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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Obstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Obstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Soap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bears" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bears"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Bears</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bears-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principal_acids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_acids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Principal acids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principal_acids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bile</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal" title="Gal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="صفراء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صفراء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%AA%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܡܪܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܪܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ццин – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ццин" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96d" title="Öd – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Öd" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4" title="পিত্ত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিত্ত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Жоўць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жоўць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Жоўць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жоўць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Жлъчен сок – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жлъчен сок" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B" title="མཁྲིས་ཁུ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མཁྲིས་ཁུ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDu%C4%8D" title="Žuč – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Žuč" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilis" title="Bilis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bilis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ват – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ват" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDlu%C4%8D" title="Žluč – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žluč" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nduru" title="Nduru – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nduru" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Som" title="Som – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Som" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galde" title="Galde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Galde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="良質な記事"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galle" title="Galle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Galle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapp" title="Sapp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sapp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE" title="Χολή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χολή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%B5" title="Сэпе – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Сэпе" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilis" title="Bilis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bilis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galo" title="Galo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Galo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behazun" title="Behazun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Behazun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="صفرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صفرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile" title="Bile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domlas" title="Domlas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Domlas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile" title="Bile – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bile" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%93%B8%EA%B0%9C%EC%A6%99" title="쓸개즙 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쓸개즙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AB" title="Լեղի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեղի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="पित्त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पित्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDu%C4%8D" title="Žuč – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Žuč" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilo" title="Bilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedu" title="Empedu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Empedu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%B1%E1%96%93%E1%96%85" title="ᓱᖓᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓱᖓᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall" title="Gall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile" title="Bile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%94" title="מרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaya" title="Kuwaya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kuwaya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile" title="Bile – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Bile" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%82" title="Өт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bil" title="Bil – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerav" title="Zerav – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zerav" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%82" title="Өт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Сси – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Сси" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilis" title="Bilis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bilis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDults" title="Žults – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žults" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal" title="Gal – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gal" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tul%C5%BEis" title="Tulžis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tulžis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fel" title="Fel – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epe_(anat%C3%B3mia)" title="Epe (anatómia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Epe (anatómia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="പിത്തരസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിത്തരസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempedu" title="Hempedu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hempedu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%A9%D1%81" title="Цөс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цөс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal_(stof)" title="Gal (stof) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gal (stof)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%86%E6%B1%81" title="胆汁 