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id="toc-The_Controlled_Substance_Act_(United_States)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Controlled_Substance_Act_(United_States)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The Controlled Substance Act (United States)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Controlled_Substance_Act_(United_States)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_legalization_(United_States)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_legalization_(United_States)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Drug legalization (United States)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_legalization_(United_States)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_decriminalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_decriminalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Drug decriminalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_decriminalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Impacts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impacts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Harms_to_others_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harms_to_others_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Harms to others and society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harms_to_others_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost_of_law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_of_law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cost of law enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_of_law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demand_curve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demand_curve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Demand curve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demand_curve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size_of_the_illegal_drug_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_of_the_illegal_drug_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Size of the illegal drug market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size_of_the_illegal_drug_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Policies by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policies_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Policies by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Policies_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.6</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.7</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.8</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costa_Rica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costa_Rica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Costa Rica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costa_Rica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecuador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecuador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>Ecuador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecuador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honduras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honduras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.6</span> <span>Honduras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honduras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.7</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.8</span> <span>Uruguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groups_advocating_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups_advocating_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Groups advocating change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groups_advocating_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations_involved_in_lobbying,_research_and_advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations_involved_in_lobbying,_research_and_advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Organizations involved in lobbying, research and advocacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizations_involved_in_lobbying,_research_and_advocacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organizations involved in lobbying, research and advocacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organizations_involved_in_lobbying,_research_and_advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_parties_with_drug_liberalization_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties_with_drug_liberalization_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Political parties with drug liberalization policies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_parties_with_drug_liberalization_policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political parties with drug liberalization policies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_parties_with_drug_liberalization_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="إلغاء قيود المخدرات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلغاء قيود المخدرات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalisierung_von_Drogen" title="Legalisierung von Drogen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Legalisierung von Drogen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalizaci%C3%B3n_de_las_drogas" title="Legalización de las drogas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Legalización de las drogas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="آزادسازی مواد مخدر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزادسازی مواد مخدر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ralisation_des_drogues" title="Libéralisation des drogues – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Libéralisation des drogues" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalizzazione_delle_droghe" title="Legalizzazione delle droghe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legalizzazione delle droghe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Marijuana_Wellness_Products%2C_Portland%2C_Oregon_%282014%29_-_2.JPG/310px-Marijuana_Wellness_Products%2C_Portland%2C_Oregon_%282014%29_-_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Marijuana_Wellness_Products%2C_Portland%2C_Oregon_%282014%29_-_2.JPG/465px-Marijuana_Wellness_Products%2C_Portland%2C_Oregon_%282014%29_-_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Marijuana_Wellness_Products%2C_Portland%2C_Oregon_%282014%29_-_2.JPG/620px-Marijuana_Wellness_Products%2C_Portland%2C_Oregon_%282014%29_-_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A sign for a <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">cannabis shop</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>. Cannabis has been gradually <a href="/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States">legalized</a> for recreational use in some U.S. states since 2012.</figcaption></figure> <p> <b>Drug liberalization</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">drug policy</a> process of <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">decriminalizing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">legalizing</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">repealing</a> laws that prohibit the production, possession, sale, or use of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">prohibited drugs</a>. Variations of drug liberalization include <b>drug legalization</b>, <b>drug relegalization</b>, and <b>drug decriminalization</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of drug liberalization may favor a regulatory regime for the production, marketing, and distribution of some or all currently illegal drugs in a manner analogous to that for <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>. </p><p>Proponents of drug liberalization argue that the legalization of drugs would eradicate the illegal drug market and reduce the law enforcement costs and incarceration rates.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They frequently argue that prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational drugs</a>—such as <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogens</a>—has been ineffective and counterproductive and that substance use is better responded to by implementing practices for <a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">harm reduction</a> and increasing the availability of <a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">addiction treatment</a>. Additionally, they argue that relative harm should be taken into account in the regulation of drugs. For instance, they may argue that addictive or dependence-forming substances such as alcohol, tobacco and <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> have been a traditional part of many cultures for centuries and remain legal in most countries, although other drugs which cause less harm than alcohol, caffeine or tobacco are entirely prohibited, with possession punishable with severe criminal penalties.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-goodguidefaq_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodguidefaq-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-erowid_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erowid-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opponents of drug liberalization argue that it would increase the amount of drug users, increase crime, destroy families, and increase the amount of adverse physical effects among drug users.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies">Policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1988 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances</a> made it mandatory for the signatory countries to "adopt such measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offences under its domestic law" (art. 3, § 1) all the activities related to the production, sale, transport, distribution, etc. of the substances included in the most restricted lists of the 1961 <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a> and 1971 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a>. Criminalization also applies to the "cultivation of opium poppy, coca bush or cannabis plants for the purpose of the production of narcotic drugs". The Convention distinguishes between the intent to traffic and personal consumption, stating that the latter should also be considered a criminal offence, but "subject to the constitutional principles and the basic concepts of [the state's] legal system" (art. 3, § 2).<sup id="cite_ref-reform_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reform-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drug liberalization proponents hold differing reasons to support liberalization, and have differing policy proposals. The two most common positions are drug legalization (or re-legalization), and drug decriminalization. The <a href="/wiki/European_Monitoring_Centre_for_Drugs_and_Drug_Addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction">European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction</a> (EMCDDA) defines decriminalization as the removal of a conduct or activity from the sphere of criminal law; depenalisation signifying merely a relaxation of the penal sanction exacted by law. Decriminalization usually applies to offences related to drug consumption and may include either the imposition of sanctions of a different kind (administrative) or the abolition of all sanctions; other (noncriminal) laws then regulate the conduct or activity that has been decriminalized. Depenalisation usually consists of personal consumption as well as small-scale trading and generally signifies the elimination or reduction of custodial penalties, while the conduct or activity still remains a criminal offence. The term legalization refers to the removal of all drug-related offences from criminal law, such as use, possession, cultivation, production, and trading.<sup id="cite_ref-reform_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reform-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-emcdda_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emcdda-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a> refers to a range of <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> policies designed to reduce the harmful consequences associated with <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational drug use</a> and other high risk activities. Harm reduction is put forward as a useful perspective alongside the more conventional approaches of <a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">demand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">supply reduction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-marlatt_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marlatt-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many advocates argue that prohibitionist laws criminalize people for suffering from a disease and cause harm, for example by obliging drug addicts to obtain drugs of unknown purity from unreliable criminal sources at high prices, increasing the risk of <a href="/wiki/Overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdose">overdose</a> and death.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its critics are concerned that tolerating risky or illegal behaviour sends a message to the community that these behaviours are acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Controlled_Substance_Act_(United_States)"><span id="The_Controlled_Substance_Act_.28United_States.29"></span>The Controlled Substance Act (United States)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Controlled Substance Act (United States)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Controlled Substance Act (CSA) categorizes all substances in need of regulation into one of the five schedules under the federal law. The categorization of these substances is determined by the potential for abuse and how safe it is to consume. In addition, a big determinant of this is the way in which the substance can be consumed or used medically.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its earliest stages, the CSA was created to combine the needs of two international treaties. These treaties were known as the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 and the Convention of Psychotropic Substances of 1971. Both treaties allowed public health authorities to work with the medical and scientific communities to create a classification system. The Schedule I substances were described as those that have no medical use whatsoever; meaning there is no prescription written for such substance. Schedule II substances are those that can be easily abused and lead to dependence. These substances can only be accessed through a written or electronic prescription from a physician. The schedule III substances are classified as those which have less potential for abuse than Schedule I and II but can still cause the individual to develop a mild dependence. Schedule IV substances are those with the least likeliness for abuse, therefore its medical use is common in the United States. Lastly, the Schedule V substances are those with little to no likelihood of abuse, along with very minimal dependence development.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_legalization_(United_States)"><span id="Drug_legalization_.28United_States.29"></span>Drug legalization (United States)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Drug legalization (United States)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drug <a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">legalization</a> calls for a return to pre–<a href="/wiki/1906_Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="1906 Pure Food and Drug Act">1906 Pure Food and Drug Act</a> attitudes when almost all drugs were legal. This would require ending government-enforced prohibition on the distribution or sale and personal use of specified (or all) currently banned drugs. Proposed ideas range from full legalization which would completely remove all forms of government control, to various forms of regulated legalization, where drugs would be legally available, but under a system of government control which might mean for instance:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandated_labels" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandated labels">Mandated labels</a> with dosage and medical warnings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Restrictions on advertising">Restrictions on advertising</a>.</li> <li>Age limitations.</li> <li>Restrictions on amount purchased at one time.</li> <li>Requirements on the form in which certain drugs would be supplied.</li> <li>Ban on sale to intoxicated persons.</li> <li>Special user licenses to purchase particular drugs.</li> <li>A possible clinical setting for the consumption of some intravenous drugs or supervised consumption.</li></ul> <p>The regulated legalization system would probably have a range of restrictions for different drugs, depending on their perceived risk, so while some drugs would be sold over the counter in pharmacies or other licensed establishments, drugs with greater risks of harm might only be available for sale on licensed premises where use could be monitored and emergency medical care made available. Examples of drugs with different levels of regulated distribution in most countries include: caffeine (coffee, tea), nicotine (tobacco),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ethyl alcohol (beer, wine, spirits). Since each country has its own regulations and most distinguish between different classes of drugs, there can be difficulties when it comes to regulating which should be more readily accessible, since a particular drug criminalized in one area might be completely acceptable elsewhere. Full legalization is often proposed by groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Libertarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarians">libertarians</a>, who object to drug laws on moral grounds, while regulated legalization is suggested by groups like <a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Against_Prohibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Enforcement Against Prohibition">Law Enforcement Against Prohibition</a> who object to the drug laws on the grounds that they fail to achieve their stated aims and instead they say greatly worsen the problems associated with the use of prohibited drugs but acknowledge that there are harms associated with currently prohibited drugs which need to be minimized. Not all proponents of drug re-legalization necessarily share a common ethical framework, and people may adopt this viewpoint for a variety of reasons. In particular, favoring drug legalization does not imply approval of drug use.