl.children.length-1];} if(!nextLiEl){var _curUlEl$children=curUlEl.children;nextLiEl=_curUlEl$children[0];} switch(keyName){case'ArrowLeft':event.preventDefault();if(settings.dir==='rtl'){nextLiEl.children[0].focus();}else{prevLiEl.children[0].focus();} break;case'ArrowRight':event.preventDefault();if(settings.dir==='rtl'){prevLiEl.children[0].focus();}else{nextLiEl.children[0].focus();} break;case'ArrowUp':{event.preventDefault();var parent=curLiEl.parentElement.parentElement;if(parent.nodeName==='LI'){parent.children[0].focus();}else{prevLiEl.children[0].focus();} break;} case'ArrowDown':event.preventDefault();if(curLiEl.classList.contains('parent')){var child=curLiEl.querySelector('ul');if(child!=null){var childLi=child.querySelector('li');childLi.children[0].focus();}else{nextLiEl.children[0].focus();}}else{nextLiEl.children[0].focus();} break;}});});} document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',function(){var navs=document.querySelectorAll('.nav');[].forEach.call(navs,function(nav){setupNavigation(nav);});});})();})();(function(){var cx='015407278790088682131:yshqqymtj30';var gcse=document.createElement('script');gcse.type='text/javascript';gcse.async=true;gcse.src=(document.location.protocol=='https:'?'https:':'http:')+'//www.google.com/cse/cse.js?cx='+cx;var s=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(gcse,s);})();window.olytics||(window.olytics=[]),window.olytics.methods=["fire","confirm"],window.olytics.factory=function(i){return function(){var t=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);return t.unshift(i),window.olytics.push(t),window.olytics}};for(var i=0;i<window.olytics.methods.length;i++){var method=window.olytics.methods[i];window.olytics[method]=window.olytics.factory(method)} olytics.load=function(i){if(!document.getElementById("olyticsImport")){window.a=window.olytics;var t=document.createElement("script");t.async=!0,t.id="olyticsImport",t.type="text/javascript";var o="";void 0!==i&&void 0!==i.oid&&(o=i.oid),t.setAttribute("data-oid",o),t.src="https://olytics.omeda.com/olytics/js/v3/p/olytics.min.js",t.addEventListener("load",function(t){for(olytics.initialize({Olytics:i});window.a.length>0;){var o=window.a.shift(),s=o.shift();olytics[s]&&olytics[s].apply(olytics,o)}},!1);var s=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}},olytics.load({oid:"c1d61b8c10b7440fb3c59fe5b6424a6b"});$(document).ready(function(){olytics.fire({behaviorId:'7566A8018245A8G',category:'Index',tag:'Electronics'});});window.olytics||(window.olytics=[]),window.olytics.methods=["fire","confirm"],window.olytics.factory=function(i){return function(){var t=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);return t.unshift(i),window.olytics.push(t),window.olytics}};for(var i=0;i<window.olytics.methods.length;i++){var method=window.olytics.methods[i];window.olytics[method]=window.olytics.factory(method)} olytics.load=function(i){if(!document.getElementById("olyticsImport")){window.a=window.olytics;var t=document.createElement("script");t.async=!0,t.id="olyticsImport",t.type="text/javascript";var o="";void 0!==i&&void 0!==i.oid&&(o=i.oid),t.setAttribute("data-oid",o),t.src="https://olytics.omeda.com/olytics/js/v3/p/olytics.min.js",t.addEventListener("load",function(t){for(olytics.initialize({Olytics:i});window.a.length>0;){var o=window.a.shift(),s=o.shift();olytics[s]&&olytics[s].apply(olytics,o)}},!1);var s=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}},olytics.load({oid:"c1d61b8c10b7440fb3c59fe5b6424a6b"});$(document).ready(function(){olytics.fire({behaviorId:'7566A8018245A8G',category:'',tag:''});});$(document).ready(function(){$('#cb-form').on('shown.bs.modal',function(){$('#inputUserName').focus();})});var _extraWatchParams=_extraWatchParams||[];_extraWatchParams.projectId='db832384-b716-4141-b539-b453c5613e25';(function(){var ew=document.createElement('script');ew.type='text/javascript';ew.async=true;ew.src='https://agent.extrawatch.com/agent/js/ew.js';var s=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(ew,s);})();FreshworksWidget('hide','launcher');FreshworksWidget('identify','ticketForm',{name:'',email:'',});FreshworksWidget('prefill','ticketForm',{group_id:30000055696,});FreshworksWidget('hide','ticketForm',['group_id']);$(function(){$("a.contact-us").click(function(){FreshworksWidget('open');});}); /*! inlined from /templates/ctf_2019/js/custom.min.js by ntb_minifier */ $(window).scroll(function(){if($(document).scrollTop()>202){$('nav').addClass('shrink');$('.main-nav').addClass('main-nav-stick');$('body').addClass('body-pad');}else{$('nav').removeClass('shrink');$('.main-nav').removeClass('main-nav-stick');$('body').removeClass('body-pad');}});$(function(){function showNavbarSide(){$('#navbarSideContainer').addClass('reveal');$('.overlay').show();} function hideNavbarSide(){$('#navbarSideContainer').removeClass('reveal');$('.overlay').hide();} $('[id*=navbar-side-button]').on('click',function(){showNavbarSide();});$('[id*=search-side-button]').on('click',function(){showNavbarSide();$('#searchbox').focus();});$('.overlay').on('click',function(){hideNavbarSide();});$('#navbar-side-close').on('click',function(){hideNavbarSide();});});function checkWidth(){if($(window).width()>=768)$('.tb-filter-show').addClass("show");else $('.tb-filter-show').removeClass("show");} $(document).ready(checkWidth);$(window).resize(checkWidth); </script> </body> </html>