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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Originea_și_studiile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Originea și studiile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Originea_și_studiile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cariera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cariera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cariera</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cariera-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cariera subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cariera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Începuturile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Începuturile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Începuturile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Începuturile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anii_1951–1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anii_1951–1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Anii 1951–1990</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anii_1951–1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-După_1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#După_1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>După 1990</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-După_1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Markus Wolf</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 37 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81" title="يوهانس وولف – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوهانس وولف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81" title="جوهانس وولف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوهانس وولف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Volf" title="Markus Volf – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Markus Volf" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Маркус Вольф – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Маркус Вольф" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Маркус Вольф – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маркус Вольф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84" title="Маркус Волф – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маркус Волф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%86" title="Μάρκους Βολφ – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρκους Βολφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81" title="مارکوس ولف – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارکوس ولف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A3" title="מרקוס וולף – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרקוס וולף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95" title="マルクス・ヴォルフ – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルクス・ヴォルフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%BF%A0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B3%BC%ED%94%84" title="마르쿠스 볼프 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르쿠스 볼프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Маркус Вольф – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Маркус Вольф" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вольф, Маркус – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вольф, Маркус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84" title="Маркус Волф – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маркус Волф" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F" title="มาร์คุส ว็อล์ฟ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาร์คุส ว็อล์ฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Маркус Вольф – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маркус Вольф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf" title="Markus Wolf – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Markus Wolf" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB" title="马库斯·沃尔夫 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马库斯·沃尔夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q57399#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table class="infocaseta"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="antet biografii" style="background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Markus Wolf</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1208-420,_Markus_Wolf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1208-420%2C_Markus_Wolf.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1208-420%2C_Markus_Wolf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1208-420%2C_Markus_Wolf.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1208-420%2C_Markus_Wolf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1208-420%2C_Markus_Wolf.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1208-420%2C_Markus_Wolf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Date personale</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Nume la naștere</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="de">Markus Johannes Wolf</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57399#P1449" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Născut</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><time datetime="1923-01-19"><a href="/wiki/19_ianuarie" title="19 ianuarie">19 ianuarie</a> <a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a></time><sup id="cite_ref-fe7b9e27e702a191247104db5b9d8a69_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fe7b9e27e702a191247104db5b9d8a69-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><sup id="cite_ref-45409d7939e0aa5e45dfff01f82fe764_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45409d7939e0aa5e45dfff01f82fe764-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-23f5bd0fa6a7e805a679d6c8f490a269_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23f5bd0fa6a7e805a679d6c8f490a269-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-71e75f4041bef76299434a73297aa7b2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71e75f4041bef76299434a73297aa7b2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-5da92cc6f92ed793e16c48ac0a1040e9_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5da92cc6f92ed793e16c48ac0a1040e9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57399#P569" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Hechingen" title="Hechingen">Hechingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a><sup id="cite_ref-9b32ff0911a89b03dab0bedbedee345b_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9b32ff0911a89b03dab0bedbedee345b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57399#P19" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Decedat</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><time datetime="2006-11-09"><a href="/wiki/9_noiembrie" title="9 noiembrie">9 noiembrie</a> <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a></time> (83 de ani)<sup id="cite_ref-fe7b9e27e702a191247104db5b9d8a69_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fe7b9e27e702a191247104db5b9d8a69-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45409d7939e0aa5e45dfff01f82fe764_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45409d7939e0aa5e45dfff01f82fe764-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71e75f4041bef76299434a73297aa7b2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71e75f4041bef76299434a73297aa7b2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-03ff425d278b541381fea42da2d8dbd0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-03ff425d278b541381fea42da2d8dbd0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-5b6fb659ba17bf60f65c8c3fa2ceb58f_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5b6fb659ba17bf60f65c8c3fa2ceb58f-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57399#P570" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a><sup