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_decriminalization">Drug decriminalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Drug decriminalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drug decriminalization calls for reduced or eliminated control or penalties compared to existing laws. There are proponents of drug decriminalization that support a system whereby those who use and possess drugs for personal use are not penalized. While others support the use of <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fines</a> or other punishments to replace <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a> terms, and often propose systems whereby illegal drug users who are caught would be fined, but would not receive a permanent criminal record as a result. A central feature of drug decriminalization is the concept of <a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">harm reduction</a>. Drug decriminalization is in some ways an intermediate between prohibition and legalization, and has been criticized by Peter Lilley as being "the worst of both worlds", in that drug sales would still be illegal, thus perpetuating the problems associated with leaving production and distribution of drugs to the criminal underworld, while also failing to discourage illegal drug use by removing the criminal penalties that might otherwise cause some people to choose not to use drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-Prospect_Magazine_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prospect_Magazine-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, Portugal began treating use and possession of small quantities of drugs as a public health issue.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than incarcerating those in possession, they are referred to a treatment program by a regional panel composed of social workers, medical professionals, and drug experts.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also decreases the amount of money the government spends fighting a <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a> and money spent keeping drug users incarcerated. HIV infection rates also have dropped from 104.2 new cases per million in 2000 to 4.2 cases per million in 2015. Anyone caught with any type of drug in Portugal, if it is for personal consumption, will not be imprisoned. Portugal is the first country that has decriminalized the possession of small amounts of drugs, to positive results.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As noted by the EMCDDA, across Europe in the last decades, there has been a movement toward "an approach that distinguishes between the drug trafficker, who is viewed as a criminal, and the drug user, who is seen more as a sick person who is in need of treatment" (EMCDDA 2008, 22). A number of Latin American countries have similarly moved to reduce the penalties associated with drug use and personal possession" (Laqueur, 2015, p. 748). Mexico City has decriminalized certain drugs and Greece has just announced that it is going to do so. Spain has also followed the Portugal model. Italy after waiting 10 years to see the result of the Portugal model, which Portugal deemed a success, has since recently followed suit. In May 2014, the Criminal Chamber of the Italian Supreme Court upheld a previous decision in 2013 by Italy's Constitutional Court, to reduce the penalties for the convictions for sale of <a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug harmfulness">soft drugs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other countries have virtual decriminalization for marijuana only, including in three U.S. states, such as <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">Australian State</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, and across the Netherlands, where there are legal marijuana cafes. In the Netherlands these cafes are called "<a href="/wiki/Coffeeshop_(Netherlands)" title="Coffeeshop (Netherlands)">coffeeshops</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Coffeeshops_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coffeeshops-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drug_bottle_containing_cannabis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Drug_bottle_containing_cannabis.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="603" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Prior to prohibition, cannabis was available freely in a variety of forms.</figcaption></figure> <p>The cultivation, use and trade of <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoactive">psychoactive</a> and other drugs has occurred since the dawn of civilization. Motivations claimed by supporters of drug prohibition laws across various societies and eras have included <a href="/wiki/Religious_observance" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious observance">religious observance</a>, allegations of violence by <a href="/wiki/Racial_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial minorities">racial minorities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> concerns. Those who are proponents of drug legislation characterize these motivations as <a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">religious intolerance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_healthism" class="mw-redirect" title="Public healthism">public healthism</a>. The British had gone to war with China in the 19th century in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium Wars</a> to protect their valuable trade in narcotics. It was only in the 20th century that Britain and the United States outlawed cannabis. The campaign against <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_prohibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol prohibition">alcohol prohibition</a> culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> repealing prohibition on 5 December 1933, as well as liberalization in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and some but not all of the other countries that enforced prohibition. Despite this, many laws controlling the use of alcohol continue to exist even in these countries. In the mid-20th century, the United States government led a major renewed surge in drug prohibition called the war on drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initial attempts to change the punitive drug laws which were introduced all over the world from the late 1800s onwards were primarily based around recreational use. <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a> was one of the most prominent campaigners for the legal and recreational use of LSD. In 1967, a "Legalise pot" rally was held in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-TransformTimeline_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TransformTimeline-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As death toll from the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">drug war</a> rose, other organisations began to form to campaign on a more political and humanitarian basis. <a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug Policy Foundation">Drug Policy Foundation</a> formed in America and <a href="/wiki/Release_(agency)" title="Release (agency)">Release</a>, a charity which gives free legal advice to drugs users and currently campaigns for <a href="/wiki/Drug_decriminalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug decriminalization">drug decriminalization</a>, also incorporated in the 1970s. Into the 21st century, the focus of the world's drug policy reform organisations is on the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">harm reduction</a> in the Western World, and attempting to prevent the catastrophic loss of human life in developing countries where much of the world's supply of heroin, cocaine, and marijuana are produced. Drug policy reform advocates point to failed efforts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Drug War">Mexican Drug War</a>, as signs that a new approach to drug policy is needed. According to some observers, the Mexican Drug War has claimed as many as 80,000 lives.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, a <a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">European Citizens' Initiative</a> called "Weed Like to Talk" was launched within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, with the aim of starting a debate in Europe about the legalization of the production, sale and use of marijuana in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and finding a common policy for all <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manifesto_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manifesto-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weed_like_to_talk_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weed_like_to_talk-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of June 30, 2014, the initiative has collected 100,000 signatures from citizens in European member states. Should they reach 1 million signatures, from nationals of at least one quarter of the member states, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> will be required to initiate a legislative proposal and a debate on the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-NORML_UK_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORML_UK-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts">Impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HarmCausedByDrugsTableDetailed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/HarmCausedByDrugsTableDetailed.svg/310px-HarmCausedByDrugsTableDetailed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/HarmCausedByDrugsTableDetailed.svg/465px-HarmCausedByDrugsTableDetailed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/HarmCausedByDrugsTableDetailed.svg/620px-HarmCausedByDrugsTableDetailed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Drug harms according to the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Scientific_Committee_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs">ISCD</a> study "Drug Harms in the UK: a <a href="/wiki/Multicriteria_decision_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicriteria decision analysis">multi-criteria decision analysis</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-g460_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g460-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Independent_Scientific_Committee_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs">Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs</a> study found drug harms, such as economic cost, injury, family adversities, environmental damage, and community harm vary between different drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-g460_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g460-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harms_to_others_and_society">Harms to others and society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Harms to others and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proponents of drug prohibition argue that many negative <a href="/wiki/Externalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Externalities">externalities</a>, or third party costs, are associated with the consumption of illegal drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-Levitt_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levitt-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2043">: 2043 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miron_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miron-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 183">: 183 </span></sup> Externalities like violence, environmental effects on neighborhoods, increased health risks, and increased healthcare costs are often associated with the illegal drug market.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p><p>Opponents of prohibition argue that some of those externalities are created by criminalizing drug policies. They believe that much of the violence associated with drug trade is due to the illegal nature of drug trade, where there is no mediating authority to solve disputes peacefully and legally.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miron_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miron-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 177">: 177 </span></sup> The illegal nature of the market also affects the health of consumers by making it difficult to acquire syringes, which often leads to needle sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-Miron_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miron-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 180–181">: 180–181 </span></sup> Economist <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> argues that prohibition of drugs creates many negative externalities like increased incarceration rates, the undertreatment of chronic pain, corruption, disproportional imprisonment of African Americans, compounding harm to users, the destruction of inner cities and harm to foreign countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of legalization also argue that prohibition decrease the quality of the drugs made, which often leads to more physical harm, like accidental overdoses and poisoning, to the drug users.<sup id="cite_ref-Miron_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miron-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 179">: 179 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steven_D._Levitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven D. Levitt">Steven D. Levitt</a> and Ilyana Kuziemko point to the over crowding of prisons as another negative side effect of the war on drugs. They believe that by sending such a large number of drug offenders to prison, the war on drugs has reduced the prison space available for other offenders. This increased incarceration rate not only costs tax payers more to maintain, it could possibly increase crime by crowding violent offenders out of prison cells and replacing them with drug offenders.<sup id="cite_ref-Levitt_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levitt-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2043">: 2043 </span></sup> According to economist <a href="/wiki/Mark_Thornton" title="Mark Thornton">Mark Thornton</a> prohibition increases <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prohibition can produce more dangerous and addictive drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> estimated that over 10,000 deaths a year in the US are caused by the criminalization of drugs, and if drugs were to be made legal, number of innocent victims such as those shot down in drive by shootings would decrease.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost_of_law_enforcement">Cost of law enforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cost of law enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> economist, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Miron" title="Jeffrey Miron">Jeffrey Miron</a>, estimated that ending the war on drugs would inject 76.8 billion dollars into the US economy in 2010 alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernd_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernd-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He estimates that the government would save $41.3 billion for law enforcement and the government would gain up to $46.7 billion in tax revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-Cato_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cato-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the war on drugs began under the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">administration</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, the federal drug-fighting budget has increased from $100 million in 1970 to $15.1 billion in 2010, with a total cost estimated near 1 trillion dollars over 40 years. In the same time period an estimated 37 million nonviolent drug offenders have been incarcerated. $121 billion was spent to arrest these offenders and $450 billion to incarcerate them.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legalization would reduce the cost of having to mass incarcerate marginalized communities, which are those who are disproportionately affected. Of those arrested for drug possession or drug related crimes, the majority of those individuals arrested are Black or Hispanic.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economic inefficiency and ineffectiveness of such government intervention in preventing drug trade has been criticised by drug-liberty advocates. The <a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">war on drugs</a> of the United States, that provoked legislation within several other Western governments, has also garnered criticism for these reasons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demand_curve">Demand curve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demand curve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the debate surrounding the economics of drug legalization centers on the shape of the <a href="/wiki/Demand_curve" title="Demand curve">demand curve</a> for illegal drugs and the sensitivity of consumers to changes in the prices of illegal drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of drug legalization often assume that the quantity of addictive drugs consumed is unresponsive to changes in price; however, studies into addictive but legal substances like alcohol and cigarettes have shown that consumption can be quite responsive to changes in prices.