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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Unit representations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unit_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity_sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity_sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Electricity sales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity_sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conversions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watt-hour_multiples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watt-hour_multiples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Watt-hour multiples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Watt-hour_multiples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinction_between_kWh_(energy)_and_kW_(power)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinction_between_kWh_(energy)_and_kW_(power)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Distinction between kWh (energy) and kW (power)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distinction_between_kWh_(energy)_and_kW_(power)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distinction between kWh (energy) and kW (power) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distinction_between_kWh_(energy)_and_kW_(power)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Annualized_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annualized_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Annualized power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annualized_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misuse_of_watts_per_hour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misuse_of_watts_per_hour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Misuse of watts per hour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misuse_of_watts_per_hour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_related_energy_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_related_energy_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other related energy units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_related_energy_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kilowatt-hour</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="كيلوواط ساعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيلوواط ساعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilovat-saat" title="Kilovat-saat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kilovat-saat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE" title="কিলোওয়াট ঘণ্টা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কিলোওয়াট ঘণ্টা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82-%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кілават-гадзіна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кілават-гадзіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82-%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кіляват-гадзіна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кіляват-гадзіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Киловатчас – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Киловатчас" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilowatt_hora" title="Quilowatt hora – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quilowatt hora" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowattstunde" title="Kilowattstunde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kilowattstunde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilovatt-tund" title="Kilovatt-tund – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kilovatt-tund" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Κιλοβατώρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κιλοβατώρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilovatio_hora" title="Kilovatio hora – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kilovatio hora" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilovathoro" title="Kilovathoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kilovathoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="کیلووات ساعت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیلووات ساعت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt-heure" title="Kilowatt-heure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kilowatt-heure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cileavatuair" title="Cileavatuair – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cileavatuair" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilovatio_hora" title="Quilovatio hora – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Quilovatio hora" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%99%80%ED%8A%B8%EC%8B%9C" title="킬로와트시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="킬로와트시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%BF-%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Կիլովատտ-ժամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիլովատտ-ժամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="वॉट घंटा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वॉट घंटा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilovat-sat" title="Kilovat-sat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kilovat-sat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt_jam" title="Kilowatt jam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kilowatt jam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADl%C3%B3vattstund" title="Kílóvattstund – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kílóvattstund" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%90%D7%98-%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%94" title="ואט-שעה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ואט-שעה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="კილოვატ-საათი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კილოვატ-საათი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82-%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Киловатт-сағат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Киловатт-сағат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilovatstunda" title="Kilovatstunda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kilovatstunda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82-%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Киловатт-сят – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Киловатт-сят" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilovatvaland%C4%97" title="Kilovatvalandė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kilovatvalandė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt%C3%B3ra" title="Kilowattóra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kilowattóra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82-%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Киловат-час – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Киловат-час" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt_jam" title="Kilowatt jam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kilowatt jam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9D%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE" title="ကီလိုဝပ်နာရီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကီလိုဝပ်နာရီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowattuur" title="Kilowattuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kilowattuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="किलोवाट-घण्टा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="किलोवाट-घण्टा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AF%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E6%99%82" title="キロワット時 