id="cite_ref-5b39383b980c4385f1794afcf04b21f8_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5b39383b980c4385f1794afcf04b21f8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57399#P20" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Înmormântat</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190494" class="extiw" title="d:Q190494"><span lang="de">Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="de">Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde</span> (cemetery in Berlin, Germany)|]]</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57399#P119" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Părinți</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wolf" title="Friedrich Wolf">Friedrich Wolf</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57399#P22" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Frați și surori</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q67637" class="extiw" title="d:Q67637"><span lang="de">Konrad Wolf</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="de">Konrad Wolf</span> (East German film director (1925–1982))|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95172665" class="extiw" title="d:Q95172665"><span lang="de">Thomas Naumann</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="de">Thomas Naumann</span> (German experimental physicist)|]]</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57399#P3373" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Copii</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15810321" class="extiw" title="d:Q15810321"><span lang="de">Franz Wolf</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="de">Franz Wolf</span> (German manager)|]]</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57399#P40" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Cetățenie</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Uniunea_Republicilor_Sovietice_Socialiste" title="Uniunea Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste">Uniunea Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste</a><sup id="cite_ref-cfe3e975e12162cbc4e1a9ad6c63673b_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfe3e975e12162cbc4e1a9ad6c63673b-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_East_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/20px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Republica_Democrat%C4%83_German%C4%83" title="Republica Democrată Germană">Republica Democrată Germană</a><sup id="cite_ref-cfe3e975e12162cbc4e1a9ad6c63673b_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfe3e975e12162cbc4e1a9ad6c63673b-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57399#P27" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Ocupație</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Scriitor" title="Scriitor">scriitor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jurnalist" title="Jurnalist">jurnalist</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ofi%C8%9Ber_de_informa%C8%9Bii" title="Ofițer de informații">ofițer de informații</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127327673" class="extiw" title="d:Q127327673"><span lang="de">Hauptamtlicher Mitarbeiter des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="de">Hauptamtlicher Mitarbeiter des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit</span> |]]</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57399#P106" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Locul desfășurării activității</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Moscova" title="Moscova">Moscova</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57399#P937" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Limbi vorbite</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Limba_rus%C4%83" title="Limba rusă">limba rusă</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83" title="Limba germană">limba germană</a><sup id="cite_ref-5dd125d7bd5be01cebeb5a3351048f4d_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5dd125d7bd5be01cebeb5a3351048f4d-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57399#P1412" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Activitate</th></tr><tr><th style=";"><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></i></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1293094" class="extiw" title="d:Q1293094"><span lang="ru-Latn">nemețkaia șkola imeni Karla Libknehta</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="ru-Latn">nemețkaia șkola imeni Karla Libknehta</span> (primary school in Moscow, Soviet Union)|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1719898" class="extiw" title="d:Q1719898"><span lang="ru-Latn">Moskovski aviaționnîi institut</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="ru-Latn">Moskovski aviaționnîi institut</span> (engineering higher education establishment in Moscow, Russia)|]]</span>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57399#P69" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Partid politic</th><td colspan="1" class="org" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Partidul_Unit%C4%83%C8%9Bii_Socialiste_din_Germania" title="Partidul Unității Socialiste din Germania">Partidul Unității Socialiste din Germania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partidul_Socialismului_Democrat_(Germania)" title="Partidul Socialismului Democrat (Germania)">Partidul Socialismului Democrat (Germania)</a>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57399#P102" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Premii</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Ordinul_Karl_Marx" title="Ordinul Karl Marx">Ordinul Karl Marx</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314806" class="extiw" title="d:Q314806"><span lang="de">Held der Arbeit</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="de">Held der Arbeit</span> (title of honour of erstwhile German Democratic Republic)|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280693" class="extiw" title="d:Q280693"><span lang="ru-Latn">iubileinaia medal «Sorok let Pobedî v Velikoi Otecestvennoi voine 1941—1945 gg.»</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="ru-Latn">iubileinaia medal «Sorok let Pobedî v Velikoi Otecestvennoi voine 1941—1945 gg.»</span> (commemorative medal of the Soviet Union)|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280693" class="extiw" title="d:Q280693"><span lang="ru-Latn">iubileinaia medal «Sorok let Pobedî v Velikoi Otecestvennoi voine 1941—1945 gg.»</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="ru-Latn">iubileinaia medal «Sorok let Pobedî v Velikoi Otecestvennoi voine 1941—1945 gg.»</span> (commemorative medal of the Soviet Union)|]]</span><small> (<time datetime="1985">1985</time>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-57dc6a0d7abb546f3ae14db39cfdd9f0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57dc6a0d7abb546f3ae14db39cfdd9f0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57399#P166" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Semnătură</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Markus_Wolf_Unterschrift.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Markus_Wolf_Unterschrift.svg/150px-Markus_Wolf_Unterschrift.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Markus_Wolf_Unterschrift.svg/225px-Markus_Wolf_Unterschrift.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Markus_Wolf_Unterschrift.svg/300px-Markus_Wolf_Unterschrift.