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="胆汁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galle" title="Galle – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Galle" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galle" title="Galle – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Galle" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safro" title="Safro – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Safro" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2" title="ਬਾਇਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਇਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82%C4%87" title="Żółć – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żółć" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile" title="Bile – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bile" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bil%C4%83_(anatomie)" title="Bilă (anatomie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bilă (anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayaqi" title="Hayaqi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hayaqi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%87%D1%8C_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Желчь человека – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Желчь человека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D3%A9%D1%81" title="Үөс – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Үөс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile" title="Bile – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bile" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDl%C4%8D" title="Žlč – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žlč" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDol%C4%8D" title="Žolč – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Žolč" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%87" title="Жуч – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жуч" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDu%C4%8D" title="Žuč – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Žuč" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappi" title="Sappi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sappi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galla" title="Galla – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Galla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பித்தநீர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பித்தநீர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82" title="పైత్యరసం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పైత్యరసం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="น้ำดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safra" title="Safra – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Safra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%87" title="Жовч – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жовч" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="صفرا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صفرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%ADt" title="Mật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%86%E6%B1%81" title="胆汁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="胆汁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%86%BD%E6%B1%81" title="膽汁 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="膽汁" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%86%E6%B1%81" title="胆汁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="胆汁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q65979#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dark greenish-brown fluid aiding in the digestion of fats</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the fluid produced by the liver. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bile_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bile (disambiguation)">Bile (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholestasis_2_high_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cholestasis_2_high_mag.jpg/220px-Cholestasis_2_high_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cholestasis_2_high_mag.jpg/330px-Cholestasis_2_high_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cholestasis_2_high_mag.jpg/440px-Cholestasis_2_high_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>Bile (yellow material) in a <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> stained with <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">hematoxylin-eosin</a> in a condition called <a href="/wiki/Cholestasis" title="Cholestasis">cholestasis</a> (setting of bile stasi)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bile</b> (from Latin <i>bilis</i>), or <b>gall</b>, is a yellow-green/misty green fluid produced by the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> of most <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> that aids the <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>. In humans, bile is primarily composed of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, is produced continuously by the liver, and is stored and concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a>. After a human eats, this stored bile is discharged into <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">the first section of the small intestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the human <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, bile is composed of 97–98% <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, 0.7% <a href="/wiki/Bile_salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile salts">bile salts</a>, 0.2% <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a>, 0.51% fats (<a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin">lecithin</a>), and 200 meq/L inorganic salts.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two main pigments of bile are <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a>, which is orange-yellow, and its oxidised form <a href="/wiki/Biliverdin" title="Biliverdin">biliverdin</a>, which is green. When mixed, they are responsible for the brown color of <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">feces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 400 to 800 milliliters (14 to 27 U.S. fluid ounces) of bile is produced per day in adult human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lipid_and_bile_salts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lipid_and_bile_salts.svg/220px-Lipid_and_bile_salts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lipid_and_bile_salts.svg/330px-Lipid_and_bile_salts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lipid_and_bile_salts.svg/440px-Lipid_and_bile_salts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>Action of bile salts in digestion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bile_recycling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bile_recycling.png/220px-Bile_recycling.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bile_recycling.png/330px-Bile_recycling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Bile_recycling.