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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Colombia</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Colombia" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Colombia" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For its predecessor, see <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Colombia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Colombia (disambiguation)">Colombia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Columbia (disambiguation)">Columbia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>Colombia,<a href="#cite_note-16">[b]</a> officially the Republic of Colombia,<a href="#cite_note-17">[c]</a> is a country primarily located in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> with <a href="/wiki/Insular_region_of_Colombia" title="Insular region of Colombia">insular regions</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> to the east and northeast, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> to the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> to the south and southwest, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> to the west, and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">departments</a>. The Capital District of <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a> is also the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Colombia_by_population" title="List of cities in Colombia by population">country's largest city</a> hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urban areas include <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn" title="Medellín">Medellín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta" title="Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAcuta" title="Cúcuta">Cúcuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibagu%C3%A9" title="Ibagué">Ibagué</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villavicencio" title="Villavicencio">Villavicencio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bucaramanga" title="Bucaramanga">Bucaramanga</a>. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi) and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a>—including language, religion, cuisine, and art—reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Colombia" title="Immigration to Colombia">immigration</a> from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Posada2-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> with those brought by the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> as well as with those of the various <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a> civilizations that predate colonization.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>, although <a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia_Creole" title="San Andrés–Providencia Creole">Creole, English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">64 other languages</a> are recognized regionally. <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Colombia</div><div class="ib-country-names">República de Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish" title="Colombian Spanish">Spanish</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Colombia"><img alt="Flag of Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Colombia" title="Flag of Colombia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Colombia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1153"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia" title="Coat of arms of Colombia"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "Libertad y Orden" (Spanish)<div>"Freedom and Order"</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Colombia" title="National Anthem of Colombia">Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia</a> (Spanish) "National Anthem of the Republic of Colombia"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="161" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_¡Oh,_gloria_inmarcesible!.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/United_States_Navy_Band_-_%C2%A1Oh%2C_gloria_inmarcesible%21.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/United_States_Navy_Band_-_%C2%A1Oh%2C_gloria_inmarcesible%21.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_%C2%A1Oh%2C_gloria_inmarcesible%21.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_%C2%A1Oh%2C_gloria_inmarcesible%21.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_%C2%A1Oh%2C_gloria_inmarcesible%21.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_%C2%A1Oh%2C_gloria_inmarcesible%21.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_%C2%A1Oh%2C_gloria_inmarcesible%21.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_%C2%A1Oh%2C_gloria_inmarcesible%21.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_%C2%A1Oh%2C_gloria_inmarcesible%21.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:COL_orthographic_(San_Andr%C3%A9s_and_Providencia_special).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Colombia (dark green)"><img alt="Location of Colombia (dark green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/COL_orthographic_%28San_Andr%C3%A9s_and_Providencia_special%29.svg/250px-COL_orthographic_%28San_Andr%C3%A9s_and_Providencia_special%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/COL_orthographic_%28San_Andr%C3%A9s_and_Providencia_special%29.svg/375px-COL_orthographic_%28San_Andr%C3%A9s_and_Providencia_special%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/COL_orthographic_%28San_Andr%C3%A9s_and_Providencia_special%29.svg/500px-COL_orthographic_%28San_Andr%C3%A9s_and_Providencia_special%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Colombia (dark green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Colombia&params=4_35_N_74_4_W_type:city">4°35′N 74°4′W / 4.583°N 74.067°W / 4.583; -74.067</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish" title="Colombian Spanish">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognized regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia_Creole" title="San Andrés–Providencia Creole">Creole English</a> (in <a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_and_Providencia" class="mw-redirect" title="San Andrés and Providencia">San Andrés and Providencia</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">64 other languages</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_iboxa">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2018 census<a href="#cite_note-grupos_%C3%A9tnicos-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-3">[3]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>87.58% <a href="/wiki/Mestizo_Colombians" title="Mestizo Colombians">Mestizo</a>-<a href="/wiki/White_Colombians" title="White Colombians">White</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a></li><li>6.84% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Colombians" title="Afro-Colombians">Afro-Colombians</a></li><li>4.31% <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">Indigenous</a></li><li>0.05% <a href="/wiki/Raizal" title="Raizal">Raizal</a></li><li>0.01% <a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero</a></li><li>0.01% <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Colombia" title="Romani people in Colombia">Romani</a></li><li>1.35% not stated</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>70.2% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li><li>16.8% other <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a></li><li>11.1% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li>1.9% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colombians" title="Colombians">Colombian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Colombia" title="Politics of Colombia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Gustavo Petro</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Colombia" title="Vice President of Colombia">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francia_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Francia Márquez">Francia Márquez</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Colombia" title="Congress of Colombia">Congress</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Colombia" title="Senate of Colombia">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Colombia" title="Chamber of Representatives of Colombia">Chamber of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>from Spain</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Colombian_War_of_Independence" title="Colombian War of Independence">Declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 July 1810</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Recognized </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 August 1819</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Last unitisation </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 August 1886</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Secession of <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 November 1903</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Constitution_of_1991" title="Colombian Constitution of 1991">Current Constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 July 1991</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Colombia" title="Geography of Colombia">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,141,748 km2 (440,831 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">25th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.1 (as of 2015)<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Colombia" title="Demographics of Colombia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"> 52,695,952<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">27th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">46.15/km2 (119.5/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">174th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $1.042 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CO-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">32nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $19,770<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CO-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">82nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $386.076 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CO-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">46th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $7,327<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CO-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">97th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 54.8<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>high inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.758<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-10">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">91st</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colombian_peso" title="Colombian peso">Colombian peso</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">COP</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−5<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_iboxb">[b]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Colombia" title="Time in Colombia">COT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">DMY</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Colombia" title="Telephone numbers in Colombia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Colombia" title="Telephone numbers in Colombia">+57</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CO" title="ISO 3166-2:CO">CO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.co" title=".co">.co</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_iboxa">^</a> Although the Colombian Constitution specifies Spanish (Castellano) as the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> in all Colombian territory, other languages spoken in the country by ethnic groups – approximately 68 languages – each is also official in its territory.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> English is also official in the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LEY47DE1993-12">[11]</a></li><li value="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_iboxb">^</a> The official Colombian time<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> is controlled and coordinated by the National Institute of Metrology.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Colombia has been home to many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">indigenous peoples and cultures</a> since at least 12,000 BCE. The Spanish first landed in <a href="/wiki/Guajira_Peninsula" title="Guajira Peninsula">La Guajira</a> in 1499, and by the mid-16th century, they had colonized much of present-day Colombia, and established the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">New Kingdom of Granada</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Santa_F%C3%A9_de_Bogot%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fé de Bogotá">Santa Fé de Bogotá</a> as its capital. <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> was achieved in 1819, with what is now Colombia emerging as the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_New_Granada" title="United Provinces of New Granada">United Provinces of New Granada</a>. The new polity experimented with federalism as the <a href="/wiki/Granadine_Confederation" title="Granadine Confederation">Granadine Confederation</a> (1858) and then the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Colombia" title="United States of Colombia">United States of Colombia</a> (1863), before becoming a republic—the current Republic of Colombia—in 1886. With the backing of the United States and France, <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">Panama seceded</a> from Colombia in 1903, resulting in Colombia's present borders. Beginning in the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity <a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">armed conflict</a> and political violence, both of which escalated in the 1990s. Since 2005, there has been significant improvement in security, stability, and rule of law, as well as unprecedented economic growth and development.<a href="#cite_note-Enough_Already!-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colombia's_GDP_growth-29">[26]</a> Colombia is recognized for its <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Colombia" title="Health care in Colombia">healthcare system</a>, being the best healthcare in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> and 22nd in the world.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">diversified economy</a> is the third-largest in South America, with macroeconomic stability and favorable long-term growth prospects.<a href="#cite_note-GDP-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-strongmacroeconomicmanagement-33">[30]</a> Colombia is one of the world's seventeen <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse countries</a>; it has the highest level of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Colombia" title="Biodiversity of Colombia">biodiversity</a> per square mile in the world and the second-highest level overall.<a href="#cite_note-Biodiversity_of_Colombia-34">[31]</a> Its territory encompasses <a href="/wiki/Amazon_natural_region" title="Amazon natural region">Amazon rainforest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andean_natural_region" title="Andean natural region">highlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orinoqu%C3%ADa_natural_region" title="Orinoquía natural region">grasslands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tatacoa_Desert" title="Tatacoa Desert">deserts</a>. It is the only country in South America with coastlines (and islands) along both the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_natural_region" title="Caribbean natural region">Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific/Choc%C3%B3_natural_region" title="Pacific/Chocó natural region">Pacific</a> oceans. Colombia is a key member of major global and regional organizations including the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean Community</a>; it is also a <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> Global Partner<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[33]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Pre-Columbian_era">2.1 Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Colonial_period">2.2 Colonial period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Independence">2.3 Independence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#20th_century">2.4 20th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#21st_century">2.5 21st century</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Climate">3.1 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Biodiversity_and_conservation">3.2 Biodiversity and conservation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Government_and_politics">4 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Foreign_affairs">4.1 Foreign affairs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Military">4.2 Military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">4.3 Administrative divisions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Agriculture_and_natural_resources">5.1 Agriculture and natural resources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Energy_and_transportation">5.2 Energy and transportation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Science_and_technology">5.3 Science and technology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Demographics">6 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Languages">6.1 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Ethnic_groups">6.2 Ethnic groups</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Religion">6.3 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Health">6.4 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Education">6.5 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Crime">6.6 Crime</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Urbanization">6.7 Urbanization</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Culture">7 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Literature">7.1 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Visual_arts">7.2 Visual arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Architecture">7.3 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Music">7.4 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Popular_culture">7.5 Popular culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Cuisine">7.6 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Sports">7.7 Sports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#General_information">11.1 General information</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Government">11.2 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Culture_2">11.3 Culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Geography_2">11.4 Geography</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The name "Colombia" is derived from the last name of the Italian navigator <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Christophorus Columbus, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Cristoforo Colombo, Spanish: Cristóbal Colón). It was conceived as a reference to all of the New World.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> The name was later adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Republic of Colombia</a> of 1819, formed from the territories of the old <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a> (modern-day Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, and northwest Brazil).<a href="#cite_note-LABLAA5-38">[35]</a> When Venezuela, Ecuador, and <a href="/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department_(1820)" title="Cundinamarca Department (1820)">Cundinamarca</a> came to exist as independent states, the former <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Republic_of_New_Granada" title="Provinces of the Republic of New Granada">Department of Cundinamarca</a> adopted the name "<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada" title="Republic of New Granada">Republic of New Granada</a>". New Granada officially changed its name in 1858 to the <a href="/wiki/Granadine_Confederation" title="Granadine Confederation">Granadine Confederation</a>. In 1863 the name was again changed, this time to <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Colombia" title="United States of Colombia">United States of Colombia</a>, before finally adopting its present name – the Republic of Colombia – in 1886.<a href="#cite_note-LABLAA5-38">[35]</a> To refer to this country, the Colombian government uses the terms Colombia and República de Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Colombia" title="History of Colombia">History of Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Colombian_history" title="Timeline of Colombian history">Timeline of Colombian history</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_era">Pre-Columbian era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_cultures_of_Colombia" title="Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia">Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Culturas_precolombinas_de_Colombia.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Culturas_precolombinas_de_Colombia.png/220px-Culturas_precolombinas_de_Colombia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Culturas_precolombinas_de_Colombia.png/220px-Culturas_precolombinas_de_Colombia.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Culturas_precolombinas_de_Colombia.png/330px-Culturas_precolombinas_de_Colombia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Culturas_precolombinas_de_Colombia.png/440px-Culturas_precolombinas_de_Colombia.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Location map of the pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia</figcaption></figure> Owing to its location, the present territory of Colombia was a corridor of early human civilization from <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a>. The oldest archaeological finds are from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pubenza_archaeological_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pubenza archaeological site (page does not exist)">Pubenza</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Totumo_archaeological_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Totumo archaeological site (page does not exist)">El Totumo</a> sites in the Magdalena Valley 100 kilometers (62 mi) southwest of Bogotá.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> These sites date from the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleoindian</a> period (18,000–8000 BCE). At <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Hormiga_archaeological_site" title="Puerto Hormiga archaeological site">Puerto Hormiga</a> and other sites, traces from the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Period_(Americas)" title="Archaic Period (Americas)">Archaic Period</a> (~8000–2000 BCE) have been found. Vestiges indicate that there was also early occupation in the regions of <a href="/wiki/El_Abra" title="El Abra">El Abra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tequendama" title="Tequendama">Tequendama</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department" title="Cundinamarca Department">Cundinamarca</a>. The oldest pottery discovered in the Americas, found in <a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto,_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="San Jacinto, Bolívar">San Jacinto</a>, dates to 5000–4000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> Indigenous people inhabited the territory that is now Colombia by 12,500 BCE. Nomadic <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> tribes at the El Abra, <a href="/wiki/Tibit%C3%B3" title="Tibitó">Tibitó</a> and Tequendama sites near present-day <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a> traded with one another and with other cultures from the <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_River" title="Magdalena River">Magdalena River</a> Valley.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> A site including eight miles (13 km) of <a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">pictographs</a> that is under study at Serranía de la Lindosa was revealed in November 2020.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> Their age is suggested as being 12,500 years old (c. 10,480 B.C.) by the anthropologists working on the site, because of extinct fauna depicted. It was during the earliest known human occupation of the area. Between 5000 and 1000 BCE, hunter-gatherer tribes transitioned to agrarian societies; fixed settlements were established, and pottery appeared. Beginning in the 1st millennium BCE, groups of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindians</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Muisca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%BA" title="Zenú">Zenú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quimbaya_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Quimbaya civilization">Quimbaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tairona" title="Tairona">Tairona</a> developed the political system of <a href="/wiki/Cacicazgo" title="Cacicazgo">cacicazgos</a> with a pyramidal structure of power headed by caciques. The Muisca inhabited mainly the area of what is now the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">Departments</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department" title="Boyacá Department">Boyacá</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department" title="Cundinamarca Department">Cundinamarca</a> high plateau (<a href="/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Altiplano Cundiboyacense">Altiplano Cundiboyacense</a>) where they formed the <a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca Confederation</a>. They farmed maize, potato, quinoa, and cotton, and traded gold, <a href="/wiki/Colombian_emeralds" title="Colombian emeralds">emeralds</a>, blankets, ceramic handicrafts, coca and especially <a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">rock salt</a> with neighboring nations. The Tairona inhabited northern Colombia in the isolated mountain range of <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_de_Santa_Marta" title="Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta">Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> The Quimbaya inhabited regions of the <a href="/wiki/Cauca_River" title="Cauca River">Cauca River</a> Valley between the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Occidental_(Colombia)" title="Cordillera Occidental (Colombia)">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Central_(Colombia)" title="Cordillera Central (Colombia)">Central</a> Ranges of the Colombian Andes.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Most of the Amerindians practiced agriculture and the social structure of each indigenous community was different. Some groups of indigenous people such as the Caribs lived in a state of permanent war, but others had less bellicose attitudes.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">New Kingdom of Granada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_New_Granada" title="Spanish conquest of New Granada">Spanish conquest of New Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish conquest of the Muisca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_(1475-1517)_-_An%C3%B3nimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Retrato_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%281475-1517%29_-_An%C3%B3nimo.jpg/170px-Retrato_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%281475-1517%29_-_An%C3%B3nimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 228px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Retrato_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%281475-1517%29_-_An%C3%B3nimo.jpg/170px-Retrato_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%281475-1517%29_-_An%C3%B3nimo.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Retrato_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%281475-1517%29_-_An%C3%B3nimo.jpg/255px-Retrato_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%281475-1517%29_-_An%C3%B3nimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Retrato_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%281475-1517%29_-_An%C3%B3nimo.jpg/340px-Retrato_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%281475-1517%29_-_An%C3%B3nimo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Antigua_del_Dari%C3%A9n" title="Santa María la Antigua del Darién">Santa María la Antigua del Darién</a>, the first stable European settlement on the continent</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a> (who had sailed with Columbus) reached the <a href="/wiki/Guajira_Peninsula" title="Guajira Peninsula">Guajira Peninsula</a> in 1499.<a href="#cite_note-LABLAA6-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> Spanish explorers, led by <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Bastidas" title="Rodrigo de Bastidas">Rodrigo de Bastidas</a>, made the first exploration of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Basin" title="Caribbean Basin">Caribbean coast</a> in 1500.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> navigated near the Caribbean in 1502.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> In 1508, <a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a> accompanied an expedition to the territory through the region of <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Urab%C3%A1" title="Gulf of Urabá">Gulf of Urabá</a> and they founded the town of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Antigua_del_Dari%C3%A9n" title="Santa María la Antigua del Darién">Santa María la Antigua del Darién</a> in 1510, the first stable settlement on the continent. <a href="#cite_note-51">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta" title="Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a> was founded in 1525,<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a> in 1533.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a> led an expedition to the interior in April 1536, and christened the districts through which he passed "<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">New Kingdom of Granada</a>". In August 1538, he provisionally founded its capital near the Muisca <a href="/wiki/Cacicazgo" title="Cacicazgo">cacicazgo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bacat%C3%A1" title="Bacatá">Muyquytá</a>, and named it "Santa Fe". The name soon acquired a suffix and was called Santa Fe de Bogotá.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-JaramilloUribe1989-56">[52]</a> Two other notable journeys by early conquistadors to the interior took place in the same period. <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Belalc%C3%A1zar" title="Sebastián de Belalcázar">Sebastián de Belalcázar</a>, conqueror of <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, traveled north and founded <a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a>, in 1536, and <a href="/wiki/Popay%C3%A1n" title="Popayán">Popayán</a>, in 1537;<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> from 1536 to 1539, German conquistador <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Federmann" title="Nikolaus Federmann">Nikolaus Federmann</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Orinoqu%C3%ADa_natural_region" title="Orinoquía natural region">Llanos Orientales</a> and went over the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Oriental_(Colombia)" title="Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)">Cordillera Oriental</a> in a search for <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a>, the "city of gold".<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> The legend and the gold would play a pivotal role in luring the Spanish and other Europeans to New Granada during the 16th and 17th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">conquistadors</a> made frequent alliances with the enemies of different indigenous communities. <a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indigenous allies</a> were crucial to conquest, as well as to creating and maintaining empire.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> Indigenous peoples in Colombia experienced a decline in population due to conquest as well as Eurasian diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, to which they had no immunity.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> Regarding the land as deserted, the Spanish Crown sold properties to all persons interested in colonized territories, creating large farms and possession of mines.<a href="#cite_note-TierrasColonia-64">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Econom%C3%ADaColonial-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-pol%C3%ADticaecon%C3%B3mica-66">[62]</a> In the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">nautical science</a> in Spain reached a great development thanks to numerous scientific figures of the <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a> and nautical science was an essential pillar of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_ship_development,_1400%E2%80%931600" title="Iberian ship development, 1400–1600">Iberian expansion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alonso_de_Santa_Cruz-67">[63]</a> In 1542, the region of New Granada, along with all other Spanish possessions in South America, became part of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>, with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> In 1547, New Granada became a separate captaincy-general within the viceroyalty, with its capital at Santa Fe de Bogota.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> In 1549, the <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Royal Audiencia</a> was created by a royal decree, and New Granada was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audience_of_Santa_Fe_de_Bogot%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audience of Santa Fe de Bogotá">Royal Audience of Santa Fe de Bogotá</a>, which at that time comprised the provinces of Santa Marta, Rio de San Juan, Popayán, Guayana and Cartagena.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> But important decisions were taken from the colony to Spain by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo,_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg/220px-Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg/220px-Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg/330px-Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg/440px-Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Battle of Cartagena de Indias</a>, a major Spanish victory in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a><a href="#cite_note-BattleofCartagena-73">[69]</a></figcaption></figure> In the 16th century, European slave traders had begun to bring <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">enslaved Africans</a> to the Americas. Spain was the only European power that did not establish <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">factories</a> in Africa to purchase slaves; the Spanish Empire instead relied on the <a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">asiento</a> system, awarding merchants from other European nations the license to trade enslaved peoples to their overseas territories.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> This system brought Africans to Colombia, although many spoke out against the institution.<a href="#cite_note-78">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[f]</a> The indigenous peoples could not be enslaved because they were legally <a href="/wiki/Commoners" class="mw-redirect" title="Commoners">subjects</a> of the Spanish Crown.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> To protect the indigenous peoples, several forms of land ownership and regulation were established by the Spanish colonial authorities: resguardos, encomiendas and haciendas.<a href="#cite_note-TierrasColonia-64">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Econom%C3%ADaColonial-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-pol%C3%ADticaecon%C3%B3mica-66">[62]</a> However, secret anti-Spanish discontentment was already brewing for Colombians since Spain prohibited direct trade between the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>, which included Colombia, and the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>, which included the Philippines, the source of Asian products like silk and porcelain which was in demand in the Americas. Illegal trade between Peruvians, Filipinos, and Mexicans continued in secret, as smuggled Asian goods ended up in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Department" title="Córdoba Department">Córdoba, Colombia</a>, the distribution center for illegal Asian imports, due to the collusion between these peoples against the authorities in Spain. They settled and traded with each other while disobeying the forced Spanish monopoly.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a> was established in 1717, then temporarily removed, and then re-established in 1739. Its capital was Santa Fé de Bogotá. This Viceroyalty included some other provinces of northwestern South America that had previously been under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Viceroyalties of New Spain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> and correspond mainly to today's Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama. Bogotá became one of the principal administrative centers of the Spanish possessions in the New World, along with <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, though it remained less developed compared to those two cities in several economic and logistical ways.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> declared war <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">on Spain</a> in 1739, and the city of Cartagena quickly became a top target for the British. A massive British expeditionary force was dispatched to capture the city, but, after achieving initial inroads, devastating outbreaks of disease crippled their numbers, and the British were forced to withdraw. The battle became one of Spain's most decisive victories in the conflict, and secured Spanish dominance in the Caribbean until the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BattleofCartagena-73">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> The 18th-century priest, botanist, and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Celestino_Mutis" title="José Celestino Mutis">José Celestino Mutis</a> was delegated by Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Caballero_y_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Antonio Caballero y Góngora">Antonio Caballero y Góngora</a> to conduct an inventory of the nature of New Granada. Started in 1783, this became known as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanical_Expedition_to_New_Granada" title="Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada">Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada</a>. It classified plants and wildlife, and founded the first astronomical observatory in the city of Santa Fe de Bogotá.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> In July 1801 the Prussian scientist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> reached Santa Fe de Bogotá where he met with Mutis. In addition, historical figures in the process of independence in New Granada emerged from the expedition as the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Caldas" title="Francisco José de Caldas">Francisco José de Caldas</a>, the scientist <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Antonio_Zea" title="Francisco Antonio Zea">Francisco Antonio Zea</a>, the zoologist <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Tadeo_Lozano" title="Jorge Tadeo Lozano">Jorge Tadeo Lozano</a> and the painter <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Rizo" title="Salvador Rizo">Salvador Rizo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Accessibility_dispute plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">accessibility</a> of this section is in question. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Colombia" title="Talk:Colombia">talk page</a>. (November 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Colombian_War_of_Independence" title="Colombian War of Independence">Colombian War of Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_New_Granada" title="First Republic of New Granada">First Republic of New Granada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AGHRC_(1890)_-_Carta_XI_-_Divisi%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica_de_Colombia,_1824.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_XI_-_Divisi%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica_de_Colombia%2C_1824.jpg/260px-AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_XI_-_Divisi%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica_de_Colombia%2C_1824.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4293" data-file-height="3452"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 209px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_XI_-_Divisi%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica_de_Colombia%2C_1824.jpg/260px-AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_XI_-_Divisi%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica_de_Colombia%2C_1824.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_XI_-_Divisi%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica_de_Colombia%2C_1824.jpg/390px-AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_XI_-_Divisi%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica_de_Colombia%2C_1824.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_XI_-_Divisi%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica_de_Colombia%2C_1824.jpg/520px-AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_XI_-_Divisi%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica_de_Colombia%2C_1824.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The departments of Gran Colombia in 1824</figcaption></figure> Rebellions against Spanish rule had occurred in the empire since the advent of conquest and colonization, but most were either crushed or remained too weak to change the overall situation. The last one that sought outright independence from Spain sprang up around 1810 and culminated in the Colombian Declaration of Independence, issued on 20 July 1810, the day that is now celebrated as the nation's Independence Day.<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> This movement followed the independence of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> (present-day Haiti) in 1804, which provided some support to an eventual leader of this rebellion: <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Santander" title="Francisco de Paula Santander">Francisco de Paula Santander</a> also would play a decisive role.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> A movement was initiated by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Nari%C3%B1o" title="Antonio Nariño">Antonio Nariño</a>, who opposed Spanish centralism and led the opposition against the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a> became independent in November 1811.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> In 1811, the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_New_Granada" title="United Provinces of New Granada">United Provinces of New Granada</a> were proclaimed, headed by <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Torres_Tenorio" title="Camilo Torres Tenorio">Camilo Torres Tenorio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> The emergence of two distinct ideological currents among the patriots (<a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">centralism</a>) gave rise to a period of instability called the <a href="/wiki/Patria_Boba" class="mw-redirect" title="Patria Boba">Patria Boba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> ended, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII" title="Ferdinand VII">Ferdinand VII</a>, recently restored to the throne in Spain, unexpectedly decided <a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_New_Granada" title="Spanish reconquest of New Granada">to send military forces</a> to retake most of northern South America. The viceroyalty was restored under the command of <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_S%C3%A1mano" title="Juan de Sámano">Juan de Sámano</a>, whose regime punished those who participated in the patriotic movements, ignoring the political nuances of the <a href="/wiki/Junta_(Spanish_American_Independence)" title="Junta (Spanish American Independence)">juntas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> The retribution stoked renewed rebellion, which, combined with a weakened Spain, made possible a successful rebellion led by the Venezuelan-born <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Military career of Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>, who finally proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">independence</a> in 1819.<a href="#cite_note-Historia_ilustrada_de_Colombia-100">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_Independence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalist (Spanish American Independence)">pro-Spanish resistance</a> was defeated in 1822 in the present territory of Colombia and in 1823 in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> During the Independence War, between 250 and 400 thousand people (12–20% of the pre-war population) died.<a href="#cite_note-19thcentury-105">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deremilitari-106">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambios_territoriales_de_Colombia.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cambios_territoriales_de_Colombia.gif/260px-Cambios_territoriales_de_Colombia.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="277" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="1154"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 277px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cambios_territoriales_de_Colombia.gif/260px-Cambios_territoriales_de_Colombia.gif" data-width="260" data-height="277" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cambios_territoriales_de_Colombia.gif/390px-Cambios_territoriales_de_Colombia.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cambios_territoriales_de_Colombia.gif/520px-Cambios_territoriales_de_Colombia.