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1973" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px ##F5F5DC solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57399" class="extiw" title="d:Q57399">date</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Markus_Wolf&action=edit&section=0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Biografie" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style> <p><b>Markus Johannes („Mischa”) Wolf</b> (n. <a href="/wiki/19_ianuarie" title="19 ianuarie">19 ianuarie</a> <a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hechingen" title="Hechingen">Hechingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> - d. <a href="/wiki/9_noiembrie" title="9 noiembrie">9 noiembrie</a> <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>) a fost un funcționar de stat german, care a condus timp de 34 de ani serviciul de informații externe al <a href="/wiki/RDG" class="mw-redirect" title="RDG">RDG</a> (<i>Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung</i> (HVA)) din cadrul <i>Ministerium für Staatssicherheit</i> („Ministerul Securității Statului”) din RDG, cunoscut îndeosebi prin abrevierea <i>MfS</i> (cea oficială) și prescurtarea populară <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a> a cuvîntului <i>Staatssicherheit</i>, („Securitatea statului”). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Originea_și_studiile"><span id="Originea_.C8.99i_studiile"></span>Originea și studiile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markus_Wolf&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Originea și studiile" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markus_Wolf&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Originea și studiile"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Markus Wolf a fost fiul medicului și scriitorului comunist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wolf" title="Friedrich Wolf">Friedrich Wolf</a> și fratele regizorului de film <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konrad Wolf — pagină inexistentă">Konrad Wolf</a>. După ce <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> și <a href="/wiki/NSDAP" title="NSDAP">naziștii</a> au ajuns la puterea în <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, instituind un regim <a href="/wiki/Totalitarism" title="Totalitarism">totalitar</a>, familia Wolf s-a refugiat în același an, <a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a>, în <a href="/wiki/Elve%C8%9Bia" title="Elveția">Elveția</a> apoi în <a href="/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba" title="Franța">Franța</a>, din cauza statutului politic de activist comunist al scriitorului Friedrich Wolf. </p><p>Friedrich Wolf a renunțat încă din <a href="/wiki/1913" title="1913">1913</a> la apartenența sa la <a href="/wiki/Iudaism" title="Iudaism">cultul iudaic</a>, iar soția sa, Else Dreiholz, (mama lui Markus Wolf) era germană <a href="/wiki/Cre%C8%99tinism" title="Creștinism">creștină</a>. Conform normele doctrinare ale iudaismului rabinic ortodox, Markus Wolf și fratele său nu au fost niciodată <a href="/wiki/Evrei" title="Evrei">evrei</a>. Dar, conform normelor legislative <a href="/wiki/Rasism" title="Rasism">rasiale</a> din <a href="/wiki/Germania_nazist%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Germania nazistă">Germania nazistă</a> (vezi <a href="/wiki/Legile_de_la_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Legile de la Nürnberg">Legile de la Nürnberg</a> promulgate în anii '30)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, prin care cetățenilor li s-a impus documentul <i>Ahnenpass</i>, „legitimația de descendență”, apartenența la iudaism era invocată pe baza concepțiilor rasiale ale nazismului. Scopul legislației naziste era purificarea rasială ceea ce a dus la o definiție criminală, arbitrară și inumană a iudaismului prin includerea unor persoane care nu erau de proveniență iudaică deplină sau renunțaseră în prealabil la religia mozaică. Legislația rasială a regimului nazist a ignorat dreptul uman minimal de libertate religioasă a omului. Conform legislației rasiale naziste din 1935, Friedrich Wolf ar fi fost clasificat ca „evreu plin” (<i>Volljude</i>), iar fiii săi „jumătate evrei” (<i>Halbjuden</i>), cu toate că nici unul dintre aceștia nu au avut vreodată vreo tangență valabilă cu iudaismul sau cu identitate evreiască. Pentru membrii familiei Wolf, legislația rasială nazistă ar fi putut duce la pierderea multor drepturi cetățenești, dar această eventualitate este o speculație gratuită. Potrivit legilor rasiste naziste (în vigoare în perioada 1935-1945), soții așa-ziși „arieni” din familiile „mixte” germano-evreiești erau de asemeni ținta unui regim de discriminare rasială și anulare de drepturi fundamentale; căsătoriile mixte erau condamnate de ideologia regimului nazist, iar germanii așa-ziși „arieni” clasificați drept „trădători”.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În orice caz, familia Wolf a plecat din Germania în 1933, înainte de apariția legilor rasiale de la Nürnberg, astfel încît cea mai plauzibilă eventualitate este că nu au făcut acest lucru din cauza unei legislații inexistente în acel moment, ci din cauza activității comuniste a lui Friedrich Wolf. <a href="/wiki/Naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturism">Naturist</a> convins și autor al unui bestseller numit <i>Die Natur als Arzt und Helfer</i> („Natura ca medic și ajutor”), acesta devenise membru al Partidului Comunist German și candidase din partea acestui partid la alegerile pentru Consiliul municipal din Stuttgart din 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>După victoria Aliaților asupra Germaniei naziste și abolirea legilor de la Nürnberg, au dispărut normele legislative care impuneau în mod criminal o identitate și o apartenență religioasă iudaică fictivă și rasială. Odată cu dispariția modalităților criminale naziste de impunere a unei identități religioase fictive, a dispărut eventualitatea ca Markus Wolf să poată fi considerat de apartenență iudaică, fapt care nu a existat niciodată. </p><p>Din <a href="/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba" title="Franța">Franța</a>, familia Wolf a emigrat în 1934 în <a href="/wiki/Uniunea_Sovietic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniunea Sovietică">Uniunea Sovietică</a>, unde Markus Wolf și fratele său, împreună cu copiii mai multor exilați germanofoni, au urmat școala. Între 1940-1942 Markus Wolf a fost student al facultății de aeronautică din <a href="/wiki/Moscova" title="Moscova">Moscova</a>, apoi a urmat cursurile școlii de partid a <a href="/wiki/Comintern" title="Comintern">Cominternului</a>, instituție refugiată din cauza celui de-<a href="/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial">al Doilea Război Mondial</a> de la Moscova în <a href="/wiki/Mun%C8%9Bii_Ural" title="Munții Ural">Munții Ural</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cariera">Cariera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markus_Wolf&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Cariera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markus_Wolf&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Cariera"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Începuturile"><span id=".C3.8Enceputurile"></span>Începuturile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markus_Wolf&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Începuturile" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markus_Wolf&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Începuturile"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În 1943 și-a început activitatea de redactor la <i>Deutscher Volkssender</i>, post de radio în limba germană din Moscova. În 1945 s-a întors în <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, făcând parte dintr-un grup de activiști comuniști supranumit „grupul Ulbricht” (condus de <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a>). A lucrat sub pseudonimul <i>Michael Storm</i> la <i>Berliner Rundfunk</i>, postul de radio înființat în sectorul sovietic al <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlinului</a>, unde a rămas până în 1949. În anii 1945-1946, Wolf a fost acreditat ca reporter la <a href="/wiki/Procesul_de_la_N%C3%BCrnberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Procesul de la Nürnberg">Procesul de la Nürnberg</a>. Între 1949 (anul proclamării Republicii Democrate Germane) și 1951, Markus Wolf a fost „prim consilier” la ambasada RDG în Moscova. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anii_1951–1990"><span id="Anii_1951.E2.80.931990"></span>Anii 1951–1990</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markus_Wolf&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Anii 1951–1990" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markus_Wolf&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Anii 1951–1990"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Din septembrie 1951, Wolf a participat la dezvoltarea noului serviciu de informații externe (<i>Aussenpolitischer Nachrichtendienst</i> - APN), care se prezenta spre exterior ca institut pentru cercetări în științele economiei. A devenit șef adjunct al secției principale III, contrainformații (<i>Hauptabteilung III (Abwehr)</i>). În 1952, a devenit șeful serviciului de informații APN. În 1953, acest serviciu a fost integrat în Ministerul Securității Statului (<i>Ministerium für Staatssicherheit - MfS</i>) cu denumirea <i>Hauptabteilung XV (Auslandsaufklärung)</i> („secția principală 15, informații externe”). În 1956, serviciului i-a fost scurtat numele <i>Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung</i>. Șeful serviciului, Markus Wolf, a fost avansat la rangul de general-maior și, în calitate de șef al spionajului, era totodată prim-adjunct al ministrului Securității statului, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Wollweber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Wollweber — pagină inexistentă">Ernst Wollweber</a>, apoi <a href="/wiki/Erich_Mielke" title="Erich Mielke">Erich Mielke</a>. În 1974, Markus Wolf a fost decorat cu <a href="/wiki/Ordinul_Karl_Marx" title="Ordinul Karl Marx">Ordinul Karl Marx</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abia în 1979, serviciul de informații externe al <a href="/wiki/RFG" class="mw-redirect" title="RFG">Republicii Federale Germania</a> a putut să-l identifice pe Wolf pe o fotografie făcută de serviciul <a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">suedez</a> de informații. În momentul fotografierii pe ascuns, Wolf se afla ca turist la <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>. Cel care l-a identificat a fost un fost locotenent-major al serviciului est-german condus de Wolf. Până în acel moment, serviciile occidentale nu dețineau o fotografie mai recentă decât cele de până în anii '50 - ceea ce îi adusese lui Wolf porecla „omul fără față”. </p><p>În 1986, Wolf a devenit general-colonel, dar a fost eliberat din funcții la cererea sa. În noiembrie al aceluiași an a avut loc, Wolf a încetat să mai facă parte din <i>MfS</i> (Ministerul Securității Statului). Și-a început activitatea scriitoricească. Prima carte publicată este întitulată <i>Die Troika</i> (Troica). </p><p>La 4 noiembrie 1989, Markus Wolf a participat la o mare demonstrație organizată în centrul Berlinului răsăritean (<i>Alexanderplatz</i>, „piața Alexandru”), unde a ținut o cuvântare în fața mulțimii, pronunțându-se în favoarea unor mari reforme, care au fost cerute de manifestanți. A cerut totodată apreciere și respect pentru lucrătorii MfS, dar mulțimea l-a fluierat și huiduit. Wolf nu a mai avut vreo șansă pentru o a doua carieră, în calitate de politician reformist, în cadrul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partidul_Unit%C4%83%C8%9Bii_Socialiste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partidul Unității Socialiste — pagină inexistentă">Partidului Unității Socialiste</a> (PUS). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="După_1990"><span id="Dup.C4.83_1990"></span>După 1990</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markus_Wolf&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: După 1990" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markus_Wolf&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: După 1990"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A respins o ofertă din partea Agenției Centrale de Informații, <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>, de a-l feri în Statele Unite ale Americii de eventuala urmărire penală germană în schimbul informațiilor secrete.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cu șase zile înaintea <a href="/wiki/Reunificarea_Germaniei" title="Reunificarea Germaniei">reunificării</a> celor două state germane, Markus Wolf a părăsit Germania, și cu ajutorul KGB-ului s-a refugiat la Moscova, tranzitând <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aflase că urma să fie arestat în Germania. După eșecul puciului sovietic împotriva președintelui <a href="/wiki/URSS" class="mw-redirect" title="URSS">URSS</a> <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Gorbaciov" title="Mihail Gorbaciov">Mihail Gorbaciov</a>, Wolf s-a reîntors în Austria, unde a cerut <a href="/wiki/Azil_politic" title="Azil politic">azil politic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Când azilul a fost respins, autoritățile austriece l-au dus la frontiera austro-germană de la <a href="/wiki/Bayerisch_Gmain" title="Bayerisch Gmain">Bayerisch Gmain</a>, unde a fost preluat de către autoritățile germane.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 1993, tribunalul regional Düsseldorf l-a condamnat pe Markus Wolf pentru trădare de patrie și luare de mită la o pedeapsă privativă de libertate de șase ani. Curtea constituțională a RFG a anulat capul de acuzare, trădare de patrie, motivând aceasta prin recunoașterea principiului că activitatea de spionaj în serviciul statului suveran Republica Democrată Germană a fost desfășurată în conformitate cu legislația acestui stat. </p><p>În 1996, Wolf a solicitat o viză de intrare în <a href="/wiki/SUA" class="mw-redirect" title="SUA">SUA</a>, pentru a putea participa la festivitatea lansării pe piață a <i>Memoriilor</i> sale, publicate de editura <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a></i>, și pentru a vizita un alt frate, cu care nu se mai văzuse din anii '30. Autoritățile americane i-au respins cererea, motivând că Wolf a avut un „trecut terorist”. În tot restul vieții, nu i-a fost permisă intrarea pe teritoriul american. </p><p>În 1997, Wolf a fost condamnat la doi ani închisoare cu suspendarea pedepsei, sub acuzația de răpire de libertate, vătămare corporală etc. în patru cazuri. În același an, Wolf a fost convocat să se prezinte ca martor într-un proces de spionaj pus pe rol împotriva unui politician social-democrat. Întrucât Wolf a refuzat să depună mărturie, a fost ținut trei zile în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arest_preventiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arest preventiv — pagină inexistentă">arest preventiv</a>. </p><p>În ultimii ani ai vieții, Markus Wolf a domiciliat în <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, unde a încetat din viață la <a href="/wiki/9_noiembrie" title="9 noiembrie">9 noiembrie</a> <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>. La sfârșitul aceleiași luni, urna lui Wolf a fost depusă în mormântul fratelui său Konrad, din