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キロワット時" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowattime" title="Kilowattime – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kilowattime" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowattime" title="Kilowattime – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kilowattime" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilovatt-soat" title="Kilovatt-soat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kilovatt-soat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatogodzina" title="Kilowatogodzina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kilowatogodzina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"KWH" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/KWH_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="KWH (disambiguation)">KWH (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-unit"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">kilowatt-hour</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydro_quebec_meter.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hydro_quebec_meter.JPG/220px-Hydro_quebec_meter.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hydro_quebec_meter.JPG/330px-Hydro_quebec_meter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hydro_quebec_meter.JPG/440px-Hydro_quebec_meter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="2852" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Residential <a href="/wiki/Electricity_meter" title="Electricity meter">electricity meter</a> located in Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">Unit system</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Non-SI metric</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit of</th><td class="infobox-data">Energy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">kW⋅h, kW h</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Conversions </th></tr><tr class="nowrap"><td>1 kW⋅h <i>in ...</i></td><td><i>... is equal to ...</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/SI_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="SI unit">SI units</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span>3.6 MJ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/CGS_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="CGS unit">CGS units</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span>3.6<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>13</sup> <a href="/wiki/Erg" title="Erg">erg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial units</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span>≈<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>85,429,300 <a href="/wiki/Foot-poundal" title="Foot-poundal">ft⋅pdl</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/English_Engineering_units" class="mw-redirect" title="English Engineering units">English Engineering units (US only)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span>≈<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>2,655,224 <a href="/wiki/Foot-pound_(energy)" title="Foot-pound (energy)">ft⋅lbf</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>A <b>kilowatt-hour</b> (<a href="/wiki/Unit_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit symbol">unit symbol</a>: <b>kW⋅h</b> or <b>kW h</b>; commonly written as <b>kWh</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/SI_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="SI unit">non-SI</a> <a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement">unit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> equal to 3.6 <a href="/wiki/Megajoules" class="mw-redirect" title="Megajoules">megajoules</a> (MJ) in SI units, which is the energy delivered by one <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt">kilowatt</a> of power for one <a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hour</a>. Kilowatt-hours are a common billing unit for electrical energy supplied by <a href="/wiki/Electric_utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric utilities">electric utilities</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">Metric prefixes</a> are used for multiples and submultiples of the basic unit, the watt-hour (3.6 kJ). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilowatt-hour&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The kilowatt-hour is a composite unit of energy equal to one kilowatt (kW) sustained for (multiplied by) one hour. The <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI) unit of energy meanwhile is the <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a> (symbol J). Because a <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a> is by definition one <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a> per <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a>, and because there are 3,600 <a href="/wiki/Seconds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seconds">seconds</a> in an hour, one kWh equals 3,600 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule">kilojoules</a> or 3.6 MJ.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-taylor2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unit_representations">Unit representations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilowatt-hour&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Unit representations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A widely used representation of the kilowatt-hour is <i>kWh</i>, derived from its component units, kilowatt and hour. It is commonly used in billing for delivered energy to consumers by <a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">electric utility</a> companies, and in commercial, educational, and scientific publications, and in the media.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the usual unit representation in electrical power engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This common representation, however, does not comply with the <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guide</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI).<sup id="cite_ref-BIPM_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIPM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other representations of the unit may be encountered: </p> <ul><li><i>kW⋅h</i> and <i>kW h</i> are less commonly used, but they are consistent with the SI. The SI brochure<sup id="cite_ref-BIPM_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIPM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states that in forming a compound unit symbol, "Multiplication must be indicated by a space or a <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">half-high (centred) dot</a> (⋅), since otherwise some prefixes could be misinterpreted as a unit symbol." This is supported by a standard<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> issued jointly by an international (<a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>) and national (<a href="/wiki/ASTM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM">ASTM</a>) organization, and by a major style guide.