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<span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the British theological writer. For other people, see <a href="/wiki/William_Law_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="William Law (disambiguation)">William Law (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>William Law</b> (1686 – 9 April 1761) was a <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> priest who lost his position at <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Cambridge" title="Emmanuel College, Cambridge">Emmanuel College, Cambridge</a>, when his conscience would not allow him to take the required <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_allegiance" title="Oath of allegiance">oath of allegiance</a> to the first Hanoverian monarch, <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">King George I</a>. Previously, William Law had given his allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a> and is sometimes considered a second-generation <a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">non-juror</a>. Thereafter, Law continued as a simple priest (<a href="/wiki/Curate" title="Curate">curate</a>), and when that too became impossible without the required oath, Law taught privately and wrote extensively. His personal integrity, as well as his mystic and theological writing, greatly influenced the <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelistic</a> movement of his day, as well as <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thinkers such as the writer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> and the historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>. In 1784, <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a> (1759–1833), the politician, philanthropist, and leader of the movement to stop the slave trade, was deeply touched by reading William Law's book <i>A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life</i> (1729).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Law's spiritual writings remain in print today. </p><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">William Law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Law.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/William_Law.jpg/250px-William_Law.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/William_Law.jpg/375px-William_Law.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/William_Law.jpg/500px-William_Law.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="919"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Line engraving c. 1827</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1686<br><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Cliffe" title="King's Cliffe">King's Cliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 April 1761 (aged 74–75)<br>King's Cliffe, Northamptonshire, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10 April</td></tr></tbody></table><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Bangorian_controversy_and_after"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Bangorian controversy and after</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Writings_on_practical_divinity"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Writings on practical divinity</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Mysticism"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Mysticism</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Law's_admiration_for_Isaac_Newton_and_Jakob_B%C3%B6hme"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Law's admiration for Isaac Newton and Jakob Böhme</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Veneration"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Veneration</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#List_of_works"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">List of works</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_Law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Law was born at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Cliffe" title="King's Cliffe">King's Cliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a>, in 1686, the son of Thomas Law, a grocer. In 1705 he entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge, as a <a href="/wiki/Sizar" title="Sizar">sizar</a>, where he studied the classics, Hebrew, philosophy and mathematics. In 1711 he was elected <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellow</a> of his college and was ordained. His brothers Farmery and Nathaniel also studied at Cambridge University and were ordained. He resided at Cambridge, teaching and taking occasional duty until the 1714 accession of <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>, when his conscience forbade him to take the oaths of allegiance to the new government and of abjuration of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuarts</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> had already been betrayed in a <a href="/wiki/Tripos" title="Tripos">tripos</a> speech. As a <a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">non-juror</a>, he was deprived of his fellowship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the next few years Law is said to have been a curate in London. By 1727 he lived with Edward Gibbon (1666–1736) at <a href="/wiki/Putney" title="Putney">Putney</a> as tutor to his son Edward, father of the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">historian</a>, who says that Law became the much-honoured friend and spiritual director of the family. In the same year he accompanied his pupil to Cambridge and lived with him as governor, in term time, for the next four years. His pupil then went abroad but Law was left at Putney, where he remained in Gibbon's house for more than 10 years, acting as a religious guide not only to the family but to a number of earnest-minded people who came to consult him. The most eminent of these were the two brothers <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a>, the poet <a href="/wiki/John_Byrom" title="John Byrom">John Byrom</a>, the Newtonian physician <a href="/wiki/George_Cheyne_(physician)" title="George Cheyne (physician)">George Cheyne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hutcheson" title="Archibald Hutcheson">Archibald Hutcheson</a>, MP for <a href="/wiki/Hastings_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Hastings (UK Parliament constituency)">Hastings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The household dispersed in 1737. Law retired to King's Cliffe by 1740, where he had inherited from his father a house and a small property. There, he was joined by Elizabeth Hutcheson, the rich widow of his old friend (who recommended on his death-bed that she place herself under Law's spiritual guidance), and Hester Gibbon, sister to his late pupil. For the next 21 years, the trio devoted themselves to worship, study and charity, until Law died on 9 April 1761.