<sup id="cite_ref-Grossman_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same study, economists Michael Grossman and Frank J. Chaloupka estimated that a 10% reduction in the price of cocaine would lead to a 14% increase in the frequency of cocaine use.<sup id="cite_ref-Grossman_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 459">: 459 </span></sup> This increase indicates that consumers are responsive to price changes in the cocaine market. There is also evidence that in the long run, consumers are much more responsive to price changes than in the short run,<sup id="cite_ref-Grossman_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 454">: 454 </span></sup> but other studies have led to a wide range of conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-Levitt_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levitt-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2043">: 2043 </span></sup> </p><p>Considering that legalization would likely lead to an increase in the supply of drugs, the standard economic model predicts that the quantity of drugs consumed would rise and the prices would fall.<sup id="cite_ref-Grossman_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 428">: 428 </span></sup> Andrew E. Clark, an economist who has studied the effects of drug legalization, suggests that a <a href="/wiki/Specific_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific tax">specific tax</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sin_tax" title="Sin tax">sin tax</a>, would counteract the increase in consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Size_of_the_illegal_drug_market">Size of the illegal drug market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Size of the illegal drug market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to 2013 data from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and European crime-fighting agency Europol, the annual global drugs trade is worth around $435 billion a year, with the annual cocaine trade worth $84 billion of that amount.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies_by_country">Policies by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Policies by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Senator <a href="/wiki/Bato_dela_Rosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bato dela Rosa">Bato dela Rosa</a>, despite having the reputation of leading the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">deadly war on drugs</a> during the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> as chief of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Philippine National Police</a>, filed a bill in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">senate</a> in November 2022 proposing the decriminalization of illegal drug use. This bid was an attempt to deal with <a href="/wiki/Prison_overcrowding" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison overcrowding">prison overcrowding</a> and underutilization of drug rehabilitation centers. While the proposal do not include drug trafficking and manufacturing, the bill was met with opposition from law enforcement agencies who believes it would send a "wrong signal" and encourage drug abuse. The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Philippines)" title="Department of Health (Philippines)">Department of Health</a> has supported the proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"A committee tasked with controlling illegal drugs has won a majority vote to have cannabis and hemp reclassified as narcotics, and the listing will take effect on" 1 January 2024, according to media.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> has a strict <a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">drug policy</a>, in May 2018, the Cabinet approved draft legislation that allows for more research into the effects of marijuana on people. Thus, the Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO) will soon begin clinical trials of marijuana as a preliminary step in the production of drugs from this plant. These medical studies are considered exciting, new landmarks in the history of Thailand, because the manufacture, storage, and use of marijuana has been completely outlawed in Thailand since 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 November 2018, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Thailand">National Assembly of Thailand</a> officially proposed to allow licensed medical use of marijuana, thereby legalizing what was previously considered a dangerous drug. The National Assembly on Friday submitted its amendments to the Ministry of Health, which would place marijuana and vegetable kratom in the category allowing their licensed possession and distribution in regulated conditions. The ministry reviewed the amendments before sending them to the cabinet, which returned it to the National Assembly for a final vote. This process was completed on 25 December 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Thailand became the first Asian country to legalize medical <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These changes did not allow recreational use of drugs. These actions were taken because of the growing interest in the use of marijuana and its components for the treatment of certain diseases. Cannabis became decriminalized in Thailand on 9 June 2022, making recreational use also legal, although smoking in public can still incur penalties due to being considered a public nuisance.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters of legalization argue that the legal market for marijuana in Thailand could increase to $5 billion by 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Czech Republic, until 31 December 1998 only drug possession "for other person" (i.e. intent to sell) was criminal (apart from production, importation, exportation, offering or mediation, which was and remains criminal) while possession for personal use remained legal.<sup id="cite_ref-Cz_expl_rep_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cz_expl_rep-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 January 1999, an amendment of the Criminal Code, which was necessitated in order to align the Czech drug rules with the <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a>, became effective, criminalizing possession of "<i>amount larger than small</i>" also for personal use (Art. 187a of the Criminal Code) while possession of small amounts for personal use became a misdemeanor.<sup id="cite_ref-Cz_expl_rep_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cz_expl_rep-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judicial practice came to the conclusion that the "amount larger than small" must be five to ten times larger (depending on drug) than a usual single dose of an average consumer.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 December 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Government of the Czech Republic">Government of the Czech Republic</a> adopted Regulation No. 467/2009 Coll., that took effect on 1 January 2010, and specified what "amount larger than small" under the Criminal Code meant, effectively taking over the amounts that were already established by the previous judicial practice. According to the regulation, a person could possess up to 15 grams of marijuana or 1.5 grams of heroin without facing criminal charges. These amounts were higher (often many times) than in any other European country, possibly making the Czech Republic the most liberal country in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> when it comes to drug liberalization, apart from Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Regulation No. 467/2009 Coll, possession of the following amounts or less of illicit drugs was to be considered smaller than large for the purposes of the Criminal Code and was to be treated as a misdemeanor subject to a fine equal to a parking ticket:<sup id="cite_ref-Cz_reg_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cz_reg-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">Marijuana</a> 15 grams (or five plants)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a> 5 grams</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic mushrooms">Magic mushrooms</a> 40 pieces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a> 5 plants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a> 5 tablets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecstasy (drug)">Ecstasy</a> 4 tablets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a> 2 grams</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a> 2 grams</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Heroin</a> 1.5 grams</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a> 5 plants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a> 1 gram</li></ul> <p>In 2013, a District Court in <a href="/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec">Liberec</a> was deciding a case of a person that was accused of criminal possession for having 3.25 grams of methamphetamine (1.9 grams of straight methamphetamine base), well over the Regulation's limit of 2 grams. The court considered that basing a decision on mere Regulation would be unconstitutional and in breach of Article 39 of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms">Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms</a> which states that "only a law may designate which acts constitute a crime and what penalties, or other detriments to rights or property, may be imposed for committing them" and proposed to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic">Constitutional Court</a> to abolish the Regulation. In line with the District Courts' argument, the Constitutional Court abolished the Regulation effective from 23 August 2013, noting that the "amount larger than small" within the meaning of the Criminal Code may be designated only by the means of an Act of Parliament, and not a Governmental Regulation. Moreover, the Constitutional Court further noted that the Regulation merely took over already existing judicial practice of interpretation of what constitutes "amount larger than small" and thus its abolishment will not really change the criminality of drug possession in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-concourt_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concourt-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the above-mentioned amounts from the now-not-effective Regulation remain as the base for consideration of police and prosecutors, while courts are not bound by the precise grammage. </p><p>Sale of any amount (not purchase) remains a criminal act. Possession of "amount larger than a small" of marijuana can result in a jail sentence of up to one year. For other illicit drugs, the sentence is up to two years. Trafficking as well as production (apart from growing up to five plants of marijuana) offenses carry stiffer sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-Cz_criminal_code_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cz_criminal_code-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical use of cannabis on prescription has been legal and regulated since 1 April 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following a contentious debate France opened its first <a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">supervised injection centre</a> on 11 October 2016. <a href="/wiki/Marisol_Touraine" title="Marisol Touraine">Marisol Touraine</a>, the Minister of Health, declared that the centre, located near the <a href="/wiki/Gare_du_Nord" title="Gare du Nord">Gare du Nord</a> in Paris, was "a strong political response, for a pragmatic and responsible policy that brings high-risk people back towards the health system rather than stigmatizing them."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" title="Drug policy of Germany">Drug policy of Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Germany" title="Cannabis in Germany">Cannabis in Germany</a></div> <p>In 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Bundesverfassungsgericht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesverfassungsgericht">Federal Constitutional Court</a> ruled that drug addiction was not a crime, nor was the possession of small amounts of drugs for personal use. In 2000, the German narcotic law (BtmG) was changed to allow for supervised drug injection rooms. In 2002, a pilot study was started in seven German cities to evaluate the effects of <a href="/wiki/Heroin-assisted_treatment" title="Heroin-assisted treatment">heroin-assisted treatment</a> on addicts, compared to methadone-assisted treatment. The positive results of the study led to the inclusion of heroin-assisted treatment into the services of the mandatory health insurance in 2009. On 4 May 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet of Germany</a> decided to approve the measure for legal cannabis for seriously ill patients who have consulted with a doctor and "have no therapeutic alternative". German Health Minister, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gr%C3%B6he" title="Hermann Gröhe">Hermann Gröhe</a>, presented the legal draft on the legalization of medical cannabis to the cabinet which was expected to take effect early 2017.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnn1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 2 November 2015, Aodhán Ó Ríordáin, the minister in charge of the National Drugs Strategy, announced that Ireland planned to introduce supervised injection rooms. The minister also referenced that possession of controlled substances will be decriminalized although supply and production will remain criminalized.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 July 2017, the Health Committee of the Irish government rejected a bill that would have legalized medical cannabis.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Drug policy of the Netherlands</a></div> <p>The drug policy of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> is based on two principles: (1) drug use is a <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> issue, not a <a href="/wiki/Criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal">criminal</a> matter, and (2) a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug harmfulness">hard and soft drugs</a> exists. Additionally, a policy of non-enforcement has led to a situation where reliance upon non-enforcement has become common; because of this, the courts have ruled against the government when individual cases were prosecuted. Cannabis remains a controlled substance in the Netherlands and both possession and production for personal use are still <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanors</a>, punishable by fine. <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_coffee_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis coffee shop">Cannabis coffee shops</a> are also illegal according to the statutes.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norway">Norway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 14 June 2010, the Stoltenberg commission recommended implementing heroin assisted treatment and expanding harm reduction measures.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 June 2010, <a href="/wiki/Knut_Storberget" title="Knut Storberget">Knut Storberget</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_and_the_Police_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice and the Police (Norway)">Minister of Justice and the Police</a>, announced that the ministry was working on new drug policy involving decriminalization by the Portugal model, which was to be introduced to parliament before the next general election.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Storberget later changed his statements, saying the decriminalization debate is "for academics", instead calling for coerced treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early March 2013, minister of health and care services <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Gahr_St%C3%B8re" title="Jonas Gahr Støre">Jonas Gahr Støre</a> proposed to decriminalize the inhalation of heroin by 2014 as a measure to decrease drug overdoses.<sup id="cite_ref-Dagsavis_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dagsavis-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, there were 294 fatal overdoses, in comparison to only 170 traffic related deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-Dagsavis_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dagsavis-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country was preparing a massive policy change in terms of how to deal with drug use and drug possession for personal use. The reform titled "From punishment to help" was approved by the Norwegian government in 2017 and was in the final phase of approval by the parliament. Changes were expected to be implemented by early 2021.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> The new reform policy emphasizes that criminalizing drug use has no significant effect on rates of drug consumption and that drug addiction is better dealt with by health care services, hence the slogan "from punishment to help". Instead of fines or prison time, a person caught with a drug quantity for personal use will now be met with an independent panel consisting of social and health care workers that will discuss administrative sanctions or addiction treatment methods. This will hopefully encourage problematic users to seek help rather than fear of prosecution. There is also hope that this will improve the relationship between drug users and law enforcement officers. Opponents of the reform, including the police force and the <a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a>, fear that drug use will increase once a person is no longer at risk of facing criminal charges.