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the IEEE/ASTM standard allows <i>kWh</i> (but does not mention other multiples of the watt-hour). One guide published by <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a> specifically recommends against <i>kWh</i> "to avoid possible confusion".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2014, the United States official fuel-economy <a href="/wiki/Window_sticker" class="mw-redirect" title="Window sticker">window sticker</a> for electric vehicles used the abbreviation <i>kW-hrs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-fueleconomy_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fueleconomy-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Variations in capitalization are sometimes encountered: <i>KWh</i>, <i>KWH</i>, <i>kwh</i>, etc., which are inconsistent with the International System of Units.</li> <li>The notation <i>kW/h</i> for the kilowatt-hour is incorrect, as it denotes kilowatt per hour.</li></ul> <p>The hour is a unit of time listed among the <a href="/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI" title="Non-SI units mentioned in the SI">non-SI units accepted</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> for use with the SI.<sup id="cite_ref-BIPM_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIPM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An electric heater consuming 1,000 watts (1 kilowatt) operating for one hour uses one kilowatt-hour of energy. A television consuming 100 watts operating continuously for 10 hours uses one kilowatt-hour. A 40-watt electric appliance operating continuously for 25 hours uses one kilowatt-hour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electricity_sales">Electricity sales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilowatt-hour&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electricity sales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electrical energy is typically sold to consumers in kilowatt-hours. The cost of running an electrical device is calculated by multiplying the device's power consumption in kilowatts by the operating time in hours, and by the price per kilowatt-hour. The <a href="/wiki/Unit_price" title="Unit price">unit price</a> of electricity charged by utility companies may depend on the customer's consumption profile over time. Prices vary considerably by locality. In the United States prices in different states can vary by a factor of three.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While smaller customer loads are usually billed only for energy, transmission services, and the rated capacity, larger consumers also pay for peak power consumption, the greatest power recorded in a fairly short time, such as 15 minutes. This compensates the power company for maintaining the infrastructure needed to provide peak power. These charges are billed as demand changes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industrial users may also have extra charges according to the <a href="/wiki/Power_factor" title="Power factor">power factor</a> of their load. </p><p>Major energy production or consumption is often expressed as terawatt-hours (TWh) for a given period that is often a <a href="/wiki/Calendar_year" title="Calendar year">calendar year</a> or <a href="/wiki/Financial_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial year">financial year</a>. A 365-day year equals 8,760 hours, so over a period of one year, power of one gigawatt equates to 8.76 terawatt-hours of energy. Conversely, one terawatt-hour is equal to a sustained power of about 114 megawatts for a period of one year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilowatt-hour&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, the average household in the United States consumed 893 kWh per month.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raising the temperature of 1 <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a> of water from <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a> to the boiling point with an <a href="/wiki/Electric_kettle" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric kettle">electric kettle</a> takes about 0.1 kWh. </p><p>A 12 watt <a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lamp</a> lit constantly uses about 0.3 kW⋅h per 24 hours and about 9 kWh per month. </p><p>In terms of <a href="/wiki/Human_power" title="Human power">human power</a>, a healthy adult male manual laborer performs work equal to about half a kilowatt-hour over an eight-hour day.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conversions">Conversions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilowatt-hour&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conversions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_units#Energy" title="Conversion of units">Conversion of units § Energy</a></div> <p>To convert a quantity measured in a unit in the left column to the units in the top row, multiply by the factor in the cell where the row and column intersect. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">Joule</a> </th> <th>Watt-hour </th> <th>Kilowatt-hour </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">Electronvolt</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">Calorie</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: right;" class="table-rh">1 J = 1 kg⋅m<sup>2</sup>⋅s<sup>−2</sup> = </th> <td>1 </td> <td>2.77778 × 10<sup>−4</sup> </td> <td>2.77778 × 10<sup>−7</sup> </td> <td>6.241 × 10<sup>18</sup> </td> <td>0.239 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: right;" class="table-rh">1 Wh = </th> <td>3.6 × 10<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0.001 </td> <td>2.247 × 10<sup>22</sup> </td> <td>859.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: right;" class="table-rh">1 kWh = </th> <td>3.6 × 10<sup>6</sup> </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2.247 × 10<sup>25</sup> </td> <td>8.598 × 10<sup>5</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: right;" class="table-rh">1 eV = </th> <td>1.602 × 10<sup>−19</sup> </td> <td>4.45 × 10<sup>−23</sup> </td> <td>4.45 × 10<sup>−26</sup> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>3.827 × 10<sup>−20</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: right;" class="table-rh">1 cal = </th> <td>4.184 </td> <td>1.162 × 10<sup>−3</sup> </td> <td>1.162 × 10<sup>−6</sup> </td> <td>2.612 × 10<sup>19</sup> </td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Watt-hour_multiples">Watt-hour multiples <span class="anchor" id="Multiples"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilowatt-hour&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Watt-hour multiples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">Metric prefix</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>SI multiples of watt-hour (W⋅h) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Value </th> <th scope="col">Symbol </th> <th scope="col">Name </th></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="2999400000000000000♠"></span>−6</span></sup></td> <td>μW⋅h</td> <td>microwatt-hour </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="2999700000000000000♠"></span>−3</span></sup></td> <td>mW⋅h</td> <td>milliwatt-hour </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠"></span>0</span></sup></td> <td>W⋅h</td> <td>watt-hour </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠"></span>3</span></sup></td> <td>kW⋅h</td> <td>kilowatt-hour </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000600000000000000♠"></span>6</span></sup></td> <td>MW⋅h</td> <td>megawatt-hour </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000900000000000000♠"></span>9</span></sup></td> <td>GW⋅h</td> <td>gigawatt-hour </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001120000000000000♠"></span>12</span></sup></td> <td>TW⋅h</td> <td>terawatt-hour </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001150000000000000♠"></span>15</span></sup></td> <td>PW⋅h</td> <td>petawatt-hour </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All the <a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">SI prefixes</a> are commonly applied to the watt-hour: a kilowatt-hour is 1,000 Wh (kWh); a megawatt-hour is 1 million Wh (MWh); a milliwatt-hour is 1/1,000 Wh (mWh) and so on. The kilowatt-hour is commonly used by electrical energy providers for purposes of billing, since the monthly energy consumption of a typical residential customer ranges from a few hundred to a few thousand kilowatt-hours. <b>Megawatt-hours</b> (MWh), <b>gigawatt-hours</b> (GWh), and <b>terawatt-hours</b> (TWh) are often used for metering larger amounts of electrical energy to industrial customers and in power generation. The terawatt-hour and <b>petawatt-hour</b> (PWh) units are large enough to conveniently express the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_production" title="List of countries by electricity production">annual electricity generation for whole countries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_energy_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="World energy consumption">world energy consumption</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinction_between_kWh_(energy)_and_kW_(power)"><span id="Distinction_between_kWh_.28energy.29_and_kW_.28power.29"></span>Distinction between kWh (energy) and kW (power)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilowatt-hour&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Distinction between kWh (energy) and kW (power)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A kilowatt is a unit of power (rate of flow of energy per unit of time). A kilowatt-hour is a unit of energy. Kilowatt per hour would be a rate of change of power flow with time. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">Work</a> is the amount of energy transferred to a system; <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a> is the <i>rate of delivery</i> of energy. Energy is measured in <i>joules</i>, or <i>watt-seconds</i>. Power is measured in <i>watts</i>, or <i>joules per second</i>. </p><p>For example, a battery stores energy. When the battery delivers its energy, it does so at a certain power, that is, the rate of delivery of the energy. The higher the power, the quicker the battery's stored energy is delivered. A higher power output will cause the battery's stored energy to be depleted in a shorter time period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annualized_power">Annualized power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilowatt-hour&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Annualized power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electric energy production and consumption are sometimes reported on a yearly basis, in units such as megawatt-hours per year (MWh/yr) gigawatt-hours/year (GWh/yr) or terawatt-hours per year (TWh/yr). These units have dimensions of energy divided by time and thus are units of power. They can be converted to SI power units by dividing by the number of hours in a year, about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999999315537303217♠"></span>8760 h/yr</span>. </p><p>Thus, 1 GWh/yr = 1 GWh/8760 h ≈ <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005114120000000000♠"></span>114.12 kW</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misuse_of_watts_per_hour">Misuse of watts per hour<span class="anchor" id="Watt_per_hour"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilowatt-hour&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Misuse of watts per hour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many compound units for various kinds of rates explicitly mention units of time to indicate a change over time. For example: miles per hour, kilometres per hour, dollars per hour. Power units, such as kW, already measure the rate of energy per unit time (kW=<a href="/wiki/Kilojoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule">kJ</a>/<a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a>). Kilowatt-hours are a product of power and time, not a rate of change of power with time. </p><p>Watts per hour (W/h) is a unit of a <i>change</i> of power per hour, i.e. an acceleration in the delivery of energy. It is used to measure the daily variation of demand (e.g. the slope of the <a href="/wiki/Duck_curve" title="Duck curve">duck curve</a>), or ramp-up behavior of <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plants</a>. For example, a power plant that reaches a power output of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006100000000000000♠"></span>1 MW</span> from <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠"></span>0 MW</span> in 15 minutes has a ramp-up rate of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003111111111111111♠"></span>4 MW/h</span>. </p><p>Other uses of terms such as <i>watts per hour</i> are likely to be errors.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_related_energy_units">Other related energy units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilowatt-hour&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other related energy units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Units_of_energy" title="Units of energy">Units of energy</a></div> <p>Several other units related to kilowatt-hour are commonly used to indicate power or energy capacity or use in specific application areas. </p><p>Average annual energy production or consumption can be expressed in kilowatt-hours per year. This is used with loads or output that vary during the year but whose annual totals are similar from one year to the next. For example, it is useful to compare the <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> of household appliances whose power consumption varies with time or the season of the year. Another use is to measure the energy produced by a distributed power source. One kilowatt-hour per year equals about 114.08 <a href="/wiki/Milliwatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliwatt">milliwatts</a> applied constantly during one year. </p><p>The energy content of a <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a> is usually expressed indirectly by its capacity in <a href="/wiki/Ampere-hour" title="Ampere-hour">ampere-hours</a>; to convert ampere-hour (Ah) to watt-hours (Wh), the ampere-hour value must be multiplied by the voltage of the power source. This value is approximate, since the battery voltage is not constant during its discharge, and because higher discharge rates reduce the total amount of energy that the battery can provide. In the case of devices that output a different voltage than the battery, it is the battery voltage (typically 3.7 V for <a href="/wiki/Li-ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Li-ion">Li-ion</a>) that must be used to calculate rather than the device output (for example, usually 5.0 V for <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> portable chargers). This results in a 500 mA USB device running for about 3.7 hours on a 2,500 mAh battery, not five hours. </p><p>The <i>Board of Trade unit</i> (B.T.U.)