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Bangorian_controversy_and_after">Bangorian controversy and after</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_Law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bangorian controversy and after" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bangorian_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangorian controversy">Bangorian controversy</a></div> <p>The first of Law's controversial works was <i>Three Letters to the Bishop of Bangor</i> (1717), a contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Bangorian_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangorian controversy">Bangorian controversy</a> on the high-church side. It was followed by <i>Remarks on <a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Mandeville">Mandeville</a>'s Fable of the Bees</i> (1723), in which he vindicated <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>; it was praised by <a href="/wiki/John_Sterling_(author)" title="John Sterling (author)">John Sterling</a>, and republished by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Denison_Maurice" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Denison Maurice">F. D. Maurice</a>. Law's <i>Case of Reason</i> (1732), in answer to <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Tindal</a>'s <i>Christianity as old as the Creation</i>, is to some extent an anticipation of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Joseph Butler</a>'s argument in the <i>Analogy of Religion</i>. His <i>Letters to a Lady inclined to enter the Church of Rome</i> are specimens of the attitude of a <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Writings_on_practical_divinity">Writings on practical divinity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_Law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writings on practical divinity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p><i>A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life</i> (1729), together with its predecessor, <i>A Practical Treatise Upon Christian Perfection</i> (1726), deeply influenced the chief actors in the great evangelistic revival.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Venn_(Clapham_Sect)" title="Henry Venn (Clapham Sect)">Henry Venn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Scott_(commentator)" title="Thomas Scott (commentator)">Thomas Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Adam" title="Thomas Adam">Thomas Adam</a> all expressed their deep obligation to the author. <i>The Serious Call</i> also affected others deeply. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gibbon, <a href="/wiki/George_Lyttelton,_1st_Baron_Lyttelton" title="George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton">Lord Lyttelton</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Home&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bishop Home (page does not exist)">Bishop Home</a> all spoke enthusiastically of its merits; and it is still the work by which its author is popularly known. It has high merits of style, being lucid and pointed to a degree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a tract entitled <i>The Absolute Unlawfulness of the Stage Entertainment</i> (1726), Law was agitated by the corruptions of the stage to preach against all plays, and incurred some criticism the same year from <a href="/wiki/John_Dennis_(dramatist)" title="John Dennis (dramatist)">John Dennis</a> in <i>The Stage Defended</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His writing is anthologised by various denominations, including in the <a href="/wiki/Classics_of_Western_Spirituality" title="Classics of Western Spirituality">Classics of Western Spirituality</a> series by the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Paulist_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulist Press">Paulist Press</a>. </p><p>The devotional writer <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Murray_(minister)" title="Andrew Murray (minister)">Andrew Murray</a> was so impressed by Law's writings that he republished a number of his works, stating "I do not know where to find anywhere else the same clear and powerful statement of the truth which the Church needs at the present day."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Mysticism">Mysticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_Law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mysticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%B6hme_Philosophische_Kugel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/B%C3%B6hme_Philosophische_Kugel.JPG/220px-B%C3%B6hme_Philosophische_Kugel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2236" data-file-height="2671"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 263px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/B%C3%B6hme_Philosophische_Kugel.JPG/220px-B%C3%B6hme_Philosophische_Kugel.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="263" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/B%C3%B6hme_Philosophische_Kugel.JPG/330px-B%C3%B6hme_Philosophische_Kugel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/B%C3%B6hme_Philosophische_Kugel.JPG/440px-B%C3%B6hme_Philosophische_Kugel.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Böhme</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogony</a>: <i>The Philosophical Sphere or the Wonder Eye of Eternity</i> (1620).</figcaption></figure> <p>In his later years, Law became an admirer of the German Christian mystic <a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a>. The journal of John Byrom mentions that, probably around 1735 or 1736, the physician and <a href="/wiki/Behmenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Behmenism">Behmenist</a> George Cheyne had drawn Law's attention to the book <i>Fides et Ratio</i>, written in 1708 by the French Protestant theologian <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poiret" title="Pierre Poiret">Pierre Poiret</a>. It was in this book that Law came across the name of the mystic Jakob Böhme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003112–113_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003112%E2%80%93113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2006442–465_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2006442%E2%80%93465-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From then on, Law's writings, such as <i>A Demonstration of the Errors of a late Book</i> (1737) and <i>The Grounds and Reasons of Christian Regeneration</i> (1739), contained a mystical note.