cimitirul central civil Friedrichsfelde de la Berlin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markus_Wolf&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markus_Wolf&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Die Troika: Geschichte eines nichtgedrehten Films</i> (Troica: povestea unui film neturnat). Editura Aufbau, Berlin și Weimar, 1989, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/3351014503" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-351-01450-3</a></li> <li><i>In eigenem Auftrag: Bekenntnisse und Einsichten</i> (Din însărcinare proprie: mărturisiri și convingeri noi). Editura Schneekluth, München, 1991, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/3795112168" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-7951-1216-8</a></li> <li><i>Geheimnisse der russischen Küche</i> (Tainele bucătăriei rusești). Rotbuch (editura „Cartea roșie”), Hamburg 1995, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/3880224595" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-88022-459-5</a></li> <li><i>Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg: Erinnerungen</i> (Șef al spionajului în războiul secret: amintiri). Editura Econ & List, München, 1998, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/3612264826" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-612-26482-6</a></li> <li><i>Die Kunst der Verstellung: Dokumente, Gespräche, Interviews</i> (Arta disimulării: documente, convorbiri, interviuri). Editura Schwarzkopf und Schwarzkopf, Berlin 1998, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/3896021699" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89602-169-9</a></li> <li><i>Freunde sterben nicht. Das Neue Berlin</i> (Prietenii nu mor. Noul Berlin), Berlin, 2002, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/3360009835" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-360-00983-5</a></li> <li>Irene Runge, Uwe Stelbrink, <i>Markus Wolf: „Ich bin kein Spion“: Gespräche mit Markus Wolf</i> (Markus Wolf: „nu sunt spion”. Convorbiri cu Markus Wolf). Editura Dietz, Berlin, 1990, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/3320017527" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-320-01752-7</a></li> <li>Alexander Reichenbach, <i>Chef der Spione: Die Markus-Wolf-Story</i>. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1992, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/3421065446" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-421-06544-6</a></li> <li>Hans-Dieter Schütt, <i>Markus Wolf. Letzte Gespräche</i> (M.W.: ultimele convorbiri). Koproduktion der Verlage »Das Neue Berlin« und »Neues Deutschland«, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9783360012913" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-360-01291-3</a></li> <li>Rudolf Hirsch, <i>Der Markus-Wolf-Prozess: Eine Reportage</i> (Procesul Markus Wolf: un reportaj). Brandenburgisches Verlagshaus, Berlin 1994, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/3894880821" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89488-082-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markus_Wolf&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markus_Wolf&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-57dc6a0d7abb546f3ae14db39cfdd9f0-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57dc6a0d7abb546f3ae14db39cfdd9f0_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dfg-viewer.de/show/?set%5Bmets%5D=https://content.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/zefys/SNP2532889X-19850504-0-0-0-0.xml&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=3"><i><span lang="de">Neues Deutschland</span></i></a>, <time datetime="1985-05-04">4 mai 1985</time>, p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2024-10-27">27 octombrie 2024</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22de%22%3ENeues+Deutschland%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1985-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdfg-viewer.de%2Fshow%2F%3Fset%255Bmets%255D%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fcontent.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de%2Fzefys%2FSNP2532889X-19850504-0-0-0-0.xml%26tx_dlf%255Bpage%255D%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMarkus+Wolf" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fe7b9e27e702a191247104db5b9d8a69-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fe7b9e27e702a191247104db5b9d8a69_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fe7b9e27e702a191247104db5b9d8a69_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.babelio.com/"><i>Markus Wolf</i></a>, <span lang="fr">Babelio</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2017-10-09">9 octombrie 2017</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markus+Wolf&rft.pub=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22fr%22%3EBabelio%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.babelio.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMarkus+Wolf" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45409d7939e0aa5e45dfff01f82fe764-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-45409d7939e0aa5e45dfff01f82fe764_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-45409d7939e0aa5e45dfff01f82fe764_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brockhaus.de/"><i>Markus Wolf</i></a>, <span lang="de">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markus+Wolf&rft.pub=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22de%22%3EBrockhaus+Enzyklop%C3%A4die%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brockhaus.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMarkus+Wolf" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23f5bd0fa6a7e805a679d6c8f490a269-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23f5bd0fa6a7e805a679d6c8f490a269_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/"><i>Markus Wolf</i></a>, Find a Grave<span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2017-10-09">9 octombrie 2017</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markus+Wolf&rft.pub=Find+a+Grave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.findagrave.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMarkus+Wolf" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71e75f4041bef76299434a73297aa7b2-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-71e75f4041bef76299434a73297aa7b2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-71e75f4041bef76299434a73297aa7b2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.munzinger.de/search/query?query.id=query-00"><i>Markus Wolf</i></a>, <span lang="de">Munzinger Personen</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2017-10-09">9 octombrie 2017</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markus+Wolf&rft.pub=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22de%22%3EMunzinger+Personen%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.munzinger.de%2Fsearch%2Fquery%3Fquery.id%3Dquery-00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMarkus+Wolf" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5da92cc6f92ed793e16c48ac0a1040e9-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5da92cc6f92ed793e16c48ac0a1040e9_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com"><i>Markus Wolf</i></a>, Discogs<span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2017-10-09">9 octombrie 2017</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markus+Wolf&rft.pub=Discogs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMarkus+Wolf" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9b32ff0911a89b03dab0bedbedee345b-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9b32ff0911a89b03dab0bedbedee345b_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118854925">„Markus Wolf”</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2014-12-10">10 decembrie 2014</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Markus+Wolf&rft.btitle=Gemeinsame+Normdatei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd-nb.info%2Fgnd%2F118854925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMarkus+Wolf" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-03ff425d278b541381fea42da2d8dbd0-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-03ff425d278b541381fea42da2d8dbd0_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6131584.