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an obsolete UK synonym for kilowatt-hour. The term derives from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trade" title="Board of Trade">Board of Trade</a> which regulated the electricity industry until 1942 when the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Power_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Power (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Power</a> took over.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This should not be confused with a <a href="/wiki/British_Thermal_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="British Thermal Unit">British Thermal Unit</a> (BTU) which is 1055 J. </p><p>In India, the kilowatt-hour is often simply called a <i>unit</i> of energy. A million units, designated <i>MU</i>, is a gigawatt-hour and a <i>BU</i> (billion units) is a terawatt-hour.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilowatt-hour&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampere-hour" title="Ampere-hour">Ampere-hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">Electric vehicle battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption" title="Electric energy consumption">Electric energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Std_260.1-2004" title="IEEE Std 260.1-2004">IEEE Std 260.1-2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(energy)" title="Orders of magnitude (energy)">Orders of magnitude (energy)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilowatt-hour&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Ambler and Taylor, Barry N. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf"><i>Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603203340/http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf">Archived</a> 3 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Special publication 811). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taylor2001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taylor2001_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Half-high dots or spaces are used to express a derived unit formed from two or more other units by multiplication.", Barry N. Taylor. (2001 ed.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf"><i>The International System of Units.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603215953/http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf">Archived</a> 3 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Special publication 330). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=131-11-58">IEC Electropedia, Entry 131-11-58</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314215740/http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=131-11-58">Archived</a> 14 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windpower.org/en/stat/unitsene.htm"><i>Wind Energy Reference Manual Part 2: Energy and Power Definitions</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071126132157/http://www.windpower.org/en/stat/unitsene.htm">Archived</a> 26 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Danish Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 9 January 2008; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Kilowatt-Hour-kWh.html">"Kilowatt-Hour (kWh)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302222956/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Kilowatt-Hour-kWh.html">Archived</a> 2 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BusinessDictionary.com. Retrieved 9 January 2008; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf41.html">"US Nuclear Power Industry"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071126132157/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf41.html">Archived</a> 26 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> www.world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 9 January 2008; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eeru.open.ac.uk/natta/energy.html#4">"Energy. A Beginners Guide: Making Sense of Units"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071126132157/http://eeru.open.ac.uk/natta/energy.html">Archived</a> 26 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Renew On Line (UK)</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a>. Retrieved 9 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ASTM SI10-10, IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for Metric Practice, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010, [www.astm.org] "The symbols for certain compound units of electrical power engineering are usually written without separation, thus: watthour (Wh), kilowatthour (kWh), voltampere (VA), and kilovoltampere (kVA)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BIPM-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BIPM_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIPM_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIPM_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf#page=33">"The International System of Units (SI)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). 2019. p. 147<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+International+System+of+Units+%28SI%29&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=International+Bureau+of+Weights+and+Measures+%28BIPM%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Futils%2Fcommon%2Fpdf%2Fsi-brochure%2FSI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf%23page%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKilowatt-hour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Standard for the Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System. (1997). (IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997). New York and West Conshohocken, PA: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> and <a href="/wiki/ASTM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM">ASTM</a>. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"10.57: Units derived from SI base units". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed17/part2/ch10/psec058.html"><i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i></a> (17 ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10.57%3A+Units+derived+from+SI+base+units&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=17&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomanualofstyle.org%2Fbook%2Fed17%2Fpart2%2Fch10%2Fpsec058.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKilowatt-hour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication811e2008.pdf">"Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2020</span>. <q>Reference [4: ISO 31-0] suggests that if a space is used to indicate units formed by multiplication, the space may be omitted if it does not cause confusion. This possibility is reflected in the common practice of using the symbol kWh rather than kW⋅h or kW h for the kilowatt-hour. Nevertheless, this Guide takes the position that a half-high dot or a space should always be used to avoid possible confusion;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+for+the+Use+of+the+International+System+of+Units+%28SI%29&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvlpubs.nist.gov%2Fnistpubs%2FLegacy%2FSP%2Fnistspecialpublication811e2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKilowatt-hour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fueleconomy-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fueleconomy_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/label/learn-more-electric-label.shtml">"Electric Vehicles: Learn More About the New Label"</a>. <i>fueleconomy.gov</i>. US Department of energy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fueleconomy.gov&rft.atitle=Electric+Vehicles%3A+Learn+More+About+the+New+Label&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fueleconomy.gov%2Ffeg%2Flabel%2Flearn-more-electric-label.