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> The territory of the Viceroyalty of New Granada became the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Republic of Colombia</a>, organized as a <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Subdivisions of Gran Colombia">union of the current territories</a> of Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela, parts of Guyana and Brazil and north of <a href="/wiki/Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n_River" title="Marañón River">Marañón River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_C%C3%BAcuta" title="Congress of Cúcuta">Congress of Cúcuta</a> in 1821 adopted a <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Constitution_of_1821" title="Colombian Constitution of 1821">constitution</a> for the new Republic.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> Simón Bolívar became the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">President of Colombia</a>, and Francisco de Paula Santander was made <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Colombia" title="Vice President of Colombia">Vice President</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> However, the new republic was unstable and the Gran Colombia ultimately collapsed. Modern Colombia comes from one of the countries that emerged after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Dissolution of Gran Colombia">dissolution of Gran Colombia</a>, the other two being Ecuador and Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-EtHisColombia-112">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-GranColombiaNuevaGranada-113">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> Colombia was the first <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional government">constitutional government</a> in South America,<a href="#cite_note-HistoriaConstitucional-115">[109]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Party" title="Colombian Liberal Party">Liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party" title="Colombian Conservative Party">Conservative</a> parties, founded in 1848 and 1849, respectively, are two of the oldest surviving political parties in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> was abolished in the country in 1851.<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> Internal political and territorial divisions led to the dissolution of <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> in 1830.<a href="#cite_note-EtHisColombia-112">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-GranColombiaNuevaGranada-113">[107]</a> The so-called "<a href="/wiki/Cundinamarca_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Cundinamarca Province">Department of Cundinamarca</a>" adopted the name "<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_New_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the New Granada">New Granada</a>", which it kept until 1858 when it became the "Confederación Granadina" (<a href="/wiki/Granadine_Confederation" title="Granadine Confederation">Granadine Confederation</a>). After a <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Civil_War_(1860%E2%80%931862)" title="Colombian Civil War (1860–1862)">two-year civil war</a> in 1863, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Colombia" title="United States of Colombia">United States of Colombia</a> was created, which became known as the Republic of Colombia in 1886.<a href="#cite_note-HistoriaConstitucional-115">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a> Internal divisions remained between the bipartisan political forces, occasionally igniting very bloody civil wars, the most significant being the <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Days%27_War" title="Thousand Days' War">Thousand Days' War</a> (1899–1902), in which between 100 and 180 thousand Colombians lost their lives when the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Party" title="Colombian Liberal Party">Liberal Party</a>, supported by <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Venezuela" title="United States of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1895%E2%80%931925)" title="History of Ecuador (1895–1925)">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> rebelled against the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party" title="Colombian Conservative Party">Nationalist government</a> and took control of <a href="/wiki/Santander_State" title="Santander State">Santander</a>, ultimately being defeated in 1902 by nationalist forces.<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia">La Violencia</a></div> The United States of America's intentions to influence the area (especially the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> construction and control)<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">separation of the Department of Panama</a> in 1903 and the establishment of it as a nation.<a href="#cite_note-SeparationofPanama-122">[116]</a> The United States paid Colombia $25,000,000 in 1921, seven years after completion of the canal, for redress of President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>'s role in the creation of Panama, and Colombia recognized Panama under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Thomson%E2%80%93Urrutia_Treaty" title="Thomson–Urrutia Treaty">Thomson–Urrutia Treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> Colombia and Peru went to <a href="/wiki/Leticia_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Leticia Incident">war</a> because of territory disputes far in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a>. The war ended with a peace deal brokered by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. The League finally awarded the disputed area to Colombia in June 1934.<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bogotazo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bogotazo.jpg/220px-Bogotazo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="244"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bogotazo.jpg/220px-Bogotazo.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bogotazo.jpg/330px-Bogotazo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Bogotazo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bogotazo" title="Bogotazo">Bogotazo</a> in 1948</figcaption></figure> Soon after, Colombia achieved some degree of political stability, which was interrupted by a bloody conflict that took place between the late 1940s and the early 1950s, a period known as <a href="/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia">La Violencia</a> ("The Violence"). Its cause was mainly mounting tensions between the two leading political parties, which subsequently ignited after the assassination of the Liberal presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Eli%C3%A9cer_Gait%C3%A1n" title="Jorge Eliécer Gaitán">Jorge Eliécer Gaitán</a> on 9 April 1948.<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> The ensuing riots in Bogotá, known as <a href="/wiki/El_Bogotazo" class="mw-redirect" title="El Bogotazo">El Bogotazo</a>, spread throughout the country and claimed the lives of at least 180,000 Colombians.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta-127">[121]</a> Colombia entered the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> when <a href="/wiki/Laureano_G%C3%B3mez" title="Laureano Gómez">Laureano Gómez</a> was elected president. It was the only Latin American country to join the war in a direct military role as an ally of the United States. Particularly important was the resistance of the Colombian troops at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Old_Baldy" title="Battle of Old Baldy">Old Baldy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Colombia's_legacy_with_Korea-128">[122]</a> The violence between the two political parties decreased first when <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Gustavo Rojas</a> deposed the <a href="/wiki/Laureano_G%C3%B3mez" title="Laureano Gómez">President</a> of Colombia in a coup d'état and negotiated with the guerrillas, and then under the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Military_Junta" title="Colombian Military Junta">military junta</a> of General <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Par%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel París">Gabriel París</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centro_de_Memoria_Hist%C3%B3rica_-_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Centro_de_Memoria_Hist%C3%B3rica_-_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg/220px-Centro_de_Memoria_Hist%C3%B3rica_-_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4232" data-file-height="3134"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Centro_de_Memoria_Hist%C3%B3rica_-_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg/220px-Centro_de_Memoria_Hist%C3%B3rica_-_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Centro_de_Memoria_Hist%C3%B3rica_-_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg/330px-Centro_de_Memoria_Hist%C3%B3rica_-_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Centro_de_Memoria_Hist%C3%B3rica_-_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg/440px-Centro_de_Memoria_Hist%C3%B3rica_-_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Axis of Peace and Memory, a memorial to the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a> (1964–present)</figcaption></figure> After Rojas' deposition, the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party agreed to create the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Colombia)" title="National Front (Colombia)">National Front</a>, a coalition that would jointly govern the country. Under the deal, the presidency would alternate between conservatives and liberals every 4 years for 16 years; the two parties would have parity in all other elective offices.<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> The National Front ended "La Violencia", and National Front administrations attempted to institute far-reaching social and economic reforms in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> Despite the progress in certain sectors, many social and political problems continued, and guerrilla groups were formally created such as the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">FARC</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)" title="National Liberation Army (Colombia)">ELN</a> and the <a href="/wiki/19th_of_April_Movement" title="19th of April Movement">M-19</a> to fight the government and political apparatus.<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> Since the 1960s, the country has suffered from an <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric</a> <a href="/wiki/Low_intensity_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Low intensity conflict">low-intensity</a> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_armed_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian armed conflict (1964–present)">armed conflict</a> between <a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">government forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_movements_in_Colombia" title="Guerrilla movements in Colombia">leftist guerrilla groups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramilitarism_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramilitarism in Colombia">right wing paramilitaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HistoricalCommission-135">[129]</a> The conflict escalated in the 1990s,<a href="#cite_note-Colombian_armed_conflict-136">[130]</a> mainly in remote rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-Colombian_conflict-137">[131]</a> Since the beginning of the armed conflict, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_defenders" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights defenders">human rights defenders</a> have fought for the respect for human rights, despite staggering opposition.<a href="#cite_note-140">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[h]</a> Several guerrillas' organizations decided to demobilize after peace negotiations in 1989–1994.<a href="#cite_note-Enough_Already!-28">[25]</a> The United States has been heavily involved in the conflict since its beginnings, when in the early 1960s the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> encouraged the Colombian military to attack leftist militias in rural Colombia. This was part of the U.S. fight against communism. <a href="/wiki/Mercenarie" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenarie">Mercenaries</a> and multinational corporations such as <a href="/wiki/Chiquita_Brands_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiquita Brands International">Chiquita Brands International</a> are some of the international actors that have contributed to the violence of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-HistoricalCommission-135">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enough_Already!-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-colombia-and-us-54-143">[135]</a> Beginning in the mid-1970s Colombian <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">drug cartels</a> became major producers, processors and exporters of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">illegal drugs</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">marijuana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[136]</a> On 4 July 1991, a new <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Constitution_of_1991" title="Colombian Constitution of 1991">Constitution</a> was promulgated. The changes generated by the new constitution are viewed as positive by Colombian society.<a href="#cite_note-145">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colombian_Constitution_of_1991-146">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Colombian_peace_process" title="Colombian peace process">Colombian peace process</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jefa_de_Estado_participa_en_ceremonia_de_la_Firma_de_la_Paz_entre_el_Gobierno_de_Colombia_y_las_FARC_E.P._(29953487045).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jefa_de_Estado_participa_en_ceremonia_de_la_Firma_de_la_Paz_entre_el_Gobierno_de_Colombia_y_las_FARC_E.P._%2829953487045%29.jpg/220px-Jefa_de_Estado_participa_en_ceremonia_de_la_Firma_de_la_Paz_entre_el_Gobierno_de_Colombia_y_las_FARC_E.P._%2829953487045%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3307" data-file-height="2206"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jefa_de_Estado_participa_en_ceremonia_de_la_Firma_de_la_Paz_entre_el_Gobierno_de_Colombia_y_las_FARC_E.P._%2829953487045%29.jpg/220px-Jefa_de_Estado_participa_en_ceremonia_de_la_Firma_de_la_Paz_entre_el_Gobierno_de_Colombia_y_las_FARC_E.P._%2829953487045%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jefa_de_Estado_participa_en_ceremonia_de_la_Firma_de_la_Paz_entre_el_Gobierno_de_Colombia_y_las_FARC_E.P._%2829953487045%29.jpg/330px-Jefa_de_Estado_participa_en_ceremonia_de_la_Firma_de_la_Paz_entre_el_Gobierno_de_Colombia_y_las_FARC_E.P._%2829953487045%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jefa_de_Estado_participa_en_ceremonia_de_la_Firma_de_la_Paz_entre_el_Gobierno_de_Colombia_y_las_FARC_E.P._%2829953487045%29.jpg/440px-Jefa_de_Estado_participa_en_ceremonia_de_la_Firma_de_la_Paz_entre_el_Gobierno_de_Colombia_y_las_FARC_E.P._%2829953487045%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Former President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a> signing a <a href="/wiki/Colombian_peace_process" title="Colombian peace process">peace accord</a></figcaption></figure> The administration of President <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Uribe" title="Álvaro Uribe">Álvaro Uribe</a> (2002–2010) adopted the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_security_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic security policy">democratic security policy</a> which included an integrated <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">counter-insurgency</a> campaign.<a href="#cite_note-147">[139]</a> The government economic plan also promoted confidence in investors.<a href="#cite_note-148">[140]</a> As part of a controversial peace process, the <a href="/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia" title="United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia">AUC</a> (right-wing paramilitaries) had ceased to function formally as an organization .<a href="#cite_note-CIAWFB-149">[141]</a> In February 2008, millions of Colombians demonstrated against FARC and other outlawed groups.<a href="#cite_note-150">[142]</a> After peace negotiations in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colombia" title="Government of Colombia">Colombian government</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guerrillas" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrillas">guerrillas</a> of the FARC-EP announced a final agreement to end the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-151">[143]</a> However, a <a href="/wiki/Colombian_peace_agreement_referendum,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian peace agreement referendum, 2016">referendum</a> to ratify the deal was unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-152">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[145]</a> Afterward, the Colombian government and the FARC signed a revised <a href="/wiki/Colombian_peace_process" title="Colombian peace process">peace deal</a> in November 2016,<a href="#cite_note-154">[146]</a> which the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian congress">Colombian congress</a> approved.<a href="#cite_note-155">[147]</a> In 2016, President Santos was awarded the <a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[148]</a> The Government began a process of attention and comprehensive reparation for victims of conflict.<a href="#cite_note-157">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[150]</a> Colombia shows modest progress in the struggle to defend human rights, as expressed by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">HRW</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[151]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Special_Jurisdiction_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Jurisdiction of Peace">Special Jurisdiction of Peace</a> has been created to investigate, clarify, prosecute and punish serious human rights violations and grave breaches of <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a> which occurred during the armed conflict and to satisfy victims' right to <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[152]</a> During his visit to Colombia, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> paid tribute to the victims of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-161">[153]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inauguration_Petro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Inauguration_Petro.jpg/220px-Inauguration_Petro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8192" data-file-height="5464"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Inauguration_Petro.jpg/220px-Inauguration_Petro.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Inauguration_Petro.jpg/330px-Inauguration_Petro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Inauguration_Petro.jpg/440px-Inauguration_Petro.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Gustavo Petro</a>, the country's first <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> president</figcaption></figure> In June 2018, <a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Duque" title="Iván Duque">Iván Duque</a>, the candidate of the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Center_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Center (Colombia)">Democratic Center</a> party, won the presidential <a href="/wiki/2018_Colombian_presidential_election" title="2018 Colombian presidential election">election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[154]</a> On 7 August 2018, he was sworn in as the new <a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">President of Colombia</a> to succeed Juan Manuel Santos.<a href="#cite_note-163">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/2010_Colombia%E2%80%93Venezuela_diplomatic_crisis" title="2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis">Colombia's relations with Venezuela</a> have fluctuated due to ideological differences between the two governments.<a href="#cite_note-164">[156]</a> Colombia has offered <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian support</a> with food and medicines to mitigate the shortage of supplies in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-165">[157]</a> Colombia's Foreign Ministry said that all efforts to resolve <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela_(2012%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis in Venezuela (2012–present)">Venezuela's crisis</a> should be peaceful.<a href="#cite_note-166">[158]</a> Colombia proposed the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> and a final document was adopted by the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-167">[159]</a> In February 2019, Venezuelan president <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> cut off diplomatic relations with Colombia after Colombian President Ivan Duque had helped Venezuelan opposition politicians deliver humanitarian aid to their country. Colombia recognized Venezuelan opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Juan Guaidó</a> as the country's legitimate president. In January 2020, Colombia rejected Maduro's proposal that the two countries restore diplomatic relations.<a href="#cite_note-168">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/2021_Colombian_protests" title="2021 Colombian protests">Protests</a> started on 28 April 2021 when the government proposed a tax bill that would greatly expand the range of the 19 percent <a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">value-added tax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyb220721-169">[161]</a> The 19 June 2022 <a href="/wiki/2022_Colombian_presidential_election" title="2022 Colombian presidential election">election</a> run-off vote ended in a win for former guerrilla, <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Gustavo Petro</a>, taking 50.47% of the vote compared to 47.27% for independent candidate <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Rodolfo Hernández Suárez">Rodolfo Hernández</a>. The single-term limit for the country's presidency prevented President Iván Duque from seeking re-election. On 7 August 2022, Petro was sworn in, becoming the country's first leftist president.<a href="#cite_note-170">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[163]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Colombia" title="Geography of Colombia">Geography of Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Colombia" title="Geology of Colombia">Geology of Colombia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_de_Colombia_(topograf%C3%ADa).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mapa_de_Colombia_%28topograf%C3%ADa%29.svg/170px-Mapa_de_Colombia_%28topograf%C3%ADa%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="1896"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mapa_de_Colombia_%28topograf%C3%ADa%29.svg/170px-Mapa_de_Colombia_%28topograf%C3%ADa%29.svg.png" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mapa_de_Colombia_%28topograf%C3%ADa%29.svg/255px-Mapa_de_Colombia_%28topograf%C3%ADa%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mapa_de_Colombia_%28topograf%C3%ADa%29.svg/340px-Mapa_de_Colombia_%28topograf%C3%ADa%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">Topographic map</a> of Colombia</figcaption></figure> The geography of Colombia is characterized by its six main <a href="/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Colombia" title="Natural regions of Colombia">natural regions</a> that present their unique characteristics, from the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> mountain range region; the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Coast">Pacific Coastal</a> region; the Caribbean coastal region; the <a href="/wiki/Llanos" title="Llanos">Llanos</a> (plains); the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a> region; to the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Region_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Region (Colombia)">insular area</a>, comprising islands in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.<a href="#cite_note-Geography_of_Colombia-172">[164]</a> It shares its maritime limits with <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maritime_borders-173">[165]</a> Colombia is bordered to the northwest by <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, to the east by <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and Brazil, and to the south by <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Land_borders-174">[166]</a> it established its maritime boundaries with neighboring countries through seven agreements on the Caribbean Sea and three on the Pacific Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Maritime_borders-173">[165]</a> It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/12th_parallel_north" title="12th parallel north">12°N</a> and <a href="/wiki/4th_parallel_south" title="4th parallel south">4°S</a> and between longitudes <a href="/wiki/67th_meridian_west" title="67th meridian west">67°</a> and <a href="/wiki/79th_meridian_west" title="79th meridian west">79°W</a>. East of the Andes lies the <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Llanos" title="Llanos">Llanos</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a> River basin, and in the far southeast, the <a href="/wiki/Jungle" title="Jungle">jungle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a>. Together these lowlands make up over half Colombia's territory, but they contain less than 6% of the population. To the north the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Region_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Region of Colombia">Caribbean coast</a>, home to 21.9% of the population and the location of the major port cities of <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a>, generally consists of low-lying plains, but it also contains the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_de_Santa_Marta" title="Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta">Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta</a> mountain range, which includes the country's tallest peaks (<a href="/wiki/Pico_Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n" title="Pico Cristóbal Colón">Pico Cristóbal Colón</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pico_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Pico Simón Bolívar">Pico Simón Bolívar</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/La_Guajira_Desert" title="La Guajira Desert">La Guajira Desert</a>. By contrast the narrow and discontinuous <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Region_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Region of Colombia">Pacific coastal lowlands</a>, backed by the <a href="/wiki/Baud%C3%B3_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Baudó Mountains">Serranía de Baudó</a> mountains, are sparsely populated and covered in dense vegetation. The principal Pacific port is <a href="/wiki/Buenaventura,_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Buenaventura, Colombia">Buenaventura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Geography_of_Colombia-172">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-populationbyregions-175">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Population_density-176">[168]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-42_Colombia%E2%80%99s_Santa_Marta_massif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/ISS-42_Colombia%E2%80%99s_Santa_Marta_massif.jpg/220px-ISS-42_Colombia%E2%80%99s_Santa_Marta_massif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/ISS-42_Colombia%E2%80%99s_Santa_Marta_massif.jpg/220px-ISS-42_Colombia%E2%80%99s_Santa_Marta_massif.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/ISS-42_Colombia%E2%80%99s_Santa_Marta_massif.jpg/330px-ISS-42_Colombia%E2%80%99s_Santa_Marta_massif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/ISS-42_Colombia%E2%80%99s_Santa_Marta_massif.jpg/440px-ISS-42_Colombia%E2%80%99s_Santa_Marta_massif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_de_Santa_Marta" title="Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta">Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta</a> as seen from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a></figcaption></figure> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a>, a region of the world subject to earthquakes and <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic eruptions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ring_of_Fire-177">[169]</a> in the interior of Colombia the Andes are the prevailing geographical feature. Most of Colombia's population centers are located in these interior highlands. Beyond the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Massif" title="Colombian Massif">Colombian Massif</a> (in the southwestern departments of <a href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Department" title="Nariño Department">Nariño</a>), these are divided into three branches known as cordilleras (mountain ranges): the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Occidental_(Colombia)" title="Cordillera Occidental (Colombia)">Cordillera Occidental</a>, running adjacent to the Pacific coast and including the city of <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cali" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago de Cali">Cali</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Central_(Colombia)" title="Cordillera Central (Colombia)">Cordillera Central</a>, running between the <a href="/wiki/Cauca_River" title="Cauca River">Cauca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_River" title="Magdalena River">Magdalena River</a> valleys (to the west and east, respectively) and including the cities of <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn" title="Medellín">Medellín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manizales" title="Manizales">Manizales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pereira,_Colombia" title="Pereira, Colombia">Pereira</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenia,_Quind%C3%ADo" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia, Quindío">Armenia</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Oriental_(Colombia)" title="Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)">Cordillera Oriental</a>, extending northeast to the <a href="/wiki/Guajira_Peninsula" title="Guajira Peninsula">Guajira Peninsula</a> and including Bogotá, <a href="/wiki/Bucaramanga" title="Bucaramanga">Bucaramanga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAcuta" title="Cúcuta">Cúcuta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Geography_of_Colombia-172">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-populationbyregions-175">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Population_density-176">[168]</a> Peaks in the Cordillera Occidental exceed 4,700 m (15,420 ft), and in the Cordillera Central and Cordillera Oriental they reach 5,000 m (16,404 ft). At 2,600 m (8,530 ft), Bogotá is the highest city of its size in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Geography_of_Colombia-172">[164]</a> The main rivers of Colombia are Magdalena, Cauca, <a href="/wiki/Guaviare_River" title="Guaviare River">Guaviare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atrato_River" title="Atrato River">Atrato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta_River" title="Meta River">Meta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Putumayo_River" title="Putumayo River">Putumayo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caquet%C3%A1_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Caquetá River">Caquetá</a>. Colombia has four main drainage systems: the Pacific drain, the Caribbean drain, the Orinoco Basin and the Amazon Basin. The Orinoco and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon</a> Rivers mark limits with Colombia to Venezuela and Peru respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Hydrography-178">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Colombia" title="Climate of Colombia">Climate of Colombia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colombia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Colombia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/170px-Colombia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="292" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1314"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 292px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Colombia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/170px-Colombia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" data-width="170" data-height="292" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Colombia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/255px-Colombia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Colombia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/340px-Colombia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Colombia map of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a></figcaption></figure> The climate of Colombia is characterized for being tropical presenting variations within <a href="/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Colombia" title="Natural regions of Colombia">six natural regions</a> and depending on the altitude, temperature, <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>, winds and rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-Thermal_floors-179">[171]</a> Colombia has a diverse range of climate zones, including <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a> and mountain climates. <a href="/wiki/Mountain_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain climate">Mountain climate</a> is one of the unique features of the Andes and other high altitude reliefs where climate is determined by elevation. Below 1,000 meters (3,281 ft) in elevation is the <a href="/wiki/Tierra_caliente" title="Tierra caliente">warm altitudinal zone</a>, where temperatures are above 24 °C (75.2 °F). About 82.5% of the country's total area lies in the warm altitudinal zone. The <a href="/wiki/Tierra_templada" title="Tierra templada">temperate climate altitudinal zone</a> located between 1,001 and 2,000 meters (3,284 and 6,562 ft) is characterized for presenting an average temperature ranging between 17 and 24 °C (62.6 and 75.2 °F). The <a href="/wiki/Tierra_fr%C3%ADa" title="Tierra fría">cold climate</a> is present between 2,001 and 3,000 meters (6,565 and 9,843 ft) and the temperatures vary between 12 and 17 °C (53.6 and 62.6 °F). Beyond lies the alpine conditions of the forested zone and then the treeless grasslands of the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ramo" title="Páramo">páramos</a>. Above 4,000 meters (13,123 ft), where temperatures are below freezing, the climate is <a href="/wiki/Tierra_helada" title="Tierra helada">glacial</a>, a zone of permanent snow and ice.<a href="#cite_note-Thermal_floors-179">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity_and_conservation">Biodiversity and conservation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Colombia" title="Fauna of Colombia">Fauna of Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Colombia" title="Flora of Colombia">Flora of Colombia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Colombia" title="Deforestation in Colombia">Deforestation in Colombia</a></div> Colombia is one of the <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse countries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-180">[172]</a> ranking first in <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Colombia" title="List of birds of Colombia">bird species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bird_Species-181">[173]</a> Colombia is the country with the planet's highest biodiversity, having the highest rate of species by area as well as the largest number of <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemisms</a> (species that are not found naturally anywhere else) of any country. About 10% of the species of the Earth live in Colombia, including over 1,900 species of bird, more than in Europe and North America combined. Colombia has 10% of the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Colombia" title="List of mammals of Colombia">mammals</a> species, 14% of the <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibian</a> species and 18% of the <a href="/wiki/Endemic_birds_of_Colombia" title="Endemic birds of Colombia">bird</a> species of the world.<a href="#cite_note-DIVERSITY_OF_SPECIES_IN_COLOMBIA-182">[174]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattleya_trianae_tipo_Baronessa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cattleya_trianae_tipo_Baronessa.jpg/220px-Cattleya_trianae_tipo_Baronessa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cattleya_trianae_tipo_Baronessa.jpg/220px-Cattleya_trianae_tipo_Baronessa.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cattleya_trianae_tipo_Baronessa.jpg/330px-Cattleya_trianae_tipo_Baronessa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cattleya_trianae_tipo_Baronessa.jpg/440px-Cattleya_trianae_tipo_Baronessa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The national flower of Colombia, the <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchid</a> <a href="/wiki/Cattleya_trianae" title="Cattleya trianae">Cattleya trianae</a>, is named for Colombian botanist and physician <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Triana" title="José Jerónimo Triana">José Jerónimo Triana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[175]</a></figcaption></figure> As for plants, the country has between 40,000 and 45,000 plant <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, equivalent to 10 or 20% of total global species, which is even more remarkable given that Colombia is considered a country of intermediate size.<a href="#cite_note-184">[176]</a> Colombia is the second most biodiverse country in the world, lagging only after Brazil which is approximately 7 times bigger.<a href="#cite_note-Biodiversity_of_Colombia-34">[31]</a> Colombia has about 2,000 species of <a href="/wiki/Marine_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine fish">marine fish</a> and is the second most diverse country in <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater fish</a>. It is also the country with the most endemic species of <a href="/wiki/List_of_butterflies_of_Colombia" title="List of butterflies of Colombia">butterflies</a>, is first in <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchid</a> species, and has approximately 7,000 species of <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>. Colombia is second in the number of amphibian species and is the third most diverse country in <a href="/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_Colombia" title="List of reptiles of Colombia">reptiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palms</a>. There are about 1,900 species of <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a> and according to estimates there are about 300,000 species of <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a> in the country. In Colombia there are 32 terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomes">biomes</a> and 314 types of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-humboldt-186">[178]</a> Protected areas and the "National Park System" cover an area of about 14,268,224 hectares (142,682.24 km2) and account for 12.77% of the Colombian territory.<a href="#cite_note-187">[179]</a> Compared to neighboring countries, rates of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Colombia" title="Deforestation in Colombia">deforestation in Colombia</a> are still relatively low.<a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Deforestation-188">[180]</a> Colombia had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 8.26/10, ranking it 25th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-189">[181]</a> Colombia is the sixth country in the world by magnitude of total renewable freshwater supply, and still has large reserves of freshwater.<a href="#cite_note-worldwater-190">[182]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colombia" title="Government of Colombia">Government of Colombia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Constitution_of_1991" title="Colombian Constitution of 1991">Colombian Constitution of 1991</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_de_Nari%C3%B1o_y_Vigilantes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Casa_de_Nari%C3%B1o_y_Vigilantes.jpg/220px-Casa_de_Nari%C3%B1o_y_Vigilantes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5664" data-file-height="4248"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Casa_de_Nari%C3%B1o_y_Vigilantes.jpg/220px-Casa_de_Nari%C3%B1o_y_Vigilantes.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Casa_de_Nari%C3%B1o_y_Vigilantes.jpg/330px-Casa_de_Nari%C3%B1o_y_Vigilantes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Casa_de_Nari%C3%B1o_y_Vigilantes.jpg/440px-Casa_de_Nari%C3%B1o_y_Vigilantes.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Nari%C3%B1o" title="Casa de Nariño">Casa de Nariño</a> is the official home and principal workplace of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">President of Colombia</a>.</figcaption></figure> The government of Colombia takes place within the framework of a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">participatory democratic</a> republic as established in the Constitution of 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Colombian_Constitution_of_1991-146">[138]</a> In accordance with the principle of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>, government is divided into three branches: the executive branch, the legislative branch and the judicial branch.<a href="#cite_note-191">[183]</a> As the head of the executive branch, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">President of Colombia</a> serves as both <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Colombia" title="Vice President of Colombia">Vice President</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Republic_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of the Republic of Colombia">Council of Ministers</a>. The president is elected by popular vote to serve a single four-year term (In 2015, Colombia's Congress approved the repeal of a 2004 constitutional amendment that changed the one-term limit for presidents to a two-term limit).<a href="#cite_note-192">[184]</a> At the provincial level executive power is vested in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Colombian_Department_Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Colombian Department Governors">department governors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Colombia" title="Municipalities of Colombia">municipal mayors</a> and local administrators for smaller administrative subdivisions, such as <a href="/wiki/Corregimientos_of_Colombia" title="Corregimientos of Colombia">corregimientos</a> or comunas.<a href="#cite_note-193">[185]</a> All regional elections are held one year and five months after the presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-Government-194">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[187]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalio_National_de_Colombia,_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Capitalio_National_de_Colombia%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg/220px-Capitalio_National_de_Colombia%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4030" data-file-height="2085"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 114px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Capitalio_National_de_Colombia%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg/220px-Capitalio_National_de_Colombia%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Capitalio_National_de_Colombia%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg/330px-Capitalio_National_de_Colombia%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Capitalio_National_de_Colombia%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg/440px-Capitalio_National_de_Colombia%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Capitolio_Nacional" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitolio Nacional">Capitolio Nacional</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Colombia" title="Congress of Colombia">Congress</a></figcaption></figure> The legislative branch of government is represented nationally by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Colombia" title="Congress of Colombia">Congress</a>, a bicameral institution comprising a 166-seat <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Colombia" title="Chamber of Representatives of Colombia">Chamber of Representatives</a> and a 102-seat <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Colombia" title="Senate of Colombia">Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[189]</a> The Senate is elected nationally and the Chamber of Representatives is elected in electoral districts.<a href="#cite_note-198">[190]</a> Members of both houses are elected to serve four-year terms two months before the president, also by popular vote.<a href="#cite_note-199">[191]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_Justicia_de_Colombia,_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Palacio_de_Justicia_de_Colombia%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg/220px-Palacio_de_Justicia_de_Colombia%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4340" data-file-height="2436"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Palacio_de_Justicia_de_Colombia%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg/220px-Palacio_de_Justicia_de_Colombia%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Palacio_de_Justicia_de_Colombia%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg/330px-Palacio_de_Justicia_de_Colombia%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Palacio_de_Justicia_de_Colombia%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg/440px-Palacio_de_Justicia_de_Colombia%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_of_Colombia" title="Palace of Justice of Colombia">Palace of Justice of Colombia</a>, seat and symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Colombia" title="Judiciary of Colombia">Judiciary of Colombia</a></figcaption></figure> The judicial branch is headed by <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Colombia" title="Judiciary of Colombia">four high courts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[192]</a> consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_Colombia" title="Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia">Supreme Court</a> which deals with penal and civil matters, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State of Colombia">Council of State</a>, which has special responsibility for <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative law</a> and also provides legal advice to the executive, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Colombia" title="Constitutional Court of Colombia">Constitutional Court</a>, responsible for assuring the integrity of the Colombian constitution, and the <a href="/wiki/Superior_Council_of_Judicature" title="Superior Council of Judicature">Superior Council of Judicature</a>, responsible for auditing the judicial branch.