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003120_ff_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003120_ff-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1740 appeared <i>An Earnest and Serious Answer to Dr. Trapp</i> and in 1742 <i><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_to_All_that_Doubt" title="An Appeal to All that Doubt">An Appeal to All that Doubt</a></i>. <i>An Appeal</i> was greatly admired by Law's friend George Cheyne, who wrote on 9 March 1742 to his good friend, the printer and novelist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Richardson" title="Samuel Richardson">Samuel Richardson</a>: "Have you seen Law's <i>Appeal</i> ... it is admirable and unanswerable". <a href="/wiki/John_Byrom" title="John Byrom">John Byrom</a> wrote a poem based on <i>An Earnest and Serious Answer</i>, which was found among the manuscripts of Samuel Richardson after his death in 1761.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2006454–456_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2006454%E2%80%93456-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Law's mystical tendencies caused the first breach in 1738 between Law and the practical-minded <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> after an exchange of four letters in which each explained his own position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2006448–452_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2006448%E2%80%93452-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After eighteen years of silence, Wesley attacked Law and his Behmenist philosophy once again in an open letter in 1756 in which Wesley wrote: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lime_Grove_Putney_(1846)_home_of_the_Gibbon_family_where_William_Law_walked_with_John_Byrom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lime_Grove_Putney_%281846%29_home_of_the_Gibbon_family_where_William_Law_walked_with_John_Byrom.jpg/220px-Lime_Grove_Putney_%281846%29_home_of_the_Gibbon_family_where_William_Law_walked_with_John_Byrom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7839" data-file-height="5186"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lime_Grove_Putney_%281846%29_home_of_the_Gibbon_family_where_William_Law_walked_with_John_Byrom.jpg/220px-Lime_Grove_Putney_%281846%29_home_of_the_Gibbon_family_where_William_Law_walked_with_John_Byrom.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lime_Grove_Putney_%281846%29_home_of_the_Gibbon_family_where_William_Law_walked_with_John_Byrom.jpg/330px-Lime_Grove_Putney_%281846%29_home_of_the_Gibbon_family_where_William_Law_walked_with_John_Byrom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lime_Grove_Putney_%281846%29_home_of_the_Gibbon_family_where_William_Law_walked_with_John_Byrom.jpg/440px-Lime_Grove_Putney_%281846%29_home_of_the_Gibbon_family_where_William_Law_walked_with_John_Byrom.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Lime Grove Putney (1846), home of the Gibbon family where William Law walked with John Byrom and other friends.</figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p><i>I have scarce met with a greater friend to darkness except 'the illuminated Jacob Behmen'. But, Sir, have you not done him an irreparable injury? I do not mean by misrepresenting his sentiments; (though some of his profound admirers are positive that you misunderstand and murder him throughout) but by dragging him out of his awful obscurity; by pouring light upon his venerable darkness. Men may admire the deepness of the well, and the excellence of the water it contains: But if some officious person puts a light into it, it will appear to be both very shallow and very dirty. I could not have borne to spend so many words on so egregious trifles, but that they are mischievous trifles: ... bad philosophy has, by insensible degrees, paved the way for bad divinity.</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Law never responded to this open letter, though he had been deeply upset, as testified by John Byrom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2006460–463_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2006460%E2%80%93463-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After seven years of silence, Law further explored Böhme's ideas in <i>The Spirit of Prayer</i> (1749–1750), followed by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Divine_Knowledge" title="The Way to Divine Knowledge">The Way to Divine Knowledge</a></i> (1752) and <i>The Spirit of Love</i> (1752–1754). He worked on a new translation of Böhme's works, for which <i>The Way to Divine Knowledge</i> had been the preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003138_ff_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003138_ff-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samuel Richardson had been involved in the printing of some of Law's works, e.g. <i>A Practical Treatise upon Christian Perfection</i> (second edition of 1728), and <i>The Way to Divine Knowledge</i> (1752), since Law's publishers William and John Innys worked closely with Samuel Richardson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003118–120,_138_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003118%E2%80%93120,_138-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boehme-Werk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Boehme-Werk.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 187px;height: 300px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Boehme-Werk.jpg" data-width="187" data-height="300" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Title page of the <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Gichtel" title="Johann Georg Gichtel">Johann Georg Gichtel</a> (1638–1710) edition of 1682, printed in Amsterdam.</figcaption></figure> <p>Law had taught himself the "High Dutch Language" to be able to read the original text of the "blessed Jacob". He owned a quarto edition of 1715, which had been carefully printed from the <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Gichtel" title="Johann Georg Gichtel">Johann Georg Gichtel</a> edition of 1682, printed in Amsterdam where Gichtel (1638–1710) lived and worked.