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKilowatt-hour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_6_a">Average Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector</a>, U.S. Energy Information Administration, April 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgridus.com/niagaramohawk/non_html/eff_elec-demand.pdf">"Understanding Electric Demand"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160606043318/https://www.nationalgridus.com/niagaramohawk/non_html/eff_elec-demand.pdf">Archived</a> 6 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, National Grid</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=97&t=3#:~:text=How%20much%20electricity%20does%20an,about%20893%20kWh%20per%20month.">"How much electricity does an American home use?"</a>. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 7 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+much+electricity+does+an+American+home+use%3F&rft.pub=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration&rft.date=2021-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Ftools%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq.php%3Fid%3D97%26t%3D3%23%3A~%3Atext%3DHow%2520much%2520electricity%2520does%2520an%2Cabout%2520893%2520kWh%2520per%2520month.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKilowatt-hour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene A. Avallone et al., (ed), <i>Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers 11th Edition </i>, Mc-Graw Hill, New York 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-142867-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-142867-4">0-07-142867-4</a> page 9-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoofenden2009" class="citation book cs1">Woofenden, Ian (5 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iYktDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22watts+per+hour%22+%22nonsensical+phrase%22&pg=PA48"><i>Wind Power For Dummies</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-49637-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-49637-4"><bdi>978-0-470-49637-4</bdi></a>. <q>Much too often, I hear people say something like ... 'watts per hour'...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wind+Power+For+Dummies&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009-10-05&rft.isbn=978-0-470-49637-4&rft.aulast=Woofenden&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiYktDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522watts%2Bper%2Bhour%2522%2B%2522nonsensical%2Bphrase%2522%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKilowatt-hour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NvRIAQAAIAAJ&q=%22watts+per+hour%22+(mistake+OR+error+OR+blunder)"><i>Home Power</i></a>. Electron Connection. 2007. <q>Watts per hour. This nonsensical phrase tops my electrical terminology pet peeve list.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Power&rft.pub=Electron+Connection&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNvRIAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522watts%2Bper%2Bhour%2522%2B%28mistake%2BOR%2Berror%2BOR%2Bblunder%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKilowatt-hour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._M._Kirkpatrick1983" class="citation book cs1">E. M. Kirkpatrick, ed. (1983). <i><a href="/wiki/Chambers_20th_Century_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambers 20th Century Dictionary">Chambers 20th Century Dictionary</a></i> (New ed.). Edinburgh: Chambers. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0550102345" title="Special:BookSources/0550102345"><bdi>0550102345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chambers+20th+Century+Dictionary&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=137&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Chambers&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0550102345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKilowatt-hour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100304150704/http://www.berr.gov.uk/aboutus/corporate/history/outlines/BT-1621-1970/page13919.html">"The Board of Trade 1621-1970"</a>. <i>Department for Business Innovation and Skills</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berr.gov.uk/aboutus/corporate/history/outlines/BT-1621-1970/page13919.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+for+Business+Innovation+and+Skills&rft.atitle=The+Board+of+Trade+1621-1970&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berr.gov.uk%2Faboutus%2Fcorporate%2Fhistory%2Foutlines%2FBT-1621-1970%2Fpage13919.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKilowatt-hour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120908010852/http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/122151/">"Get enlightened about electricity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Financial_Express_(India)" title="The Financial Express (India)">The Financial Express</a></i>. 20 December 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/122151/">the original</a> on 8 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=Get+enlightened+about+electricity&rft.date=2004-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Fprinter%2Fnews%2F122151%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKilowatt-hour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107155200/http://www.hindu.com/holnus/006200807241521.htm">"BHEL manufactured units generate record power"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Press_Trust_of_India" title="Press Trust of India">Press Trust of India</a>. 24 July 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/holnus/006200807241521.htm">the original</a> on 7 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=BHEL+manufactured+units+generate+record+power&rft.date=2008-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fholnus%2F006200807241521.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKilowatt-hour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilowatt-hour&oldid=1257985075">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilowatt-hour&oldid=1257985075</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Units_of_energy" title="Category:Units of energy">Units of energy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power" title="Category:Electric power">Electric power</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-SI_metric_units" title="Category:Non-SI metric units">Non-SI metric units</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2023">Use dmy dates from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 15:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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