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 21 July 2022, drug decriminalisation has not materialised in Norway. As of this date, only those who have substance use disorders may go unpunished if the amount of illegal drugs they have meets the criteria of what is deemed an amount for personal use.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portugal">Portugal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Drug policy of Portugal</a></div> <p>In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> became the first European country to abolish all criminal penalties for personal drug possession, under Law 30/2000.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, drug users were to be provided with <a href="/wiki/Drug_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug therapy">therapy</a> rather than prison sentences. Research commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a> and led by <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Greenwald" title="Glenn Greenwald">Glenn Greenwald</a> found that in the five years after the start of decriminalization, illegal drug use by teenagers had declined, the rate of <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> infections among drug users had dropped, deaths related to heroin and similar drugs had been cut by more than half, and the number of people seeking treatment for drug addiction had doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-cato_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cato-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter Reuter, a professor of criminology and public policy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland, College Park</a>, suggested that the heroin usage rates and related deaths may have been due to the cyclical nature of drug epidemics. In 2009, he stated that "decriminalization in Portugal has met its central goal. Drug use did not rise."<sup id="cite_ref-Time_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, drug use had increased by 7,8 percent, compared to 2001 when the policies had been implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> is not prohibited, but the manufacture, storage, transportation and sale of cannabis and its derivatives are under administrative and criminal liability.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking on the legalization of soft drugs in Ukraine has been going on for a long time. In June 2016, the Parliament received a bill on the legalization of marijuana for medical purposes. It dealt with changes to the current act "On narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors" and was registered number 4533.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document must examine the relevant committee, and then submit it to the government. It was expected that this would happen in the fall of 2016, but the bill was not considered. In October 2018, a petition appeared on the website of electronic appeals to the President of Ukraine asking for the legalization of marijuana.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2018, the State Service of Ukraine on Drugs and Drug Control issued the first license for the import and re-export of raw materials and products derived from cannabis. The corresponding licenses were obtained by the USA company C21. The company is also in the process of applying for additional licenses, including the cultivation of cannabis.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin American drug legalization</a></div> <p>In the late 2000s and early 2010s, advocacy for drug legalization has increased in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. Spearheading the movement <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> government announced in 2012 plans to legalize state-controlled sales of marijuana in order to fight drug-related crimes. Some countries in this region have already advanced towards depenalization of personal consumption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Argentina" title="Supreme Court of Argentina">Supreme Court of Argentina</a> declared in a landmark ruling that it was unconstitutional to prosecute citizens for having drugs for their personal use – "adults should be free to make lifestyle decisions without the intervention of the state".<sup id="cite_ref-N000645_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N000645-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision affected the second paragraph of Article 14 of the country's drug control legislation (Law Number 23,737) that punishes the possession of drugs for personal consumption with prison sentences ranging from one month to two years (although education or treatment measures can be substitute penalties). The unconstitutionality of the article concerns cases of drug possession for personal consumption that does not affect others.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002 and 2006, Brazil went through legislative changes, resulting in a partial decriminalization of possession for personal use. Prison sentences no longer applied and were replaced by educational measures and community services;<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the 2006 law does not provide objective means to distinguish between users or traffickers. A disparity exists between the decriminalization of drug use and the increased penalization of selling drugs, punishable with a maximum prison sentences of 5 years for the sale of very minor quantities of drugs. Most of those incarcerated for drug trafficking are offenders caught selling small quantities of drugs, among them drug users who sell drugs to finance their drug habits. Since 2006, there has been a long debate whether the anti-drug law goes against the Constitution and principle of personal freedom. In 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Supreme Federal Court re-opened to vote if the law is Constitutional, or if it goes against the Constitution specifically against personal Freedom of choice. Since each Minister inside the tribunal can take a personal time to evaluate the law, the voting can take years. In fact, the voting was re-opened in 2015, 3 ministers voted in favor, and then the law was again paused by another minister.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colombia">Colombia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guatemalan President <a href="/wiki/Otto_P%C3%A9rez_Molina" title="Otto Pérez Molina">Otto Pérez Molina</a> and Colombian President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a> proposed the legalization of drugs in an effort to counter the failure of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">war on drugs</a>, which was said to have yielded poor results at a huge cost.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 May 2016, the Colombian congress approved the legalization of marijuana for <a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">medical usage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Costa_Rica">Costa Rica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Costa Rica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> has decriminalized drugs for personal consumption. Manufacturing or selling drugs is still a jailable offense. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecuador">Ecuador</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ecuador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2008_Constitution_of_Ecuador" title="2008 Constitution of Ecuador">2008 Constitution of Ecuador</a>, in its Article 364, the Ecuadorian state does not see drug consumption as a crime but only as a health concern.<sup id="cite_ref-telegrafo_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegrafo-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since June 2013, the state drugs regulatory office CONSEP has published a table which establishes maximum quantities carried by persons so as to be considered in legal possession and that person as not a seller of drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-telegrafo_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegrafo-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "CONSEP established, at their latest general meeting, that the following quantities be considered the maximum consumer amounts: 10 grams of marijuana or hash, 4 grams of opiates, 100 milligrams of heroin, 5 grams of cocaine, 0.020 milligrams of LSD, and 80 milligrams of methamphetamine or MDMA".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Honduras">Honduras</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Honduras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 22 February 2008, Honduras President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Zelaya" title="Manuel Zelaya">Manuel Zelaya</a> called on the United States to legalize drugs in order to prevent the majority of violent murders occurring in Honduras. Honduras is used by <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> smugglers as a transiting point between <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and the US. Honduras, with a population of 7 million affected people an average of 8–10 murders a day, with an estimated 70% being as a result of this international drug trade. According to Zelaya, the same problem is occurring in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2009, the Mexican Congress approved changes in the General Health Law that decriminalized the possession of illegal drugs for immediate consumption and personal use allowing a person to possess up to 5 g of marijuana or 500 mg of cocaine. The only restriction is that people in possession of drugs should not be within a 300-meter radius of schools, police departments, or correctional facilities. Opium, heroin, LSD, and other synthetic drugs were also decriminalized, it will not be considered as a crime as long as the dose does not exceed the limit established in the General Health Law.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many question this, as cocaine is as much synthesised as heroin, both are produced as extracts from plants. The law establishes very low amount thresholds and strictly defines personal dosage. For those arrested with more than the threshold allowed by the law this can result in heavy prison sentences, as they will be assumed to be small traffickers even if there are no other indications that the amount was meant for selling.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Uruguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Legality of cannabis in Uruguay">Legality of cannabis in Uruguay</a></div> <p>Uruguay is one of few countries that never criminalized the possession of drugs for personal use. Since 1974, the law establishes no quantity limits, leaving it to the judge's discretion to determine whether the intent was personal use. Once it is determined by the judge that the amount in possession was meant for personal use, there are no sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2012, the Uruguayan government announced plans to legalize state-controlled sales of marijuana in order to fight drug-related crimes. The government also stated that they will ask global leaders to do the same.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 July 2013, the Uruguayan House of Representatives approved a bill to legalize the production, distribution, sale, and consumption of marijuana by a vote of 50 to 46. The bill then passed the Senate, where the left-leaning majority coalition, the <a href="/wiki/Broad_Front_(Uruguay)" title="Broad Front (Uruguay)">Broad Front</a>, held a comfortable majority. The bill was approved by the Senate by 16 to 13 on 10-December-2013.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill was presented to the President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mujica" title="José Mujica">José Mujica</a>, also of the Broad Front coalition, who has supported legalization since June 2012. Relating this vote to the 2012 legalization of marijuana by the U.S. states Colorado and Washington, John Walsh, drug policy expert of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Office_on_Latin_America" title="Washington Office on Latin America">Washington Office on Latin America</a>, stated that "Uruguay's timing is right. Because of last year's Colorado and Washington State votes to legalize, the U.S. government is in no position to browbeat Uruguay or others who may follow."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2014, government officials announced that part of the implementation of the law (the sale of cannabis through pharmacies) is postponed to 2015, as "there are practical difficulties". Authorities will grow all the cannabis that can be sold legal. Concentration of THC shall be 15% or lower.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2014, an opposition presidential candidate, who was not elected in the November 2014 presidential elections, claimed that the new law was never going to be applied, as it was not workable.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 2016 the government announced that the sale through pharmacies will be fully implemented during 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3804,_Saint-Laurent,_Montreal_-_Cannabis_Culture_shop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/3804%2C_Saint-Laurent%2C_Montreal_-_Cannabis_Culture_shop.jpg/220px-3804%2C_Saint-Laurent%2C_Montreal_-_Cannabis_Culture_shop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/3804%2C_Saint-Laurent%2C_Montreal_-_Cannabis_Culture_shop.jpg/330px-3804%2C_Saint-Laurent%2C_Montreal_-_Cannabis_Culture_shop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/3804%2C_Saint-Laurent%2C_Montreal_-_Cannabis_Culture_shop.jpg/440px-3804%2C_Saint-Laurent%2C_Montreal_-_Cannabis_Culture_shop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3372" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>A cannabis shop in Montreal</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Drug policy of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis in Canada</a></div> <p>The cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> is currently legal in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, except in <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Manitoba" title="Cannabis in Manitoba">Manitoba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Quebec" title="Cannabis in Quebec">Quebec</a>. Citizens outside those provinces may grow up to four plants per residence for personal use, and recreational use of cannabis by the general public is legal with restrictions on smoking in public locations that vary by jurisdiction. The sale of marijuana <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> is also legal.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i> reported that a poll found 47% of Canadians agreed with the statement, "The use of marijuana should be legalized" in 2000, compared to 26% in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more recent poll found that more than half of Canadians supported legalization. In 2007, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>'s government tabled Bill C-26 to amend the <i><a href="/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Controlled Drugs and Substances Act</a></i>, 1996 to bring forth a more restrictive law with higher minimum penalties for drug crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bill-26 died in committee after the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/39th_Canadian_Parliament" title="39th Canadian Parliament">39th Canadian Parliament</a> in September 2008, but the Bill was subsequently resurrected by the government twice. </p><p>In 2015, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a> campaigned on a promise to legalize marijuana. The <i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Act" title="Cannabis Act">Cannabis Act</a></i> was passed on 19 June 2018, which made marijuana legal across Canada on 17 October 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since legalization, the country has set up an online framework to allow consumers to purchase a wide variety of merchandise ranging from herbs, extract, oil capsules, and paraphernalia. Most provinces also provide a venue for purchase through physical brick and mortar stores. </p><p>In 2021, the city councils of <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> voted to decriminalize the simple possession of all drugs; and submitted proposals requesting special exemption from the federal Health Minister to do so, citing numerous scientific, psychological, medical, and socio-economic benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-tstarcanada_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tstarcanada-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2022, the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">Province of British Columbia</a> submitted its own request for exemption, closely following the Vancouver model. By April of that year, the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> City Council had also passed a motion to request exemption from federal drug enforcement laws in order decriminalize "simple personal possession" of illegal drugs, voting in favour 11–2.<sup id="cite_ref-tstarcanada_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tstarcanada-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 May 2022, the federal government of Canada approved British Columbia's proposal to decriminalize all "hard drugs", such as heroin, fentanyl, cocaine, and methamphetamine. As of 1 January 2023, British Columbians aged 18 years or older are allowed to carry up to a cumulative total of 2.5 grams of these substances without the risk of arrest or criminal charges. Police are not to confiscate the drugs, and there is no requirement that people found to be in possession seek treatment; however, the production, trafficking, and exportation of these drugs remain illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction" title="Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction">Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States">Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Medical cannabis in the United States">Medical cannabis in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States</a></div> <p>As of 2024, prior to November elections, 38 states, Washington, D.C., and certain U.S. territories allow medical use of cannabis. Of those 38 states, 24 also allow recreational use, as does Washington, D.C. Voters in North and South Dakota and Florida will decide on recreational use in November, and Nebraskans will vote on cannabis use for medical reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legalization in states created significant legal and policy tensions between federal and state governments and sometimes between states. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> State laws in conflict with federal law about cannabis remain valid, and prevent state level prosecution, despite cannabis being illegal under federal law, as determined in <i><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich" title="Gonzales v. Raich">Gonzales v. Raich</a></i> (2005). </p><p>Throughout the United States, various people and groups have been pushing for the legalization of marijuana for medical reasons. Organizations such as <a href="/wiki/NORML" class="mw-redirect" title="NORML">NORML</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a> work to decriminalize and legalize possession, use, cultivation, and sale of marijuana by adults.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, 56% of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_California" title="Cannabis in California">California</a> voters voted for <a href="/wiki/Proposition_215" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposition 215">California Proposition 215</a>, legalizing the growing and use of marijuana for medical purposes and making California both the first state to outlaw marijuana, in 1913,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first state to legalize medical marijuana.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_timeline_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_timeline-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 November 2012, the states of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Washington_(state)" title="Cannabis in Washington (state)">Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a> legalized possession of small amounts of marijuana for private recreational use and created a process for writing rules for legal growing and commercial distribution of marijuana within each state, after having legalized medical cannabis in 1998 and 2000, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, voters in <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oregon" title="Cannabis in Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Alaska" title="Cannabis in Alaska">Alaska</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis in Washington, DC">Washington, D.C.</a> voted to legalize marijuana for recreational use, as did California in 2016, with the passage of <a href="/wiki/Adult_Use_of_Marijuana_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult Use of Marijuana Act">California Proposition 64</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Michigan" title="Cannabis in Michigan">Michigan</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Illinois" title="Cannabis in Illinois">Illinois</a> passed the Illinois Cannabis Regulation and Tax Act, making Illinois the first state to legalize recreational use by an act of the state legislature, which took effect 1 January 2020. In 2020, Oregon decriminalized the possession of all drugs in <a href="/wiki/2020_Oregon_Ballot_Measure_110" title="2020 Oregon Ballot Measure 110">Measure 110</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in 2024, the Oregon State Senate passed a bill to reverse the decriminalization of hard drugs such as heroin after there was public backlash to the impacts of the measure.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_York" title="Cannabis in New York">New York</a> legalized adult-use cannabis when it passed the <a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Regulation_and_Taxation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana Regulation and Taxation Act">Marijuana Regulation and Taxation Act</a> (MRTA).<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> <p>The movement to <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">decriminalize psilocybin</a> in the United States began in 2019 with <a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver, Colorado</a>, becoming the first city to decriminalize <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a> in May of that year. The cities of <a href="/wiki/Oakland" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland">Oakland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California" title="Santa Cruz, California">Santa Cruz, California</a>, decriminalized psilocybin in June 2019 and January 2020, respectively. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, followed soon in November 2020, as did <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville, Massachusetts</a>, in January 2021, and then the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a> in February 2021 and March 2021, respectively. <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a>, became the largest U.S. city on the growing list in October 2021. <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit, Michigan</a>, followed in November 2021. </p> <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> voters passed <a href="/wiki/2020_Oregon_Ballot_Measure_109" title="2020 Oregon Ballot Measure 109">a 2020 ballot measure</a> making it the first state to both decriminalize psilocybin and also legalize its supervised use.<sup id="cite_ref-Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States_decriminalized_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States_decriminalized-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> followed with <a href="/w/index.php?title=2022_Colorado_Ballot_Measure_122&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2022 Colorado Ballot Measure 122 (page does not exist)">a similar measure in 2022</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use, sale, and possession of psilocybin in the United States is illegal under federal law.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Australia" title="Cannabis in Australia">Cannabis in Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illicit_drug_use_in_Australia" title="Illicit drug use in Australia">Illicit drug use in Australia</a></div><p>In 2016, Australia legalised medicinal cannabis on a federal level. Since 1985, the Federal Government has run a declared war on drugs and while initially Australia led the world in '<a href="/wiki/Injecting_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Injecting room">harm-minimization</a>' approach, they have since lagged. Australia has a number of political parties that focus on cannabis reform, The <a href="/wiki/Help_End_Marijuana_Prohibition_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Help End Marijuana Prohibition Party">(HEMP) Help End Marijuana Prohibition Party</a> was founded in 1993 and registered by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Electoral_Commission" title="Australian Electoral Commission">Australian Electoral Commission</a> in 2000. The <a href="/wiki/Legalise_Cannabis_Queensland" title="Legalise Cannabis Queensland">Legalise Cannabis Queensland Party</a> was established in 2020. A number of Australian and international groups have promoted reform in regard to 21st-century Australian drug policy. Organisations such as Australian Parliamentary Group on Drug Law Reform, Responsible Choice, the Australian Drug Law Reform Foundation, <a href="/wiki/Norml" class="mw-redirect" title="Norml">Norml</a> Australia, <a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Against_Prohibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Enforcement Against Prohibition">Law Enforcement Against Prohibition</a> (LEAP) Australia and Drug Law Reform Australia advocate for drug law reform without the benefit of government funding. The membership of some of these organisations is diverse and consists of the general public, social workers, lawyers and doctors, and the <a href="/wiki/Global_Commission_on_Drug_Policy" title="Global Commission on Drug Policy">Global Commission on Drug Policy</a> has been a formative influence on a number of these organisations. In 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Task_Force_on_Cannabis" title="Australian National Task Force on Cannabis">Australian National Task Force on Cannabis</a> formed under the Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy noted that the social harm of cannabis prohibition is greater than the harm from cannabis itself,<sup id="cite_ref-Booth20052_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth20052-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> total prohibition policies have been unsuccessful in reducing drug use and have caused significant social harm, as well as higher law enforcement costs, the use of cannabis is widespread in Australia and that its adverse health effects are modest and only affect a minority of users.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> Australia 21, released a report on the decriminalization of drugs in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It noted that "by defining the personal use and possession of certain psychoactive drugs as criminal acts, governments have also avoided any responsibility to regulate and control the quality of substances that are in widespread use."<sup id="cite_ref-australia21.org.au_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-australia21.org.au-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prohibition has fostered the development of a criminal industry that is corrupting civil society and government and killing our children."<sup id="cite_ref-australia21.org.au_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-australia21.org.au-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report also highlighted the fact that, just as alcohol and tobacco are regulated for quality assurance, distribution, marketing and taxation, so should currently, unregulated, illicit drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-australia21.org.au_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-australia21.org.au-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been a number of enquires in Australia relating to cannabis and other illicit drugs, in 2019 the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Government" title="Queensland Government">Queensland government</a> instructed the Queensland Productivity Commission to conduct an enquiry into imprisonment and recidivism in QLD; the final report was sent to the Queensland Government on 1 August 2019 and publicly released on 31 January 2020. The commission found that "all available evidence shows the war on drugs fails to restrict usage or supply" and that "decriminalisation would improve the lives of drug users without increasing the rate of drug use"<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the commission ultimately recommending that the Queensland government legalise cannabis.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The QPC said the system had also fuelled an illegal market, particularly for methamphetamine. Although the <a href="/wiki/Second_Palaszczuk_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Palaszczuk Ministry">Palaszczuk</a> <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Labor_Party_(1957%E2%80%931978)" title="Queensland Labor Party (1957–1978)">Queensland Labor Party</a> led <a href="/wiki/State_government" title="State government">state government</a> rejected the recommendations of its own commission and said it had no plans to alter any laws around cannabis,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a decision that received heavy scrutiny from supporters of decriminalization, legalisation, progressive and non progressive drug policy advocates alike.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australasian_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal Australasian College of Physicians">Royal Australasian College of Physicians</a> (RACP) and St. Vincent's Health Australia called on the NSW Government to publicly release the findings of the Special Commission of Inquiry into the Drug 'Ice, saying there was "no excuse" for the delay.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report was the culmination of months of evidence from health and judicial experts, as well as families and communities affected by amphetamine-type substances across NSW. The report made 109 recommendations aimed to strengthen the NSW Governments response regarding amphetamine-based drugs such as crystal meth or ice. Major recommendations included more supervised drug use rooms, a prison <a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">needle and syringe exchange program</a>, state-wide clinically supervised substance testing, including mobile pill testing at festivals, decriminalisation of drugs for personal use, a cease to the use of drug detection dogs at music festivals and to limit the use of strip searches. The report, also called for the NSW Government to adopt a comprehensive Drug and Alcohol policy, with the last drug and Alcohol policy expiring over a decade ago. The reports commissioner said the state's approach to drug use was profoundly flawed and said reform would require "political leadership and courage" and "Criminalising use and possession encourages us to stigmatise people who use drugs as the authors of their own misfortunate". Mr Howard said current laws "allow us tacit permission to turn a blind eye to the factors driving most problematic drug use" including childhood abuse, domestic violence and mental illness.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NSW government rejected the reports key recommendations, saying it would consider the other remaining recommendations. Director of the Drug Policy Modelling Program (DPMP) at UNSW Sydney's Social Policy Research Centre said the NSW Government has missed an opportunity to reform the state's response to drugs based on evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NSW Government is yet to officially respond to the inquiry as of November 2020, a statement was released from the government citing intention to respond by the end of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>, after a bill was passed on 25 September 2019, new laws came into effect on 31 January 2020. While personal possession and growth of small amounts of cannabis remains prohibited non-medicinal purposes in every other jurisdiction in Australia, it allowed for possession of up to 50 grams of dry material, 150 grams of wet material, and cultivation of 2 plants per individual up to 4 plants per household, effectively legalising the possession and growing of cannabis in the ACT; however the sale and supply of cannabis and cannabis seeds is still illegal, so the effects of the laws are limited and the laws also contradict federal laws. It is also still illegal to smoke or use cannabis in a public place, expose a child or young person to cannabis smoke, store cannabis where children can reach it, grow cannabis using hydroponics or artificial cultivation, grow plants where they can be accessed by the public, share or give cannabis as a gift to another person, to drive with any cannabis in your system, or for people aged under 18 to grow, possess, or use cannabis.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Zealand" title="Cannabis in New Zealand">Cannabis in New Zealand</a></div> <p>On 18 December 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand">Labour-led government</a> announced a <a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_cannabis_referendum" title="2020 New Zealand cannabis referendum">nationwide, binding referendum</a> on the legality of cannabis for personal use, set to be held as part of the <a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2020 New Zealand general election">2020 general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Referendum-RNZ_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Referendum-RNZ-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a condition of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealand" title="Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand">Green Party</a> giving <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a> to the Government.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Referendum-Stuff_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Referendum-Stuff-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Referendum-BBC_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Referendum-BBC-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 May 2019, the government announced that the <a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_cannabis_referendum" title="2020 New Zealand cannabis referendum">2020 New Zealand cannabis referendum</a> would be a yes/no question to enact a yet-to-be created piece of legislation. Despite the earlier commitment, the referendum was non-binding, the proposed Cannabis Legalisation and Control Bill would have need to be introduced into Parliament and passed like any other piece of legislation; therefore, the government was not in fact bound to the results of the referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Official results for the general election and referendums were released on 6 November 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-about_the_election_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about_the_election-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number opposed to legalisation was 50.7% with 48.4% in favour and 0.9% of votes were declared Informal.