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of both Law and Richardson in 1761, Law's friends George Ward and Thomas Langcake published a four-volume version of the works of Jakob Böhme between 1764 and 1781. It was paid for by Elizabeth Hutcheson. This version became known as the "Law-edition of Böhme", even though Law had never found the time to contribute to this new edition.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this, it was ultimately based on the original translations made by John Ellistone and <a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_(translator)" title="John Sparrow (translator)">John Sparrow</a> between 1645 and 1662,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003144_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003144-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with only a few changes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003138–141_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003138%E2%80%93141-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This edition was greatly admired by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>. Law had found some illustrations made by the German early Böhme exegetist <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Andreas_Freher" title="Dionysius Andreas Freher">Dionysius Andreas Freher</a> (1649–1728), which had been included in this edition. Upon seeing these symbolic drawings, Blake said during a dinner party in 1825 "<a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michel Angelo</a> could not have surpassed them".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003140_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003140-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law's_admiration_for_Isaac_Newton_and_Jakob_Böhme"><span id="Law.27s_admiration_for_Isaac_Newton_and_Jakob_B.C3.B6hme"></span>Law's admiration for Isaac Newton and Jakob Böhme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_Law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Law's admiration for Isaac Newton and Jakob Böhme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Law greatly admired both <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, whom he called "this great philosopher", and Jakob Böhme, "the illuminated instrument of God". In part I of <i>The Spirit of Love</i> (1752) Law wrote that in the three properties of desire one can see the "Ground and Reason" of the three great "laws of matter and motion lately discovered [by Sir Isaac Newton]". Law added that he "need[ed] no more to be told that the illustrious Sir Isaac [had] ploughed with Behmen's heifer", which had led to the discovery of these laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003133_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003133-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Law added that in the mathematical system of Newton these three properties of desire, i.e. "attraction, equal resistance, and the orbicular motion of the planets as the effect of them", are treated as facts and appearances, whose ground appears not to be known. However, Law wrote, it is in "our Behmen, the illuminated Instrument of God" that: </p> <blockquote><p><i>Their Birth and Power in Eternity are opened; their eternal Beginning is shown, and how and why all Worlds, and every Life of every Creature, whether it be heavenly, earthly, or hellish, must be in them, and from them, and can have no Nature, either spiritual or material, no kind of Happiness or Misery, but according to the working Power and State of these Properties. All outward Nature, all inward Life, is what it is, and works as it works, from this unceasing powerful Attraction, Resistance, and Whirling.</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a> quotes admiringly and at length from Law's writings on mysticism in his anthology <i><a href="/wiki/The_Perennial_Philosophy" title="The Perennial Philosophy">The Perennial Philosophy</a></i>, pointing out remarkable parallels between his (Law's) mystical insights and those of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and other traditions encompassed by <a href="/wiki/Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Leibniz">Leibniz</a>'s concept of the <a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Philosophia Perennis</a>. Huxley wrote: </p> <blockquote><p><i>Granted that the ground of the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">individual soul</a> is akin to...the <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">divine Ground</a> of all existence...what is the ultimate nature of <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">good and evil</a>, and what the true purpose and <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">end of life</a>? The answers to these questions will be given to a great extent in the words of that most surprising product of the English <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">eighteenth century</a>, William Law...a man who was not only a master of English prose, but also one of the most interesting thinkers of his period and one of the most endearingly <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saintly</a> figures in the whole history of <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Veneration">Veneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_Law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Veneration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Law is honoured on 10 April on the calendars of the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">Church of England</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">Episcopal Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="List_of_works">List of works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_Law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><i>Remarks upon a Late Book, Entituled, The Fable of the Bees</i> (1724)</li> <li>"A Practical Treatise Upon Christian Perfection" (1726)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/law/serious_call.html"><i>A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life</i> (1729)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/law/demo/files/demo.html"><i>A Demonstration of the Gross and Fundamental Errors of a late Book called a Plain Account, etc., of the Lord's Supper</i> (1737)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/law/regen/files/regen.html"><i>The Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Regeneration</i> (1739)</a></li> <li><i>An Earnest and Serious Answer to Dr Trapp's Sermon on being Righteous Overmuch</i> (1740)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_to_All_that_Doubt" title="An Appeal to All that Doubt">An Appeal to All that Doubt</a></i> (1742)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/law/prayer/files/prayer.html"><i>The Spirit of Prayer</i> (1749, 1750)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Divine_Knowledge" title="The Way to Divine Knowledge">The Way to Divine Knowledge</a></i> (1752)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/law/love/files/love.html"><i>The Spirit of Love</i> (1752-1754)</a></li> <li><i>A Short but Sufficient Confutation of Dr Warburton's Projected Defence (as he calls it) of Christianity in his Divine Legation of Moses</i> (1757). Reply to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Divine_Legation_of_Moses" title="The Divine Legation of Moses">The Divine Legation of Moses</a></i>.