<a href="#cite_note-201">[193]</a> Colombia operates a system of <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>, which since 1991 has been applied through an <a href="/wiki/Adversarial_system" title="Adversarial system">adversarial system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[194]</a> Despite a number of controversies, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_security_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic security policy">democratic security policy</a> has ensured that former President <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Uribe" title="Álvaro Uribe">Álvaro Uribe</a> remained popular among Colombian people, with his approval rating peaking at 76%, according to a poll in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-203">[195]</a> However, having served two terms, he was constitutionally barred from seeking re-election in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-204">[196]</a> In the run-off <a href="/wiki/2010_Colombian_presidential_election" title="2010 Colombian presidential election">elections</a> on 20 June 2010 the former Minister of Defense <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a> won with 69% of the vote against the second most popular candidate, <a href="/wiki/Antanas_Mockus" title="Antanas Mockus">Antanas Mockus</a>. A second round was required since no candidate received over the 50% winning threshold of votes.<a href="#cite_note-205">[197]</a> Santos won re-election with nearly 51% of the vote in second-round <a href="/wiki/2014_Colombian_presidential_election" title="2014 Colombian presidential election">elections</a> on 15 June 2014, beating right-wing rival <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Iv%C3%A1n_Zuluaga" title="Óscar Iván Zuluaga">Óscar Iván Zuluaga</a>, who won 45%.<a href="#cite_note-206">[198]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Duque" title="Iván Duque">Iván Duque</a> won in the second round of the <a href="/wiki/2018_Colombian_presidential_election" title="2018 Colombian presidential election">election</a> with 54% of the vote, against 42% for his left-wing rival, <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Gustavo Petro</a>. His term as Colombia's president ran for four years, beginning on 7 August 2018.<a href="#cite_note-207">[199]</a> In 2022, Colombia <a href="/wiki/2022_Colombian_presidential_election" title="2022 Colombian presidential election">elected</a> Gustavo Petro, who became its first leftist leader,<a href="#cite_note-208">[200]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francia_Marquez" class="mw-redirect" title="Francia Marquez">Francia Marquez</a>, who was the first black person elected as vice president.<a href="#cite_note-209">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Colombia" title="Foreign relations of Colombia">Foreign relations of Colombia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Colombia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Colombia">List of diplomatic missions of Colombia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VII_Cumbre_de_la_Alianza_del_Pac%C3%ADfico,_Santiago_de_Cali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/VII_Cumbre_de_la_Alianza_del_Pac%C3%ADfico%2C_Santiago_de_Cali.jpg/220px-VII_Cumbre_de_la_Alianza_del_Pac%C3%ADfico%2C_Santiago_de_Cali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="1214"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/VII_Cumbre_de_la_Alianza_del_Pac%C3%ADfico%2C_Santiago_de_Cali.jpg/220px-VII_Cumbre_de_la_Alianza_del_Pac%C3%ADfico%2C_Santiago_de_Cali.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/VII_Cumbre_de_la_Alianza_del_Pac%C3%ADfico%2C_Santiago_de_Cali.jpg/330px-VII_Cumbre_de_la_Alianza_del_Pac%C3%ADfico%2C_Santiago_de_Cali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/VII_Cumbre_de_la_Alianza_del_Pac%C3%ADfico%2C_Santiago_de_Cali.jpg/440px-VII_Cumbre_de_la_Alianza_del_Pac%C3%ADfico%2C_Santiago_de_Cali.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The VII Summit of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a>: Former President of Colombia, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a> is second from the left.</figcaption></figure> The foreign affairs of Colombia are headed by the President, as head of state, and managed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Colombia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Colombia)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_foreign_affairs-210">[202]</a> Colombia has diplomatic missions in all continents.<a href="#cite_note-211">[203]</a> Colombia was one of the four founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a>, which is a political, economic and co-operative integration mechanism that promotes the free circulation of goods, services, capital and persons between the members, as well as a common stock exchange and joint embassies in several countries.<a href="#cite_note-The_Pacific_Alliance-212">[204]</a> Colombia is also a member of the United Nations, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[209]</a> Colombia is a global partner of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[210]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">Military Forces of Colombia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arc_fragata_caldas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Arc_fragata_caldas.jpg/220px-Arc_fragata_caldas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Arc_fragata_caldas.jpg/220px-Arc_fragata_caldas.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Arc_fragata_caldas.jpg/330px-Arc_fragata_caldas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Arc_fragata_caldas.jpg/440px-Arc_fragata_caldas.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Navy" title="Colombian Navy">Colombian Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a> <a href="/wiki/Almirante_Padilla-class_frigate" title="Almirante Padilla-class frigate">ARC Caldas</a></figcaption></figure> The executive branch of government is responsible for managing the defense of Colombia, with the President <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the armed forces. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Defence (Colombia)">Ministry of Defence</a> exercises day-to-day control of the military and the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_National_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian National Police">Colombian National Police</a>. Colombia has 455,461 active military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-219">[211]</a> In 2016, 3.4% of the country's GDP went towards military expenditure, placing it 24th in the world. Colombia's armed forces are the largest in Latin America, and it is the second largest spender on its military after Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-220">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[213]</a> In 2018, Colombia signed the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[214]</a> The Colombian military is divided into three branches: the <a href="/wiki/National_Army_of_Colombia" title="National Army of Colombia">National Army of Colombia</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Aerospace_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Aerospace Force">Colombian Aerospace Force</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Navy" title="Colombian Navy">Colombian Navy</a>. The National Police functions as a <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a>, operating independently from the military as the law enforcement agency for the entire country. Each of these operates with their own intelligence apparatus separate from the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Directorate_(Colombia)" title="National Intelligence Directorate (Colombia)">National Intelligence Directorate</a> (DNI, in Spanish).<a href="#cite_note-The_Colombian_military-223">[215]</a> The National Army is formed by divisions, brigades, special brigades, and special units,<a href="#cite_note-The_National_Army-224">[216]</a> the Colombian Navy by the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Naval_Infantry" title="Colombian Naval Infantry">Naval Infantry</a>, the Naval Force of the Caribbean, the Naval Force of the Pacific, the Naval Force of the South, the Naval Force of the East, Colombia Coast Guards, Naval Aviation, and the Specific Command of San Andres y Providencia<a href="#cite_note-the_National_Armada-225">[217]</a> and the Aerospace Force by 15 air units.<a href="#cite_note-The_Air_Force-226">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">Departments of Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Colombia" title="Municipalities of Colombia">Municipalities of Colombia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Colombia">List of cities in Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corregimientos_of_Colombia" title="Corregimientos of Colombia">Corregimientos of Colombia</a></div> Colombia is divided into 32 <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">departments</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">capital district</a>, which is treated as a department (Bogotá also serves as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department" title="Cundinamarca Department">department of Cundinamarca</a>). Departments are subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Colombia" title="Municipalities of Colombia">municipalities</a>, each of which is assigned a municipal seat, and municipalities are in turn subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Corregimientos_of_Colombia" title="Corregimientos of Colombia">corregimientos</a> in rural areas and into <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comunas_of_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comunas of Colombia (page does not exist)">comunas</a> in urban areas. Each department has a local government with a governor and assembly directly elected to four-year terms, and each municipality is headed by a mayor and council. There is a popularly elected local administrative board in each of the corregimientos or comunas.<a href="#cite_note-Administrative_divisions-227">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Concerning_the_territorial_organization-228">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[222]</a> In addition to the capital, four other cities have been designated <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Colombia" title="Districts of Colombia">districts</a> (in effect special municipalities), on the basis of special distinguishing features. These are <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta" title="Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buenaventura,_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Buenaventura, Colombia">Buenaventura</a>. Some departments have local administrative subdivisions, where towns have a large concentration of population and municipalities are near each other (for example, in Antioquia and Cundinamarca). Where departments have a low population (for example Amazonas, Vaupés and Vichada), special administrative divisions are employed, such as "department corregimientos", which are a hybrid of a municipality and a corregimiento.<a href="#cite_note-Administrative_divisions-227">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Concerning_the_territorial_organization-228">[220]</a> Click on a department on the map below to go to its article. <figure class="mw-halign-left noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-left" typeof="mw:File"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Departments_of_colombia.svg/400px-Departments_of_colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="512" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="940" usemap="#ImageMap_d217eac9e5df5e33" resource="/wiki/File:Departments_of_colombia.svg"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 512px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Departments_of_colombia.svg/400px-Departments_of_colombia.svg.png" data-width="400" data-height="512" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Departments_of_colombia.svg/600px-Departments_of_colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Departments_of_colombia.svg/800px-Departments_of_colombia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element" data-usemap="#ImageMap_d217eac9e5df5e33"> <map name="ImageMap_d217eac9e5df5e33"><area href="/wiki/La_Guajira_Department" shape="poly" coords="198,45,217,64,268,21,262,8,253,7,237,14,231,26,196,43" alt="La Guajira Department" title="La Guajira Department"><area href="/wiki/Magdalena_Department" shape="poly" coords="177,40,194,43,193,54,195,64,181,71,178,78,186,89,177,93,184,108,170,102,160,91,155,74,160,48,180,41" alt="Magdalena Department" title="Magdalena Department"><area href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A1ntico_Department" shape="poly" coords="158,48,154,69,145,59,130,52,127,46,157,26,162,32,157,50" alt="Atlántico Department" title="Atlántico Department"><area href="/wiki/Cesar_Department" shape="poly" coords="195,54,214,70,209,91,200,102,195,125,201,140,198,145,191,144,188,112,189,105,181,96,190,92,183,77,187,71,197,66,195,54" alt="Cesar Department" title="Cesar Department"><area href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Department" shape="poly" coords="140,59,152,74,156,79,158,95,173,108,184,116,185,136,183,152,179,165,173,169,172,156,166,157,168,149,166,139,161,133,165,130,164,111,156,105,154,97,143,88,139,81,136,69,141,60" alt="Bolívar Department" title="Bolívar Department"><area href="/wiki/Norte_de_Santander_Department" shape="poly" coords="204,107,200,124,204,137,202,149,198,151,210,151,216,160,218,169,227,173,238,168,236,160,228,158,228,141,231,137,220,115,218,107,210,105,203,108" alt="Norte de Santander Department" title="Norte de Santander Department"><area href="/wiki/Sucre_Department" shape="poly" coords="136,81,149,98,155,108,161,112,162,129,158,128,152,126,147,127,140,120,140,114,146,112,145,107,132,97,134,79" alt="Sucre Department" title="Sucre Department"><area href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Department" shape="poly" coords="128,97,142,111,140,118,146,128,155,127,158,132,149,139,142,142,133,148,126,157,110,157,107,145,118,127,111,118,112,113,122,99,128,97" alt="Córdoba Department" title="Córdoba Department"><area href="/wiki/Santander_Department" shape="poly" coords="188,151,194,151,207,156,215,162,217,172,224,176,224,186,217,183,217,189,206,201,201,205,200,198,196,197,192,206,180,205,172,200,167,192,172,183,187,172,186,157,188,151" alt="Santander Department" title="Santander Department"><area href="/wiki/Antioquia_Department" shape="poly" coords="91,144,95,123,107,115,113,125,105,148,112,159,125,160,137,152,148,142,158,137,166,149,161,159,172,172,182,167,180,173,169,182,166,188,163,193,160,206,151,206,146,211,132,206,132,213,123,215,120,212,114,193,101,191,94,175,99,170,106,171,108,163,90,144" alt="Antioquia Department" title="Antioquia Department"><area href="/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department" shape="poly" coords="164,195,176,204,190,209,198,204,203,207,215,200,220,189,227,182,227,176,238,171,242,172,236,183,230,191,228,201,227,203,232,208,231,213,228,213,220,222,215,219,212,223,211,229,208,237,196,234,192,218,184,215,180,218,173,212,172,207,163,206,164,195" alt="Boyacá Department" title="Boyacá Department"><area href="/wiki/Arauca_Department" shape="poly" coords="244,171,234,191,237,196,279,192,297,193,307,198,317,198,298,172,292,173,279,168,270,173,261,173,254,169,244,172,236,190" alt="Arauca Department" title="Arauca Department"><area href="/wiki/Choc%C3%B3_Department" shape="poly" coords="80,120,91,136,87,144,103,164,103,166,95,168,90,173,90,176,94,187,97,197,103,197,111,195,115,204,117,214,109,219,110,227,113,232,105,243,103,254,99,258,80,251,75,214,84,207,78,193,80,182,71,170,71,168,65,161,70,149,77,150,78,121" alt="Chocó Department" title="Chocó Department"><area href="/wiki/Caldas_Department" shape="poly" coords="127,216,133,215,134,211,148,211,155,209,159,211,158,219,143,225,139,234,132,231,125,230,125,227,129,223,133,222,126,217" alt="Caldas Department" title="Caldas Department"><area href="/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department" shape="poly" coords="162,209,169,209,170,212,180,220,185,217,193,223,194,234,209,242,206,252,195,251,187,244,186,247,187,253,177,259,183,240,180,234,176,236,174,241,172,250,169,256,167,256,163,252,156,251,161,223,162,210" alt="Cundinamarca Department" title="Cundinamarca Department"><area href="/wiki/Casanare_Department" shape="poly" coords="232,198,237,199,261,195,284,195,298,196,303,200,298,210,290,215,278,223,270,233,245,244,240,248,235,246,220,251,210,240,213,230,217,224,224,225,234,214,235,207,230,204,232,198" alt="Casanare Department" title="Casanare Department"><area href="/wiki/Vichada_Department" shape="poly" coords="270,237,285,221,301,213,309,201,323,199,365,194,375,194,378,200,372,256,362,262,339,267,317,268,297,279,289,295,268,293,270,238" alt="Vichada Department" title="Vichada Department"><area href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca_Department" shape="poly" coords="81,254,97,261,106,255,105,249,116,231,126,240,122,243,124,259,124,261,117,283,108,279,105,282,95,289,87,286,77,282,86,269,86,265,78,257" alt="Valle del Cauca Department" title="Valle del Cauca Department"><area href="/wiki/Tolima_Department" shape="poly" coords="143,228,140,247,131,259,124,265,119,285,122,287,133,279,149,275,151,279,154,278,162,265,164,255,154,253,157,223,150,224,143,229" alt="Tolima Department" title="Tolima Department"><area href="/wiki/Meta_Department" shape="poly" coords="168,270,178,260,190,254,188,248,192,249,193,252,205,254,211,244,220,254,236,249,242,250,267,238,266,291,236,293,217,301,209,307,191,308,188,329,182,332,169,324,162,309,162,302,164,297,155,291,162,285,168,272" alt="Meta Department" title="Meta Department"><area href="/wiki/Huila_Department" shape="poly" coords="121,292,131,286,136,281,147,278,149,282,153,281,163,268,164,270,161,281,154,289,150,296,149,299,143,303,126,327,120,334,111,333,106,326,103,323,101,316,111,319,111,310,120,307,126,308,122,291,133,283" alt="Huila Department" title="Huila Department"><area href="/wiki/Guain%C3%ADa_Department" shape="poly" coords="280,304,292,293,298,282,317,272,335,272,354,266,371,262,383,279,367,295,379,303,386,310,394,332,395,342,391,344,390,332,381,316,372,320,364,328,357,321,355,327,312,327,307,329,299,326,299,319,303,313,299,310,285,311,283,309,281,304,288,299" alt="Guainía Department" title="Guainía Department"><area href="/wiki/Guaviare_Department" shape="poly" coords="192,310,206,310,220,303,236,297,266,294,281,297,276,304,282,313,298,315,292,319,271,324,258,336,252,346,241,360,230,351,224,344,215,343,212,350,209,352,196,341,192,331,192,310" alt="Guaviare Department" title="Guaviare Department"><area href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" shape="poly" coords="76,283,95,292,108,284,108,282,115,285,123,305,113,306,109,311,107,316,100,315,100,322,104,326,112,336,112,345,115,350,105,348,105,339,101,336,96,339,96,330,83,327,87,323,80,313,71,312,63,303,77,284" alt="Cauca Department" title="Cauca Department"><area href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Department" shape="poly" coords="242,360,263,334,276,325,295,321,298,327,304,331,306,347,323,351,326,358,323,363,320,357,301,365,299,388,313,397,315,411,313,413,295,409,292,393,279,390,276,391,270,378,263,376,253,373,243,362,254,348" alt="Vaupés Department" title="Vaupés Department"><area href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Department" shape="poly" coords="43,305,60,305,68,314,76,316,81,321,81,329,86,330,93,334,92,340,85,345,88,359,85,369,77,366,76,360,67,354,62,354,35,337,27,330,46,305" alt="Nariño Department" title="Nariño Department"><area href="/wiki/Caquet%C3%A1_Department" shape="poly" coords="114,342,117,335,123,333,145,307,150,302,152,293,161,299,158,303,161,321,174,330,185,334,188,333,200,347,210,355,219,347,228,352,239,361,253,378,244,388,237,388,230,397,216,397,193,394,163,383,158,374,146,364,137,356,114,344" alt="Caquetá Department" title="Caquetá Department"><area href="/wiki/Putumayo_Department" shape="poly" coords="89,345,101,341,102,350,114,353,120,352,128,356,140,363,146,367,152,373,158,377,162,382,181,393,169,396,145,383,127,380,114,370,105,372,87,370,89,358,89,346" alt="Putumayo Department" title="Putumayo Department"><area href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" shape="poly" coords="171,399,187,395,218,401,235,400,260,378,274,391,290,396,292,409,299,413,300,411,317,418,320,417,302,506,280,494,300,462,274,448,259,451,232,456,209,451,171,400" alt="Amazonas (Colombian department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)"><area href="/wiki/Risaralda_Department" shape="poly" coords="119,217,112,220,116,229,126,238,137,239,138,235,123,231,121,227,125,222,130,220,125,218,121,216" alt="Risaralda Department" title="Risaralda Department"><area href="/wiki/Risaralda_Department" shape="poly" coords="3,222,47,223,47,229,4,229,3,223" alt="Risaralda Department" title="Risaralda Department"><area href="/wiki/Quind%C3%ADo_Department" shape="poly" coords="124,243,130,240,137,240,130,257,124,242" alt="Quindío Department" title="Quindío Department"><area href="/wiki/Quind%C3%ADo_Department" shape="poly" coords="2,232,42,233,41,241,1,240,0,232" alt="Quindío Department" title="Quindío Department"><area href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" shape="poly" coords="167,266,169,258,175,241,180,235,181,241,175,256,168,265" alt="Bogotá" title="Bogotá"><area href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" shape="poly" coords="3,242,71,242,71,250,5,250,4,243" alt="Bogotá" title="Bogotá"><area href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" shape="poly" coords="24,69,47,68,55,37,85,31,93,50,91,71,123,74,120,84,68,86,24,85,25,69" alt="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina"></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <table> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Department</th> <th>Capital city </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Amazonas_(Colombia).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Amazonas"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Amazonas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Amazonas_%28Colombia%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Amazonas_%28Colombia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Amazonas_%28Colombia%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Amazonas_%28Colombia%29.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Amazonas" data-width="22" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Amazonas_%28Colombia%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Amazonas_%28Colombia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Amazonas_%28Colombia%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Amazonas_%28Colombia%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leticia,_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Leticia, Colombia">Leticia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Antioquia"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Antioquia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg/22px-Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg/22px-Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Antioquia" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg/33px-Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg/44px-Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Antioquia_Department" title="Antioquia Department">Antioquia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn" title="Medellín">Medellín</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Arauca.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Arauca"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Arauca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Arauca.svg/22px-Flag_of_Arauca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Arauca.svg/22px-Flag_of_Arauca.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Arauca" data-width="22" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Arauca.svg/33px-Flag_of_Arauca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Arauca.svg/44px-Flag_of_Arauca.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Arauca_Department" title="Arauca Department">Arauca</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arauca,_Arauca" title="Arauca, Arauca">Arauca</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Atl%C3%A1ntico.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Atlántico"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Atlántico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Atl%C3%A1ntico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Atl%C3%A1ntico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Atl%C3%A1ntico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Atl%C3%A1ntico.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Atlántico" data-width="22" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Atl%C3%A1ntico.svg/33px-Flag_of_Atl%C3%A1ntico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Atl%C3%A1ntico.svg/44px-Flag_of_Atl%C3%A1ntico.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A1ntico_Department" title="Atlántico Department">Atlántico</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_(Colombia).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Bolívar"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Bolívar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Bolívar" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Department" title="Bolívar Department">Bolívar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Boyacá"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Boyacá" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg/22px-Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg/22px-Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Boyacá" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg/33px-Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg/44px-Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department" title="Boyacá Department">Boyacá</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Tunja</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Caldas.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Caldas"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Caldas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Caldas.svg/22px-Flag_of_Caldas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Caldas.svg/22px-Flag_of_Caldas.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Caldas" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Caldas.svg/33px-Flag_of_Caldas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Caldas.svg/44px-Flag_of_Caldas.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Caldas_Department" title="Caldas Department">Caldas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manizales" title="Manizales">Manizales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Caquet%C3%A1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Caquetá"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Caquetá" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Caquet%C3%A1.svg/22px-Flag_of_Caquet%C3%A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="504"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Caquet%C3%A1.svg/22px-Flag_of_Caquet%C3%A1.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Caquetá" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Caquet%C3%A1.svg/33px-Flag_of_Caquet%C3%A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Caquet%C3%A1.svg/44px-Flag_of_Caquet%C3%A1.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Caquet%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Caquetá">Caquetá</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florencia,_Caquet%C3%A1" title="Florencia, Caquetá">Florencia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Casanare.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Casanare"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Casanare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Casanare.svg/22px-Flag_of_Casanare.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Casanare.svg/22px-Flag_of_Casanare.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Casanare" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Casanare.svg/33px-Flag_of_Casanare.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Casanare.svg/44px-Flag_of_Casanare.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Casanare_Department" title="Casanare Department">Casanare</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yopal" title="Yopal">Yopal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cauca.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Cauca"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Cauca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Cauca.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cauca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Cauca.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cauca.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Cauca" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Cauca.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cauca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Cauca.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cauca.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Popay%C3%A1n" title="Popayán">Popayán</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cesar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Cesar"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Cesar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cesar.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cesar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cesar.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cesar.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Cesar" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cesar.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cesar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cesar.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cesar.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Department" title="Cesar Department">Cesar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valledupar" title="Valledupar">Valledupar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Choc%C3%B3.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Chocó"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Chocó" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Choc%C3%B3.svg/22px-Flag_of_Choc%C3%B3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Choc%C3%B3.svg/22px-Flag_of_Choc%C3%B3.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Chocó" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Choc%C3%B3.svg/33px-Flag_of_Choc%C3%B3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Choc%C3%B3.svg/44px-Flag_of_Choc%C3%B3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Choc%C3%B3_Department" title="Chocó Department">Chocó</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quibd%C3%B3" title="Quibdó">Quibdó</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_C%C3%B3rdoba.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Córdoba"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Córdoba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_C%C3%B3rdoba.svg/22px-Flag_of_C%C3%B3rdoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_C%C3%B3rdoba.svg/22px-Flag_of_C%C3%B3rdoba.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Córdoba" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_C%C3%B3rdoba.svg/33px-Flag_of_C%C3%B3rdoba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_C%C3%B3rdoba.svg/44px-Flag_of_C%C3%B3rdoba.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Department" title="Córdoba Department">Córdoba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monter%C3%ADa" title="Montería">Montería</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Cundinamarca"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Cundinamarca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Cundinamarca" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department" title="Cundinamarca Department">Cundinamarca</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Guain%C3%ADa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Guainía"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Guainía" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Guain%C3%ADa.svg/22px-Flag_of_Guain%C3%ADa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Guain%C3%ADa.svg/22px-Flag_of_Guain%C3%ADa.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Guainía" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Guain%C3%ADa.svg/33px-Flag_of_Guain%C3%ADa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Guain%C3%ADa.svg/44px-Flag_of_Guain%C3%ADa.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Guain%C3%ADa_Department" title="Guainía Department">Guainía</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/In%C3%ADrida,_Guain%C3%ADa" title="Inírida, Guainía">Inírida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Guaviare.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Guaviare"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Guaviare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Guaviare.svg/22px-Flag_of_Guaviare.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Guaviare.svg/22px-Flag_of_Guaviare.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Guaviare" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Guaviare.svg/33px-Flag_of_Guaviare.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Guaviare.svg/44px-Flag_of_Guaviare.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Guaviare_Department" title="Guaviare Department">Guaviare</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_del_Guaviare" title="San José del Guaviare">San José del Guaviare</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Huila.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Huila"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Huila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Huila.svg/22px-Flag_of_Huila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Huila.svg/22px-Flag_of_Huila.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Huila" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Huila.svg/33px-Flag_of_Huila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Huila.svg/44px-Flag_of_Huila.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Huila_Department" title="Huila Department">Huila</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neiva,_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neiva, Colombia">Neiva</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Department</th> <th>Capital city </th></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_La_Guajira.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of La Guajira"><noscript><img alt="Flag of La Guajira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_La_Guajira.svg/22px-Flag_of_La_Guajira.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_La_Guajira.svg/22px-Flag_of_La_Guajira.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of La Guajira" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_La_Guajira.svg/33px-Flag_of_La_Guajira.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_La_Guajira.svg/44px-Flag_of_La_Guajira.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Department_of_La_Guajira" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of La Guajira">La Guajira</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riohacha" title="Riohacha">Riohacha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Magdalena.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Magdalena"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Magdalena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Magdalena.svg/22px-Flag_of_Magdalena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Magdalena.svg/22px-Flag_of_Magdalena.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Magdalena" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Magdalena.svg/33px-Flag_of_Magdalena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Magdalena.svg/44px-Flag_of_Magdalena.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Department" title="Magdalena Department">Magdalena</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta" title="Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Meta.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Meta"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Meta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Meta.svg/22px-Flag_of_Meta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="1700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Meta.svg/22px-Flag_of_Meta.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Meta" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Meta.svg/33px-Flag_of_Meta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Meta.svg/44px-Flag_of_Meta.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Meta_Department" title="Meta Department">Meta</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Villavicencio" title="Villavicencio">Villavicencio</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Nariño"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Nariño" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Nariño" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg/44px-Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Department" title="Nariño Department">Nariño</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pasto,_Colombia" title="Pasto, Colombia">Pasto</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Norte de Santander"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Norte de Santander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Norte de Santander" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Norte_de_Santander_Department" title="Norte de Santander Department">Norte de Santander</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAcuta" title="Cúcuta">Cúcuta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Putumayo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Putumayo"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Putumayo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Putumayo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Putumayo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Putumayo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Putumayo.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Putumayo" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Putumayo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Putumayo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Putumayo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Putumayo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Putumayo_Department" title="Putumayo Department">Putumayo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mocoa" title="Mocoa">Mocoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Quindío"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Quindío" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Quindío" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Quind%C3%ADo_Department" title="Quindío Department">Quindío</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenia,_Colombia" title="Armenia, Colombia">Armenia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Risaralda.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Risaralda"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Risaralda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Risaralda.svg/22px-Flag_of_Risaralda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Risaralda.svg/22px-Flag_of_Risaralda.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Risaralda" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Risaralda.svg/33px-Flag_of_Risaralda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Risaralda.svg/44px-Flag_of_Risaralda.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Risaralda_Department" title="Risaralda Department">Risaralda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pereira,_Colombia" title="Pereira, Colombia">Pereira</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia.svg/22px-Flag_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia.svg/22px-Flag_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia.svg/33px-Flag_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia.svg/44px-Flag_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s,_San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia" title="San Andrés, San Andrés y Providencia">San Andrés</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Santander_(Colombia).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Santander"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Santander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Santander_%28Colombia%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Santander_%28Colombia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Santander_%28Colombia%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Santander_%28Colombia%29.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Santander" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Santander_%28Colombia%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Santander_%28Colombia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Santander_%28Colombia%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Santander_%28Colombia%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Santander_Department" title="Santander Department">Santander</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucaramanga" title="Bucaramanga">Bucaramanga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sucre_(Colombia).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Sucre"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Sucre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_Sucre_%28Colombia%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sucre_%28Colombia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_Sucre_%28Colombia%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sucre_%28Colombia%29.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Sucre" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_Sucre_%28Colombia%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sucre_%28Colombia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_Sucre_%28Colombia%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sucre_%28Colombia%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Sucre_Department" title="Sucre Department">Sucre</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sincelejo" title="Sincelejo">Sincelejo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tolima.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Tolima"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Tolima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Tolima.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tolima.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Tolima.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tolima.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Tolima" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Tolima.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tolima.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Tolima.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tolima.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tolima" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Tolima">Tolima</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibagu%C3%A9" title="Ibagué">Ibagué</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Valle del Cauca"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Valle del Cauca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg/22px-Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg/22px-Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Valle del Cauca" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg/33px-Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg/44px-Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca_Department" title="Valle del Cauca Department">Valle del Cauca</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cali" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago de Cali">Cali</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vaup%C3%A9s.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Vichada"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Vichada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Vaup%C3%A9s.svg/22px-Flag_of_Vaup%C3%A9s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Vaup%C3%A9s.svg/22px-Flag_of_Vaup%C3%A9s.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Vichada" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Vaup%C3%A9s.svg/33px-Flag_of_Vaup%C3%A9s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Vaup%C3%A9s.svg/44px-Flag_of_Vaup%C3%A9s.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Department" title="Vaupés Department">Vaupés</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mit%C3%BA" title="Mitú">Mitú</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vichada.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Vichada"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Department of Vichada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Vichada.svg/22px-Flag_of_Vichada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Vichada.svg/22px-Flag_of_Vichada.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Department of Vichada" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Vichada.svg/33px-Flag_of_Vichada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Vichada.svg/44px-Flag_of_Vichada.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Vichada_Department" title="Vichada Department">Vichada</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Carre%C3%B1o" title="Puerto Carreño">Puerto Carreño</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bogot%C3%A1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Bogotá"><noscript><img alt="Flag of Bogotá" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Bogot%C3%A1.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bogot%C3%A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Bogot%C3%A1.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bogot%C3%A1.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of Bogotá" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Bogot%C3%A1.