<sup id="cite_ref-about_the_election_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about_the_election-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Groups_advocating_change">Groups advocating change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Groups advocating change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Senlis_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Senlis Council">Senlis Council</a>, a European development and policy <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a>, has, since its conception in 2002, advocated that drug addiction should be viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> issue rather than a purely criminal matter. The group does not support the <a href="/wiki/Decriminalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decriminalisation">decriminalisation</a> of illegal drugs. Since 2003, the council has called for the licensing of poppy cultivation in Afghanistan in order to manufacture poppy-based medicines, such as morphine and codeine, and to combat poverty in rural communities, breaking ties with the illicit drugs trade. The Senlis Council outlined proposals for the implementation of a village based poppy for medicine project and calls for a pilot project for Afghan morphine at the next planting season.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations_involved_in_lobbying,_research_and_advocacy"><span id="Organizations_involved_in_lobbying.2C_research_and_advocacy"></span>Organizations involved in lobbying, research and advocacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Organizations involved in lobbying, research and advocacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_2">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Dain_Commission_of_Inquiry_into_the_Non-Medical_Use_of_Drugs" title="Le Dain Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs">Le Dain Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_2">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beckley_Foundation" title="Beckley Foundation">Beckley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Law_Reform" title="Cannabis Law Reform">Cannabis Law Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Equality_Alliance_(DEA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug Equality Alliance (DEA)">Drug Equality Alliance (DEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENCOD" class="mw-redirect" title="ENCOD">European Coalition for Just and Effective Drug Policies (ENCOD)</a> (Branches in Austria, Germany and Norway)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legalize.net/">Legalize.net</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schildower_Kreis" class="extiw" title="de:Schildower Kreis">Schildower Kreis</a> (Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORML_UK" title="NORML UK">NORML UK</a></li> <li>Re:Vision Drug Policy Network<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (United Kingdom)</li> <li>Regulación Responsible (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Release_(agency)" title="Release (agency)">Release (agency)</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li>Students for Sensible Drug Policy UK<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_2">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Council_on_Drugs" title="Australian National Council on Drugs">Australian National Council on Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Policy_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drug Policy Australia (page does not exist)">Drug Policy Australia</a><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Against_Prohibition" title="Network Against Prohibition">Network Against Prohibition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand_2">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Helen_Clark_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Helen Clark Foundation">The Helen Clark Foundation</a><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORML_New_Zealand" title="NORML New Zealand">NORML New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_STAR_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The STAR Trust (page does not exist)">The STAR Trust</a><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Safe_Access" title="Americans for Safe Access">Americans for Safe Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Times" title="High Times">High Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Times_Freedom_Fighters" class="mw-redirect" title="High Times Freedom Fighters">High Times Freedom Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Against_Prohibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Enforcement Against Prohibition">Law Enforcement Against Prohibition</a><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindesmith_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindesmith Center">Lindesmith Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MASS_CANN/NORML" class="mw-redirect" title="MASS CANN/NORML">MASS CANN/NORML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidisciplinary_Association_for_Psychedelic_Studies" title="Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies">Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies</a> (MAPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws</a><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_for_Medical_Marijuana_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans for Medical Marijuana Access">Veterans for Medical Marijuana Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Coalition" title="November Coalition">November Coalition</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Grow" title="Women Grow">Women Grow</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_parties_with_drug_liberalization_policies">Political parties with drug liberalization policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Political parties with drug liberalization policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties" title="Cannabis political parties">Cannabis political parties</a></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a> support, to various degrees, and for various reasons, liberalizing drug control laws, from <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> parties to <a href="/wiki/Far-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-left">far-left</a> movements, as well as some <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> intellectuals. Drug liberalization is fundamental in the platforms of most <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Libertarian Party (disambiguation)">Libertarian parties</a>. There are also numerous single issue <a href="/wiki/Marijuana_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana parties">marijuana parties</a> devoted to campaign for the legalization of cannabis exclusively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_3">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Australian Greens</a><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Law_Reform_Australia" title="Drug Law Reform Australia">Drug Law Reform Australia</a><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_Party_(Australia)" title="Fusion Party (Australia)">Fusion Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalise_Cannabis_Australia" title="Legalise Cannabis Australia">Legalise Cannabis Australia</a><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalise_Cannabis_Queensland" title="Legalise Cannabis Queensland">Legalise Cannabis Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalise_Cannabis_Western_Australia_Party" title="Legalise Cannabis Western Australia Party">Legalise Cannabis Western Australia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Party_(Australia)" title="Reason Party (Australia)">Reason Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_3">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party of Canada">New Democratic Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada" title="Libertarian Party of Canada">Libertarian Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Party_(Canada)" title="Marijuana Party (Canada)">Marijuana Party</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Two-Tailed_Dog_Party" title="Hungarian Two-Tailed Dog Party">MKKP</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands_2">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GroenLinks" title="GroenLinks">GroenLinks</a><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_66" title="Democrats 66">D66</a><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand_3">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealand" title="Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand">Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand</a><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal_2">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_Bloc_(Portugal)" title="Left Bloc (Portugal)">Left Bloc</a><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Initiative" title="Liberal Initiative">Liberal Initiative</a><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIVRE" title="LIVRE">LIVRE</a><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – in March 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> became the first major political party in the United Kingdom to support the legalisation of cannabis.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chasing_the_Scream" title="Chasing the Scream">Chasing the Scream</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_drug_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway drug theory">Gateway drug theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Commission_on_Drug_Policy" title="Global Commission on Drug Policy">Global Commission on Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Initiative_on_Drugs_and_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American Initiative on Drugs and Democracy">Latin American Initiative on Drugs and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Legality of cannabis by country">Legality of cannabis by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_We_Never_Fought" title="The War We Never Fought">The War We Never Fought</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Drug_Information" title="Trans-European Drug Information">Trans-European Drug Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">U.S. Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_Against_Drugs" title="World Federation Against Drugs">World Federation Against Drugs</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sencanada.ca/en/Content/Sen/committee/371/ille/03evb-e">Proceedings of the Special Committee on Illegal Drugs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100203200351/http://www.parl.gc.ca/37/1/parlbus/commbus/senate/Com-e/ille-e/03evb-E.htm">Archived</a> 3 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Senate of Canada, 28 May 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibhinc.org/drug-legalization">"Drug Legalization"</a>. <i>Institute for Behavior and Health</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Good Drugs Guide<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.atitle=Magic+Mushrooms%26ndash%3BFrequently+Asked+Questions&rft.au=The+Good+Drugs+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegooddrugsguide.com%2Fmushrooms%2Ffaq.htm%2301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-erowid-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-erowid_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erowid.org/plants/mushrooms/mushrooms_health1.pdf">"Report by the Dutch Government Stating Psilocybin's Relative Harmlessness"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621180029/https://www.erowid.org/plants/mushrooms/mushrooms_health1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+by+the+Dutch+Government+Stating+Psilocybin%27s+Relative+Harmlessness&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erowid.org%2Fplants%2Fmushrooms%2Fmushrooms_health1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman-Eady1994" class="citation web cs1">Norman-Eady, Sandra (22 December 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cga.ct.gov/PS94/rpt%5Colr%5Chtm/94-R-1089.htm">"The Connecticut General Assembly"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_General_Assembly" title="Connecticut General Assembly">Connecticut General Assembly</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Connecticut+General+Assembly&rft.atitle=The+Connecticut+General+Assembly&rft.date=1994-12-22&rft.aulast=Norman-Eady&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcga.ct.gov%2FPS94%2Frpt%255Colr%255Chtm%2F94-R-1089.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reform-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reform_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reform_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tni.org/en/paper/drug-policy-reform-practice">Drug Policy Reform in Practice: Experiences with alternatives in Europe and the US</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192712/https://www.tni.org/en/paper/drug-policy-reform-practice">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Tom Blickman & Martin Jelsma, Transnational Institute, July 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emcdda-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-emcdda_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eldd.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_10080_EN_EMCDDATP_01.pdf">Illicit drug use in the EU: legislative approaches</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115071949/http://eldd.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_10080_EN_EMCDDATP_01.pdf">Archived</a> 15 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, EMCDDA thematic papers, Lisbon 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marlatt-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marlatt_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlatt2002" class="citation book cs1">Marlatt, G. Alan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n-XmJZ5cvnwC&pg=PA3">"Highlights of Harm Reduction"</a>. <i>Harm Reduction: Pragmatic Strategies for Managing High-Risk Behaviors</i>. 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Prague: Parliament of the Czech Republic. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explanatory+Report+to+Act+No.+112%2F1998+Coll.%2C+which+amends+the+Act+No.+140%2F1961+Coll.%2C+the+Criminal+Code%2C+and+the+Act+No.+200%2F1990+Coll.%2C+on+misdemeanors&rft.place=Prague&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span> "<i>Podle čl. 36 Jednotné úmluvy o omamných látkách ze dne 31. března 1961 (č. 47/1965 Sb.) se signatáři zavazují k trestnímu postihu tam uvedených forem nakládání s drogami včetně jejich držby. Návrh upouští od dosavadní beztrestnosti držby omamných a psychotropních látek a jedů pro svoji potřebu. Dosavadní beztrestnost totiž eliminuje v řadě případů možnost postihu dealerů a distributorů drog.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSupreme_Court_of_the_Czech_Republic2012" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Supreme Court of the Czech Republic">Supreme Court of the Czech Republic</a> (25 February 2012), <i>6 Tdo 156/2010 [NS 7078/2010]</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=6+Tdo+156%2F2010+%5BNS+7078%2F2010%5D&rft.date=2012-02-25&rft.au=Supreme+Court+of+the+Czech+Republic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.praguepost.com/news/3194-new-drug-guidelines-are-europes-most-liberal.html">New drug guidelines are Europe's most liberal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100101131723/http://praguepost.com/news/3194-new-drug-guidelines-are-europes-most-liberal.html">Archived</a> 1 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Prague Post, 23 December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cz_reg-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cz_reg_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation document cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Regulation No. 467/2009 Coll., which defines for the purposes of the Criminal Code what is to be considered larger than small amount of narcotic and psychoactive substances and poisons" (Document) (in Czech). 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href="https://dnepr.info/news/v-ukraine-podnyali-temu-legalizatsii-narkotikov">"С просьбой о легализации марихуаны обратились к президенту"</a>. 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83&rft.date=2018-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdnepr.info%2Fnews%2Fv-ukraine-podnyali-temu-legalizatsii-narkotikov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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news cs1">Jenkins, Simon (3 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/sep/03/drugs-prohibition-latin-america">"The war on drugs is immoral idiocy. 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href="http://www.druglawreform.info/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=items&cid=89%3Ain-the-media&id=234%3Aargentinas-supreme-court-arriola-ruling-on-the-possession-of-drugs-for-personal-consumption&Itemid=27&lang=en">Argentina's supreme court "Arriola" ruling on the possession of drugs for personal consumption</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717192930/http://www.druglawreform.info/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=items&cid=89:in-the-media&id=234:argentinas-supreme-court-arriola-ruling-on-the-possession-of-drugs-for-personal-consumption&Itemid=27&lang=en">Archived</a> 17 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Intercambios, 1 September 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druglawreform.info/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=items&cid=97%3Alegislative-reform-of-drug-policies&id=419%3Aargentina-reform-on-the-way&Itemid=34&lang=en">Argentina: Reform on the way?