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Recycling of the bile</figcaption></figure> <p>Bile or gall acts to some extent as a <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactant</a>, helping to <a href="/wiki/Emulsify" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsify">emulsify</a> the lipids in food. Bile salt <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anions</a> are <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a> on one side and <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> on the other side; consequently, they tend to aggregate around droplets of lipids (<a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipids</a>) to form <a href="/wiki/Micelle" title="Micelle">micelles</a>, with the hydrophobic sides towards the fat and hydrophilic sides facing outwards.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hydrophilic sides are negatively charged, and this charge prevents fat droplets coated with bile from re-aggregating into larger fat particles. Ordinarily, the micelles in the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a> have a diameter around 1–50 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">μm</a> in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dispersion of food fat into micelles provides a greatly increased surface area for the action of the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_lipase" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic lipase">pancreatic lipase</a>, which digests the triglycerides, and is able to reach the fatty core through gaps between the bile salts.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A triglyceride is broken down into two fatty acids and a <a href="/wiki/Monoglyceride" title="Monoglyceride">monoglyceride</a>, which are absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_villus" title="Intestinal villus">villi</a> on the intestine walls. After being transferred across the intestinal membrane, the fatty acids reform into triglycerides (<span class="nowrap">re-esterified</span>), before being absorbed into the lymphatic system through <a href="/wiki/Lacteal" title="Lacteal">lacteals</a>. Without bile salts, most of the lipids in food would be excreted in feces, undigested.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since bile increases the absorption of fats, it is an important part of the absorption of the fat-soluble substances,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">E</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">K</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides its digestive function, bile serves also as the route of excretion for bilirubin, a byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> recycled by the liver. Bilirubin derives from <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> by <a href="/wiki/Glucuronidation" title="Glucuronidation">glucuronidation</a>. </p><p>Bile tends to be <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> on average. The <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of common duct bile (7.50 to 8.05) is higher than that of the corresponding gallbladder bile (6.80 to 7.65). Bile in the gallbladder becomes more <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a> the longer a person goes without eating, though resting slows this fall in pH.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an alkali, it also has the function of neutralizing excess <a href="/wiki/Stomach_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomach acid">stomach acid</a> before it enters the duodenum, the first section of the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bile_salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile salts">Bile salts</a> also act as <a href="/wiki/Bactericide" title="Bactericide">bactericides</a>, destroying many of the microbes that may be present in the food.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the absence of bile, fats become indigestible and are instead excreted in <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>, a condition called <a href="/wiki/Steatorrhea" title="Steatorrhea">steatorrhea</a>. Feces lack their characteristic brown color and instead are white or gray, and greasy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steatorrhea can lead to deficiencies in <a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">essential fatty acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fat-soluble_vitamins" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat-soluble vitamins">fat-soluble vitamins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, past the small intestine (which is normally responsible for absorbing fat from food) the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">gut flora</a> are not adapted to processing fats, leading to problems in the large intestine.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> contained in bile will occasionally accrete into lumps in the gallbladder, forming <a href="/wiki/Gallstone" title="Gallstone">gallstones</a>. Cholesterol gallstones are generally treated through surgical removal of the gallbladder. However, they can sometimes be dissolved by increasing the concentration of certain naturally occurring bile acids, such as <a href="/wiki/Chenodeoxycholic_acid" title="Chenodeoxycholic acid">chenodeoxycholic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ursodeoxycholic_acid" title="Ursodeoxycholic acid">ursodeoxycholic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On an empty stomach – after repeated <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, for example – a person's vomit may be green or dark yellow, and very bitter. The bitter and greenish component may be bile or normal digestive juices originating in the stomach.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bile may be forced into the stomach secondary due to a weakened valve (<a href="/wiki/Pylorus" title="Pylorus">pylorus</a>), the presence of certain drugs including <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, or powerful muscular contractions and duodenal spasms. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Biliary_reflux" title="Biliary reflux">biliary reflux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obstruction">Obstruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Obstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biliary obstruction refers to a condition when <a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">bile ducts</a> which deliver bile from the gallbladder or liver to the duodenum become obstructed. The blockage of bile might cause a buildup of <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bloodstream" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodstream">bloodstream</a> which can result in <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a>. There are several potential causes for biliary obstruction including gallstones, cancer,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> trauma, <a href="/wiki/Choledochal_cysts" title="Choledochal cysts">choledochal cysts</a>, or other benign causes of bile duct narrowing.