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bogot%C3%A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Bogot%C3%A1.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bogot%C3%A1.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Economy of Colombia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Colombia" title="Industry of Colombia">Industry of Colombia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_Hacia_La_Torre_Bacat%C3%A1_(242256171).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vista_Hacia_La_Torre_Bacat%C3%A1_%28242256171%29.jpeg/220px-Vista_Hacia_La_Torre_Bacat%C3%A1_%28242256171%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1045"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vista_Hacia_La_Torre_Bacat%C3%A1_%28242256171%29.jpeg/220px-Vista_Hacia_La_Torre_Bacat%C3%A1_%28242256171%29.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vista_Hacia_La_Torre_Bacat%C3%A1_%28242256171%29.jpeg/330px-Vista_Hacia_La_Torre_Bacat%C3%A1_%28242256171%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vista_Hacia_La_Torre_Bacat%C3%A1_%28242256171%29.jpeg/440px-Vista_Hacia_La_Torre_Bacat%C3%A1_%28242256171%29.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skyline" title="Skyline">Skyline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>'s skyscrapers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colombia_GDP_by_sector_in_2017.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Colombia_GDP_by_sector_in_2017.png/220px-Colombia_GDP_by_sector_in_2017.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="444"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Colombia_GDP_by_sector_in_2017.png/220px-Colombia_GDP_by_sector_in_2017.png" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Colombia_GDP_by_sector_in_2017.png/330px-Colombia_GDP_by_sector_in_2017.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Colombia_GDP_by_sector_in_2017.png/440px-Colombia_GDP_by_sector_in_2017.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Colombia GDP by sector in 2017</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edificio_Bancolombia_-_luces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Edificio_Bancolombia_-_luces.jpg/220px-Edificio_Bancolombia_-_luces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1417"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Edificio_Bancolombia_-_luces.jpg/220px-Edificio_Bancolombia_-_luces.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Edificio_Bancolombia_-_luces.jpg/330px-Edificio_Bancolombia_-_luces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Edificio_Bancolombia_-_luces.jpg/440px-Edificio_Bancolombia_-_luces.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bancolombia" title="Bancolombia">Bancolombia</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn" title="Medellín">Medellín</a></figcaption></figure> Historically an agrarian economy, Colombia urbanized rapidly in the 20th century, by the end of which just 15.8% of the workforce were employed in agriculture, generating just 6.6% of GDP; 20% of the workforce were employed in industry and 65% in services, responsible for 33% and 60% of GDP respectively.<a href="#cite_note-GDP_Composition-231">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[224]</a> The country's <a href="/wiki/Economic_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic production">economic production</a> is dominated by its strong <a href="/wiki/Domestic_demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic demand">domestic demand</a>. <a href="/wiki/Consumer_spending" title="Consumer spending">Consumption expenditure</a> by households is the largest component of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-GDPCOLOMBIA-233">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-GDP-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colombianeconomy-234">[226]</a> Colombia's <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> grew steadily in the latter part of the 20th century, with gross domestic product (GDP) increasing at an average rate of over 4% per year between 1970 and 1998. The country suffered a <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a> in 1999 (the first full year of negative growth since the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>), and the recovery was long and painful. However, growth reaching 7% in 2007, one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(real)_growth_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by GDP (real) growth rate">highest</a> in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-Colombia's_GDP_growth-29">[26]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> estimates, in 2023, Colombia's GDP (PPP) was US$1 trillion, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">32nd in the world</a> and third in South America, after Brazil and Argentina. Total <a href="/wiki/Government_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="Government expenditures">government expenditures</a> account for 28% of the domestic economy. <a href="/wiki/External_debt" title="External debt">External debt</a> equals 40% of gross domestic product. A strong fiscal climate was reaffirmed by a boost in <a href="/wiki/Bond_ratings" class="mw-redirect" title="Bond ratings">bond ratings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-heritage-237">[229]</a> Annual inflation closed 2017 at 4.09% YoY (vs. 5.75% YoY in 2016).<a href="#cite_note-Inflation_Rate-238">[230]</a> The average national <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a> in 2017 was 9.4%,<a href="#cite_note-Unemployment_Rate-239">[231]</a> although the informality is the biggest problem facing the <a href="/wiki/Labour_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour market">labour market</a> (the income of formal workers climbed 24.8% in 5 years while labor incomes of informal workers rose only 9%).<a href="#cite_note-informal_workers-240">[232]</a> Colombia has <a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">free-trade zones</a> (FTZ),<a href="#cite_note-FTZ-241">[233]</a> such as Zona Franca del Pacifico, located in the <a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca_Department" title="Valle del Cauca Department">Valle del Cauca</a>, one of the most striking areas for foreign investment.<a href="#cite_note-Zonas_Francas-242">[234]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Financial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial sector">financial sector</a> has grown favorably due to good liquidity in the economy, the growth of credit and the positive performance of the Colombian economy.<a href="#cite_note-strongmacroeconomicmanagement-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[236]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Stock Exchange">Colombian Stock Exchange</a> through the Latin American Integrated Market (<a href="/wiki/Mercado_Integrado_Latinoamericano" title="Mercado Integrado Latinoamericano">MILA</a>) offers a regional market to trade equities.<a href="#cite_note-245">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[238]</a> Colombia is now one of only three economies with a perfect score on the strength of legal rights index, according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[239]</a> Colombia is rich in natural resources, and it is heavily dependent on energy and mining exports.<a href="#cite_note-248">[240]</a> Colombia's main exports include mineral fuels, oils, <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> products, fruit and other agricultural products, sugars and sugar confectionery, <a href="/wiki/Food_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Food products">food products</a>, plastics, precious stones, metals, forest products, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical goods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</a>, vehicles, electronic products, electrical equipment, perfumery and cosmetics, machinery, manufactured articles, textile and fabrics, clothing and footwear, glass and glassware, furniture, prefabricated buildings, military products, home and office material, construction equipment, software, among others.<a href="#cite_note-ITC_Colombia_Exports-249">[241]</a> Principal trading partners are the United States, China, the European Union and some Latin American countries.<a href="#cite_note-Exports-250">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-Imports-251">[243]</a> Non-traditional exports have boosted the growth of Colombian foreign sales as well as the diversification of destinations of export thanks to new free <a href="/wiki/Colombia_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombia trade agreements">trade agreements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[244]</a> Recent economic growth has led to a considerable increase of new millionaires, including the new entrepreneurs, Colombians with a net worth exceeding US$1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-253">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[246]</a> In 2017, however, the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) reported that 26.9% of the population were living below the poverty line, of which 7.4% were in "extreme poverty". The multidimensional poverty rate stands at 17.0 percent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-socio-economic_policies-255">[247]</a> The Government has also been developing a process of <a href="/wiki/Financial_inclusion" title="Financial inclusion">financial inclusion</a> within the country's most vulnerable population.<a href="#cite_note-256">[248]</a> The contribution of <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Colombia" title="Tourism in Colombia">tourism</a> to GDP was US$5,880.3bn (2.0% of total GDP) in 2016. Tourism generated 556,135 jobs (2.5% of total employment) in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-257">[249]</a> Foreign tourist visits were predicted to have risen from 0.6 million in 2007 to 4 million in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-258">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_natural_resources">Agriculture and natural resources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Colombia" title="Agriculture in Colombia">Agriculture in Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Colombia">Mining in Colombia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerrej%C3%B3n_mine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cerrej%C3%B3n_mine.JPG/220px-Cerrej%C3%B3n_mine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cerrej%C3%B3n_mine.JPG/220px-Cerrej%C3%B3n_mine.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cerrej%C3%B3n_mine.JPG/330px-Cerrej%C3%B3n_mine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cerrej%C3%B3n_mine.JPG/440px-Cerrej%C3%B3n_mine.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cerrej%C3%B3n" title="Cerrejón">Cerrejón</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_coal_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-pit coal mine">open-pit coal mine</a>, the largest of its type, the largest in Latin America and the tenth biggest in the world.</figcaption></figure> In agriculture, Colombia is one of the five largest producers in the world of <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>, and one of the 10 largest producers in the world of <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>. The country also has considerable production of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>. Although it is not the largest coffee producer in the world (Brazil claims that title), the country has been able to carry out, for decades, a global marketing campaign to add value to the country's product. Colombian palm oil production is one of the most sustainable on the planet, compared to the largest existing producers. Colombia is also among the 20 largest producers in the world of <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicken_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken meat">chicken meat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[254]</a> Colombia is also the 2nd largest <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a> exporter in the world, after the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-263">[255]</a> Colombian agriculture emits 55% of Colombia's <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> emissions, mostly from deforestation, over-extensive cattle ranching, land grabbing, and illegal agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-264">[256]</a> Colombia is an important exporter of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> – in 2020, more than 40% of the country's exports were based on these two products.<a href="#cite_note-265">[257]</a> In 2018 it was the 5th largest coal exporter in the world.<a href="#cite_note-266">[258]</a> In 2019, Colombia was the 20th largest petroleum producer in the world, with 791 thousand barrels/day, exporting a good part of its production – the country was the 19th largest oil exporter in the world in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-267">[259]</a> In mining, Colombia is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</a>,<a href="#cite_note-268">[260]</a> and in the production of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, between 2006 and 2017, the country produced 15 tons per year until 2007, when its production increased significantly, beating the record of 66.1 tons extracted in 2012. In 2017, it extracted 52.2 tons. Currently, the country is among the 25 largest gold producers in the world.<a href="#cite_note-269">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_and_transportation">Energy and transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Colombia" title="Electricity sector in Colombia">Electricity sector in Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Colombia" title="Transport in Colombia">Transport in Colombia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hidrosogamoso,_Represa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hidrosogamoso%2C_Represa.JPG/220px-Hidrosogamoso%2C_Represa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2204"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hidrosogamoso%2C_Represa.JPG/220px-Hidrosogamoso%2C_Represa.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hidrosogamoso%2C_Represa.JPG/330px-Hidrosogamoso%2C_Represa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hidrosogamoso%2C_Represa.JPG/440px-Hidrosogamoso%2C_Represa.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sogamoso_Dam" title="Sogamoso Dam">Sogamoso Dam</a></figcaption></figure> The electricity production in Colombia comes mainly from <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a> sources. 69.93% is obtained from the <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric generation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[262]</a> Colombia's commitment to renewable energy was recognized in the 2014 Global Green Economy Index (GGEI), ranking among the top 10 nations in the world in terms of greening efficiency sectors.<a href="#cite_note-ggei-271">[263]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg/220px-Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg/220px-Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg/330px-Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg/440px-Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Port of <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena</a></figcaption></figure> Transportation in Colombia is regulated within the functions of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(Colombia)" title="Ministry of Transport (Colombia)">Ministry of Transport</a><a href="#cite_note-MTransport-272">[264]</a> and entities such as the National Roads Institute (<a href="/wiki/INV%C3%8DAS" class="mw-redirect" title="INVÍAS">INVÍAS</a>) responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Colombia" title="Highways in Colombia">Highways in Colombia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-273">[265]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Aerocivil" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerocivil">Aerocivil</a>, responsible for civil aviation and <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Colombia" title="List of airports in Colombia">airports</a>,<a href="#cite_note-274">[266]</a> the <a href="/wiki/National_Infrastructure_Agency_(Colombia)" title="National Infrastructure Agency (Colombia)">National Infrastructure Agency</a>, in charge of <a href="/wiki/Concession_(contract)" title="Concession (contract)">concessions</a> through <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">public–private partnerships</a>, for the design, construction, maintenance, operation, and administration of the transport infrastructure,<a href="#cite_note-275">[267]</a> the General Maritime Directorate (Dimar) has the responsibility of coordinating maritime traffic control along with the Colombian Navy,<a href="#cite_note-276">[268]</a> among others, and under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Superintendency_of_Ports_and_Transport_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendency of Ports and Transport (Colombia)">Superintendency of Ports and Transport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[269]</a> In 2021, Colombia had 204,389 km (127,001 mi) of roads, 32,280 km (20,058 mi) of which were paved. At the end of 2017, the country had around 2,100 km (1,305 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">duplicated highways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-transporte-280">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Colombia" title="Rail transport in Colombia">Rail transportation</a> in Colombia is dedicated almost entirely to <a href="/wiki/Rail_freight_transport" title="Rail freight transport">freight shipments</a> and the railway network has a length of 1,700 km of potentially active rails.<a href="#cite_note-transporte-280">[272]</a> Colombia has 3,960 kilometers of gas pipelines, 4,900 kilometers of <a href="/wiki/Oil_pipelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil pipelines">oil pipelines</a>, and 2,990 kilometers of refined-products pipelines.<a href="#cite_note-transporte-280">[272]</a> The Colombian government aimed to build 7,000 km of roads between 2016 and 2020, which would reduce travel times by an estimated 30 per cent, and transport costs by an estimated 20 per cent. A toll road concession programme will comprise 40 projects, and is part of a larger strategic goal to invest nearly $50 bn in transport infrastructure, including railway systems, making the <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_River" title="Magdalena River">Magdalena River</a> navigable again, improving port facilities, and an expansion of <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_International_Airport" title="El Dorado International Airport">El Dorado International Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[273]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Colombia is a middle-income country.<a href="#cite_note-282">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Colombia" title="Science and technology in Colombia">Science and technology in Colombia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CEMSA_271215_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/CEMSA_271215_01.JPG/220px-CEMSA_271215_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/CEMSA_271215_01.JPG/220px-CEMSA_271215_01.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/CEMSA_271215_01.JPG/330px-CEMSA_271215_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/CEMSA_271215_01.JPG/440px-CEMSA_271215_01.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Colciencias" class="mw-redirect" title="Colciencias">Colciencias</a> is a Colombian Government agency that supports fundamental and applied research.</figcaption></figure> Colombia has more than 3,950 research groups in science and technology.<a href="#cite_note-283">[275]</a> iNNpulsa, a government body that promotes entrepreneurship and innovation in the country, provides grants to startups, in addition to other services it and institutions provide. Colombia was ranked 61st in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-284">[276]</a> Co-working spaces have arisen to serve as communities for startups large and small.<a href="#cite_note-venturebeat.com-285">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[278]</a> Organizations such as the Corporation for Biological Research (CIB) for the support of young people interested in scientific work has been successfully developed in Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-287">[279]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Tropical_Agriculture" title="International Center for Tropical Agriculture">International Center for Tropical Agriculture</a> based in Colombia investigates the increasing challenge of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[280]</a> Important inventions related to medicine have been made in Colombia, such as the first <a href="/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">external artificial pacemaker with internal electrodes</a>, invented by the electrical engineer <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Reynolds_Pombo" title="Jorge Reynolds Pombo">Jorge Reynolds Pombo</a>, an invention of great importance for those who suffer from heart failure. Also invented in Colombia were the <a href="/wiki/Microkeratome" title="Microkeratome">microkeratome</a> and keratomileusis technique, which form the fundamental basis of what now is known as <a href="/wiki/LASIK" title="LASIK">LASIK</a> (one of the most important techniques for the correction of <a href="/wiki/Refractive_error" title="Refractive error">refractive errors</a> of vision) and the <a href="/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n_Hakim#The_Invention_of_the_valve" title="Salomón Hakim">Hakim valve</a> for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">hydrocephalus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[281]</a> Colombia has begun to innovate in military technology for its army and other armies of the world; especially in the design and creation of personal ballistic protection products, military hardware, <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">military robots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bombs</a>, simulators and radar.<a href="#cite_note-290">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[283]</a> Some leading Colombian scientists are Joseph M. Tohme, researcher recognized for his work on the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> of food, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Elkin_Patarroyo" title="Manuel Elkin Patarroyo">Manuel Elkin Patarroyo</a> who is known for his groundbreaking work on <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_vaccine" title="Synthetic vaccine">synthetic vaccines</a> for <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Lopera" title="Francisco Lopera">Francisco Lopera</a> who discovered the "Paisa Mutation" or a type of <a href="/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Early-onset Alzheimer's disease">early-onset Alzheimer's</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Francisco_Lopera-292">[284]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Llin%C3%A1s" title="Rodolfo Llinás">Rodolfo Llinás</a> known for his study of the intrinsic <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> properties and the theory of a syndrome that had changed the way of understanding the functioning of the brain, Jairo Quiroga Puello recognized for his studies on the characterization of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_substance" title="Synthetic substance">synthetic substances</a> which can be used to fight fungus, <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> and even some viruses and Ángela Restrepo who established accurate <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnoses</a> and treatments to combat the effects of a disease caused by <a href="/wiki/Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis" title="Paracoccidioides brasiliensis">Paracoccidioides brasiliensis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cient%C3%ADficos_colombianos-293">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-brillantes_colombianos-294">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cient%C3%ADficos_destacados-295">[287]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Colombia" title="Demographics of Colombia">Demographics of Colombia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Colombian_departments_by_population" title="List of Colombian departments by population">List of Colombian departments by population</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Densidad_pop_col_only_Colombia.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Densidad_pop_col_only_Colombia.png/220px-Densidad_pop_col_only_Colombia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="1395"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 263px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Densidad_pop_col_only_Colombia.png/220px-Densidad_pop_col_only_Colombia.png" data-width="220" data-height="263" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Densidad_pop_col_only_Colombia.png/330px-Densidad_pop_col_only_Colombia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Densidad_pop_col_only_Colombia.png/440px-Densidad_pop_col_only_Colombia.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> of Colombia in 2013</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colombia_poblaci%C3%B3n.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Colombia_poblaci%C3%B3n.png/220px-Colombia_poblaci%C3%B3n.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="953"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 112px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Colombia_poblaci%C3%B3n.png/220px-Colombia_poblaci%C3%B3n.png" data-width="220" data-height="112" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Colombia_poblaci%C3%B3n.png/330px-Colombia_poblaci%C3%B3n.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Colombia_poblaci%C3%B3n.png/440px-Colombia_poblaci%C3%B3n.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Population history of Colombia</figcaption></figure> With an estimated 50 million people in 2020, Colombia is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">third-most populous country</a> in Latin America, after Brazil and Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-PopulationProjections-296">[288]</a> At the beginning of the 20th century, Colombia's population was approximately 4 million.<a href="#cite_note-297">[289]</a> Since the early 1970s Colombia has experienced steady declines in its fertility, mortality, and population growth rates. The population growth rate for 2016 is estimated to be 0.9%.<a href="#cite_note-Population_growth-298">[290]</a> About 26.8% of the population were 15 years old or younger, 65.7% were between 15 and 64 years old, and 7.4% were over 65 years old. The proportion of older persons in the total population has begun to increase substantially.<a href="#cite_note-299">[291]</a> Colombia is projected to have a population of 55.3 million by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-300">[292]</a> Estimates for the population of the area that is now Colombia range between 2.5 and 12 million people in 1500; estimates between the extremes include figures of 6<a href="#cite_note-JaramilloUribe1989-56">[52]</a> and 7 million. With the Spanish conquest, the region's population had collapsed to around 1.2 million people in 1600, for an estimated decrease of 52–90%. By the end of the colonial period, it had declined further to around 800,000; it began rising in the early 19th century to around 1.4 million, where it would drop again in the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_War_of_Independence" title="Colombian War of Independence">Colombian War of Independence</a> to between 1 and 1.2 million. The country's population did not recover to pre-conquest levels until the 1940s, nearly 450 years after its 16th-century peak.<a href="#cite_note-PoblacioCol-301">[293]</a> The population is concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Region_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Region of Colombia">Andean highlands</a> and along the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Region_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Region of Colombia">Caribbean coast</a>, also the population densities are generally higher in the Andean region. The nine eastern lowland departments, comprising about 54% of Colombia's area, have less than 6% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-populationbyregions-175">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Population_density-176">[168]</a> Traditionally a rural society, <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">movement to urban areas</a> was very heavy in the mid-20th century, and Colombia is now one of the most urbanized countries in Latin America. The urban population increased from 31% of the total in 1938 to nearly 60% in 1973, and by 2014 the figure stood at 76%.<a href="#cite_note-Country_Study-302">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[295]</a> The population of <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a> alone has increased from just over 300,000 in 1938 to approximately 8 million today.<a href="#cite_note-304">[296]</a> In total seventy-two cities now have populations of 100,000 or more (2015). As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colombia&action=edit">[update]</a> Colombia has the world's largest populations of <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced persons</a> (IDPs), estimated to be up to 4.9 million people.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-305">[297]</a> The life expectancy was 74.8 years in 2015, and infant mortality was 13.1 per thousand in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Life_expectancy_at_birth-306">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-infant_mortality-307">[299]</a> In 2015, 94.58% of adults and 98.66% of youth are literate and the government spends about 4.49% of its GDP on education.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-308">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Languages of Colombia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish" title="Colombian Spanish">Colombian Spanish</a></div> Around 99.2% of Colombians speak Spanish, also called Castilian; 65 <a href="/wiki/Amerindian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian language">Amerindian languages</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole languages">Creole languages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Sign_Language" title="Colombian Sign Language">Colombian Sign Language</a> are also used in the country. <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> has official status in the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LEY47DE1993-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-lenguas_ind%C3%ADgenas-309">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-Languages_of_Colombia-310">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-MapofthelanguagesofColombia-311">[303]</a> Including Spanish, a total of 101 languages are listed for Colombia in the <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> database. The specific number of spoken languages varies slightly since some authors consider as different languages what others consider to be varieties or dialects of the same language. Best estimates recorded 71 languages that are spoken in-country today – most of which belong to the <a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Saliban</a> language families. There are currently more than 850,000 speakers of native languages.<a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-312">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-nativelanguages-313">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Colombia" title="Race and ethnicity in Colombia">Race and ethnicity in Colombia</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#808080; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#008080; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 79577.429658068px; border-left-color:#FFBF00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FFBF00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FFBF00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 19894.200334598px; border-left-color:#008080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#008080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#008080"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1109.9750318873px; border-left-color:#1C39BB"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#1C39BB"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#1C39BB"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 265.14603691466px; border-left-color:#FFBF00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FFBF00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FFBF00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 101.0103969679px; border-left-color:#008080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#008080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#008080"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Ethnic groups in Colombia - <a href="/wiki/2018_Colombian_census" title="2018 Colombian census">2018 Census</a><a href="#cite_note-grupos_%C3%A9tnicos-2">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Mestizo_Colombians" title="Mestizo Colombians">Mestizo</a>-<a href="/wiki/White_Colombians" title="White Colombians">White</a> (87.58%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Afro-Colombian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Colombian">Afro-Colombian</a> (includes <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mixed</a>) (6.68%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">Amerindian</a> (4.31%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Not stated (1.35%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Raizal" title="Raizal">Raizal</a> (0.06%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero</a> (0.02%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Romani_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani People">Romani</a> (0.01%)</div> </div> </div></div> Colombia is ethnically diverse, its people descending from the original <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">Native</a> inhabitants, Spanish conquistadors, <a href="/wiki/African_Colombian" class="mw-redirect" title="African Colombian">Africans</a> originally brought to the country as slaves, and 20th-century <a href="/wiki/European_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="European diaspora">immigrants from Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Colombians" title="Arab Colombians">Middle East</a>, all contributing to a diverse cultural heritage.<a href="#cite_note-Colombia_is_ethnically_diverse-314">[306]</a> The demographic distribution reflects a pattern that is influenced by colonial history.<a href="#cite_note-315">[307]</a> Whites live all throughout the country, mainly in urban centers and the burgeoning highland and coastal cities. The populations of the major cities also include mestizos. <a href="/wiki/Mestizo_Colombian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizo Colombian">Mestizo</a> campesinos (people living in rural areas) also live in the Andean highlands where some Spanish conquerors mixed with the women of Amerindian <a href="/wiki/Chiefdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiefdoms">chiefdoms</a>. Mestizos include artisans and small tradesmen that have played a major part in the urban expansion of recent decades.<a href="#cite_note-316">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-grupos_%C3%A9tnicos-2">[2]</a> In a study by the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Colombians have an average ancestry of 47% Amerindian DNA, 42% European DNA, and 11% African DNA.<a href="#cite_note-Rojas2010-317">[309]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2018_Colombian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Colombian Census">2018 census</a> reported that the "non-ethnic population", consisting of <a href="/wiki/White_Colombian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Colombian">whites</a> and mestizos (those of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry), constituted 87.6% of the national population. 6.7% is of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Colombian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Colombian">African</a> ancestry. <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">Indigenous Amerindians</a> constitute 4.3% of the population. <a href="/wiki/Raizal" title="Raizal">Raizal</a> people constitute 0.06% of the population. <a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero</a> people constitute 0.02% of the population. 0.01% of the population are <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a>. A study by Latinobarómetro in 2023 estimates that 50.3% of the population are <a href="/wiki/Mestizo_Colombians" title="Mestizo Colombians">Mestizo</a>, 26.4% are <a href="/wiki/White_Colombians" title="White Colombians">White</a>, 9.5% are <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Colombia">Indigenous</a>, 9.0% are <a href="/wiki/Afro-Colombians" title="Afro-Colombians">Black</a>, 4.4% are <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a>, and 0.4% are <a href="/wiki/Asian_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian People">Asian</a>, these estimates would equate to around 26 million people being Mestizo, 14 million being White, 5 million being Indigenous, 5 million being Black, 2 million being Mulatto, and 200k being Asian.<a href="#cite_note-2023est-318">[310]</a> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#9ae758; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3978.035783976px; border-left-color:#18d886"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#18d886"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#18d886"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 321.4582078634px; border-left-color:#00c2ac"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#00c2ac"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#00c2ac"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 84.866196759027px; border-left-color:#00a9c1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#00a9c1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#00a9c1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 10.722223627389px; border-left-color:#008dbf"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#008dbf"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#008dbf"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:1.8848439715408px 99.982235238081px 0 0; border-top-color:#2b70a7"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#2b70a7"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Ethnic groups of Colombia according to Latinobarómetro 2023<a href="#cite_note-2023est-318">[310]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Mestizo_Colombians" title="Mestizo Colombians">Mestizo</a> (50.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/White_Colombians" title="White Colombians">White</a> (26.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Colombia">Amerindian</a> (9.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Afro_Colombians" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro Colombians">Black</a> (9.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a> (4.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a> (0.4%)</div> </div> </div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a> estimated that the 86% of the population that did not consider themselves part of one of the ethnic groups indicated by the 2006 census, white Colombians are mainly of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish immigration to Colombia">Spanish</a> lineage, but there is also a large population of <a href="/wiki/Arab_Colombians" title="Arab Colombians">Middle East</a> descent; in some areas there is a considerable input of <a href="/wiki/German_Colombian" class="mw-redirect" title="German Colombian">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Colombian" title="Italian Colombian">Italian</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-The_Society_and_Its_Environment-319">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-grupos_%C3%A9tnicos-2">[2]</a> Many of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">Indigenous peoples</a> experienced a reduction in population during the Spanish rule<a href="#cite_note-320">[312]</a> and many others were absorbed into the mestizo population, but the remainder currently represents over eighty distinct cultures. Reserves (resguardos) established for indigenous peoples occupy 30,571,640 hectares (305,716.4 km2) (27% of the country's total) and are inhabited by more than 800,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Resguardos_Ind%C3%ADgenas-321">[313]</a> Some of the largest indigenous groups are the <a href="/wiki/Wayuu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayuu">Wayuu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-wayuu-322">[314]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Paez_people" title="Paez people">Paez</a>, the Pastos, the <a href="/wiki/Ember%C3%A1_people" title="Emberá people">Emberá</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%BA" title="Zenú">Zenú</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pueblos_ind%C3%ADgenas-323">[315]</a> The departments of <a href="/wiki/Department_of_La_Guajira" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of La Guajira">La Guajira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Department" title="Nariño Department">Nariño</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Department" title="Córdoba Department">Córdoba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sucre_Department" title="Sucre Department">Sucre</a> have the largest indigenous populations.<a href="#cite_note-grupos_%C3%A9tnicos-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Organization_of_Colombia" title="National Indigenous Organization of Colombia">Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia</a> (ONIC), founded at the first National Indigenous Congress in 1982, is an organization representing the indigenous peoples of Colombia. In 1991, Colombia signed and ratified the current international law concerning indigenous peoples, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ratifications_-_ilo.org-324">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Saharan Africans">Sub-Saharan Africans</a> were brought as <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slaves</a>, mostly to the coastal lowlands, beginning early in the 16th century and continuing into the 19th century. Large Afro-Colombian communities are found today on the Pacific Coast.<a href="#cite_note-325">[317]</a> Numerous <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican people">Jamaicans</a> migrated mainly to the islands of San Andres and Providencia. A number of other Europeans and North Americans migrated to the country in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including people from the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> during and after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Extranjeros_en_Colombia-326">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-Migraciones_Internacionales-327">[319]</a> Many immigrant communities have settled on the Caribbean coast, in particular recent immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_West_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in West Asia">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Barranquilla (the largest city of the Colombian Caribbean) and other Caribbean cities have the largest populations of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Colombian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Colombian">Lebanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Arab_Colombians" title="Arab Colombians">Levantines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-arab_colombians-328">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[321]</a> There are also important communities of <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romanis</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Colombia_is_ethnically_diverse-314">[306]</a> There is a major migration trend of <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan people">Venezuelans</a>, due to the political and economic situation in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-330">[322]</a> In August 2019, Colombia offered citizenship to more than 24,000 children of Venezuelan refugees who were born in Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-331">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Religion in Colombia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Colombia" title="Freedom of religion in Colombia">Freedom of religion in Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Colombia">Jews in Colombia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santuario_de_Las_Lajas,_Ipiales,_Colombia,_2015-07-21,_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg/220px-Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3958" data-file-height="2758"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg/220px-Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg/330px-Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg/440px-Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Las_Lajas_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Lajas Sanctuary">Las Lajas Sanctuary</a> in the southern Colombian Department of <a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Department" title="Nariño Department">Nariño</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Administrative_Department_of_Statistics" title="National Administrative Department of Statistics">National Administrative Department of Statistics</a> (DANE) does not collect religious statistics, and accurate reports are difficult to obtain. However, based on various studies and a survey, about 90% of the population adheres to Christianity, the majority of which (70.9%–79%) are <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, while a significant minority (16.7%) adhere to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (primarily <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a>). Some 4.7% of the population is <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> or agnostic, while 3.5% claim to believe in God but do not follow a specific religion. 