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6131584.stm</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F6131584.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMarkus+Wolf" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Lipsește sau este vid: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#citation_missing_title" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5b6fb659ba17bf60f65c8c3fa2ceb58f-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5b6fb659ba17bf60f65c8c3fa2ceb58f_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmportal.de/"><i>Markus Wolf</i></a>, Filmportal.de<span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2017-10-09">9 octombrie 2017</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markus+Wolf&rft.pub=Filmportal.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmportal.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMarkus+Wolf" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5b39383b980c4385f1794afcf04b21f8-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5b39383b980c4385f1794afcf04b21f8_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118854925">„Markus Wolf”</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2014-12-30">30 decembrie 2014</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Markus+Wolf&rft.btitle=Gemeinsame+Normdatei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd-nb.info%2Fgnd%2F118854925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMarkus+Wolf" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cfe3e975e12162cbc4e1a9ad6c63673b-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cfe3e975e12162cbc4e1a9ad6c63673b_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cfe3e975e12162cbc4e1a9ad6c63673b_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/360900"><i><span lang="ru">Volf-odinocika</span></i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ru%22%3EVolf-odinocika%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F360900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMarkus+Wolf" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5dd125d7bd5be01cebeb5a3351048f4d-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5dd125d7bd5be01cebeb5a3351048f4d_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12135838b"><i>Autoritatea BnF</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2015-10-10">10 octombrie 2015</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autoritatea+BnF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fcb12135838b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMarkus+Wolf" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Legile_de_la_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Legile de la Nürnberg">Legile de la Nürnberg</a> (primele două): a) <i>Gesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre</i>, pe scurt <i>Blutschutzgesetz</i> („Legea pentru protecția sângelui german și a onoarei germane” - Legea pentru protecția sângelui), sigla publicării oficiale: RGBl I, S. 1146; b) <i>Reichsbürgergesetz</i> („Legea cetățeniei reichului”), sigla publicării oficiale: RGBl. I, S. 1146 (RGBl = Reichsgesetzblätter (Colecția de legi ale Reichului); S = pagina)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Legile_de_la_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Legile de la Nürnberg">Legile de la Nürnberg</a>: vezi și prevederile privind <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volljude#Einstufung">categoriile de evrei</a>: „1/1, 1/2, 1/4”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Markus Wolf/Anne Hathaway, <i>Man Without a Face</i>, Public Affairs, New York, 1997. p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=3876">Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur | Recherche | Biographische Datenbanken</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/world/east-german-spymaster-takes-secrets-to-jail.html?ref=markuswolf">East German Spymaster Takes Secrets to Jail - NYTimes.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Markus Wolf/Anne Hathaway, Man Without a Face, Public Affairs, New York, 1997. p. 365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://einestages.spiegel.de/static/entry/club_der_toten_spione/14188/stasi_general_markus_wolf.html?o=position-ASCENDING&s=16&r=1&a=1959&c=1">einestages - SPIEGEL ONLINE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Markus Wolf/Anne Hathaway, Man Without a Face, Public Affairs, New York, 1997. p. 367</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markus_Wolf&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markus_Wolf&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Scurtă <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddr-im-www.de/Personen/Wolf.htm">biografie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060715094201/http://www.ddr-im-www.de/Personen/Wolf.htm">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2006-07-15">15 iulie 2006</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. tabelară a lui M. Wolf</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secretary.state.gov/www/briefings/9706/970609db.html">Comunicatul de presă</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041105174937/http://secretary.state.gov/www/briefings/9706/970609db.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2004-11-05">5 noiembrie 2004</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (<i>daily press briefing</i>) al ministerului de externe al SUA (<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Department — pagină inexistentă">State Department</a>) între altele cu privire la respingerea cererii de viză înaintată de M. Wolf</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,450700,00.html">Rușii acordă ultimul onor spionului șef din RDG</a> la <a href="/wiki/Spiegel_Online" title="Spiegel Online">Spiegel Online</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Personalit%C4%83%C8%9Bi_marcante_ale_R%C4%83zboiului_Rece" title="Format:Personalități marcante ale Războiului Rece"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Personalit%C4%83%C8%9Bi_marcante_ale_R%C4%83zboiului_Rece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Personalități marcante ale Războiului Rece — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Personalit%C4%83%C8%9Bi_marcante_ale_R%C4%83zboiului_Rece&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;">Personalități marcante ale <a href="/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_Rece" title="Războiul Rece">Războiului Rece</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Statele Unite ale Americii">Statele Unite</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dwight_David_Eisenhower" title="Dwight David Eisenhower">Dwight David Eisenhower</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> • <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> • <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> • <a href="/wiki/George_P._Shultz" title="George P. Shultz">George P. Shultz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> • <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Westmoreland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Westmoreland — pagină inexistentă">William Westmoreland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ethel_%C8%99i_Julius_Rosenberg" title="Ethel și Julius Rosenberg">Ethel și Julius Rosenberg</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldrich_Ames&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aldrich Ames — pagină inexistentă">Aldrich Ames</a> • <a href="/wiki/Harry_Gold" title="Harry Gold">Harry Gold</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/URSS" class="mw-redirect" title="URSS">URSS</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Vissarionovici_Stalin" title="Iosif Vissarionovici Stalin">I. V. Stalin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gheorghi_Malenkov" title="Gheorghi Malenkov">Gheorghi Malenkov</a> • <a href="/wiki/Viaceslav_Molotov" class="mw-redirect" title="Viaceslav Molotov">Viaceslav Molotov</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Grom%C3%AEko" title="Andrei Gromîko">Andrei Gromîko</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatoli_Dobr%C3%AEnin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatoli Dobrînin — pagină inexistentă">Anatoli Dobrînin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kos%C3%AEghin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Kosîghin">Alexei Kosîghin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Hru%C8%99ciov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikita Hrușciov">Nikita Hrușciov</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brejnev" title="Leonid Brejnev">Leonid Brejnev</a> • <a href="/wiki/Iuri_Andropov" class="mw-redirect" title="Iuri Andropov">Iuri Andropov</a> • <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Cernenko" title="Konstantin Cernenko">Konstantin Cernenko</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Gorbaciov" title="Mihail Gorbaciov">Mihail Gorbaciov</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_R%C3%AEjkov" title="Nikolai Rîjkov">Nikolai Rîjkov</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eduard_%C8%98evardnadze" title="Eduard Șevardnadze">Eduard Șevardnadze</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ghenadi_Ianaev" title="Ghenadi Ianaev">Ghenadi Ianaev</a> • <a href="/wiki/Boris_El%C8%9Bin" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Elțin">Boris Elțin</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ivanovici_Abel" title="Rudolf Ivanovici Abel">Rudolf Ivanovici Abel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Igor_Orlov" title="Igor Orlov">Igor Orlov</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oleg_Gordievski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oleg Gordievski — pagină inexistentă">Oleg Gordievski</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Regatul_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatul Unit">Regatul Unit</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Ernest Bevin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Kim Philby</a> • <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Anthony Blunt</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Burgess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Burgess — pagină inexistentă">Guy Burgess</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Maclean_(spion)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Maclean (spion) — pagină inexistentă">Donald Maclean</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba" title="Franța">Franța</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Auriol" title="Vincent Auriol">Vincent Auriol</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Coty" title="René Coty">René Coty</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_Poher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain Poher — pagină inexistentă">Alain Poher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a> • <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Republica_Federal%C4%83_Germania" class="mw-redirect" title="Republica Federală Germania">RFG</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> • <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Republica_Democrat%C4%83_German%C4%83" title="Republica Democrată Germană">RDG</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a> • <a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Guillaume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Günter Guillaume — pagină inexistentă">Günter Guillaume</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Markus Wolf</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Republica_Socialist%C4%83_Cehoslovacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republica Socialistă Cehoslovacia">Cehoslovacia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a> • <a href="/wiki/Milan_Kundera" title="Milan Kundera">Milan Kundera</a> • <a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jan_Palach" title="Jan Palach">Jan Palach</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton%C3%ADn_Novotny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonín Novotny — pagină inexistentă">Antonín Novotny</a> • <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Republica_Popular%C4%83_Polon%C4%83" title="Republica Populară Polonă">Polonia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Papa_Ioan_Paul_al_II-lea" title="Papa Ioan Paul al II-lea">Papa Ioan Paul al II-lea</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a> • <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek" title="Edward Gierek">Edward Gierek</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Republica_Popular%C4%83_Ungar%C4%83" title="Republica Populară Ungară">Ungaria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imre Nagy (politician)">Imre Nagy</a> • <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Horn" title="Gyula Horn">Gyula Horn</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Rajk" title="László Rajk">László Rajk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_N%C3%A9meth" title="Miklós Németh">Miklós Németh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gy%C3%B6rgy_L%C3%A1z%C3%A1r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="György Lázár — pagină inexistentă">György Lázár</a> • <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Gr%C3%B3sz" title="Károly Grósz">Károly Grósz</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Portugalia" title="Portugalia">Portugalia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_Caetano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcelo Caetano — pagină inexistentă">Marcelo Caetano</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81lvaro_Cunhal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Álvaro Cunhal — pagină inexistentă">Álvaro Cunhal</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salgueiro_Maia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salgueiro Maia — pagină inexistentă">Salgueiro Maia</a> • <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Soares" title="Mário Soares">Mário Soares</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Republica_Socialist%C4%83_Rom%C3%A2nia" title="Republica Socialistă România">România</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gh. Gheorghiu-Dej</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mihai_Pacepa" title="Ion Mihai Pacepa">Ion Mihai Pacepa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mihai_al_Rom%C3%A2niei" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihai al României">Mihai al României</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ion_Gheorghe_Maurer" title="Ion Gheorghe Maurer">Ion Gheorghe Maurer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chivu_Stoica" title="Chivu Stoica">Chivu