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common cause of bile duct obstruction is when gallstone(s) are dislodged from the gallbladder into the cystic duct or common bile duct resulting in a blockage. A blockage of the gallbladder or <a href="/wiki/Cystic_duct" title="Cystic duct">cystic duct</a> may cause <a href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">cholecystitis</a>. If the blockage is beyond the confluence of the pancreatic duct, this may cause gallstone <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a>. In some instances of biliary obstruction, the bile may become infected by bacteria resulting in <a href="/wiki/Ascending_cholangitis" title="Ascending cholangitis">ascending cholangitis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In medical theories prevalent in the West from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the body's health depended on the equilibrium of <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">four "humors"</a>, or vital fluids, two of which related to bile: blood, <a href="/wiki/Phlegm#Phlegm_and_humourism" title="Phlegm">phlegm</a>, "yellow bile" (choler), and "black bile". These "humors" are believed to have their roots in the appearance of a blood sedimentation test made in open air, which exhibits a dark clot at the bottom ("black bile"), a layer of unclotted erythrocytes ("blood"), a layer of white blood cells ("phlegm") and a layer of clear yellow serum ("yellow bile").<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excesses of black bile and yellow bile were thought to produce depression and aggression, respectively, and the Greek names for them gave rise to the English words <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> (from Greek χολή <i>kholē</i>, "bile") and <a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholia</a>. In the former of those senses, the same theories explain the derivation of the English word bilious from <i>bile</i>, the meaning of gall in English as "exasperation" or "impudence", and the Latin word <i>cholera</i>, derived from the Greek <i>kholé</i>, which was passed along into some Romance languages as words connoting anger, such as <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/col%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="wikt:colère">colère</a></i> (French) and <i>cólera</i> (Spanish).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soap">Soap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Soap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soap can be mixed with bile from mammals, such as <a href="/wiki/Ox_gall" title="Ox gall">ox gall</a>. This mixture, called bile soap<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or gall soap, can be applied to textiles a few hours before washing as a traditional and effective method for removing various kinds of tough stains.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pinapaitan" title="Pinapaitan">Pinapaitan</a> is a dish in <a href="/wiki/Philippine_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine cuisine">Philippine cuisine</a> that uses bile as flavoring.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other areas where bile is commonly used as a cooking ingredient include <a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Laos</a> and northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thailand</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma</a> soldiers of the early <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> reportedly <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">ate human livers</a> boiled in bile.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of eating a slain enemy's liver, known as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiemondori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiemondori (page does not exist)">hiemondori</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">冷え物取り</span></span>)</span>, was a tradition of the Satsuma people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bears">Bears</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bears"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In regions where bile products are a popular ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional medicine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">use of bears</a> in bile-farming has been widespread. This practice has been condemned by activists, and some pharmaceutical companies have developed synthetic (non-ursine) alternatives.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principal_acids">Principal acids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Principal acids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center; skin-invert-image"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholic_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cholic acid"><img alt="Cholic acid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cholic_acid.svg/120px-Cholic_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cholic_acid.svg/180px-Cholic_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cholic_acid.svg/240px-Cholic_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cholic_acid" title="Cholic acid">Cholic acid</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chenodeoxycholic_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chenodeoxycholic acid"><img alt="Chenodeoxycholic acid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chenodeoxycholic_acid.svg/120px-Chenodeoxycholic_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chenodeoxycholic_acid.svg/180px-Chenodeoxycholic_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chenodeoxycholic_acid.svg/240px-Chenodeoxycholic_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="139" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chenodeoxycholic_acid" title="Chenodeoxycholic acid">Chenodeoxycholic acid</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glycochols%C3%A4ure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glycocholic acid"><img alt="Glycocholic acid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Glycochols%C3%A4ure.svg/120px-Glycochols%C3%A4ure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Glycochols%C3%A4ure.svg/180px-Glycochols%C3%A4ure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Glycochols%C3%A4ure.svg/240px-Glycochols%C3%A4ure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Glycocholic_acid" title="Glycocholic acid">Glycocholic acid</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taurocholic_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taurocholic acid"><img alt="Taurocholic acid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Taurocholic_acid.svg/120px-Taurocholic_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Taurocholic_acid.svg/180px-Taurocholic_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Taurocholic_acid.svg/240px-Taurocholic_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Taurocholic_acid" title="Taurocholic acid">Taurocholic acid</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deoxycholic_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deoxycholic acid"><img alt="Deoxycholic acid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Deoxycholic_acid.svg/120px-Deoxycholic_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Deoxycholic_acid.svg/180px-Deoxycholic_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Deoxycholic_acid.svg/240px-Deoxycholic_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Deoxycholic_acid" title="Deoxycholic acid">Deoxycholic acid</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithocholic_acid_acsv.