1.8% of Colombians adhere to <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a> and less than 1% adhere to other religions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Indigenous religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishna movement">Hare Krishna movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, and spiritual studies. The remaining people either did not respond or replied that they did not know. In addition to the above statistics, 35.9% of Colombians reported that they did not practice their faith actively.<a href="#cite_note-Religion-332">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-Religion2-333">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-Religion_in_Latin_America-334">[326]</a> 1,519,562 people in Colombia, or around 3% of the population reported following an Indigenous religion. While Colombia remains a mostly Roman Catholic country by <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> numbers, the 1991 Colombian constitution guarantees freedom of religion and all religious faiths and churches are equally free before the law.<a href="#cite_note-335">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Colombia" title="Health care in Colombia">Health care in Colombia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Complejo_M%C3%A9dico_-_Hospital_Internacional_de_Colombia_HIC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Complejo_M%C3%A9dico_-_Hospital_Internacional_de_Colombia_HIC.jpg/220px-Complejo_M%C3%A9dico_-_Hospital_Internacional_de_Colombia_HIC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2242"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Complejo_M%C3%A9dico_-_Hospital_Internacional_de_Colombia_HIC.jpg/220px-Complejo_M%C3%A9dico_-_Hospital_Internacional_de_Colombia_HIC.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Complejo_M%C3%A9dico_-_Hospital_Internacional_de_Colombia_HIC.jpg/330px-Complejo_M%C3%A9dico_-_Hospital_Internacional_de_Colombia_HIC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Complejo_M%C3%A9dico_-_Hospital_Internacional_de_Colombia_HIC.jpg/440px-Complejo_M%C3%A9dico_-_Hospital_Internacional_de_Colombia_HIC.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Colombia leads the annual <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Econom%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="América Economía">América Economía</a> ranking of the best clinics and hospitals in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-Colombian_clinics-336">[328]</a></figcaption></figure> The overall <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> in Colombia at birth is 79.3 years (76.7 years for males and 81.9 years for females).<a href="#cite_note-Life_expectancy_at_birth-306">[298]</a> Healthcare reforms have led to massive improvements in the healthcare systems of the country, with health standards in Colombia improving very much since the 1980s. The new system has widened population coverage by the social and health security system from 21% (pre-1993) to 96% in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-337">[329]</a> In 2017, the government declared a <a href="/wiki/Cancer_research" title="Cancer research">cancer research</a> and treatment center as a Project of National Strategic Interest.<a href="#cite_note-338">[330]</a> A 2016 study conducted by <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Econom%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="América Economía">América Economía</a> magazine ranked 21 Colombian <a href="/wiki/Health_facility" title="Health facility">health care institutions</a> among the top 44 in Latin America, amounting to 48 percent of the total.<a href="#cite_note-Colombian_clinics-336">[328]</a> In 2022, 26 Colombian hospitals were among the 61 best in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> (42% total).<a href="#cite_note-339">[331]</a> Also in 2023, two Colombian hospitals were among the top 75 of the world.<a href="#cite_note-340">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Colombia" title="Education in Colombia">Education in Colombia</a></div> The educational experience of many Colombian children begins with attendance at a <a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">preschool</a> academy until age five (Educación preescolar). Basic education (Educación básica) is compulsory by law.<a href="#cite_note-342">[334]</a> It has two stages: Primary basic education (Educación básica primaria) which goes from first to fifth grade – children from six to ten years old, and Secondary basic education (Educación básica secundaria), which goes from sixth to ninth grade. Basic education is followed by Middle vocational education (Educación media vocacional) that comprises the tenth and eleventh grades. It may have different vocational training modalities or specialties (academic, technical, business, and so on.) according to the curriculum adopted by each school.<a href="#cite_note-sistema_educativo-343">[335]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facultad_de_Minas_-_M5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Facultad_de_Minas_-_M5.jpg/220px-Facultad_de_Minas_-_M5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Facultad_de_Minas_-_M5.jpg/220px-Facultad_de_Minas_-_M5.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Facultad_de_Minas_-_M5.jpg/330px-Facultad_de_Minas_-_M5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Facultad_de_Minas_-_M5.jpg/440px-Facultad_de_Minas_-_M5.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>M5 building – <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Colombia" title="National University of Colombia">National University of Colombia</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Nel_G%C3%B3mez" title="Pedro Nel Gómez">Pedro Nel Gómez</a></figcaption></figure> After the successful completion of all the basic and middle education years, a <a href="/wiki/High-school_diploma" class="mw-redirect" title="High-school diploma">high-school diploma</a> is awarded. The high-school graduate is known as a bachiller, because secondary basic school and middle education are traditionally considered together as a unit called bachillerato (sixth to eleventh grade). Students in their final year of middle education take the <a href="/wiki/ICFES_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="ICFES Examination">ICFES test</a> (now renamed Saber 11) to gain access to higher education (Educación superior). This higher education includes undergraduate professional studies, technical, technological and intermediate professional education, and post-graduate studies. Technical professional institutions of Higher Education are also opened to students holder of a qualification in Arts and Business. This qualification is usually awarded by the <a href="/wiki/National_Service_of_Learning_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Service of Learning (Colombia)">SENA</a> after a two years curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-344">[336]</a> Bachilleres (high-school graduates) may enter into a professional undergraduate career program offered by a university; these programs last up to five years (or less for technical, technological and intermediate professional education, and post-graduate studies), even as much to six to seven years for some careers, such as medicine. In Colombia, there is not an institution such as college; students go directly into a career program at a university or any other educational institution to obtain a professional, technical or technological title. Once graduated from the university, people are granted a (professional, technical or technological) diploma and licensed (if required) to practice the career they have chosen. For some professional career programs, students are required to take the Saber-Pro test, in their final year of undergraduate academic education.<a href="#cite_note-sistema_educativo-343">[335]</a> Public spending on education as a proportion of gross domestic product in 2015 was 4.49%. This represented 15.05% of total government expenditure. The <a href="/wiki/Gross_enrolment_ratio" title="Gross enrolment ratio">primary and secondary gross enrolment ratios</a> stood at 113.56% and 98.09% respectively. <a href="/wiki/School-life_expectancy" class="mw-redirect" title="School-life expectancy">School-life expectancy</a> was 14.42 years. A total of 94.58% of the population aged 15 and older were recorded as literate, including 98.66% of those aged 15–24.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-308">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COPES.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/COPES.png/220px-COPES.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/COPES.png/220px-COPES.png" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/COPES.png/330px-COPES.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/COPES.png/440px-COPES.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Colombian_National_Police_Special_Operations_Command" title="Colombian National Police Special Operations Command">Colombian National Police Special Operations Command (COPES)</a>, displayed in <a href="/wiki/Pereira,_Colombia" title="Pereira, Colombia">Pereira</a>. A subdivision of the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Colombia" title="National Police of Colombia">National Police</a> for the fight against organized crime and terrorist acts.</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Colombia" title="Crime in Colombia">Crime in Colombia</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Colombia&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Colombia has a high crime rate due to being a center for the cultivation and trafficking of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a> began in the mid-1960s and is a <a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">low-intensity conflict</a> between <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colombia" title="Government of Colombia">Colombian governments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramilitarism_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramilitarism in Colombia">paramilitary groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">crime syndicates</a>, and left-wing guerrillas such as the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia</a> (FARC), and the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)" title="National Liberation Army (Colombia)">National Liberation Army</a> (ELN), fighting each other to increase their influence in Colombian territory. Two of the most important international actors that have contributed to the Colombian conflict are multinational companies and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Crime_in_Colombia_HistoricalCommission-345">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crime_in_Colombia_colombia-and-us-54-346">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crime_in_Colombia_International_actors-347">[339]</a> Elements of all the armed groups have been involved in <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a>. In a country where state capacity has been weak in some regions, the result has been a grinding war on multiple fronts, with the <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilian</a> population caught in between and often deliberately targeted for "collaborating". Human rights advocates blame paramilitaries for massacres, "disappearances", and cases of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">forced displacement</a>. Rebel groups are behind assassinations, kidnapping and extortion.<a href="#cite_note-348">[340]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a> launched the "Borders for Prosperity" plan<a href="#cite_note-Crime_in_Colombia_:0-349">[341]</a> to fight poverty and combat violence from illegal armed groups along Colombia's borders through social and economic development.<a href="#cite_note-Crime_in_Colombia_:1-350">[342]</a> The plan received praise from the <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crime_in_Colombia_icgrpt-351">[343]</a> Colombia registered a <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a> rate of 24.4 per 100,000 in 2016, the lowest since 1974. The 40-year low in murders came the same year the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colombia" title="Government of Colombia">government</a> signed a <a href="/wiki/Colombian_peace_process" title="Colombian peace process">peace agreement</a> with the FARC.<a href="#cite_note-Crime_in_Colombia_auto-352">[344]</a> The murder rate further decreased to 22.6 in 2020, though still among the highest in the world, it decreased 73% from 84 in 1991. In the 1980s and 1990s it regularly ranked as number one. Since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">crisis in Venezuela</a> and the mass <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Venezuelans" title="Venezuelans">Venezuelans</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan refugee crisis</a>, desperate Venezuelans have been recruited into <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gangs</a> in order to survive.<a href="#cite_note-Crime_in_Colombia_:02-353">[345]</a> Venezuelan women have also resorted to <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Colombia" title="Prostitution in Colombia">prostitution</a> in order to make a living in Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-Crime_in_Colombia_:02-353">[345]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanization">Urbanization</h3></div> Colombia is a highly urbanized country with 77.1% of the population living in urban areas. The largest cities in the country are <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, with 7,387,400 inhabitants, <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn" title="Medellín">Medellín</a>, with 2,382,399 inhabitants, <a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a>, with 2,172,527 inhabitants, and <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a>, with 1,205,284 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-354">[346]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Colombia <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2018 Census<a href="#cite_note-355">[347]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Colombia_by_population" title="List of cities in Colombia by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Colombia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">Department</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Colombia_by_population" title="List of cities in Colombia by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Colombia_by_population" title="List of cities in Colombia by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Colombia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">Department</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Colombia_by_population" title="List of cities in Colombia by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:BOGOTA_CITY.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bogotá"><noscript><img alt="Bogotá" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BOGOTA_CITY.jpg/120px-BOGOTA_CITY.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 68px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BOGOTA_CITY.jpg/120px-BOGOTA_CITY.jpg" data-alt="Bogotá" data-width="120" data-height="68" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BOGOTA_CITY.jpg/180px-BOGOTA_CITY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BOGOTA_CITY.jpg/240px-BOGOTA_CITY.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Centro_de_Medell%C3%ADn_en_dron_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medellín"><noscript><img alt="Medellín" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Centro_de_Medell%C3%ADn_en_dron_04.jpg/120px-Centro_de_Medell%C3%ADn_en_dron_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6992" data-file-height="4167"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 72px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Centro_de_Medell%C3%ADn_en_dron_04.jpg/120px-Centro_de_Medell%C3%ADn_en_dron_04.jpg" data-alt="Medellín" data-width="120" data-height="72" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Centro_de_Medell%C3%ADn_en_dron_04.jpg/180px-Centro_de_Medell%C3%ADn_en_dron_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Centro_de_Medell%C3%ADn_en_dron_04.jpg/240px-Centro_de_Medell%C3%ADn_en_dron_04.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn" title="Medellín">Medellín</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Distrito Capital</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,387,400</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ibagu%C3%A9" title="Ibagué">Ibagué</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tolima_Department" title="Tolima Department">Tolima</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">492,554 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Panor%C3%A1mica_nocturna_de_Cali_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cali"><noscript><img alt="Cali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Panor%C3%A1mica_nocturna_de_Cali_2023.jpg/120px-Panor%C3%A1mica_nocturna_de_Cali_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 68px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Panor%C3%A1mica_nocturna_de_Cali_2023.jpg/120px-Panor%C3%A1mica_nocturna_de_Cali_2023.jpg" data-alt="Cali" data-width="120" data-height="68" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Panor%C3%A1mica_nocturna_de_Cali_2023.jpg/180px-Panor%C3%A1mica_nocturna_de_Cali_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Panor%C3%A1mica_nocturna_de_Cali_2023.jpg/240px-Panor%C3%A1mica_nocturna_de_Cali_2023.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn" title="Medellín">Medellín</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Antioquia_Department" title="Antioquia Department">Antioquia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,382,399</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Villavicencio" title="Villavicencio">Villavicencio</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Meta_Department" title="Meta Department">Meta</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">492,052 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca_Department" title="Valle del Cauca Department">Valle del Cauca</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,172,527</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta" title="Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Department" title="Magdalena Department">Magdalena</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">455,299 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A1ntico_Department" title="Atlántico Department">Atlántico</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,205,284</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valledupar" title="Valledupar">Valledupar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Department" title="Cesar Department">Cesar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">431,794 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Department" title="Bolívar Department">Bolívar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">876,885</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manizales" title="Manizales">Manizales</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Caldas_Department" title="Caldas Department">Caldas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">405,234 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAcuta" title="Cúcuta">Cúcuta</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Norte_de_Santander_Department" title="Norte de Santander Department">Norte de Santander</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">685,445</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Monter%C3%ADa" title="Montería">Montería</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Department" title="Córdoba Department">Córdoba</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">388,499 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Soacha" title="Soacha">Soacha</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department" title="Cundinamarca Department">Cundinamarca</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">655,025</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pereira,_Colombia" title="Pereira, Colombia">Pereira</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Risaralda_Department" title="Risaralda Department">Risaralda</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">385,838 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Soledad,_Atl%C3%A1ntico" title="Soledad, Atlántico">Soledad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A1ntico_Department" title="Atlántico Department">Atlántico</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">602,644</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neiva,_Huila" title="Neiva, Huila">Neiva</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Huila_Department" title="Huila Department">Huila</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">335,994 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bucaramanga" title="Bucaramanga">Bucaramanga</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Santander_Department" title="Santander Department">Santander</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">570,752</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pasto,_Colombia" title="Pasto, Colombia">Pasto</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Department" title="Nariño Department">Nariño</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">308,095 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bello,_Antioquia" title="Bello, Antioquia">Bello</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Antioquia_Department" title="Antioquia Department">Antioquia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">495,483</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Armenia,_Colombia" title="Armenia, Colombia">Armenia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quind%C3%ADo_Department" title="Quindío Department">Quindío</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">287,245 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Colombia" title="Culture of Colombia">Culture of Colombia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals in Colombia">Festivals in Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombian_folklore" title="Colombian folklore">Colombian folklore</a></div> Colombia lies at the crossroads of <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American culture">Latin America</a> and the broader American continent, and as such has been hit by a wide range of cultural influences. <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Spanish</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Caribbean" title="Culture of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Middle Eastern</a> influences, as well as other Latin American cultural influences, are all present in Colombia's modern culture. Urban migration, industrialization, globalization, and other political, social and economic changes have also left an impression.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Colombia" title="National symbols of Colombia">national symbols</a>, both objects and themes, have arisen from Colombia's diverse cultural traditions and aim to represent what Colombia, and the Colombian people, have in common. Cultural expressions in Colombia are promoted by the government through the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Colombia)" title="Ministry of Culture (Colombia)">Ministry of Culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-356">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colombian_literature" title="Colombian literature">Colombian literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez%2C_2009.jpg/220px-Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="1658"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez%2C_2009.jpg/220px-Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez%2C_2009.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez%2C_2009.jpg/330px-Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez%2C_2009.jpg/440px-Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Nobel literature</a> prize winner <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[349]</a></figcaption></figure> Colombian literature dates back to pre-Columbian era; a notable example of the period is the epic poem known as the Legend of Yurupary.<a href="#cite_note-The_Legend_of_Yurupary-358">[350]</a> In Spanish colonial times, notable writers include <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Castellanos" title="Juan de Castellanos">Juan de Castellanos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eleg%C3%ADas_de_varones_ilustres_de_Indias" title="Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias">Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias</a>), Hernando Domínguez Camargo and his epic poem to San Ignacio de Loyola, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sim%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Simón">Pedro Simón</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Freyle" title="Juan Rodríguez Freyle">Juan Rodríguez Freyle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-359">[351]</a> Post-independence literature linked to Romanticism highlighted <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Nari%C3%B1o" title="Antonio Nariño">Antonio Nariño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Madrid" title="José Fernández Madrid">José Fernández Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Torres_Tenorio" title="Camilo Torres Tenorio">Camilo Torres Tenorio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Antonio_Zea" title="Francisco Antonio Zea">Francisco Antonio Zea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-360">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[353]</a> In the second half of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century the literary genre known as <a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">costumbrismo</a> became popular; great writers of this period were <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Carrasquilla" title="Tomás Carrasquilla">Tomás Carrasquilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Jorge Isaacs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Pombo" title="Rafael Pombo">Rafael Pombo</a> (the latter of whom wrote notable works of children's literature).<a href="#cite_note-362">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[355]</a> Within that period, authors such as <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Asunci%C3%B3n_Silva" title="José Asunción Silva">José Asunción Silva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Eustasio_Rivera" title="José Eustasio Rivera">José Eustasio Rivera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_de_Greiff" title="León de Greiff">León de Greiff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_Barba-Jacob" title="Porfirio Barba-Jacob">Porfirio Barba-Jacob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Vargas_Vila" title="José María Vargas Vila">José María Vargas Vila</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Modernismo" title="Modernismo">modernist</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-364">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[358]</a> In 1872, Colombia established the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Academy_of_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Academy of Language">Colombian Academy of Language</a>, the first Spanish language academy in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-367">[359]</a> <a href="/wiki/Candelario_Obeso" title="Candelario Obeso">Candelario Obeso</a> wrote the groundbreaking Cantos Populares de mi Tierra (1877), the first book of poetry by an Afro-Colombian author.<a href="#cite_note-368">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-Candelario_Obeso-369">[361]</a> Between 1939 and 1940 seven books of poetry were published under the name <a href="/wiki/Stone_and_Sky_(movement)" title="Stone and Sky (movement)">Stone and Sky</a> in the city of Bogotá that significantly influenced the country; they were edited by the poet Jorge Rojas.<a href="#cite_note-370">[362]</a> In the following decade, <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Arango" title="Gonzalo Arango">Gonzalo Arango</a> founded the movement of "<a href="/wiki/Nadaism" title="Nadaism">nothingness</a>" in response to the violence of the time;<a href="#cite_note-371">[363]</a> he was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a>, and the thought of another great Colombian writer: <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(writer)" title="Fernando González (writer)">Fernando González Ochoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[364]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Boom" title="Latin American Boom">boom in Latin American literature</a>, successful writers emerged, led by <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a> and his magnum opus, <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitude" title="One Hundred Years of Solitude">One Hundred Years of Solitude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Caballero_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Eduardo Caballero Calderón">Eduardo Caballero Calderón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mej%C3%ADa_Vallejo" title="Manuel Mejía Vallejo">Manuel Mejía Vallejo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Mutis" title="Álvaro Mutis">Álvaro Mutis</a>, a writer who was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" title="Miguel de Cervantes Prize">Cervantes Prize</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Asturias Award for Letters">Prince of Asturias Award for Letters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-373">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[366]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colombian_art" title="Colombian art">Colombian art</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Liegende_mit_Frucht%22_Skulptur_von_Fernando_Botero_in_Bamberg_-_Deutschland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%22Liegende_mit_Frucht%22_Skulptur_von_Fernando_Botero_in_Bamberg_-_Deutschland.jpg/160px-%22Liegende_mit_Frucht%22_Skulptur_von_Fernando_Botero_in_Bamberg_-_Deutschland.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 107px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%22Liegende_mit_Frucht%22_Skulptur_von_Fernando_Botero_in_Bamberg_-_Deutschland.jpg/160px-%22Liegende_mit_Frucht%22_Skulptur_von_Fernando_Botero_in_Bamberg_-_Deutschland.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="160" data-height="107" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%22Liegende_mit_Frucht%22_Skulptur_von_Fernando_Botero_in_Bamberg_-_Deutschland.jpg/240px-%22Liegende_mit_Frucht%22_Skulptur_von_Fernando_Botero_in_Bamberg_-_Deutschland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%22Liegende_mit_Frucht%22_Skulptur_von_Fernando_Botero_in_Bamberg_-_Deutschland.jpg/320px-%22Liegende_mit_Frucht%22_Skulptur_von_Fernando_Botero_in_Bamberg_-_Deutschland.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Work by the painter and sculptor <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Botero" title="Fernando Botero">Fernando Botero</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Alonso_de_Narvaez_-_Our_Lady_of_Chiquinquira,1562.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alonso_de_Narvaez_-_Our_Lady_of_Chiquinquira%2C1562.jpg/160px-Alonso_de_Narvaez_-_Our_Lady_of_Chiquinquira%2C1562.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="901"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alonso_de_Narvaez_-_Our_Lady_of_Chiquinquira%2C1562.jpg/160px-Alonso_de_Narvaez_-_Our_Lady_of_Chiquinquira%2C1562.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="160" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alonso_de_Narvaez_-_Our_Lady_of_Chiquinquira%2C1562.jpg/240px-Alonso_de_Narvaez_-_Our_Lady_of_Chiquinquira%2C1562.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alonso_de_Narvaez_-_Our_Lady_of_Chiquinquira%2C1562.jpg/320px-Alonso_de_Narvaez_-_Our_Lady_of_Chiquinquira%2C1562.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Colonial painting <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_of_Chiquinquir%C3%A1" title="Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá">The Virgin of Chiquinquirá</a> (1562) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alonso_de_Narv%C3%A1ez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alonso de Narváez (page does not exist)">Alonso de Narváez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[368]</a> She is the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patroness</a> of Colombia. The original canvas is located in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_of_Chiquinquir%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá (page does not exist)">Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Santiago_Martinez_Delgado_in_the_colombian_congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Santiago_Martinez_Delgado_in_the_colombian_congress.jpg/160px-Santiago_Martinez_Delgado_in_the_colombian_congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="275"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Santiago_Martinez_Delgado_in_the_colombian_congress.jpg/160px-Santiago_Martinez_Delgado_in_the_colombian_congress.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="160" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Santiago_Martinez_Delgado_in_the_colombian_congress.jpg/240px-Santiago_Martinez_Delgado_in_the_colombian_congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Santiago_Martinez_Delgado_in_the_colombian_congress.jpg/320px-Santiago_Martinez_Delgado_in_the_colombian_congress.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mural by <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Mart%C3%ADnez_Delgado" title="Santiago Martínez Delgado">Santiago Martínez Delgado</a></div></div></div></div></div> Colombian art has over 3,000 years of history. Colombian artists have captured the country's changing political and cultural backdrop using a range of styles and mediums. There is archeological evidence of ceramics being produced earlier in Colombia than anywhere else in the Americas, dating as early as 3,000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-donquijote.org-377">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-artecolombiano-378">[370]</a> The earliest examples of gold craftsmanship have been attributed to the Tumaco people<a href="#cite_note-379">[371]</a> of the Pacific coast and date to around 325 BCE. Roughly between 200 BCE and 800 CE, the <a href="/wiki/San_Agust%C3%ADn,_Huila" title="San Agustín, Huila">San Agustín culture</a>, masters of <a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">stonecutting</a>, entered its "classical period". They erected raised <a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">ceremonial</a> centers, <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcophagi">sarcophagi</a>, and large stone <a href="/wiki/Monolith" title="Monolith">monoliths</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoomorphism" title="Zoomorphism">zoomorphic</a> forms out of <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-artecolombiano-378">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-San_Agust%C3%ADn-380">[372]</a> Colombian art has followed the trends of the time, so during the 16th to 18th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Spain">Spanish Catholicism</a> had a huge influence on Colombian art, and the popular <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> style was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">rococo</a> when the Bourbons ascended to the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spanish crown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-381">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[374]</a> During this era, in the Spanish colony, the most important Neogranadine (Colombian) painters were <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_V%C3%A1squez_de_Arce_y_Ceballos" title="Gregorio Vásquez de Arce y Ceballos">Gregorio Vásquez de Arce y Ceballos</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspar_de_Figueroa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaspar de Figueroa (page does not exist)">Gaspar de Figueroa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltasar_Vargas_de_Figueroa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baltasar Vargas de Figueroa (page does not exist)">Baltasar Vargas de Figueroa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltasar_de_Figueroa_(the_Elder)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baltasar de Figueroa (the Elder) (page does not exist)">Baltasar de Figueroa (the Elder)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Acero_de_la_Cruz" title="Antonio Acero de la Cruz">Antonio Acero de la Cruz</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guti%C3%A9rrez_(painter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquín Gutiérrez (painter) (page does not exist)">Joaquín Gutiérrez</a>, of which their works are preserved. Also important was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alonso_de_Narv%C3%A1ez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alonso de Narváez (page does not exist)">Alonso de Narváez</a> who, although born in the Province of Seville, spent most of his life in colonial Colombia, also the Italian <a href="/wiki/Angelino_Medoro" title="Angelino Medoro">Angelino Medoro</a>, lived in Colombia and Peru, and left works of art preserved in several churches in <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Tunja</a> city. During the mid-19th century, one of the most remarkable painters was <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Torres_M%C3%A9ndez" title="Ramón Torres Méndez">Ramón Torres Méndez</a>, who produced a series of good quality paintings depicting the people and their customs of different Colombian regions. Also noteworthy in the 19th century were <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Maria" title="Andrés de Santa Maria">Andrés de Santa María</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_Figueroa" title="Pedro José Figueroa">Pedro José Figueroa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epifanio_Garay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epifanio Garay (page does not exist)">Epifanio Garay</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercedes_Delgado_Mallarino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercedes Delgado Mallarino (page does not exist)">Mercedes Delgado Mallarino</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Espinosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José María Espinosa (page does not exist)">José María Espinosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Acevedo_Bernal" title="Ricardo Acevedo Bernal">Ricardo Acevedo Bernal</a>, between many others. More recently, Colombian artists <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Nel_G%C3%B3mez" title="Pedro Nel Gómez">Pedro Nel Gómez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Mart%C3%ADnez_Delgado" title="Santiago Martínez Delgado">Santiago Martínez Delgado</a> started the Colombian Murial Movement in the 1940s, featuring the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neoclassical</a> features of <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-donquijote.org-377">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-artecolombiano-378">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-383">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[376]</a> Since the 1950s, the Colombian art started to have a distinctive point of view, reinventing traditional elements under the concepts of the 20th century. Examples of this are the Greiff <a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">portraits</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_G%C3%B3mez_Jaramillo" title="Ignacio Gómez Jaramillo">Ignacio Gómez Jaramillo</a>, showing what the Colombian art could do with the new techniques applied to typical Colombian themes. Carlos Correa, with his <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigmatic</a> "Naturaleza muerta en silencio" (silent dead nature), combines geometrical <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(art)" title="Abstraction (art)">abstraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">cubism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Alejandro Obregón">Alejandro Obregón</a> is often considered as the father of modern Colombian painting, and one of the most influential artist in this period, due to his originality, the painting of Colombian landscapes with <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">symbolic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionist</a> use of animals, (specially the <a href="/wiki/Andean_condor" title="Andean condor">Andean condor</a>).<a href="#cite_note-artecolombiano-378">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[378]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Botero" title="Fernando Botero">Fernando Botero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Rayo" title="Omar Rayo">Omar Rayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Grau" title="Enrique Grau">Enrique Grau</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89dgar_Negret" title="Édgar Negret">Édgar Negret</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Manzur" title="David Manzur">David Manzur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Arenas_Betancourt" title="Rodrigo Arenas Betancourt">Rodrigo Arenas Betancourt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Murillo_(artist)" title="Oscar Murillo (artist)">Oscar Murillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doris_Salcedo" title="Doris Salcedo">Doris Salcedo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Mu%C3%B1oz_(artist)" title="Oscar Muñoz (artist)">Oscar Muñoz</a> are some of the Colombian artists featured at the international level.<a href="#cite_note-donquijote.org-377">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-museorayo-389">[381]</a> The Colombian sculpture from the sixteenth to 18th centuries was mostly devoted to <a href="/wiki/Religious_art" title="Religious art">religious depictions</a> of ecclesiastic art, strongly influenced by the Spanish schools of <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> sculpture. During the early period of the Colombian republic, the national artists were focused in the production of sculptural portraits of politicians and public figures, in a plain <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoclassicist">neoclassicist</a> trend.<a href="#cite_note-390">[382]</a> During the 20th century, the Colombian sculpture began to develop a bold and innovative work with the aim of reaching a better understanding of national sensitivity.<a href="#cite_note-artecolombiano-378">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colombian_sculptors-391">[383]</a> Colombian photography was marked by the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Louis_Gros" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Louis Gros">Jean-Baptiste Louis Gros</a> was who brought the daguerreotype process to Colombia in 1841. The Piloto public library has Latin America's largest archive of negatives, containing 1.7 million antique photographs covering Colombia 1848 until 2005.<a href="#cite_note-392">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[385]</a> The Colombian press has promoted the work of the <a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">cartoonists</a>. In recent decades, <a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">fanzines</a>, internet and <a href="/wiki/Independent_publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent publisher">independent publishers</a> have been fundamental to the growth of the comic in Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-394">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[388]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Colombia" title="Architecture of Colombia">Architecture of Colombia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture" title="Muisca architecture">Muisca architecture</a></div> Throughout the times, there have been a variety of <a href="/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles" title="List of architectural styles">architectural styles</a>, from those of indigenous peoples to contemporary ones, passing through colonial (military and religious), Republican, transition and modern styles.<a href="#cite_note-397">[389]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_Scenes_in_Cartagena,_Colombia_(24045961890).