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717193132/http://www.druglawreform.info/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=items&cid=97:legislative-reform-of-drug-policies&id=419:argentina-reform-on-the-way&Itemid=34&lang=en">Archived</a> 17 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Graciela Touzé, Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies Nr. 6, July 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druglawreform.info/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=category&cid=101&Itemid=14&lang=en">Drug Law Reform in Latin America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100820020028/http://www.druglawreform.info/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=category&cid=101&Itemid=14&lang=en">Archived</a> 20 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (accessed 14 September 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocregister.com/articles/possession-678463-use-personal.html=en">Brazil Supreme Court debates decriminalization of drugs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414112110/http://www.ocregister.com/articles/possession-678463-use-personal.html=en">Archived</a> 14 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Orange County Register, 19 August 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120801044316/http://www.druglawreform.info/index.php?fid=45&cid=574&ord=1&task=weblink&option=com_flexicontent&Itemid=37&lang=en">Too many in jail for drugs offenses in Brazil</a>, Comunidad segura, 13 August 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_G_Castaneda" class="citation web cs1">Jorge G Castaneda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/03/2012327125714281880.html">"The summit of muted intentions"</a>. <i>aljazeera.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=The+summit+of+muted+intentions&rft.au=Jorge+G+Castaneda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Fopinion%2F2012%2F03%2F2012327125714281880.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noticiasrcn.com/nacional-pais/congreso-aprobo-ultimo-debate-uso-medicinal-marihuana">"Congreso aprobó, en último debate, uso medicinal de la marihuana"</a>. 25 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congreso+aprob%C3%B3%2C+en+%C3%BAltimo+debate%2C+uso+medicinal+de+la+marihuana&rft.date=2016-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noticiasrcn.com%2Fnacional-pais%2Fcongreso-aprobo-ultimo-debate-uso-medicinal-marihuana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegrafo-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-telegrafo_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegrafo_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622032806/http://www.telegrafo.com.ec/noticias/judicial/item/la-nueva-tabla-para-consumo-de-drogas-es-una-guia-para-jueces.html">"La nueva tabla para consumo de drogas es una guía para jueces"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegrafo.com.ec/noticias/judicial/item/la-nueva-tabla-para-consumo-de-drogas-es-una-guia-para-jueces.html">the original</a> on 22 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+nueva+tabla+para+consumo+de+drogas+es+una+gu%C3%ADa+para+jueces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegrafo.com.ec%2Fnoticias%2Fjudicial%2Fitem%2Fla-nueva-tabla-para-consumo-de-drogas-es-una-guia-para-jueces.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elcomercio.com/seguridad/Dosis-maximas-droga-consumo-vigentes_0_941905849.html">"Dosis máximas de droga para consumo ya están vigentes"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624025336/http://www.elcomercio.com/seguridad/Dosis-maximas-droga-consumo-vigentes_0_941905849.html">Archived</a> 24 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/El_Comercio_(Ecuador)" title="El Comercio (Ecuador)">El Comercio</a>.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2013/06/21/1505650/ecuador-aprueban-tenencia-de-drogas.html">"Ecuador: Aprueban tenencia de drogas para consumo"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130625023421/http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2013/06/21/1505650/ecuador-aprueban-tenencia-de-drogas.html">Archived</a> 25 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/El_Nuevo_Herald" title="El Nuevo Herald">El Nuevo Herald</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130624225110/http://www.telegrafo.com.ec/english-bulletin/item/ecuador-could-regulate-drug-sales.html">"Ecuador could regulate the drug industry"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegrafo.com.ec/english-bulletin/item/ecuador-could-regulate-drug-sales.html">the original</a> on 24 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ecuador+could+regulate+the+drug+industry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegrafo.com.ec%2Fenglish-bulletin%2Fitem%2Fecuador-could-regulate-drug-sales.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226143644/http://www.laprensahn.com/index.php/ediciones/2008/02/23/zelaya_sugiere_a_eua_legalizar_drogas">Zelaya sugiere a EUA legalizar drogas</a>. laprensahn.com (23 February 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpensador.com.mx/2009/10/17/Ley-de-Narcomenudeo/">Ley de Narcomenudeo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130224127/http://www.elpensador.com.mx/2009/10/17/Ley-de-Narcomenudeo/">Archived</a> 30 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>El Pensador</i> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span>, 17 October 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druglawreform.info/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=items&cid=97%3Alegislative-reform-of-drug-policies&id=220%3Amexico-the-law-against-small-scale-drug-dealing&Itemid=34&lang=en">Mexico: The Law Against Small-Scale Drug Dealing. 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September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Oregon+law+rolling+back+drug+decriminalization+takes+effect%2C+making+possession+a+crime+again&rft.date=2024-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fpolitics%2Foregon-law-rolling-back-drug-decriminalization-takes-effect-making-possession-a-crime-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cannabis.ny.gov/marihuana-regulation-and-taxation-act-mrta">"Marihuana Regulation and Taxation Act (MRTA)"</a>. <i>Office of Cannabis Management</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Here's What That Means"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107034344/https://www.businessinsider.com/oregon-first-ever-state-to-legalize-psilocybin-for-therapeutic-use-2020-11">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Oregon+Has+Become+the+First+State+to+Legalize+%27Magic%27+Mushrooms+for+Therapeutic+Use.+Here%27s+What+That+Means&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Foregon-first-ever-state-to-legalize-psilocybin-for-therapeutic-use-2020-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://katu.com/news/your-voice-your-vote/oregon-becomes-first-state-to-legalize-psilocybin-for-therapeutic-use">"Oregon Becomes First State to Legalize Psilocybin for Therapeutic Use"</a>. 3 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104065044/https://katu.com/news/your-voice-your-vote/oregon-becomes-first-state-to-legalize-psilocybin-for-therapeutic-use">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oregon+Becomes+First+State+to+Legalize+Psilocybin+for+Therapeutic+Use&rft.date=2020-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkatu.com%2Fnews%2Fyour-voice-your-vote%2Foregon-becomes-first-state-to-legalize-psilocybin-for-therapeutic-use&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2022" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Jennifer (10 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coloradosun.com/2022/11/09/proposition-122-colorado-results-psilocybin-mushrooms-2/">"Colorado Becomes Second State to Legalize "Magic Mushrooms"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Colorado_Sun" title="The Colorado Sun">The Colorado Sun</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221110005912/https://coloradosun.com/2022/11/09/proposition-122-colorado-results-psilocybin-mushrooms-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Colorado+Sun&rft.atitle=Colorado+Becomes+Second+State+to+Legalize+%22Magic+Mushrooms%22&rft.date=2022-11-10&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradosun.com%2F2022%2F11%2F09%2Fproposition-122-colorado-results-psilocybin-mushrooms-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Booth20052-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Booth20052_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Booth2005" class="citation book cs1">Martin Booth (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O7AoY6ljSygC&pg=PA391"><i>Cannabis: A History</i></a>. Picador. pp. 391–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42494-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42494-7"><bdi>978-0-312-42494-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cannabis%3A+A+History&rft.pages=391-&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2005-06&rft.isbn=978-0-312-42494-7&rft.au=Martin+Booth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO7AoY6ljSygC%26pg%3DPA391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ponderingpot.com.au/national/australian-task-force-reported-in-1994-that-cannabis-prohibition-causes-significant-social-harm/">"Australian task force reported in 1994 that cannabis prohibition causes 'significant social harm'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Pondering Pot</i>. 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pondering+Pot&rft.atitle=Australian+task+force+reported+in+1994+that+cannabis+prohibition+causes+%27significant+social+harm%27&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ponderingpot.com.au%2Fnational%2Faustralian-task-force-reported-in-1994-that-cannabis-prohibition-causes-significant-social-harm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130330145919/http://www.australia21.org.au/our_research/illicit_drugs_download.html">"Australian Policy on Illicit Drugs, Downloads"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australia21.org.au/our_research/illicit_drugs_download.html">the original</a> on 30 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Policy+on+Illicit+Drugs%2C+Downloads&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australia21.org.au%2Four_research%2Fillicit_drugs_download.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-australia21.org.au-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-australia21.org.au_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-australia21.org.au_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-australia21.org.au_138-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Australia 21 (2012). The Report (p. 4). Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.australia21.org.au/publications/press_releases/Australia21_Illicit_Drug_Policy_Report.pdf">http://www.australia21.org.au/publications/press_releases/Australia21_Illicit_Drug_Policy_Report.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309073754/http://www.australia21.org.au/publications/press_releases/Australia21_Illicit_Drug_Policy_Report.pdf">Archived</a> 9 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ponderingpot.com.au/qld/qld-government-has-no-intention-of-altering-cannabis-laws/">"Queensland Government has no intentions of altering any drug laws"</a>. <i>Pondering Pot</i>. 26 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pondering+Pot&rft.atitle=Queensland+Government+has+no+intentions+of+altering+any+drug+laws&rft.date=2020-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ponderingpot.com.au%2Fqld%2Fqld-government-has-no-intention-of-altering-cannabis-laws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6608809/cannabis-mdma-should-be-legalised-report/?cs=14231">"Cannabis and MDMA should be legalised according to report"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. 31 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Cannabis+and+MDMA+should+be+legalised+according+to+report&rft.date=2020-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canberratimes.com.au%2Fstory%2F6608809%2Fcannabis-mdma-should-be-legalised-report%2F%3Fcs%3D14231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://friendlyaussiebuds.com/australian-cannabis-news/qld-gov-decrim/">"Cooked QLD Government Rejects Recommendations to Decriminalise Drugs"</a>. <i>Friendly 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Company&rft.atitle=Drug+Reform+Would+Save+Billions+but+Queensland+Premier+Rules+It+Out&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Farticle%2F11918390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/no-excuse-doctors-urge-immediate-release-of-ice-inquiry-report-20200216-p5418b.html">"Doctor's Urge Immediate Release of 'Ice' Inquiry Report"</a>. <i>Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 16 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Doctor%27s+Urge+Immediate+Release+of+%27Ice%27+Inquiry+Report&rft.date=2020-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fnsw%2Fno-excuse-doctors-urge-immediate-release-of-ice-inquiry-report-20200216-p5418b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-27/ice-inquiry-findings-decriminalisation-pill-testing/12006176">"Ice Inquiry Findings"</a>. <i>Australian Broadcasting Company</i>. 27 February 2020.</cite><span 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vote.nz/voting/get-ready-to-vote/about-the-2020-general-election/">the original</a> on 10 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vote.nz&rft.atitle=About+the+2020+General+Election&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvote.nz%2Fvoting%2Fget-ready-to-vote%2Fabout-the-2020-general-election%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senliscouncil.net/modules/events/London_event_on_afghanistan/documents/poppy_medicine_technical_dossier">Poppy for Medicine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930194018/http://www.senliscouncil.net/modules/events/London_event_on_afghanistan/documents/poppy_medicine_technical_dossier">Archived</a> 2007-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (June 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revisiondrugs.org/">"Re:Vision Drug Policy Network"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720111351/http://www.revisiondrugs.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greens.org.au/policies/care-for-people/drugs-substance-abuse-and-addiction">the original</a> on 13 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Greens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreens.org.au%2Fpolicies%2Fcare-for-people%2Fdrugs-substance-abuse-and-addiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsw.greens.org.au/policies/drug_harm_minimisation">"NSW Greens"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NSW+Greens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsw.greens.org.au%2Fpolicies%2Fdrug_harm_minimisation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druglawreform.com.au/">"Drug Law Reform Australia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drug+Law+Reform+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.druglawreform.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fusionparty.org.au/policy_faq">"Other positions and policy FAQ"</a>. <i>fusionparty.org.au</i>. Fusion Party<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fusionparty.org.au&rft.atitle=Other+positions+and+policy+FAQ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fusionparty.org.au%2Fpolicy_faq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/federal-election-2019/hemps-grassroots-campaign-hot-on-heels-of-palmer-s-60-million-ad-barrage-20190519-p51p0n.html">"hemp grassroots campaign hot on the heels of Palmer's $60 million ad barrage"</a>. 19 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=hemp+grassroots+campaign+hot+on+the+heels+of+Palmer%27s+%2460+million+ad+barrage&rft.date=2019-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Ffederal-election-2019%2Fhemps-grassroots-campaign-hot-on-heels-of-palmer-s-60-million-ad-barrage-20190519-p51p0n.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205064650/https://reason.org.au/federal-policies/">"Federal Policies"</a>. <i>Reason Party (official website)</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tdpf.org.uk/lib%20dem%20drugs%20policy%20paper47.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdpf.org.uk%2Flib%2520dem%2520drugs%2520policy%2520paper47.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrug+liberalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libdems.org.uk/liberal_democrats_call_for_a_legalised_cannabis_market">Liberal Democrats call for a legalised cannabis market</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315142825/http://www.libdems.org.uk/liberal_democrats_call_for_a_legalised_cannabis_market">Archived</a> 15 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Liberal Democrats (official website). Published 12 March 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libdems.org.uk/a_regulated_cannabis_market_for_the_uk">A regulated cannabis market for the UK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311101709/http://www.libdems.org.uk/a_regulated_cannabis_market_for_the_uk">Archived</a> 11 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Liberal Democrats (official website). Published 8 March 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/cannabis-marijuana-legalisation-liberal-democrats-drug-policy-a6927936.html">Liberal Democrats become first major party to back cannabis legalisation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828154939/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/cannabis-marijuana-legalisation-liberal-democrats-drug-policy-a6927936.html">Archived</a> 28 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Independent. Author – Mark Leftly. Published 12 March 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2017.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, D. Mark, and Daniel I. Rees. 2023. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jel.20211635">The Public Health Effects of Legalizing Marijuana</a>." <i>Journal of Economic Literature</i> 61(1): 86–143.</li> <li>International Coalition on Drug Policy Reform and Environmental Justice. 2023. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.healthpovertyaction.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/REPORT-Revealing-the-Missing-Link-to-Climate-Justice-Drug-Policy.pdf">Revealing the missing link to Climate Justice: Drug Policy</a>."