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lithocholic acid"><img alt="Lithocholic acid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lithocholic_acid_acsv.svg/120px-Lithocholic_acid_acsv.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lithocholic_acid_acsv.svg/180px-Lithocholic_acid_acsv.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lithocholic_acid_acsv.svg/240px-Lithocholic_acid_acsv.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lithocholic_acid" title="Lithocholic acid">Lithocholic acid</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/64px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_sequestrant" title="Bile acid sequestrant">Bile acid sequestrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterohepatic_circulation" title="Enterohepatic circulation">Enterohepatic circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal juice">Intestinal juice</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPuestow1931" class="citation journal cs1">Puestow, Charles B. (1931-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1931.01160120127008">"The Discharge of Bile into the Duodenum"</a>. <i>Archives of Surgery</i>. <b>23</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1013–</span>1029. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchsurg.1931.01160120127008">10.1001/archsurg.1931.01160120127008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-5533">0272-5533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Surgery&rft.atitle=The+Discharge+of+Bile+into+the+Duodenum&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1013-%3C%2Fspan%3E1029&rft.date=1931-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchsurg.1931.01160120127008&rft.issn=0272-5533&rft.aulast=Puestow&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%2Farchsurg.1931.01160120127008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrettBarmanBoitanoBrooks2012" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Kim E.; Barman, Susan M.; Boitano, Scott; Brooks, Heddwen L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ganongsreviewofm0000unse/page/512/"><i>Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology</i></a> (24th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 512. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-178003-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-178003-2"><bdi>978-0-07-178003-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ganong%27s+Review+of+Medical+Physiology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=512&rft.edition=24th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-07-178003-2&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Kim+E.&rft.au=Barman%2C+Susan+M.&rft.au=Boitano%2C+Scott&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Heddwen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fganongsreviewofm0000unse%2Fpage%2F512%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyton_and_Hall2011" class="citation book cs1">Guyton and Hall (2011). <i>Textbook of Medical Physiology</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oxfordreference.com&rft.atitle=Bile+pigments+-+Oxford+Reference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803095505664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/liver/bile.html">"Secretion of Bile and the Role of Bile Acids In Digestion"</a>. <i>www.vivo.colostate.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Technical Press. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Soap+and+Detergent+Industry%3A+The+manufacture+of+special+soaps+and+detergent+compositions&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Technical+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm85TAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Ox%2Bgall%2Bcontains%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angsarap.net/2013/08/13/pinapaitan/">"Pinapaitan - Ang Sarap"</a>. <i>Ang Sarap (A Tagalog word for "It's Delicious")</i>. 2013-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ang+Sarap+%28A+Tagalog+word+for+%22It%27s+Delicious%22%29&rft.atitle=Pinapaitan+-+Ang+Sarap&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angsarap.net%2F2013%2F08%2F13%2Fpinapaitan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF牧原_Makihara2008" class="citation book cs1">牧原 Makihara, 憲夫 Norio (December 26, 2008). <i>文明国をめざして</i>. Japan: 小学館 Shōgakukan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4096221139" title="Special:BookSources/4096221139"><bdi>4096221139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E5%9B%BD%E3%82%92%E3%82%81%E3%81%96%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6&rft.place=Japan&rft.pub=%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E9%A4%A8+Sh%C5%8Dgakukan&rft.date=2008-12-26&rft.isbn=4096221139&rft.aulast=%E7%89%A7%E5%8E%9F+Makihara&rft.aufirst=%E6%86%B2%E5%A4%AB+Norio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHance,_J.2015" class="citation news cs1">Hance, J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/radical-conservation/2015/apr/09/bear-bile-china-synthetic-alternative">"Is the end of 'house of horror' bear bile factories in sight?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Is+the+end+of+%27house+of+horror%27+bear+bile+factories+in+sight%3F&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Hance%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2Fradical-conservation%2F2015%2Fapr%2F09%2Fbear-bile-china-synthetic-alternative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bile&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2001" class="citation web cs1">Bowen, R. (2001-11-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/liver/bile.html">"Secretion of Bile and the Role of Bile Acids In Digestion"</a>. <i>Colorado State Hypertextbook article on Bile</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070529085534/http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/liver/bile.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colorado+State+Hypertextbook+article+on+Bile&rft.atitle=Secretion+of+Bile+and+the+Role+of+Bile+Acids+In+Digestion&rft.date=2001-11-23&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivo.colostate.edu%2Fhbooks%2Fpathphys%2Fdigestion%2Fliver%2Fbile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrejčíHanuš_L.Podstatová_H.Reifová_E1983" class="citation journal cs1">Krejčí, Z; Hanuš L.; Podstatová H.; Reifová E (1983). "A contribution to the problems of the pathogenesis and microbial etiology of cholelithiasis". <i>Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis Facultatis Medicae</i>. <b>104</b>: <span class="nowrap">279–</span>286. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6222611">6222611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Universitatis+Palackianae+Olomucensis+Facultatis+Medicae&rft.atitle=A+contribution+to+the+problems+of+the+pathogenesis+and+microbial+etiology+of+cholelithiasis&rft.volume=104&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E286&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6222611&rft.aulast=Krej%C4%8D%C3%AD&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Hanu%C5%A1+L.&rft.au=Podstatov%C3%A1+H.