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Street_Scenes_in_Cartagena%2C_Colombia_%2824045961890%29.jpg/220px-Street_Scenes_in_Cartagena%2C_Colombia_%2824045961890%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="1356"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Street_Scenes_in_Cartagena%2C_Colombia_%2824045961890%29.jpg/220px-Street_Scenes_in_Cartagena%2C_Colombia_%2824045961890%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Street_Scenes_in_Cartagena%2C_Colombia_%2824045961890%29.jpg/330px-Street_Scenes_in_Cartagena%2C_Colombia_%2824045961890%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Street_Scenes_in_Cartagena%2C_Colombia_%2824045961890%29.jpg/440px-Street_Scenes_in_Cartagena%2C_Colombia_%2824045961890%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Colonial balconies in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral-Bas%C3%ADlica-de-Nuestra-Se%C3%B1ora-de-la-Asunci%C3%B3n-de-Popay%C3%A1n-Colombia-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Catedral-Bas%C3%ADlica-de-Nuestra-Se%C3%B1ora-de-la-Asunci%C3%B3n-de-Popay%C3%A1n-Colombia-1.jpg/220px-Catedral-Bas%C3%ADlica-de-Nuestra-Se%C3%B1ora-de-la-Asunci%C3%B3n-de-Popay%C3%A1n-Colombia-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1335"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Catedral-Bas%C3%ADlica-de-Nuestra-Se%C3%B1ora-de-la-Asunci%C3%B3n-de-Popay%C3%A1n-Colombia-1.jpg/220px-Catedral-Bas%C3%ADlica-de-Nuestra-Se%C3%B1ora-de-la-Asunci%C3%B3n-de-Popay%C3%A1n-Colombia-1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Catedral-Bas%C3%ADlica-de-Nuestra-Se%C3%B1ora-de-la-Asunci%C3%B3n-de-Popay%C3%A1n-Colombia-1.jpg/330px-Catedral-Bas%C3%ADlica-de-Nuestra-Se%C3%B1ora-de-la-Asunci%C3%B3n-de-Popay%C3%A1n-Colombia-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Catedral-Bas%C3%ADlica-de-Nuestra-Se%C3%B1ora-de-la-Asunci%C3%B3n-de-Popay%C3%A1n-Colombia-1.jpg/440px-Catedral-Bas%C3%ADlica-de-Nuestra-Se%C3%B1ora-de-la-Asunci%C3%B3n-de-Popay%C3%A1n-Colombia-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Colonial <a href="/wiki/Popay%C3%A1n" title="Popayán">Popayán</a> main plaza, <a href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca Department</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pila_de_agua_en_la_Plaza_Central_en_Villa_de_Leyva,_Boyac%C3%A1,_Colombia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pila_de_agua_en_la_Plaza_Central_en_Villa_de_Leyva%2C_Boyac%C3%A1%2C_Colombia.jpg/220px-Pila_de_agua_en_la_Plaza_Central_en_Villa_de_Leyva%2C_Boyac%C3%A1%2C_Colombia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pila_de_agua_en_la_Plaza_Central_en_Villa_de_Leyva%2C_Boyac%C3%A1%2C_Colombia.jpg/220px-Pila_de_agua_en_la_Plaza_Central_en_Villa_de_Leyva%2C_Boyac%C3%A1%2C_Colombia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pila_de_agua_en_la_Plaza_Central_en_Villa_de_Leyva%2C_Boyac%C3%A1%2C_Colombia.jpg/330px-Pila_de_agua_en_la_Plaza_Central_en_Villa_de_Leyva%2C_Boyac%C3%A1%2C_Colombia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pila_de_agua_en_la_Plaza_Central_en_Villa_de_Leyva%2C_Boyac%C3%A1%2C_Colombia.jpg/440px-Pila_de_agua_en_la_Plaza_Central_en_Villa_de_Leyva%2C_Boyac%C3%A1%2C_Colombia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Colonial <a href="/wiki/Villa_de_Leyva" title="Villa de Leyva">Villa de Leyva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department" title="Boyacá Department">Boyacá Department</a></figcaption></figure> Ancient habitation areas, longhouses, <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">crop terraces</a>, roads as the <a href="/wiki/Inca_road_system" title="Inca road system">Inca road system</a>, cemeteries, <a href="/wiki/Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">hypogeums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolises</a> are all part of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_architecture" title="Indigenous architecture">architectural heritage of indigenous peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-398">[390]</a> Some prominent indigenous structures are the <a href="/wiki/Andean_preceramic" title="Andean preceramic">preceramic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/Tequendama" title="Tequendama">Tequendama</a>,<a href="#cite_note-399">[391]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tierradentro" title="Tierradentro">Tierradentro</a> (a park that contains the largest concentration of <a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="List of pre-Columbian cultures">pre-Columbian</a> monumental <a href="/wiki/Shaft_tomb" title="Shaft tomb">shaft tombs</a> with side chambers),<a href="#cite_note-400">[392]</a> the largest collection of religious monuments and <a href="/wiki/Megalithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic">megalithic</a> sculptures in South America, located in <a href="/wiki/San_Agust%C3%ADn_Archaeological_Park" title="San Agustín Archaeological Park">San Agustín, Huila</a>,<a href="#cite_note-San_Agust%C3%ADn-380">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[393]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Perdida" title="Ciudad Perdida">Lost city</a> (an archaeological site with a series of terraces carved into the mountainside, a net of tiled roads, and several circular plazas), and the large villages mainly built with <a href="/wiki/Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone">stone</a>, wood, cane, and mud.<a href="#cite_note-402">[394]</a> Architecture during the period of conquest and colonization is mainly derived of adapting <a href="/wiki/European_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="European architecture">European styles</a> to local conditions, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spanish influence</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremaduran</a>, can be easily seen.<a href="#cite_note-403">[395]</a> When Europeans founded cities two things were making simultaneously: the dimensioning of geometrical space (<a href="/wiki/Town_square" title="Town square">town square</a>, street), and the location of a tangible point of <a href="/wiki/Map_orientation" class="mw-redirect" title="Map orientation">orientation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-404">[396]</a> The construction of <a href="/wiki/Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort">forts</a> was common throughout the Caribbean and in some cities of the interior, because of the dangers posed to Spanish colonial settlements from English, French and Dutch <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">pirates</a> and hostile indigenous groups.<a href="#cite_note-405">[397]</a> Churches, chapels, schools, and hospitals belonging to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_religious_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic religious order">religious orders</a> have a great urban influence.<a href="#cite_note-1550%E2%80%931750-406">[398]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a> is used in military buildings and public spaces.<a href="#cite_note-407">[399]</a> Marcelino Arroyo, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Caldas" title="Francisco José de Caldas">Francisco José de Caldas</a> and Domingo de Petrés were great representatives of <a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-classical architecture">neo-classical architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1550%E2%80%931750-406">[398]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Capitolio_Nacional" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitolio Nacional">National Capitol</a> is a great representative of romanticism.<a href="#cite_note-408">[400]</a> Wood was extensively used in doors, windows, railings, and ceilings during the colonization of <a href="/wiki/Antioquia_Department" title="Antioquia Department">Antioquia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_region_of_Colombia" title="Caribbean region of Colombia">Caribbean</a> architecture acquires a strong <a href="/wiki/Arabic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic architecture">Arabic influence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[401]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Teatro_de_Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n" title="Teatro de Cristóbal Colón">Teatro Colón</a> in Bogotá is a lavish example of architecture from the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-410">[402]</a> The quintas houses with innovations in the <a href="/wiki/Volumetric" class="mw-redirect" title="Volumetric">volumetric</a> conception are some of the best examples of the Republican architecture; the Republican action in the city focused on the design of three types of <a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">spaces</a>: parks with forests, small <a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">urban parks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">avenues</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic style</a> was most commonly used for the design of churches.<a href="#cite_note-411">[403]</a> Deco style, <a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">modern neoclassicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture" title="Eclecticism in architecture">eclecticism</a> <a href="/wiki/Folklorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklorist">folklorist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a> <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">ornamental</a> resources significantly influenced the architecture of Colombia, especially during the transition period.<a href="#cite_note-412">[404]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">Modernism</a> contributed with new construction technologies and new <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">materials</a> (steel, <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a>, glass and synthetic materials) and the <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topology</a> architecture and <a href="/wiki/Concrete_slab" title="Concrete slab">lightened slabs system</a> also have a great influence.<a href="#cite_note-413">[405]</a> The most influential architects of the modern movement were <a href="/wiki/Rogelio_Salmona" title="Rogelio Salmona">Rogelio Salmona</a> and Fernando Martínez Sanabria.<a href="#cite_note-414">[406]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">contemporary architecture</a> of Colombia is designed to give greater importance to the <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">materials</a>, this architecture takes into account the specific <a href="/wiki/Geographical_feature" title="Geographical feature">natural and artificial geographies</a> and is also an architecture that appeals to the <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">senses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-415">[407]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Architectural_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural conservation">conservation of the architectural and urban heritage</a> of Colombia has been promoted in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-416">[408]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Music of Colombia</a></div> Colombia has a vibrant collage of talent that touches a full spectrum of <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythms</a>. It is known as the land of a thousand rhythms, at around 1,024 folk rhythms. Musicians, composers, music producers and singers from Colombia are recognized internationally such as <a href="/wiki/Shakira" title="Shakira">Shakira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juanes" title="Juanes">Juanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Vives" title="Carlos Vives">Carlos Vives</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-417">[409]</a> Colombian music blends European-influenced guitar and song structure with large <a href="/wiki/Gaita_flutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaita flutes">gaita flutes</a> and percussion instruments from the indigenous population, while its percussion structure and dance forms come from Africa. Colombia has a diverse and dynamic musical environment.<a href="#cite_note-about.com-418">[410]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ejes_musicales_de_Colombia1.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ejes_musicales_de_Colombia1.png/170px-Ejes_musicales_de_Colombia1.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="299" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7180" data-file-height="12642"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 299px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ejes_musicales_de_Colombia1.png/170px-Ejes_musicales_de_Colombia1.png" data-width="170" data-height="299" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ejes_musicales_de_Colombia1.png/255px-Ejes_musicales_de_Colombia1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ejes_musicales_de_Colombia1.png/340px-Ejes_musicales_de_Colombia1.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Regions of Colombia by their traditional music</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Uribe_Holgu%C3%ADn" title="Guillermo Uribe Holguín">Guillermo Uribe Holguín</a>, an important cultural figure in the <a href="/wiki/National_Symphony_Orchestra_of_Colombia" title="National Symphony Orchestra of Colombia">National Symphony Orchestra of Colombia</a>, Luis Antonio Calvo and Blas Emilio Atehortúa are some of the greatest exponents of the <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-419">[411]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Bogotá Philharmonic Orchestra">Bogotá Philharmonic Orchestra</a> is one of the most active orchestras in Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-420">[412]</a> Caribbean music has many vibrant rhythms, such as <a href="/wiki/Cumbia_(Colombia)" title="Cumbia (Colombia)">cumbia</a> (it is played by the <a href="/wiki/Maraca" title="Maraca">maracas</a>, the drums, the gaitas and <a href="/wiki/Guacharaca" title="Guacharaca">guacharaca</a>), <a href="/wiki/Porro" title="Porro">porro</a> (it is a monotonous but joyful rhythm), <a href="/wiki/Mapal%C3%A9" title="Mapalé">mapalé</a> (with its fast rhythm and constant <a href="/wiki/Clapping" title="Clapping">clapping</a>) and the "<a href="/wiki/Vallenato" title="Vallenato">vallenato</a>", which originated in the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> coast (the rhythm is mainly played by the caja, the guacharaca, and <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Colombian_music-421">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-424">[416]</a><a href="#cite_note-425">[417]</a> The music from the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast" title="Pacific coast">Pacific coast</a>, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Currulao_(music_genre)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Currulao (music genre) (page does not exist)">currulao</a>, is characterized by its strong use of drums (instruments such as the native <a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">marimba</a>, the conunos, the <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Side_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Side drum">side drum</a>, and the cuatro guasas or tubular rattle). An important rhythm of the south region of the Pacific coast is the <a href="/wiki/Contradanza" title="Contradanza">contradanza</a> (it is used in dance shows due to the striking colours of the costumes).<a href="#cite_note-Colombian_music-421">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-426">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[419]</a> Marimba music, traditional chants and dances from the Colombia South Pacific region are on <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-428">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-429">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-430">[422]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jorge_Celed%C3%B3n_in_DC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jorge_Celed%C3%B3n_in_DC.JPG/220px-Jorge_Celed%C3%B3n_in_DC.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="892"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jorge_Celed%C3%B3n_in_DC.JPG/220px-Jorge_Celed%C3%B3n_in_DC.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jorge_Celed%C3%B3n_in_DC.JPG/330px-Jorge_Celed%C3%B3n_in_DC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jorge_Celed%C3%B3n_in_DC.JPG/440px-Jorge_Celed%C3%B3n_in_DC.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Celed%C3%B3n" title="Jorge Celedón">Jorge Celedón</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Binomio_de_Oro_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Binomio de Oro de América">Binomio de Oro de América</a> band. The <a href="/wiki/Vallenato" title="Vallenato">Vallenato</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Cumbia_(Colombia)" title="Cumbia (Colombia)">Cumbia</a>, are the two most popular Colombian folk music genres heard in Latin America.</figcaption></figure> Important musical rhythms of the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Region_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Region (Colombia)">Andean Region</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Danza" title="Danza">danza</a> (dance of Andean folklore arising from the transformation of the European contredance), the <a href="/wiki/Bambuco" title="Bambuco">bambuco</a> (it is played with guitar, <a href="/wiki/Colombian_tiple" title="Colombian tiple">tiple</a><a href="#cite_note-431">[423]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a>, the rhythm is danced by couples), the <a href="/wiki/Pasillo" title="Pasillo">pasillo</a> (a rhythm inspired by the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltz</a> and the Colombian "danza", the lyrics have been composed by well-known poets), the guabina (the <a href="/wiki/Tiple" title="Tiple">tiple</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bandola" title="Bandola">bandola</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Requinto" title="Requinto">requinto</a> are the basic instruments), the <a href="/wiki/Sanjuanero" title="Sanjuanero">sanjuanero</a> (it originated in <a href="/wiki/Tolima_Department" title="Tolima Department">Tolima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huila_Department" title="Huila Department">Huila</a> Departments, the rhythm is joyful and fast).<a href="#cite_note-432">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-433">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-434">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-435">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[428]</a> Apart from these traditional rhythms, <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa music</a> has spread throughout the country, and the city of <a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a> is considered by many salsa singers to be 'The New Salsa Capital of the World'.<a href="#cite_note-Colombian_music-421">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[430]</a> The instruments that distinguish the music of the <a href="/wiki/Orinoqu%C3%ADa_natural_region" title="Orinoquía natural region">Eastern Plains</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cuatro_(instrument)" title="Cuatro (instrument)">cuatro</a> (a type of four-stringed guitar) and maracas. Important rhythms of this region are the <a href="/wiki/Joropo" title="Joropo">joropo</a> (a fast rhythm and there is also tapping as a result of its <a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">flamenco</a> ancestry) and the <a href="/wiki/Galeron" class="mw-redirect" title="Galeron">galeron</a> (it is heard a lot while <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboys</a> are working).<a href="#cite_note-Colombian_music-421">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-440">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-441">[433]</a> The music of the Amazon region is strongly influenced by the indigenous religious practices. Some of the musical instruments used are the manguaré (a musical instrument of <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonial">ceremonial</a> type, consisting of a pair of large <a href="/wiki/Cylindrical_drum" title="Cylindrical drum">cylindrical drums</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Quena" title="Quena">quena</a> (melodic instrument), the <a href="/wiki/Rondador" title="Rondador">rondador</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conga" title="Conga">congas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">bells</a>, and different types of flutes.<a href="#cite_note-442">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-443">[435]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[436]</a> The music of the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina</a> is usually accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Washtub_bass" title="Washtub bass">tub-bass</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Jawbone_(instrument)" title="Jawbone (instrument)">jawbone</a>, a guitar and <a href="/wiki/Maraca" title="Maraca">maracas</a>. Some popular archipelago rhythms are the <a href="/wiki/Schottische" title="Schottische">Schottische</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">Calypso</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">Polka</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">Mento</a>.<a href="#cite_note-445">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-446">[438]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Theater_of_Colombia" title="Theater of Colombia">Theater of Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Colombia" title="Cinema of Colombia">Cinema of Colombia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Colombia">Media of Colombia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_India_Catalina_FICCI.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Statue_India_Catalina_FICCI.JPG/220px-Statue_India_Catalina_FICCI.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1283"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Statue_India_Catalina_FICCI.JPG/220px-Statue_India_Catalina_FICCI.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Statue_India_Catalina_FICCI.JPG/330px-Statue_India_Catalina_FICCI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Statue_India_Catalina_FICCI.JPG/440px-Statue_India_Catalina_FICCI.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_Film_Festival" title="Cartagena Film Festival">Cartagena Film Festival</a> is the oldest cinema event in Latin America. The central focus is on films from Ibero-America.<a href="#cite_note-fiapf-447">[439]</a></figcaption></figure> Theater was introduced in Colombia during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization</a> in 1550 through <a href="/wiki/Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">zarzuela</a> companies. Colombian theater is supported by the Ministry of Culture and a number of private and state owned organizations. The <a href="/wiki/Theater_of_Colombia" title="Theater of Colombia">Ibero-American Theater Festival of Bogotá</a> is the cultural event of the highest importance in Colombia and one of the biggest theater festivals in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Theater_Festival-448">[440]</a> Other important theater events are: The Festival of Puppet The Fanfare (Medellín), The Manizales Theater Festival, The Caribbean Theatre Festival (Santa Marta) and The Art Festival of Popular Culture "Cultural Invasion" (Bogotá).<a href="#cite_note-Theatre_in_Colombia-449">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-theatrical_production-450">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-teatro_siglo_XX-451">[443]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Colombia" title="Cinema of Colombia">Colombian cinema</a> is young as an industry, more recently the film industry was growing with support from the Film Act passed in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-the_Film_Act_passed_in_2003-452">[444]</a> Many film festivals take place in Colombia, but the two most important are the <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_Film_Festival" title="Cartagena Film Festival">Cartagena Film Festival</a>, which is the oldest film festival in Latin America, and the <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_Film_Festival" title="Bogotá Film Festival">Bogotá Film Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fiapf-447">[439]</a><a href="#cite_note-film_festivals-453">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[446]</a> Some important national circulation newspapers are <a href="/wiki/El_Tiempo_(Colombia)" title="El Tiempo (Colombia)">El Tiempo</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Espectador" title="El Espectador">El Espectador</a>. <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Colombia" title="Television in Colombia">Television in Colombia</a> has two privately owned TV networks and three state-owned TV networks with national coverage, as well as six regional TV networks and dozens of local TV stations. Private channels, <a href="/wiki/RCN_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="RCN TV">RCN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caracol_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Caracol Televisión">Caracol</a> are the highest-rated. The regional channels and regional newspapers cover a department or more and its content is made in these particular areas.<a href="#cite_note-Television_in_Colombia-455">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-press-456">[448]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_press_in_Colombia-457">[449]</a> Colombia has three major national <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Colombia" title="Radio in Colombia">radio networks</a>: <a href="/wiki/Radiodifusora_Nacional_de_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiodifusora Nacional de Colombia">Radiodifusora Nacional de Colombia</a>, a state-run national radio; <a href="/wiki/Caracol_Radio" title="Caracol Radio">Caracol Radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/RCN_Radio" title="RCN Radio">RCN Radio</a>, privately owned networks with hundreds of affiliates. There are other national networks, including <a href="/wiki/Cadena_Super" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadena Super">Cadena Super</a>, <a href="/wiki/Todelar" title="Todelar">Todelar</a>, and Colmundo. Many hundreds of radio stations are registered with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_Technologies_and_Communications_(Colombia)" title="Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications (Colombia)">Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Radio_in_Colombia-458">[450]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comidas_tipicas_colombianas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Comidas_tipicas_colombianas.jpg/220px-Comidas_tipicas_colombianas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="774"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Comidas_tipicas_colombianas.jpg/220px-Comidas_tipicas_colombianas.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Comidas_tipicas_colombianas.jpg/330px-Comidas_tipicas_colombianas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Comidas_tipicas_colombianas.jpg/440px-Comidas_tipicas_colombianas.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bandeja paisa (top) and Ajiaco (bottom) are two of the most traditional plates in the country.</figcaption></figure> Colombia's varied cuisine is influenced by its diverse fauna and flora as well as the cultural traditions of the ethnic groups. Colombian dishes and ingredients vary widely by region. Some of the most common ingredients are: cereals such as rice and maize; tubers such as potato and <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>; assorted <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>; meats, including beef, chicken, pork and goat; fish; and seafood.<a href="#cite_note-Paseo_de_olla-459">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-460">[452]</a> Colombia cuisine also features a variety of tropical fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Physalis_peruviana" title="Physalis peruviana">cape gooseberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acca_sellowiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Acca sellowiana">feijoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugenia_stipitata" title="Eugenia stipitata">arazá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitaya" title="Pitaya">dragon fruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purple_mangosteen" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple mangosteen">mangostino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passiflora_ligularis" title="Passiflora ligularis">granadilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a>, mora (<a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">blackberry</a>), <a href="/wiki/Solanum_quitoense" title="Solanum quitoense">lulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annona_muricata" class="mw-redirect" title="Annona muricata">soursop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passionfruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Passionfruit">passionfruit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Colombian_cuisine-461">[453]</a> Colombia is one of the world's largest consumers of fruit juices.<a href="#cite_note-462">[454]</a> Among the most representative appetizers and soups are <a href="/wiki/Tostones" title="Tostones">patacones</a> (fried green plantains), <a href="/wiki/Sancocho" title="Sancocho">sancocho</a> de gallina (chicken soup with root vegetables) and <a href="/wiki/Ajiaco" title="Ajiaco">ajiaco</a> (potato and corn soup). Representative snacks and breads are <a href="/wiki/Pandebono" title="Pandebono">pandebono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arepa" title="Arepa">arepas</a> (corn cakes), <a href="/wiki/Aborrajado" class="mw-redirect" title="Aborrajado">aborrajados</a> (fried sweet plantains with cheese), <a href="/wiki/Torta" title="Torta">torta</a> de <a href="/wiki/Choclo" class="mw-redirect" title="Choclo">choclo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empanada" title="Empanada">empanadas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almoj%C3%A1bana" title="Almojábana">almojábanas</a>. Representative main courses are <a href="/wiki/Bandeja_paisa" title="Bandeja paisa">bandeja paisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lechona_tolimense" class="mw-redirect" title="Lechona tolimense">lechona tolimense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ternera_a_la_llanera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ternera a la llanera">mamona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamales" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamales">tamales</a> and fish dishes (such as <a href="/wiki/Arroz_de_lisa" title="Arroz de lisa">arroz de lisa</a>), especially in coastal regions where <a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">kibbeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suero" title="Suero">suero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coste%C3%B1o_cheese" title="Costeño cheese">costeño cheese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carima%C3%B1ola" title="Carimañola">carimañolas</a> are also eaten. Representative side dishes are papas chorreadas (potatoes with cheese), remolachas rellenas con huevo duro (beets stuffed with <a href="/wiki/Hard-boiled_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard-boiled egg">hard-boiled egg</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Coconut_rice" title="Coconut rice">arroz con coco</a> (coconut rice).<a href="#cite_note-Colombian_cuisine-461">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paseo_de_olla-459">[451]</a> <a href="/wiki/Organic_food" title="Organic food">Organic food</a> is a current trend in big cities, although in general across the country the fruits and veggies are very natural and fresh.<a href="#cite_note-463">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colombian_Food-464">[456]</a> Representative desserts are <a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B1uelo" title="Buñuelo">buñuelos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Natilla">natillas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_cake" title="Maria Luisa cake">Maria Luisa cake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bocadillo_(dessert)" title="Bocadillo (dessert)">bocadillo</a> made of guayaba (guava jelly), <a href="/wiki/Cocadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocadas">cocadas</a> (coconut balls), casquitos de guayaba (candied guava peels), <a href="/wiki/Torta_de_nata" title="Torta de nata">torta de natas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oblea" title="Oblea">obleas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_caramel" title="Crème caramel">flan</a> de <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosc%C3%B3n" title="Roscón">roscón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milhoja" class="mw-redirect" title="Milhoja">milhoja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manjar_blanco" title="Manjar blanco">manjar blanco</a>, dulce de <a href="/wiki/Feijoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Feijoa">feijoa</a>, dulce de <a href="/wiki/Mountain_papaya" title="Mountain papaya">papayuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torta" title="Torta">torta</a> de mojicón, and esponjado de <a href="/wiki/Curuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Curuba">curuba</a>. Typical sauces (salsas) are <a href="/wiki/Hogao" title="Hogao">hogao</a> (tomato and onion sauce) and Colombian-style <a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%AD_(sauce)" title="Ají (sauce)">ají</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Colombian_cuisine-461">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paseo_de_olla-459">[451]</a> Some representative beverages are <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Colombia" title="Coffee production in Colombia">coffee</a> (Tinto), <a href="/wiki/Champ%C3%BAs" title="Champús">champús</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholado" title="Cholado">cholado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lulada" title="Lulada">lulada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avena_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avena (beverage)">avena</a> colombiana, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> juice, <a href="/wiki/Aguapanela" title="Aguapanela">aguapanela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">aguardiente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">hot chocolate</a> and fresh fruit juices (often made with water or milk).<a href="#cite_note-Colombian_cuisine-461">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paseo_de_olla-459">[451]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Colombia" title="Sport in Colombia">Sport in Colombia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_2016._Ciclismo_BMX-BMX_Cycling_(29016608602).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rio_2016._Ciclismo_BMX-BMX_Cycling_%2829016608602%29.jpg/220px-Rio_2016._Ciclismo_BMX-BMX_Cycling_%2829016608602%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rio_2016._Ciclismo_BMX-BMX_Cycling_%2829016608602%29.jpg/220px-Rio_2016._Ciclismo_BMX-BMX_Cycling_%2829016608602%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rio_2016._Ciclismo_BMX-BMX_Cycling_%2829016608602%29.jpg/330px-Rio_2016._Ciclismo_BMX-BMX_Cycling_%2829016608602%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rio_2016._Ciclismo_BMX-BMX_Cycling_%2829016608602%29.jpg/440px-Rio_2016._Ciclismo_BMX-BMX_Cycling_%2829016608602%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Paj%C3%B3n" title="Mariana Pajón">Mariana Pajón</a> is a Colombian cyclist, two-time Olympic gold medalist and <a href="/wiki/UCI_BMX_World_Championships" title="UCI BMX World Championships">BMX World Champion</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Tejo_(sport)" title="Tejo (sport)">Tejo</a> is Colombia's national sport and is a team sport that involves launching projectiles to hit a target.<a href="#cite_note-Tejo-Colombia's_national_sport.-465">[457]</a> But of all sports in Colombia, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> is the most popular. <a href="/wiki/Colombia_national_football_team" title="Colombia national football team">Colombia</a> was the champion of the <a href="/wiki/2001_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica" title="2001 Copa América">2001 Copa América</a>, in which they set a new record of being undefeated, conceding no goals and winning each match. Colombia has been awarded "<a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Rankings#Best_Mover_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA World Rankings">mover of the year</a>" twice.<a href="#cite_note-466">[458]</a> Colombia is a hub for <a href="/wiki/Inline_speed_skating" title="Inline speed skating">roller skaters</a>. The national team is a perennial powerhouse at the World Roller Speed Skating Championships.<a href="#cite_note-Patinaje_colombiano-467">[459]</a> Colombia has traditionally been very good in <a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">cycling</a> and a large number of Colombian cyclists have triumphed in major competitions of cycling.<a href="#cite_note-Colombian_cycling-468">[460]</a> Baseball is popular in cities like <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a>. Of those cities have come good players like: <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Cabrera" title="Orlando Cabrera">Orlando Cabrera</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89dgar_Renter%C3%ADa" title="Édgar Rentería">Édgar Rentería</a>, who was champion of the <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> in <a href="/wiki/1997_World_Series" title="1997 World Series">1997</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010_World_Series" title="2010 World Series">2010</a><a href="#cite_note-469">[461]</a> and others who have played in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>. Colombia was <a href="/wiki/Baseball_World_Cup" title="Baseball World Cup">world amateur champion</a> in 1947 and 1965.<a href="#cite_note-b%C3%A9isbolglorias-470">[462]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a> is one of the sports that has produced more world champions for Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_boxing-471">[463]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boxing_champions-472">[464]</a> <a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">Motorsports</a> also occupies an important place in the sporting preferences of Colombians; <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Montoya" title="Juan Pablo Montoya">Juan Pablo Montoya</a> is a race car driver known for winning 7 Formula One events. Colombia also has excelled in sports such as <a href="/wiki/UCI_BMX_World_Championships" title="UCI BMX World Championships">BMX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">shooting sport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_diving" title="High diving">high diving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">athletics</a>, also has a long tradition in <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bowling" title="Bowling">bowling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-473">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-474">[466]</a><a href="#cite_note-475">[467]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Colombia" title="Portal:Colombia">Colombia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Colombia-related_articles" title="Index of Colombia-related articles">Index of Colombia-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Colombia" title="Outline of Colombia">Outline of Colombia</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> incl. <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colombian" title="Spanish Colombian">Spaniards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_Colombians" title="Basque Colombians">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Colombian" title="Italian Colombian">Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Colombian" class="mw-redirect" title="German Colombian">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Colombian" title="French Colombian">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Colombia" title="Immigration to Colombia">other Europeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Colombians" title="Arab Colombians">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Jews</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kəˈlʌmbiə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/63\/En-Colombia-pronunciation.ogg\/En-Colombia-pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-Colombia-pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/En-Colombia-pronunciation.ogg/En-Colombia-pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-Colombia-pronunciation.ogg" title="File:En-Colombia-pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">kə-LUM-bee-ə</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-ˈlɒm-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">-⁠LOM-</a>;<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Spanish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[koˈlombja]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/76\/Es-Colombia2.oga\/Es-Colombia2.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Es-Colombia2.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Es-Colombia2.oga/Es-Colombia2.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Es-Colombia2.oga" title="File:Es-Colombia2.oga">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ed\/Es-republica_de_colombia.ogg\/Es-republica_de_colombia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Rep\u00fablica de Colombia"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Es-republica de colombia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ed/Es-republica_de_colombia.ogg/Es-republica_de_colombia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">República de Colombia</a><a href="/wiki/File:Es-republica_de_colombia.ogg" title="File:Es-republica de colombia.ogg">ⓘ</a>. IPA transcription of "República de Colombia": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Spanish pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Balboa is best known for being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1513, which he called Mar del Sur (or "Sea of the South") and would facilitate Spanish exploration and settlement of South America. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> A royal decree of 1713 approved the legality of <a href="/wiki/Palenque_de_San_Basilio" class="mw-redirect" title="Palenque de San Basilio">Palenque de San Basilio</a> founded by runaway slaves as a refuge in the seventeenth century. The people of San Basilio fought against slavery, thereby giving rise to the first free place in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> Its main leader was <a href="/wiki/Benkos_Bioho" class="mw-redirect" title="Benkos Bioho">Benkos Biohó</a>, who was born in West Africa.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a> was a Spaniard who traveled to Cartagena in 1610 and was ordained as a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> priest in 1616. Claver cared for African slaves for thirty-eight years, defending their lives and the <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">dignity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Abad_G%C3%B3mez" title="Héctor Abad Gómez">Héctor Abad</a> was a prominent medical doctor, university professor, and human rights leader whose holistic vision of healthcare led him to found the Colombian National School of Public Health. The increasing violence and human rights abuses of the 1970s and 1980s led him to fight for social justice in his community.<a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Javier_de_Nicol%C3%B3" title="Javier de Nicoló">Javier de Nicoló</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Salesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Salesian">Salesian</a> priest who grew up in war-torn Italy and arrived in Colombia a year after the Bogotazo. He developed a program that has offered more than 40,000 young people the education and moral support they needed to become productive citizens.<a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_0047_1993.html">"Por la cual se dictan normas especiales para la organización y el funcionamiento del Departamento Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231105153804/http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_0047_1993.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2023. 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Son oficiales en el Departamento Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina el castellano y el inglés comunmente hablado por las comunidades nativas del Archipiélago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Por+la+cual+se+dictan+normas+especiales+para+la+organizaci%C3%B3n+y+el+funcionamiento+del+Departamento+Archipi%C3%A9lago+de+San+Andr%C3%A9s%2C+Providencia+y+Santa+Catalina.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.secretariasenado.gov.co%2Fsenado%2Fbasedoc%2Fley_0047_1993.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-grupos_étnicos-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grupos_%C3%A9tnicos_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grupos_%C3%A9tnicos_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grupos_%C3%A9tnicos_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grupos_%C3%A9tnicos_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grupos_%C3%A9tnicos_2-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/geovisores/sociedad/cnpv-2018/?lt=4.456007353293281&lg=-73.2781601239999&z=5">"visibilización estadística de los grupos étnicos"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Tiempo&rft.atitle=Los+palestinos+que+encontraron+un+segundo+hogar+en+el+centro+de+Bogot%C3%A1&rft.date=2019-03-07&rft.aulast=Tiempo&rft.aufirst=Casa+Editorial+El&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eltiempo.com%2Fmundo%2Fmas-regiones%2Flos-palestinos-que-encontraron-un-segundo-hogar-en-el-centro-de-bogota-334782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaucher2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Faucher, Nicolás Murillo (11 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librepensador.uexternado.edu.co/la-herencia-africana-en-colombia/">"La herencia Africana en Colombia"</a>. Libre Pensador (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227011004/https://librepensador.uexternado.edu.co/la-herencia-africana-en-colombia/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Libre+Pensador&rft.atitle=La+herencia+Africana+en+Colombia&rft.date=2014-08-11&rft.aulast=Faucher&rft.aufirst=Nicol%C3%A1s+Murillo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrepensador.uexternado.edu.co%2Fla-herencia-africana-en-colombia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/es/mundo/el-patrimonio-cultural-de-seis-pueblos-ind%C3%ADgenas-renace-con-sembrando-nuestros-saberes-en-colombia/2107884">"El patrimonio cultural de seis pueblos indígenas renace con 'Sembrando Nuestros Saberes' en Colombia"</a>. aa.com.tr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226030314/https://www.aa.com.tr/es/mundo/el-patrimonio-cultural-de-seis-pueblos-ind%C3%ADgenas-renace-con-sembrando-nuestros-saberes-en-colombia/2107884">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aa.com.tr&rft.atitle=El+patrimonio+cultural+de+seis+pueblos+ind%C3%ADgenas+renace+con+%27Sembrando+Nuestros+Saberes%27+en+Colombia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fes%2Fmundo%2Fel-patrimonio-cultural-de-seis-pueblos-ind%25C3%25ADgenas-renace-con-sembrando-nuestros-saberes-en-colombia%2F2107884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enough_Already!-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Enough_Already!_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enough_Already!_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enough_Already!_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistorical_Memory_Group2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Historical Memory Group (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centrodememoriahistorica.gov.co/descargas/informes2013/bastaYa/bastaya-colombia-memorias-de-guerra-y-dignidad-2015.pdf">"Enough Already!" Colombia: Memories of War and Dignity</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). The National Center for Historical Memory's (NCHM). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789585760844" title="Special:BookSources/9789585760844"><bdi>9789585760844</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.centrodememoriahistorica.gov.co/descargas/informes2013/bastaYa/bastaya-colombia-memorias-de-guerra-y-dignidad-2015.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Enough+Already%21%22+Colombia%3A+Memories+of+War+and+Dignity.