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_liberalization&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tdpf.org.uk/">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a> – A UK-based think-tank that works to develop systems for control and regulation that can be applied globally.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703203011/http://www.leap.cc/cms/index.php">Law Enforcement Against Prohibition</a> – Run by retired law enforcement professionals who oppose prohibition.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vcl.org/">Voluntary Committee of Lawyers</a> – a New York-based network of judges and lawyers opposed to current federal drug laws.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://norml.org/">NORML (US National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws)</a> – a US wide network of activists seeking to liberalize cannabis legislation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revisiondrugs.org/">Re:Vision Drug Policy Network</a> – an organisation for young people aged 16–25 campaigning against prohibition.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/Library/studies/ledain/ldctoc.html">The Report of the Canadian Government Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs – 1972</a> – The LeDain Commission Report</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tni.org/en/drug-law-reform">Drug Law Reform</a> – a project of the <a href="/wiki/Transnational_Institute" title="Transnational Institute">Transnational Institute</a> (TNI)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416014336/http://www.standardsoflife.org/Contribution+-+A+Practical+Plan+for+Substance+Legalization">Draft Plan for Legalization from LIFE</a> – an example of a policy formulation proposed for substance legalization</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325130219/http://www.countthecosts.org/">Count The Costs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/">Schaffer Library of Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psychedelicalpha.com/data/worldwide-psychedelic-laws">Worldwide Psychedelic Laws Tracker</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_policy_nav" title="Template:Drug policy nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drug_policy_nav" title="Template talk:Drug policy nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drug_policy_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drug policy nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drug_laws,_policies,_and_regulations90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug laws, policies, and regulations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_bin" title="Amnesty bin">Amnesty bin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_education" title="Drug education">Drug education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_prohibition" title="Drug prohibition">Drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Drug liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Your_Drugs_Tested" title="Get Your Drugs Tested">Get Your Drugs Tested</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_control_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug control treaties">Drug control treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_and_cannabis_resin_from_Schedule_IV_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs,_1961" title="Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961">changes in cannabis scheduling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Vienna Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 UN Convention on Illicit Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Other treaties</a> addressing drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Against_Doping_in_Sport" title="International Convention Against Doping in Sport">Convention Against Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_drug_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh drug war">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_China" title="Drug policy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Drug policy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_South_Korea" title="Drug policy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Malta" title="Cannabis in Malta">Cannabis in Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" title="Drug policy of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Poland" title="Drug policy of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Romania" title="Drug policy of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction" title="Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction">cannabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Harm reduction in the United States">harm reduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">psilocybin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_policy_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drug policy of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mexico" title="Cannabis in Mexico">cannabis</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Listings by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_and_precursor_laws_by_country_or_territory" title="Drug and precursor laws by country or territory">Drug and precursor laws by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Absinthe#Regulations" title="Absinthe">absinthe</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">consumption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moonshine_by_country" title="Moonshine by country">moonshine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut#Modern-day_consumption" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_ayahuasca_by_country" title="Legal status of ayahuasca by country">Ayahuasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine#Legal_status" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine#Regulations" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine#Legal_status" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_ibogaine_by_country" title="Legal status of ibogaine by country">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava#Regulation" title="Kava">Kava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khat#Regulation" title="Khat">Khat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD#Legal_status" title="LSD">LSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Society_and_culture" title="MDMA">MDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone#Legal_status" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone#Legality" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone#Legal_status" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa#Regulation" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a> (also known as kratom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium#History" title="Opium">Opium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psychoactive_Amanita_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psychoactive Amanita mushrooms">Psychoactive Amanita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psychoactive_cacti_by_country" title="Legal status of psychoactive cacti by country">Psychoactive cacti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans" title="List of smoking bans">Tobacco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recreational_drug_use90" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drug_use" title="Template talk:Drug use"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drug_use" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drug use"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recreational_drug_use90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Major_recreational_drugs90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major recreational drugs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li>Medical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Hazardous <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive#Contact" title="Adhesive">contact adhesives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_polish#Nail_polish_remover" title="Nail polish">nail polish remover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">Paint thinner</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> <ul><li>Suboxone</li> <li>Subutex</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(drug)" title="Lean (drug)">Lean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a> <ul><li>Krokodil</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a> <ul><li>Darvocet</li> <li>Darvon</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a> <ul><li>Heroin</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a> <ul><li>Dilaudid</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">Kratom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">/paracetamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_polacrilex" title="Nicotine polacrilex">Polacrilex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_salt" title="Nicotine salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathogen–entactogen">Entactogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a> <ul><li>Benzofury</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">AMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">Psychoactive toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Vilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">Yopo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">LSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_peruviana" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis peruviana">Peruvian torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">Psilocin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushrooms</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan" title="Recreational use of dextromethorphan">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">MXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis (Marijuana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocannabinoid">Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APICA_(synthetic_cannabinoid_drug)" title="APICA (synthetic cannabinoid drug)">APICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APINACA" title="APINACA">APINACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice (drug)">Spice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Quaaludes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Drug_culture90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Cannabis consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Cannabis rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">List of cannabis rights organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)#Cannabis_vaporizers" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Cannabis vaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer#Beer_and_society" title="Beer">Beer culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether#Recreational_use" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">Hip flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Sports bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_era" title="Psychedelic era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_microdosing" title="Psychedelic microdosing">Microdosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_shop" title="Smart shop">Smart shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking#Society_and_culture" title="Smoking">Smoking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion cigarettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-chasing" title="Cloud-chasing">Cloud-chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chasing_the_dragon" title="Chasing the dragon">Chasing the dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">Drug paraphernalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Drug tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Needle sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly drug use">Poly drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">Religion and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoonga" title="Whoonga">Whoonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Legality_of_drug_use90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legality of drug use</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_drug_control_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations drug control conventions">International drug control conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Narcotic Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 Drug Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other treaties addressing drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Against_Doping_in_Sport" title="International Convention Against Doping in Sport">Convention Against Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">Legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">Supply reduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">Policy reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">Demand reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug policy<br /> by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Australia" title="Drug policy">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_China" title="Drug policy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Germany" title="Drug policy">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Laos" title="Drug policy of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Drug policy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Poland" title="Drug policy of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Romania" title="Drug policy of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_South_Korea" title="Drug policy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Switzerland" title="Drug policy">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Maryland" title="Drug policy of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Oregon" title="Drug policy of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Virginia" title="Drug policy of Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug legality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Cannabis legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin mushrooms legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia legality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_court" title="Drug court">Drug court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug possession">Drug possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Narc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_drug_abuse" title="Politics of drug abuse">Politics of drug abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">Zero tolerance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Other90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug<br /> production<br /> and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug<br /> production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemicals" title="Precursor chemicals">Drug precursors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Aruba" title="Illegal drug trade in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_Cambodia" title="Drugs in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_El_Salvador" title="Illegal drug trade in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Haiti" title="Illegal drug trade in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Indian_Ocean_region" title="Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region">Indian Ocean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Japan" title="Illegal drug trade in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking_in_Mauritius" title="Drug trafficking in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Panama" title="Illegal drug trade in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Paraguay" title="Illegal drug trade in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Seychelles" title="Illegal drug trade in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Turkey" title="Illegal drug trade in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Illegal drug trade in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_distribution" title="Pharmaceutical distribution">Pharmaceutical distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer shop">Beer shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Cannabis shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Liquor store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues with<br />drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving impaired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug harmfulness">Drug harmfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">Drug-related crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a> <ul><li>of tobacco or other substances</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harm reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_legalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug legalization">Drug legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Drug rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid replacement therapy">Opioid replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Substance abuse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries by <br /> drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a></li> <li>Cannabis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiates use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tobacco_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tobacco consumption">Tobacco consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_policy35" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_policy" title="Template:Public policy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_policy" title="Template talk:Public policy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_policy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public policy"><abbr title="Edit this 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