&rft.au=Reifov%C3%A1+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatonJean_HopkinsCharles_William_McLaughlinSusan_Johnson1993" class="citation book cs1">Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho"><i>Human Biology and Health</i></a></span>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-981176-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-981176-1"><bdi>0-13-981176-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Biology+and+Health&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-13-981176-1&rft.aulast=Maton&rft.aufirst=Anthea&rft.au=Jean+Hopkins&rft.au=Charles+William+McLaughlin&rft.au=Susan+Johnson&rft.au=Maryanna+Quon+Warner&rft.au=David+LaHart&rft.au=Jill+D.+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanbiologyheal00scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Seleem HM, Nada AS, Naguib MA, Abdelmaksoud OR, El-Gazzarah AR (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmj.eg.net/text.asp?2021/34/4/1275/333263">Serum immunoglobulin G4 in patients with nonmalignant common bile duct stricture</a>. Menoufia Med J; 34:1275-83.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gastrointestinal_physiology" title="Template:Gastrointestinal physiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gastrointestinal_physiology" title="Template talk:Gastrointestinal physiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal_physiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal physiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physiology_of_the_gastrointestinal_system165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physiology of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal system">gastrointestinal system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exocrine_gland" title="Exocrine gland">Exocrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_chief_cell" title="Gastric chief cell">Chief cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepsin" title="Pepsin">Pepsinogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_cell" title="Parietal cell">Parietal cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">Gastric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_factor" title="Intrinsic factor">Intrinsic factor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveolar_cell" title="Foveolar cell">Foveolar cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">Mucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swallowing" title="Swallowing">Swallowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">Vomiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_physiology#Motility" title="Gastrointestinal physiology">Gastric emptying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fluids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">Saliva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">Gastric acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">Gastric acid</a> secretion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin" title="Gastrin">Gastrin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G_cell" title="G cell">G cells</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterochromaffin-like_cell" title="Enterochromaffin-like cell">ECL cells</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">Somatostatin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_cell" title="Delta cell">D cells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paracrine_signalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracrine signalling">paracrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bile and pancreatic secretion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterogastrone" title="Enterogastrone">Enterogastrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin" title="Cholecystokinin">Cholecystokinin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteroendocrine_cell#Intestinal_enteroendocrine_cells" title="Enteroendocrine cell">I cells</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">Secretin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S_cell" title="S cell">S cells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glucose_homeostasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucose homeostasis">Glucose homeostasis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incretin" title="Incretin">incretins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide">GIP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteroendocrine_cell#Intestinal_enteroendocrine_cells" title="Enteroendocrine cell">K cells</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLP-1" class="mw-redirect" title="GLP-1">GLP-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="L cell">L cells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Endocrine cell types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteroendocrine_cell" title="Enteroendocrine cell">Enteroendocrine cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterochromaffin_cell" title="Enterochromaffin cell">Enterochromaffin cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APUD_cell" title="APUD cell">APUD cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exocrine cell types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goblet_cell" title="Goblet cell">Goblet cells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fluids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal juice">Intestinal juice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segmentation_contractions" title="Segmentation contractions">Segmentation contractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrating_motor_complex" title="Migrating motor complex">Migrating motor complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach_rumble" title="Stomach rumble">Borborygmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">Defecation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system" title="Enteric nervous system">Enteric nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submucous_plexus" class="mw-redirect" title="Submucous plexus">Submucous plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myenteric_plexus" title="Myenteric plexus">Myenteric plexus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Either/both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Processes9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">Peristalsis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interstitial_cell_of_Cajal" title="Interstitial cell of Cajal">Interstitial cell of Cajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal_electrical_rhythm" title="Basal electrical rhythm">Basal electrical rhythm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrocolic_reflex" title="Gastrocolic reflex">Gastrocolic reflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">Digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterocyte" title="Enterocyte">Enterocyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive gland">Accessory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fluids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_juice" title="Pancreatic juice">Pancreatic juice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterohepatic_circulation" title="Enterohepatic circulation">Enterohepatic circulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abdominopelvic_cavity" title="Abdominopelvic cavity">Abdominopelvic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_fluid" title="Peritoneal fluid">Peritoneal fluid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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