&rft.pub=The+National+Center+for+Historical+Memory%27s+%28NCHM%29&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789585760844&rft.au=Historical+Memory+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centrodememoriahistorica.gov.co%2Fdescargas%2Finformes2013%2FbastaYa%2Fbastaya-colombia-memorias-de-guerra-y-dignidad-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colombia's_GDP_growth-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colombia's_GDP_growth_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colombia's_GDP_growth_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/countries/CO?display=graph">"Colombia's GDP growth"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Citizens+Insurance&rft.atitle=Colombia+Healthcare+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalinsurance.com%2Fhealth%2Fsystems%2Fcolombia.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GDP-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GDP_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GDP_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/pib/bol_PIB_IVtrim17_oferta.pdf">"Cuentas Trimestrales – Producto Interno Bruto (PIB)"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). dane.gov.co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/pib/bol_PIB_IVtrim17_oferta.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. 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Nato.int. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220830174315/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_143936.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nato.int&rft.atitle=NATO+-+Topic%3A+Relations+with+Colombia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fcps%2Fen%2Fnatohq%2Ftopics_143936.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuels2022" class="citation web cs1">Samuels, Brett (10 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/latino/597747-biden-designates-colombia-as-major-non-nato-ally">"Biden designates Colombia as major non-NATO ally"</a>. 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Editorial Abya Yala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9978-04-169-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9978-04-169-7"><bdi>978-9978-04-169-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202233343/https://books.google.com/books?id=txJH1_qweSMC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2024. 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Editorial CSIC-CSIC Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-00-04276-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-00-04276-9"><bdi>978-84-00-04276-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202233342/https://books.google.com/books?id=m5zI94b6u_4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2024. 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Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02936-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02936-8"><bdi>978-0-271-02936-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202233341/https://books.google.com/books?id=P1DEFqZ6c5QC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2024. 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Historia Crítica (in Spanish) (1): 5–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7440%2Fhistcrit1.1989.01">10.7440/histcrit1.1989.01</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0121-1617">0121-1617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia+Cr%C3%ADtica&rft.atitle=Perfil+hist%C3%B3rico+de+Bogot%C3%A1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-19&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7440%2Fhistcrit1.1989.01&rft.issn=0121-1617&rft.aulast=Jaramillo+Uribe&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistas.uniandes.edu.co%2Findex.php%2Fhiscrit%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Padilla_Altamirano1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Silvia Padilla Altamirano (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=785fTqvsPSEC&pg=PP1">La encomienda en Popayán: tres estudios</a> (in Spanish). Editorial CSIC Press. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-00-03612-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-00-03612-6"><bdi>978-84-00-03612-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202233342/https://books.google.com/books?id=785fTqvsPSEC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2024. 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Marcial Pons Historia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-92820-65-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-92820-65-8"><bdi>978-84-92820-65-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202233402/https://books.google.com/books?id=tMEp1OPtF7QC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2024. 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Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.icanh.gov.co/recursos_user/documentos/editores/201/Articulos/SociedadesIndigenas-Reyes2009.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Las+sociedades+ind%C3%ADgenas+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada+bajo+el+dominio+espa%C3%B1ol&rft.pub=Instituto+Colombiano+de+Antropolog%C3%ADa+e+Historia&rft.au=Jorge+Augusto+Gamboa+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icanh.gov.co%2Frecursos_user%2Fdocumentos%2Feditores%2F201%2FArticulos%2FSociedadesIndigenas-Reyes2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408212640/http://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/productos/1685/articles-242836_proyecto_documento.pdf">"Las plantas medicinales en la época de la colonia y de la independencia"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). colombiaaprende.edu.co. 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Abc-Clio. p. 429. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440839337" title="Special:BookSources/9781440839337"><bdi>9781440839337</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230715073548/https://books.google.com/books?id=vt-vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA429">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2023. 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Edición de 1696. Traducción del latín y del italiano, y notas de Anna María Splendiani y Tulio Aristizábal S. J. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Universidad Católica del Táchira. 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Valtierra, Ángel. 1964. San Pedro Claver, el santo que liberó una raza. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gabrielbernat.es/espana/esclavitud/index.html">"La esclavitud negra en la América española"</a> (in Spanish). gabrielbernat.es. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126033717/http://www.gabrielbernat.es/espana/esclavitud/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2016. 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Real Jardín Botánico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125927/http://www.rjb.csic.es/jardinbotanico/jardin/index.php?len=en&Pag=89">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2014. 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Revista Credencial Historia – Edición 244. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banrepcultural.org/node/88606">the original</a> on 24 June 2017. 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Retrieved 28 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acta+de+la+Federaci%C3%B3n+de+las+Provincias+Unidas+de+Nueva+Granada&rft.date=1811&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fobra-visor-din%2Facta-de-federacion-de-las-provincias-unidas-de-la-nueva-granada-27-de-noviembre-de-1811--0%2Fhtml%2F008e5574-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html%23I_0_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo_López1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Javier_Ocampo_L%C3%B3pez" title="Javier Ocampo López">Ocampo López, Javier</a> (1998). La patria boba. Cuadernillos de historia. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docencia.udea.edu.co/regionalizacion/irs-406/contenido/morillo.html">the original</a> on 27 October 2016. 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Plaza y Janes Editores Colombia sa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-14-0370-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-958-14-0370-7"><bdi>978-958-14-0370-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129012918/https://books.google.com/books?id=XzgpwLiJs5gC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. 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Capítulo VI" </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Silvio Arturo Zavala (1971). Revista de historia de América. Números 69-70. Ciudad de México: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, pp. 303. "Para el primero, de 1400000 habs. que la futura Colombia tendría en 1809 (entre ellos 78000 negros esclavos), (...) mortaldad que él mismo señala a tal guerra (unos 400 000 muertos para la Gran Colombia, entre ellos, 250 000 venezolanos)." </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1822" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Walker, Alexander (1822). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uVZsAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1">(Gran) Colombia, relación geográfica, topográfica, agrícola, comercial y política de este país: Adaptada para todo lector en general y para el comerciante y colono en particular</a> (in Spanish). Vol. 1. 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International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-85724-73-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-85724-73-4"><bdi>978-91-85724-73-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://174.129.218.71/publications/thinking_politics/upload/thinking_politics_sp_chap4.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partidos+pol%C3%ADticos+y+think+tanks+en+Colombia&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Democracy+and+Electoral+Assistance&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-91-85724-73-4&rft.aulast=Londo%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Juan+Fernando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F174.129.218.71%2Fpublications%2Fthinking_politics%2Fupload%2Fthinking_politics_sp_chap4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguilera1965" class="citation book cs1">Aguilera, Miguel (1965). La Legislación y el derecho en Colombia. Historia extensa de Colombia. Vol. 14. Bogotá: Lemer. pp. 428–442.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Legislaci%C3%B3n+y+el+derecho+en+Colombia&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.series=Historia+extensa+de+Colombia&rft.pages=428-442&rft.pub=Lemer&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Aguilera&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRestrepo2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Restrepo, Eduardo (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.unisinos.br/index.php/historia/article/view/6183">"Abolitionist arguments in Colombia"</a>. História Unisinos (in Spanish). 10 (3): 293–306. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708173736/http://revistas.unisinos.br/index.php/historia/article/view/6183">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+Unisinos&rft.atitle=Abolitionist+arguments+in+Colombia&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=293-306&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Restrepo&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistas.unisinos.br%2Findex.php%2Fhistoria%2Farticle%2Fview%2F6183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807093959/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/poli/poli57.htm">"Constituciones que han existido en Colombia"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_(Colombia)" title="Bank of the Republic (Colombia)">Banco de la República</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/poli/poli57.htm">the original</a> on 7 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constituciones+que+han+existido+en+Colombia&rft.pub=Banco+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banrepcultural.org%2Fblaavirtual%2Fayudadetareas%2Fpoli%2Fpoli57.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspaña2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">España, Gonzalo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IordAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">El país que se hizo a tiros</a> (in Spanish). Penguin Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-8613-90-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-958-8613-90-1"><bdi>978-958-8613-90-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129012814/https://books.google.com/books?id=IordAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+pa%C3%ADs+que+se+hizo+a+tiros&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-958-8613-90-1&rft.aulast=Espa%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Gonzalo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIordAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/panama/8.htm">"The 1903 Treaty and Qualified Independence"</a>. U.S. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011225556/http://countrystudies.us/panama/8.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+1903+Treaty+and+Qualified+Independence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fpanama%2F8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SeparationofPanama-122"><a href="#cite_ref-SeparationofPanama_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeluche,_Olmedo2003" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beluche, Olmedo (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151030020242/https://9256eada680e78ba56205f2037885261263098bd-www.googledrive.com/host/0B9QeWchRinyLejFzX01XWG9uVkU/La-verdadera-historia-de-la-separacion-de-1903.pdf">"The true history of the separation of 1903 – La verdadera historia de la separación de 1903"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). ARTICSA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://9256eada680e78ba56205f2037885261263098bd-www.googledrive.com/host/0B9QeWchRinyLejFzX01XWG9uVkU/La-verdadera-historia-de-la-separacion-de-1903.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+true+history+of+the+separation+of+1903+%E2%80%93+La+verdadera+historia+de+la+separaci%C3%B3n+de+1903&rft.pub=ARTICSA&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Beluche%2C+Olmedo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F9256eada680e78ba56205f2037885261263098bd-www.googledrive.com%2Fhost%2F0B9QeWchRinyLejFzX01XWG9uVkU%2FLa-verdadera-historia-de-la-separacion-de-1903.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115020147/http://www.banrepcultural.org/node/86422">"El tratado Urrutia-Thomson. Dificultades de política interna y exterior retrasaron siete años su ratificación"</a> (in Spanish). Revista Credencial Historia. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banrepcultural.org/node/86422">the original</a> on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+tratado+Urrutia-Thomson.+Dificultades+de+pol%C3%ADtica+interna+y+exterior+retrasaron+siete+a%C3%B1os+su+ratificaci%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Revista+Credencial+Historia&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banrepcultural.org%2Fnode%2F86422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtehortúa_CruzAdolfo_León2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Atehortúa Cruz; Adolfo León (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151030020452/http://cms.univalle.edu.co/revistasunivalle/index.php/historiayespacio/article/view/2750/2637">"El conflicto Colombo-Peruano – Apuntes acerca de su desarrollo e importancia histórica"</a>. Historia y Espacio (in Spanish). 3 (29): 51–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25100%2Fhye.v3i29.1664">10.25100/hye.v3i29.1664</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10893%2F1003">10893/1003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252776167">252776167</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cms.univalle.edu.co/revistasunivalle/index.php/historiayespacio/article/view/2750/2637">the original</a> on 30 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia+y+Espacio&rft.atitle=El+conflicto+Colombo-Peruano+%E2%80%93+Apuntes+acerca+de+su+desarrollo+e+importancia+hist%C3%B3rica&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=51-78&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10893%2F1003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252776167%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25100%2Fhye.v3i29.1664&rft.au=Atehort%C3%BAa+Cruz&rft.au=Adolfo+Le%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcms.univalle.edu.co%2Frevistasunivalle%2Findex.php%2Fhistoriayespacio%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2750%2F2637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlape,_Arturo1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alape, Arturo (1983). El Bogotazo: Memorias Del Olvido (in Spanish). Fundación Universidad Central.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Bogotazo%3A+Memorias+Del+Olvido&rft.pub=Fundaci%C3%B3n+Universidad+Central&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Alape%2C+Arturo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraun,_Herbert1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Braun, Herbert (1987). Mataron a Gaitán: vida pública y violencia urbana en Colombia (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Colombia" title="National University of Colombia">Universidad Nacional de Colombia</a>, Centro Editorial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-17-0006-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-958-17-0006-6"><bdi>978-958-17-0006-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mataron+a+Gait%C3%A1n%3A+vida+p%C3%BAblica+y+violencia+urbana+en+Colombia&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional+de+Colombia%2C+Centro+Editorial&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-958-17-0006-6&rft.au=Braun%2C+Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encarta-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_BergquistDavid_J._Robinson1997–2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Charles Bergquist; David J. Robinson (1997–2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071111194946/http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564636_10/Colombia.html">"Colombia"</a>. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2005. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564636_10/Colombia.html">the original</a> on 11 November 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colombia&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Encarta+Online+Encyclopedia+2005&rft.pub=Microsoft+Corporation&rft.date=1997%2F2005&rft.au=Charles+Bergquist&rft.au=David+J.+Robinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fca.encarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761564636_10%2FColombia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> On 9 April 1948, Gaitán was assassinated outside his law offices in downtown Bogotá. The assassination marked the start of a decade of bloodshed, called La Violencia (The Violence), which took the lives of an estimated 180,000 Colombians before it subsided in 1958. </li> <li id="cite_note-Colombia's_legacy_with_Korea-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Colombia's_legacy_with_Korea_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlos_Horacio_Urán1986" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carlos Horacio Urán (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/069.pdf">"Colombia y los Estados Unidos en la Guerra de Corea"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). 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"El golpe de Rojas y el poder de los militares" [Rojas' coup d'etat and the power of army men]. Folios (in Spanish). 1 (31): 33–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17227%2F01234870.31folios33.48">10.17227/01234870.31folios33.48</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folios&rft.atitle=El+golpe+de+Rojas+y+el+poder+de+los+militares&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=33-48&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17227%2F01234870.31folios33.48&rft.aulast=Atehort%C3%BAa+Cruz&rft.aufirst=Adolfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyala_Diago,_César_Augusto2000" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ayala Diago, César Augusto (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424112356/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/marzo2000/123gustavo.htm">"Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, 100 años, 1900–1975"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_(Colombia)" title="Bank of the Republic (Colombia)">Banco de la República</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/septiembre2006/frente.htm">the original</a> on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1957%E2%80%931974+El+Frente+Nacional&rft.pub=Revista+Credencial+Historia&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Alarc%C3%B3n+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez%2C+%C3%93scar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banrepcultural.org%2Fblaavirtual%2Frevistas%2Fcredencial%2Fseptiembre2006%2Ffrente.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> ROJAS, Diana Marcela. La alianza para el progreso de Colombia. 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Retrieved 6 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contribution+to+an+Understanding+of+the+Armed+Conflict+in+Colombia&rft.date=2015-02&rft.au=Historical+Commission+on+the+Conflict+and+Its+Victims+%28CHCV%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesadeconversaciones.com.co%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FInforme%2520Comisi_n%2520Hist_rica%2520del%2520Conflicto%2520y%2520sus%2520V_ctimas.%2520La%2520Habana%2C%2520Febrero%2520de%25202015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colombian_armed_conflict-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Colombian_armed_conflict_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilian_Yaffe2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lilian Yaffe (3 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016063214/http://www.icesi.edu.co/revistas/index.php/revista_cs/article/view/1133/1509">"Armed conflict in Colombia: analyzing the economic, social, and institutional causes of violent opposition"</a> (in Spanish). icesi.edu.co. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icesi.edu.co/revistas/index.php/revista_cs/article/view/1133/1509">the original</a> on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armed+conflict+in+Colombia%3A+analyzing+the+economic%2C+social%2C+and+institutional+causes+of+violent+opposition&rft.pub=icesi.edu.co&rft.date=2011-10-03&rft.au=Lilian+Yaffe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icesi.edu.co%2Frevistas%2Findex.php%2Frevista_cs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1133%2F1509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colombian_conflict-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Colombian_conflict_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826051509/http://www.centrodememoriahistorica.gov.co/informes/informes-2017/tomas-y-ataques-guerrilleros-1965-2013">"Tomas y ataques guerrilleros (1965–2013)"</a> (in Spanish). centrodememoriahistorica.gov.co. 5 June 2017. 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Retrieved 2 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Former+guerrilla+Gustavo+Petro+wins+Colombian+election+to+become+first+leftist+president&rft.date=2022-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fjun%2F20%2Fformer-guerrilla-gustavo-petro-wins-colombian-election-to-become-first-leftist-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/8/gustavo-petro-ex-rebel-fighter-sworn-in-as-colombias-president">"Ex-rebel takes oath as Colombia's first left-wing president"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ex-rebel+takes+oath+as+Colombia%27s+first+left-wing+president&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F8%2F8%2Fgustavo-petro-ex-rebel-fighter-sworn-in-as-colombias-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geography_of_Colombia-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geography_of_Colombia_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geography_of_Colombia_172-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geography_of_Colombia_172-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geography_of_Colombia_172-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colombia-sa.com/geografia/geografia-in.html">"Natural regions of Colombia and description of the three branches of the andes cordillera"</a>. colombia-sa.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314043601/http://www.colombia-sa.com/geografia/geografia-in.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2014. 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Retrieved 6 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maritime+borders&rft.pub=cancilleria.gov.co&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancilleria.gov.co%2Fen%2Fpolitica%2Ffronteras-maritimas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Land_borders-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Land_borders_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancilleria.gov.co/en/politica/fronteras-terrestres">"The Republic of Colombia shares land borders with five (5) countries"</a>. cancilleria.gov.co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731123542/http://www.cancilleria.gov.co/en/politica/fronteras-terrestres">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2018. 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Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hydrography+of+Colombia&rft.pub=colombia-sa.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colombia-sa.com%2Fgeografia%2Fgeografia-in-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thermal_floors-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thermal_floors_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thermal_floors_179-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016033544/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/economia/colombia/eco1.htm">"Thermal floors"</a> (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/economia/colombia/eco1.htm">the original</a> on 16 October 2014. 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Retrieved 18 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colombia+Celebrates+over+1%2C900+Bird+Species&rft.pub=proaves.org&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proaves.org%2Fcolombia-officially-the-nation-with-the-greatest-diversity-of-birds-and-a-new-world-record%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DIVERSITY_OF_SPECIES_IN_COLOMBIA-182"><a href="#cite_ref-DIVERSITY_OF_SPECIES_IN_COLOMBIA_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309144021/http://www.humboldt.org.co/component/k2/item/62-cifras">"Colombia accounts for around 10% of the flora and fauna of the world"</a>. humboldt.org.co. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://presidente2018.registraduria.gov.co/resultados/2html/resultados.html">the original</a> on 18 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2%C2%AA+Vuelta+2018&rft.pub=registraduria.gov.co&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpresidente2018.registraduria.gov.co%2Fresultados%2F2html%2Fresultados.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodfordVargasAraujo2022" class="citation news cs1">Woodford, Isabel; Vargas, Carlos; Araujo, Gabriel (23 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/latin-americas-new-pink-tide-gains-pace-colombia-shifts-left-brazil-up-next-2022-06-22/">"Latin America's new 'pink tide' gains pace as Colombia shifts left; Brazil up next"</a>. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604134301/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/19/world/americas/francia-marquez-vice-president-colombia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2023. 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Retrieved 27 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Ambitious+plans+to+transform+Colombia&rft.date=2014-11-17&rft.aulast=Schipani&rft.aufirst=Andres&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fdc5d5fe6-668d-11e4-8bf6-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/colombia/">"Colombia"</a>. United States Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182840/https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/colombia/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colombia&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fcountries-areas%2Fcolombia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colciencias.gov.co/sites/default/files/ckeditor_files/informes-anal-2014.pdf">"research groups in science and technology"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). colciencias.gov.co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.colciencias.gov.co/sites/default/files/ckeditor_files/informes-anal-2014.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=research+groups+in+science+and+technology&rft.pub=colciencias.gov.co&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colciencias.gov.co%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fckeditor_files%2Finformes-anal-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/assets/67729/2000%20Global%20Innovation%20Index%202024_WEB2.pdf">Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</a> (PDF). Geneva. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/10780/1/Del%20monopolio%20cat%C3%B3lico%20a%20la%20explosi%C3%B3n%20pentecostal.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Del+monopolio+cat%C3%B3lico+a+la+explosi%C3%B3n+pentecostal%27&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional+de+Colombia%2C+Facultad+de+Ciencias+Humanas%2C+Centro+de+Estudios+Sociales+%28CES%29%2C+Maestr%C3%ADa+en+Sociolog%C3%ADa&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-958-761-465-7&rft.au=Beltr%C3%A1n+Cely&rft.au=William+Mauricio+%282013%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdigital.unal.edu.co%2F10780%2F1%2FDel%2520monopolio%2520cat%25C3%25B3lico%2520a%2520la%2520explosi%25C3%25B3n%2520pentecostal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Religion2-333"><a href="#cite_ref-Religion2_333-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeltrán_CelyWilliam_Mauricio" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Mauricio_Beltr%C3%A1n_Cely" title="William Mauricio Beltrán Cely">Beltrán Cely</a>; William Mauricio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140329185722/http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/8486/1/williammauriciobeltran.2011.pdf">"Descripción cuantitativa de la pluralización religiosa en Colombia"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caracol+Radio&rft.atitle=Tres+hospitales+colombianos+est%C3%A1n+entre+los+100+mejores+centros+m%C3%A9dicos+del+mundo&rft.date=2023-02-17&rft.aulast=Mosquera&rft.aufirst=Eddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaracol.com.co%2F2023%2F02%2F17%2Ftres-hospitales-colombianos-estan-entre-los-100-mejores-centros-medicos-del-mundo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title II – Concerning rights, guarantees, and duties – Chapter 2 – Concerning social, economic and cultural rights – Article 67) </li> <li id="cite_note-sistema_educativo-343">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sistema_educativo_343-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sistema_educativo_343-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629194012/http://menweb.mineducacion.gov.co/nnormas/normas_basicas_4.swf">"Ministerio de Educación de Colombia, Estructura del sistema educativo"</a>. 29 June 2007. 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La nación moderna y sus sistemas simbólicos</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.banrepcultural.org/sites/default/files/lablaa/literatura/narrativa/Volumen1CapII.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literatura+y+Cultura%3A+narrativa+colombiana+del+siglo+XX.+La+naci%C3%B3n+moderna+y+sus+sistemas+simb%C3%B3licos&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Jaramillo%2C+M.+M.&rft.au=Osorio%2C+B.&rft.au=Robledo%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banrepcultural.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Flablaa%2Fliteratura%2Fnarrativa%2FVolumen1CapII.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaramillo,_M._M.Osorio,_B.Robledo,_A.2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jaramillo, M. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banrepcultural.org/coleccion-de-arte-banco-de-la-republica/cl%C3%A1sicos-experimentales-y-radicales-1950-%E2%80%93-1980">the original</a> on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cl%C3%A1sicos%2C+experimentales+y+radicales+1950%E2%80%931980&rft.pub=banrepcultural.org&rft.au=Carmen+Mar%C3%ADa+Jaramillo&rft.au=Sylvia+Su%C3%A1rez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banrepcultural.org%2Fcoleccion-de-arte-banco-de-la-republica%2Fcl%25C3%25A1sicos-experimentales-y-radicales-1950-%25E2%2580%2593-1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlos_Arturo_Fernández2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carlos Arturo Fernández (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D8bHJutOqqwC&pg=PP1">Arte en Colombia, 1981–2006</a> (in Spanish). Universidad de Antioquia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-714-017-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-958-714-017-0"><bdi>978-958-714-017-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arte+en+Colombia%2C+1981%E2%80%932006&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Antioquia&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-958-714-017-0&rft.au=Carlos+Arturo+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD8bHJutOqqwC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugenio_Barney_Cabrera2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eugenio Barney Cabrera (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r6V2T45r03UC&pg=PP1">Geografía del arte en Colombia. Biblioteca del Gran Cauca: Colección clásicos regionales</a> (in Spanish). Universidad del Valle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-670-450-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-958-670-450-2"><bdi>978-958-670-450-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geograf%C3%ADa+del+arte+en+Colombia.+Biblioteca+del+Gran+Cauca%3A+Colecci%C3%B3n+cl%C3%A1sicos+regionales&rft.pub=Universidad+del+Valle&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-958-670-450-2&rft.au=Eugenio+Barney+Cabrera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr6V2T45r03UC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-museorayo-389"><a href="#cite_ref-museorayo_389-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510001306/http://www.museorayo.co/vidaObraOR.php">"Omar RayoM"</a> (in Spanish). museorayo.co. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museorayo.co/vidaObraOR.php">the original</a> on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Omar+RayoM&rft.pub=museorayo.co&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museorayo.co%2FvidaObraOR.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarolina_Vanegas_Carrasco" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carolina Vanegas Carrasco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2074247">"Pietro Tenerani y la escultura en Colombia en el siglo XIX"</a> (in Spanish). academia.edu. Retrieved 9 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pietro+Tenerani+y+la+escultura+en+Colombia+en+el+siglo+XIX&rft.pub=academia.edu&rft.au=Carolina+Vanegas+Carrasco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2074247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colombian_sculptors-391"><a href="#cite_ref-Colombian_sculptors_391-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723034605/http://www.colombia.com/cultura/resenas/escultura.asp">"Colombian sculptors"</a> (in Spanish). colombia.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colombia.com/cultura/resenas/escultura.asp">the original</a> on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colombian+sculptors&rft.pub=colombia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colombia.com%2Fcultura%2Fresenas%2Fescultura.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colombiareports.co/latin-americas-largest-antique-negative-archive-medellins-public-library/">"Latin America's largest antique negative archive in Medellín"</a>. colombiareports.co. 16 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+America%27s+largest+antique+negative+archive+in+Medell%C3%ADn&rft.pub=colombiareports.co&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolombiareports.co%2Flatin-americas-largest-antique-negative-archive-medellins-public-library%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812182737/http://biblioteca-virtual-antioquia.udea.edu.co/pdf/10/phot-mec-cfa.pdf">"Apuntes para una cronología de la fotografía en Antioquía"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblioteca-virtual-antioquia.udea.edu.co/pdf/10/phot-mec-cfa.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apuntes+para+una+cronolog%C3%ADa+de+la+fotograf%C3%ADa+en+Antioqu%C3%ADa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblioteca-virtual-antioquia.udea.edu.co%2Fpdf%2F10%2Fphot-mec-cfa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPablo_Guerra" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pablo Guerra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/cultura/entender-los-comics-colombia-articulo-516194">"Para entender los cómics en Colombia"</a> (in Spanish). elespectador.com. Retrieved 9 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Para+entender+los+c%C3%B3mics+en+Colombia&rft.pub=elespectador.com&rft.au=Pablo+Guerra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elespectador.com%2Fnoticias%2Fcultura%2Fentender-los-comics-colombia-articulo-516194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPablo_Guerra" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pablo Guerra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510044919/http://www.bibliotecanacional.gov.co/comic/especial-entre-vi%C3%B1etas-la-historieta-colombiana-en-prensa">"Especial Entre Viñetas la historieta colombiana en prensa"</a> (in Spanish). bibliotecanacional.gov.co. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotecanacional.gov.co/comic/especial-entre-vi%C3%B1etas-la-historieta-colombiana-en-prensa">the original</a> on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Especial+Entre+Vi%C3%B1etas+la+historieta+colombiana+en+prensa&rft.pub=bibliotecanacional.gov.co&rft.au=Pablo+Guerra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibliotecanacional.gov.co%2Fcomic%2Fespecial-entre-vi%25C3%25B1etas-la-historieta-colombiana-en-prensa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311233941/http://www.facartes.unal.edu.co/muvirt/cronologia/index.html">"Museo Virtual de la Historieta Colombiana – Cronología"</a> (in Spanish). Facultad de Artes: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facartes.unal.edu.co/muvirt/cronologia/index.html">the original</a> on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museo+Virtual+de+la+Historieta+Colombiana+%E2%80%93+Cronolog%C3%ADa&rft.pub=Facultad+de+Artes%3A+Universidad+Nacional+de+Colombia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacartes.unal.edu.co%2Fmuvirt%2Fcronologia%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Arango1990" class="citation book cs1">Silvia Arango (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210036/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/1-introduccion/periodizacion/">Periodización</a>. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7"><bdi>958-17-0061-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/1-introduccion/periodizacion/">the original</a> on 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Periodizaci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=958-17-0061-7&rft.au=Silvia+Arango&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co%2Fblogs%2Fhacolombia%2Fcategory%2F1-introduccion%2Fperiodizacion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Arango1990" class="citation book cs1">Silvia Arango (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210203/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-i/2-nivel-formativo-tribal/">Nivel Formativo Tribal. La Casa Comunal</a>. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7"><bdi>958-17-0061-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-i/2-nivel-formativo-tribal/">the original</a> on 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nivel+Formativo+Tribal.+La+Casa+Comunal&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=958-17-0061-7&rft.au=Silvia+Arango&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co%2Fblogs%2Fhacolombia%2Fcategory%2Fcap-i%2F2-nivel-formativo-tribal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Arango1990" class="citation book cs1">Silvia Arango (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210129/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-i/1-nivel-paleoindio/">Nivel Paleoindio. Abrigos rocosos del tequendama</a>. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7"><bdi>958-17-0061-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-i/1-nivel-paleoindio/">the original</a> on 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nivel+Paleoindio.+Abrigos+rocosos+del+tequendama&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=958-17-0061-7&rft.au=Silvia+Arango&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co%2Fblogs%2Fhacolombia%2Fcategory%2Fcap-i%2F1-nivel-paleoindio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/743">"National Archeological Park of Tierradentro"</a>. UNESCO. Retrieved 9 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Archeological+Park+of+Tierradentro&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Arango1990" class="citation book cs1">Silvia Arango (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602122708/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-i/3-los-cacicazgos/">Los cacicazgos. Las Aldeas y las Tumbas</a>. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7"><bdi>958-17-0061-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-i/3-los-cacicazgos/">the original</a> on 2 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+cacicazgos.+Las+Aldeas+y+las+Tumbas&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=958-17-0061-7&rft.au=Silvia+Arango&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co%2Fblogs%2Fhacolombia%2Fcategory%2Fcap-i%2F3-los-cacicazgos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Arango1990" class="citation book cs1">Silvia Arango (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602202706/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-i/4-los-tayrona-y-los-muisca-la-preciudad/">Los Tayrona y los Muisca: La Preciudad</a>. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7"><bdi>958-17-0061-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-i/4-los-tayrona-y-los-muisca-la-preciudad/">the original</a> on 2 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Tayrona+y+los+Muisca%3A+La+Preciudad&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=958-17-0061-7&rft.au=Silvia+Arango&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co%2Fblogs%2Fhacolombia%2Fcategory%2Fcap-i%2F4-los-tayrona-y-los-muisca-la-preciudad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Arango1990" class="citation book cs1">Silvia Arango (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210625/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-ii/3-la-america-espanola-1730-1810/">La América española. El apasionamiento escenográfico, 1730–1810</a>. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7"><bdi>958-17-0061-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-ii/3-la-america-espanola-1730-1810/">the original</a> on 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Am%C3%A9rica+espa%C3%B1ola.+El+apasionamiento+escenogr%C3%A1fico%2C+1730%E2%80%931810&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=958-17-0061-7&rft.au=Silvia+Arango&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co%2Fblogs%2Fhacolombia%2Fcategory%2Fcap-ii%2F3-la-america-espanola-1730-1810%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgustín,_José" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Agustín, José. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814065957/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/sept2001/fundacio.htm">"Fundaciones coloniales y republicanas en Colombia: normas, trazado y ritos fundacionales"</a> (in Spanish). Revista Credencial Historia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/sept2001/fundacio.htm">the original</a> on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fundaciones+coloniales+y+republicanas+en+Colombia%3A+normas%2C+trazado+y+ritos+fundacionales&rft.pub=Revista+Credencial+Historia&rft.au=Agust%C3%ADn%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banrepcultural.org%2Fblaavirtual%2Frevistas%2Fcredencial%2Fsept2001%2Ffundacio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Arango1990" class="citation book cs1">Silvia Arango (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210435/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-ii/1-la-conquista-1500-1550/">La Conquista. El dominio del territorio, 1500–1550</a>. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7"><bdi>958-17-0061-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-ii/1-la-conquista-1500-1550/">the original</a> on 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Conquista.+El+dominio+del+territorio%2C+1500%E2%80%931550&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=958-17-0061-7&rft.au=Silvia+Arango&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co%2Fblogs%2Fhacolombia%2Fcategory%2Fcap-ii%2F1-la-conquista-1500-1550%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1550–1750-406">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1550%E2%80%931750_406-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1550%E2%80%931750_406-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Arango1990" class="citation book cs1">Silvia Arango (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210511/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-ii/2-la-espana-americana-1550-1750/">La España americana. Consolidación de tipologías, 1550–1750</a>. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7"><bdi>958-17-0061-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-ii/2-la-espana-americana-1550-1750/">the original</a> on 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Espa%C3%B1a+americana.