Stoica</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Republica_Popular%C4%83_Bulgar%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Republica Populară Bulgară">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Todor_Jivkov" title="Todor Jivkov">Todor Jivkov</a> • <a href="/wiki/Petar_Mladenov" class="mw-redirect" title="Petar Mladenov">Petar Mladenov</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Jeliu_Jelev" title="Jeliu Jelev">Jeliu Jelev</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kolarov" title="Vasil Kolarov">Vasil Kolarov</a> • <a href="/wiki/Simeon_al_II-lea_al_Bulgariei" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon al II-lea al Bulgariei">Simeon al II-lea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gheorghi_Dimitrov" title="Gheorghi Dimitrov">Gheorghi Dimitrov</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Republica_Federativ%C4%83_Iugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republica Federativă Iugoslavia">Iugoslavia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" class="mw-redirect" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> • <a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" title="Milovan Đilas">Milovan Đilas</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ribar" title="Ivan Ribar">Ivan Ribar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ante_Markovi%C4%87" title="Ante Marković">Ante Marković</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Mesi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Mesić">Stjepan Mesić</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hodja" title="Enver Hodja">Enver Hodja</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Finlanda" title="Finlanda">Finlanda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Urho_Kekkonen" title="Urho Kekkonen">Urho Kekkonen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> • <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Giulio Andreotti</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> • <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cossiga" title="Francesco Cossiga">Francesco Cossiga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Bettino Craxi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> • <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_al_Spaniei" title="Juan Carlos I al Spaniei">Juan Carlos I</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Adolfo Suárez">Adolfo Suárez</a> • <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Carrero-Blanco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Carrero-Blanco — pagină inexistentă">Luis Carrero-Blanco</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Vatican" title="Vatican">Vatican</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Papa_Pius_al_XII-lea" title="Papa Pius al XII-lea">papa Pius al XII-lea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Papa_Ioan_al_XXIII-lea" title="Papa Ioan al XXIII-lea">papa Ioan al XXIII-lea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Papa_Paul_al_VI-lea" title="Papa Paul al VI-lea">papa Paul al VI-lea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Casaroli" title="Agostino Casaroli">Agostino Casaroli</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Poggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Poggi — pagină inexistentă">Luigi Poggi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Republica_Popular%C4%83_Chinez%C4%83" title="Republica Populară Chineză">China</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> • <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Republica_Chinez%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Republica Chineză">Republica Chineză</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Republica Cuba</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> • <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King — pagină inexistentă">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_St._Laurent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis St. Laurent — pagină inexistentă">Louis St. Laurent</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lester B. Pearson — pagină inexistentă">Lester Pearson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Clark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joe Clark — pagină inexistentă">Joe Clark</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Turner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Turner — pagină inexistentă">John Turner</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Mulroney — pagină inexistentă">Brian Mulroney</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Orientul<br /> Apropiat </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> </div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt">Egipt</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" class="mw-redirect" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ezer_Weizman" title="Ezer Weizman">Ezer Weizman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" class="mw-redirect" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salah_Jadid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salah Jadid — pagină inexistentă">Salah Jadid</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Karim_Qasim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim — pagină inexistentă">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr — pagină inexistentă">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a> <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Palestina" class="mw-disambig" title="Palestina">Palestina</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> • <a href="/wiki/George_Habash" title="George Habash">George Habash</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Coreea_de_Sud" title="Coreea de Sud">Coreea de Sud</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung-hee" title="Park Chung-hee">Park Chung-hee</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Ho_%C8%98i_Min" title="Ho Și Min">Ho Și Min</a> • <a href="/wiki/Le_Duan" title="Le Duan">Le Duan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo Dinh Diem</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a>  • <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Japonia" title="Japonia">Japonia</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kakuei_Tanaka" title="Kakuei Tanaka">Kakuei Tanaka</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nakasone" title="Yasuhiro Nakasone">Yasuhiro Nakasone</a> • <a href="/wiki/Toshiki_Kaifu" title="Toshiki Kaifu">Toshiki Kaifu</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Cambodgia" title="Cambodgia">Cambodgia</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> • <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lon_Nol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lon Nol — pagină inexistentă">Lon Nol</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Indonezia" title="Indonezia">Indonezia</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> • <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Hatta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Hatta — pagină inexistentă">Mohammad Hatta</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Malik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Malik — pagină inexistentă">Adam Malik</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto — pagină inexistentă">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq — pagină inexistentă">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Filipine" title="Filipine">Filipine</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidel_V._Ramos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fidel V. 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