+Consolidaci%C3%B3n+de+tipolog%C3%ADas%2C+1550%E2%80%931750&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=958-17-0061-7&rft.au=Silvia+Arango&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co%2Fblogs%2Fhacolombia%2Fcategory%2Fcap-ii%2F2-la-espana-americana-1550-1750%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Arango1990" class="citation book cs1">Silvia Arango (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210403/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/?cat=14304">Arquitectura colonial</a>. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7"><bdi>958-17-0061-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/?cat=14304">the original</a> on 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arquitectura+colonial&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=958-17-0061-7&rft.au=Silvia+Arango&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co%2Fblogs%2Fhacolombia%2F%3Fcat%3D14304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Arango1990" class="citation book cs1">Silvia Arango (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210826/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iii/1-el-capitolio-y-tomas-reed-d-capitulo-iii/">El Capitolio y Tomás Reed</a>. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7"><bdi>958-17-0061-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iii/1-el-capitolio-y-tomas-reed-d-capitulo-iii/">the original</a> on 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Capitolio+y+Tom%C3%A1s+Reed&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=958-17-0061-7&rft.au=Silvia+Arango&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co%2Fblogs%2Fhacolombia%2Fcategory%2Fcap-iii%2F1-el-capitolio-y-tomas-reed-d-capitulo-iii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Arango1990" class="citation book cs1">Silvia Arango (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210907/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iii/2-la-arquitectura-de-la-colonizacion/">La arquitectura de la colonización</a>. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7"><bdi>958-17-0061-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iii/2-la-arquitectura-de-la-colonizacion/">the original</a> on 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+arquitectura+de+la+colonizaci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=958-17-0061-7&rft.au=Silvia+Arango&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co%2Fblogs%2Fhacolombia%2Fcategory%2Fcap-iii%2F2-la-arquitectura-de-la-colonizacion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Arango1990" class="citation book cs1">Silvia Arango (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506073539/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iii/3-la-arquitectura-urbana-de-fin-de-siglo/">La arquitectura urbana de fin de siglo</a>. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7"><bdi>958-17-0061-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iii/3-la-arquitectura-urbana-de-fin-de-siglo/">the original</a> on 6 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+arquitectura+urbana+de+fin+de+siglo&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=958-17-0061-7&rft.au=Silvia+Arango&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co%2Fblogs%2Fhacolombia%2Fcategory%2Fcap-iii%2F3-la-arquitectura-urbana-de-fin-de-siglo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Arango1990" class="citation book cs1">Silvia Arango (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610211218/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iv/2-la-generacion-republicana/">La generación republicana</a>. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7"><bdi>958-17-0061-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iv/2-la-generacion-republicana/">the original</a> on 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+generaci%C3%B3n+republicana&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=958-17-0061-7&rft.au=Silvia+Arango&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co%2Fblogs%2Fhacolombia%2Fcategory%2Fcap-iv%2F2-la-generacion-republicana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Arango1990" class="citation book cs1">Silvia Arango (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211009/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-v/1-la-persistencia-de-los-estilos/">La persistencia de los estilos</a>. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7"><bdi>958-17-0061-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-v/1-la-persistencia-de-los-estilos/">the original</a> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+persistencia+de+los+estilos&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=958-17-0061-7&rft.au=Silvia+Arango&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co%2Fblogs%2Fhacolombia%2Fcategory%2Fcap-v%2F1-la-persistencia-de-los-estilos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Arango1990" class="citation book cs1">Silvia Arango (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610212041/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-vi/3-primera-fase/">Primera fase: los alardes de la técnica</a>. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7"><bdi>958-17-0061-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-vi/3-primera-fase/">the original</a> on 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primera+fase%3A+los+alardes+de+la+t%C3%A9cnica&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=958-17-0061-7&rft.au=Silvia+Arango&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co%2Fblogs%2Fhacolombia%2Fcategory%2Fcap-vi%2F3-primera-fase%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Arango1990" class="citation book cs1">Silvia Arango (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610212127/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-vi/4-segunda-fase/">Segunda fase: la asimilación consiente</a>. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7"><bdi>958-17-0061-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-vi/4-segunda-fase/">the original</a> on 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Segunda+fase%3A+la+asimilaci%C3%B3n+consiente&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=958-17-0061-7&rft.au=Silvia+Arango&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co%2Fblogs%2Fhacolombia%2Fcategory%2Fcap-vi%2F4-segunda-fase%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Arango1990" class="citation book cs1">Silvia Arango (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611005914/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-vii/3-arquitectura-de-los-sentidos-y-contextualidad/">Arquitectura de los sentidos y contextualidad</a>. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7"><bdi>958-17-0061-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-vii/3-arquitectura-de-los-sentidos-y-contextualidad/">the original</a> on 11 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arquitectura+de+los+sentidos+y+contextualidad&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=958-17-0061-7&rft.au=Silvia+Arango&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co%2Fblogs%2Fhacolombia%2Fcategory%2Fcap-vii%2F3-arquitectura-de-los-sentidos-y-contextualidad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Arango1990" class="citation book cs1">Silvia Arango (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611010039/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-vii/2-la-recuperacion-del-pasado/">La recuperación del pasado</a>. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/958-17-0061-7"><bdi>958-17-0061-7</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 22 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colombian+music&rft.pub=about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatinmusic.about.com%2Fod%2Fcountrie1%2Fp%2FPRO04BASICS.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411030708/http://facartes.unal.edu.co/compositores/html/_compositores.html">"Colombian composers"</a> (in Spanish). facartes.unal.edu.co. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facartes.unal.edu.co/compositores/html/_compositores.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2016. 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Retrieved 25 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colombian+music&rft.pub=colombia-sa.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colombia-sa.com%2Fmusica%2Fmusica-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150806233314/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/3">"Músicas Caribe Occidental"</a>. territoriosonoro.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/3">the original</a> on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%BAsicas+Caribe+Occidental&rft.pub=territoriosonoro.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.territoriosonoro.org%2FCDM%2Ftradicionales%2Fejes%2Fvisualizar%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150807074711/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/2">"Músicas Caribe Oriental"</a>. territoriosonoro.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/2">the original</a> on 7 August 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%BAsicas+Caribe+Oriental&rft.pub=territoriosonoro.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.territoriosonoro.org%2FCDM%2Ftradicionales%2Fejes%2Fvisualizar%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509175109/http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=13&COLTEM=222">"Ritmos – Bolívar"</a> (in Spanish). sinic.gov.co. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=13&COLTEM=222">the original</a> on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ritmos+%E2%80%93+Bol%C3%ADvar&rft.pub=sinic.gov.co&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinic.gov.co%2FSINIC%2FColombiaCultural%2FColCulturalBusca.aspx%3FAREID%3D3%26SECID%3D8%26IdDep%3D13%26COLTEM%3D222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160524081524/http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=20&COLTEM=222">"Ritmos – Cesar"</a> (in Spanish). sinic.gov.co. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=20&COLTEM=222">the original</a> on 24 May 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=27&COLTEM=222">the original</a> on 24 May 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=19&COLTEM=222">the original</a> on 24 May 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=11&COLTEM=222">the original</a> on 24 May 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=73&COLTEM=222">the original</a> on 24 May 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=41&COLTEM=222">the original</a> on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ritmos+%E2%80%93+Huila&rft.pub=sinic.gov.co&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinic.gov.co%2FSINIC%2FColombiaCultural%2FColCulturalBusca.aspx%3FAREID%3D3%26SECID%3D8%26IdDep%3D41%26COLTEM%3D222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-435"><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150808030945/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/5">"Músicas Andinas Centro-Oriente"</a>. territoriosonoro.org. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=50&COLTEM=222">the original</a> on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ritmos+%E2%80%93+Meta&rft.pub=sinic.gov.co&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinic.gov.co%2FSINIC%2FColombiaCultural%2FColCulturalBusca.aspx%3FAREID%3D3%26SECID%3D8%26IdDep%3D50%26COLTEM%3D222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160524083348/http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=85&COLTEM=222">"Ritmos – Casanare"</a> (in Spanish). sinic.gov.co. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=85&COLTEM=222">the original</a> on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ritmos+%E2%80%93+Casanare&rft.pub=sinic.gov.co&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinic.gov.co%2FSINIC%2FColombiaCultural%2FColCulturalBusca.aspx%3FAREID%3D3%26SECID%3D8%26IdDep%3D85%26COLTEM%3D222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150808030949/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/8">"Músicas Llaneras"</a>. territoriosonoro.org. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=86&COLTEM=222">the original</a> on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ritmos+%E2%80%93+Putumayo&rft.pub=sinic.gov.co&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinic.gov.co%2FSINIC%2FColombiaCultural%2FColCulturalBusca.aspx%3FAREID%3D3%26SECID%3D8%26IdDep%3D86%26COLTEM%3D222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160524114935/http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=91&COLTEM=222">"Ritmos – Amazonas"</a> (in Spanish). sinic.gov.co. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=91&COLTEM=222">the original</a> on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ritmos+%E2%80%93+Amazonas&rft.pub=sinic.gov.co&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinic.gov.co%2FSINIC%2FColombiaCultural%2FColCulturalBusca.aspx%3FAREID%3D3%26SECID%3D8%26IdDep%3D91%26COLTEM%3D222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150808023614/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/11">"Músicas de Frontera"</a>. territoriosonoro.org. 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Retrieved 23 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Competitive+specialised+film+festivals&rft.pub=fiapf.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiapf.org%2Fintfilmfestivals_2016_sites02.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theater_Festival-448"><a href="#cite_ref-Theater_Festival_448-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117141147/http://www.colombia.co/en/this-is-colombia/culture/art/six-surprising-facts-bogotas-ibero-american-theater-festival/">"Six surprising facts about Bogota's Ibero-American Theater Festival"</a>. colombia.co. 2 March 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.eltiempo.com/playball/2010/03/26/recordando-a-nuestras-glorias-del-beisbol/">the original</a> on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recordando+a+nuestras+glorias+del+b%C3%A9isbol&rft.pub=eltiempo.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.eltiempo.com%2Fplayball%2F2010%2F03%2F26%2Frecordando-a-nuestras-glorias-del-beisbol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_boxing-471"><a href="#cite_ref-History_of_boxing_471-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307230944/http://boxeodecolombia.com/historia-del-boxeo-en-colombia/">"History of boxing in Colombia"</a> (in Spanish). boxeodecolombia.com. 13 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boxeodecolombia.com/historia-del-boxeo-en-colombia/">the original</a> on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+boxing+in+Colombia&rft.pub=boxeodecolombia.com&rft.date=2011-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboxeodecolombia.com%2Fhistoria-del-boxeo-en-colombia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boxing_champions-472"><a href="#cite_ref-Boxing_champions_472-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307230928/http://boxeodecolombia.com/nuestros-campeones/">"Boxing champions"</a> (in Spanish). boxeodecolombia.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boxeodecolombia.com/nuestros-campeones/">the original</a> on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boxing+champions&rft.pub=boxeodecolombia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboxeodecolombia.com%2Fnuestros-campeones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-473"><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semana.com/deportes/articulo/colombia-vive-esplendor-deportivo-inedito-en-su-historia/399243-3">"Colombia vive esplendor deportivo inédito en su historia"</a> (in Spanish). semana.com. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colombia+vive+esplendor+deportivo+in%C3%A9dito+en+su+historia&rft.pub=semana.com&rft.date=2014-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semana.com%2Fdeportes%2Farticulo%2Fcolombia-vive-esplendor-deportivo-inedito-en-su-historia%2F399243-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-474"><a href="#cite_ref-474">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021094018/http://www.coc.org.co/about-us/office-premises/">"History of the Colombian Olympic Committee"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Olympic_Committee" title="Colombian Olympic Committee">Colombian Olympic Committee</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coc.org.co/about-us/office-premises/">the original</a> on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Colombian+Olympic+Committee.&rft.pub=Colombian+Olympic+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coc.org.co%2Fabout-us%2Foffice-premises%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-475"><a href="#cite_ref-475">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reporterosasociados.com.co/2016/04/el-bolo-colombiano-ratifico-su-condicion-de-potencia-continental/">"El bolo colombiano ratificó su condición de potencia continental"</a> (in Spanish). reporterosasociados.com.co. Retrieved 14 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+bolo+colombiano+ratific%C3%B3+su+condici%C3%B3n+de+potencia+continental&rft.pub=reporterosasociados.com.co&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reporterosasociados.com.co%2F2016%2F04%2Fel-bolo-colombiano-ratifico-su-condicion-de-potencia-continental%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Colombia at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Colombia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Colombia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Colombia" class="extiw" title="c:Colombia">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Colombia" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Colombia">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Colombia" class="extiw" title="q:Colombia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Colombia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Colombia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Colombia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Colombia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Colombia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Colombia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Colombia" class="extiw" title="voy:Colombia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_information">General information</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Colombia">Colombia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Britannica.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica.com">Britannica.com</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamoureuxEdmundson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lamoureux, Andrew Jackson; <a href="/wiki/George_Edmundson" title="George Edmundson">Edmundson, George</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Colombia">"Colombia" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). pp. 700–713.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colombia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=700-713&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Lamoureux&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Jackson&rft.au=Edmundson%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColombia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705055204/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/colombia.htm">Colombia</a> at UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/">Colombia</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CO">Key Development Forecasts for Colombia</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investincolombia.com.co/">Official investment portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colombia.travel/">Official Colombia Tourism Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanishincolombia.gov.co/">Study Spanish in Colombia</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>(in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dane.gov.co/">National Administrative Department of Statistics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li>(in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819182205/https://www.nomasfilas.gov.co/">Colombia Online Government website</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_2">Culture</h3></div> <ul><li>(in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mincultura.gov.co/">Ministry of Culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography_2">Geography</h3></div> <ul><li>(in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parquesnacionales.gov.co/">National parks of Colombia</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Colombia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Colombia">Wikimedia Atlas of Colombia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Colombia&params=4_N_72_W_">4°N 72°W / 4°N 72°W / 4; -72</a>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colombia&oldid=1258516648">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colombia&oldid=1258516648</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Colombia&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 November 2024, at 04:36 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Коломбие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Коломбие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbien" title="Kolumbien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kolumbien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%8E%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB" title="ኮሎምቢያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮሎምቢያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbia" title="Kolumbia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kolumbia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="कोलोंबिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कोलोंबिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Колумбиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Колумбиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كولومبيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كولومبيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܩܘܠܘܡܒܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܘܠܘܡܒܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Քոլումպիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քոլումպիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia" title="Columbia – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Columbia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombie" title="Colombie – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Colombie" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="कोलम्बिया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कोलम्बिया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol%C3%B3mbia" title="Kolómbia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kolómbia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колумбия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuluwya" title="Kuluwya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Kuluwya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbiya" title="Kolumbiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kolumbiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کولومبیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کولومبیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="কলম্বিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কলম্বিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колумбия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Калумбія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калумбія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Калюмбія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Калюмбія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="कोलंबिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कोलंबिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombya" title="Kolombya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kolombya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колумбия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbien" title="Kolumbien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kolumbien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁོ་ལོམ་བི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁོ་ལོམ་བི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbija" title="Kolumbija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kolumbija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Колумби – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Колумби" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B2mbia" title="Colòmbia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colòmbia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Колумби – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Колумби" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombya" title="Kolombya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kolombya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbie" title="Kolumbie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kolumbie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culumbia" title="Culumbia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Culumbia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كولومبيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كولومبيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbien" title="Kolumbien – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Kolumbien" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbien" title="Kolumbien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kolumbien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AE%DE%8D%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="ކޮލަންބިއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކޮލަންބިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbiska" title="Kolumbiska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kolumbiska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="कोलम्बिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="कोलम्बिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1" title="ཀོ་ལོམ་བི་ཡ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཀོ་ལོམ་བི་ཡ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κολομβία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κολομβία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колумбия – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombio" title="Kolombio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolombio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonbia" title="Kolonbia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kolonbia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کلمبیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلمبیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbia" title="Kolumbia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kolumbia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombie" title="Colombie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colombie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombie" title="Colombie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Colombie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chol%C3%B3im" title="An Cholóim – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Cholóim" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Cholombey" title="Yn Cholombey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Cholombey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbiya" title="Kolumbiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kolumbiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloimbia" title="Coloimbia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Coloimbia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="哥倫比亞 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="哥倫比亞" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="કોલમ્બિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કોલમ્બિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌿𐌼𐌱𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌿𐌼𐌱𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="कोलंबिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="कोलंबिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%9C%EB%A1%AC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84" title="콜롬비아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콜롬비아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombiya" title="Kolombiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kolombiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolomupia" title="Kolomupia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kolomupia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կոլումբիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոլումբիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="कोलम्बिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोलम्बिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbiska" title="Kolumbiska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kolumbiska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbija" title="Kolumbija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kolumbija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbia" title="Kolumbia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kolumbia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="কলম্বিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কলম্বিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia" title="Columbia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Columbia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Колумби – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Колумби" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiColombia" title="IsiColombia – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IsiColombia" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKolombiya" title="IKolombiya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IKolombiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3lumb%C3%ADa" title="Kólumbía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kólumbía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="קולומביה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולומביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombi" title="Kolombi – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kolombi" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಕೊಲೊಂಬಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೊಲೊಂಬಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колумбия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კოლუმბია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოლუმბია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%9B%D8%A7" title="کولومبیٛا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کولومبیٛا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbi%C3%B4" title="Kolumbiô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kolumbiô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колумбия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombi" title="Kolombi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kolombi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombiya" title="Kolombiya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kolombiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колумбия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonbi" title="Kolonbi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kolonbi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakolonbi" title="Lakolonbi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lakolonbi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombiya" title="Kolombiya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kolombiya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колумбия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Колумби – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Колумби" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колумбия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດໂກໂລມບີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດໂກໂລມບີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbeja" title="Kolumbeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Kolumbeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia" title="Columbia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Columbia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbija" title="Kolumbija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kolumbija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbien" title="Kolumbien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kolumbien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колумбия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbija" title="Kolumbija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kolumbija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombi" title="Kolombi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kolombi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbii" title="Kolumbii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kolumbii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kolombias" title="kolombias – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kolombias" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culumbia" title="Culumbia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Culumbia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbia" title="Kolumbia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kolumbia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Колумбија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Колумбија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4l%C3%B4mbia" title="Kôlômbia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kôlômbia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="കൊളംബിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊളംബിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombja" title="Kolombja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kolombja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korom%C5%8Dpia" title="Koromōpia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Koromōpia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="कोलंबिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोलंबिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კოლუმბია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოლუმბია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كولومبيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كولومبيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کلمبیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کلمبیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯀꯂꯝꯕꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯂꯝꯕꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B3mbia" title="Colómbia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Colómbia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колумбия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Колумби – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Колумби" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B6%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ကိုလံဘီယာနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကိုလံဘီယာနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="कोलोम्बिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कोलोम्बिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="कोलोम्बिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कोलोम्बिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2" title="コロンビア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コロンビア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Колумби – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Колумби" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbien" title="Kolumbien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kolumbien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombiya" title="Kolombiya – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kolombiya" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloumbie" title="Coloumbie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Coloumbie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B3mbia" title="Colómbia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Colómbia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Колумбий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Колумбий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="କଲମ୍ବିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କଲମ୍ବିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombiyaa" title="Kolombiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kolombiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbiya" title="Kolumbiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kolumbiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਕੋਲੰਬੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਲੰਬੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="कोलोम्बिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="कोलोम्बिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbien" title="Kolumbien – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Kolumbien" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کولمبیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کولمبیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B6%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ကိုလံဗီယာခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကိုလံဗီယာခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="کولمبيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کولمبيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колумбия – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%BB%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="កូឡុំប៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កូឡុំប៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombie" title="Colombie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Colombie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolambia" title="Kolambia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kolambia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbien" title="Kolumbien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kolumbien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbia" title="Kolumbia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolumbia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κολομβία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Κολομβία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B4mbia" title="Colômbia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colômbia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbiya" title="Kolumbiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kolumbiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombiya" title="Kolombiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kolombiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia" title="Columbia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Columbia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombiya" title="Kolombiya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Kolombiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia" title="Columbia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Columbia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulunsuyu" title="Kulunsuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kulunsuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колумбия – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колумбия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колумбия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia" title="Columbia – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Columbia" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolomupia" title="Kolomupia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Kolomupia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="कोलोम्बिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कोलोम्बिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B2mbia" title="Colòmbia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Colòmbia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombie" title="Colombie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Colombie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia" title="Columbia – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Columbia" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbien" title="Kolumbien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kolumbien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbia" title="Kolumbia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kolumbia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="කොලොම්බියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොලොම්බියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ڪولمبيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪولمبيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKholombiya" title="IKholombiya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IKholombiya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbia" title="Kolumbia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kolumbia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbija" title="Kolumbija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kolumbija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol%C5%AFmbijo" title="Kolůmbijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kolůmbijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombiya" title="Kolombiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kolombiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کۆلۆمبیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆلۆمبیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombikondre" title="Kolombikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Kolombikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Колумбија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Колумбија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbija" title="Kolumbija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kolumbija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbia" title="Kolumbia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kolumbia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="கொலம்பியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொலம்பியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulumbya" title="Kulumbya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Kulumbya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulumbya" title="Kulumbya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Kulumbya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombie" title="Colombie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Colombie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колумбия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၵူဝ်ႇလမ်ႇပီႇယႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵူဝ်ႇလမ်ႇပီႇယႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia" title="Columbia – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Columbia" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="కొలంబియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కొలంబియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol%C3%B3mbia" title="Kolómbia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Kolómbia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศโคลอมเบีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศโคลอมเบีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%8E%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%AB" title="ኮሎምብያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኮሎምብያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колумбия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolomipia" title="Kolomipia – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Kolomipia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AA%E1%8E%B8%E1%8E%BB%E1%8F%88%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%A0" title="ᎪᎸᎻᏈᎢᎠ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎪᎸᎻᏈᎢᎠ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombiya" title="Kolombiya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kolombiya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbi%C3%BDa" title="Kolumbiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kolumbiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колумбия – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колумбия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Колумбія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колумбія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کولمبیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کولمبیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="كولومبىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كولومبىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gohlunzbijya" title="Gohlunzbijya – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gohlunzbijya" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C5%82%C3%B3nbia" title="Cołónbia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cołónbia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbii" title="Kolumbii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kolumbii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumb%C3%A4n" title="Kolumbän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kolumbän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombeye" title="Colombeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Colombeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolompia" title="Kolompia – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Kolompia" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="哥倫比亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="哥倫比亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloombi" title="Koloombi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Koloombi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="哥伦比亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哥伦比亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2" title="קאלאמביע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאלאמביע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2l%C3%B3mb%C3%AC%C3%A0" title="Kòlómbìà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kòlómbìà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="哥倫比亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哥倫比亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombiya" title="Kolombiya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kolombiya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Colombia" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuolomb%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Kuolombėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kuolombėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="哥伦比亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哥伦比亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kolombia" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbij%C9%99" title="Kolumbijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kolumbijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 04:36 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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