</li> <li><i>A Collection of Letters on the Most Interesting and Important Subjects, and on Several Occasions</i> (1760)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/l/law/justific/just01.htm"><i>Of Justification by Faith and Works, A Dialogue between a Methodist and a Churchman</i> (1760)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/law/address/files/address.html">"An Humble, Earnest and Affectionate Address to the Clergy" (1761)</a>, renamed "The Power of the Spirit" by Andrew Murray in his 1896 reprint.</li> <li><i>You Will Receive Power</i></li> <li><i>The Way to Christ</i> by Jakob Böhme, translated by William Law</li> <li><i>The Supersensual Life</i> by Jakob Böhme, translated by William Law (1901)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_Law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/people/williamwilberforce_1.shtml">"BBC - Religions - Christianity: William Wilberforce"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+-+Religions+-+Christianity%3A+William+Wilberforce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fpeople%2Fwilliamwilberforce_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i>A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life</i> Law urges that every day should be viewed as a day of humility by learning to serve others. Foster, Richard J., <i>Celebration Of Discipline</i>, San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1988, p.131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"I became a sort of lax talker against religion, for I did not think much against it; and this lasted until I went to Oxford, where it would not be suffered. When at Oxford, I took up Law's Serious Call, expecting to find it a dull book (as such books generally are), and perhaps to laugh at it. But I found Law quite an overmatch for me; and this was the first occasion of my thinking in earnest of religion after I became capable of rational inquiry." <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>, recounted in <a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">James Boswell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Johnson">Life of Johnson</a>, ch. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1896" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Andrew (1896). <i>The Power of the Spirit</i>. London: James Nisbet. p. ix.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+the+Spirit&rft.place=London&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=James+Nisbet&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003112–113-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003112%E2%80%93113_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoling-van_der_Sar2003">Joling-van der Sar 2003</a>, pp. 112–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2006442–465-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2006442%E2%80%93465_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoling-van_der_Sar2006">Joling-van der Sar 2006</a>, pp. 442–465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003120_ff-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003120_ff_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoling-van_der_Sar2003">Joling-van der Sar 2003</a>, pp. 120 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2006454–456-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2006454%E2%80%93456_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoling-van_der_Sar2006">Joling-van der Sar 2006</a>, pp. 454–456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2006448–452-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2006448%E2%80%93452_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoling-van_der_Sar2006">Joling-van der Sar 2006</a>, pp. 448–452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Wesley, <i>Works</i>, Vol. IX, pp. 477-478.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2006460–463-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2006460%E2%80%93463_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoling-van_der_Sar2006">Joling-van der Sar 2006</a>, pp. 460–463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003138_ff-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003138_ff_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoling-van_der_Sar2003">Joling-van der Sar 2003</a>, pp. 138 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003118–120,_138-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003118%E2%80%93120,_138_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoling-van_der_Sar2003">Joling-van der Sar 2003</a>, pp. 118–120, 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This edition is the <i>Theosophia Revelata. Das isst: Alle Göttliche Schriften des Gottseligen und hocherleuchteten Deutschen Theosophi Jacob Böhmens</i>, 2 Vols., Johann Otto Glüssing, Hamburg, 1715.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This William Law edition is available online; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jacobboehmeonline.com/william_law">http://www.jacobboehmeonline.com/william_law</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003144-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003144_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoling-van_der_Sar2003">Joling-van der Sar 2003</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003138–141-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003138%E2%80%93141_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoling-van_der_Sar2003">Joling-van der Sar 2003</a>, pp. 138–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003140-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003140_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoling-van_der_Sar2003">Joling-van der Sar 2003</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003133-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoling-van_der_Sar2003133_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoling-van_der_Sar2003">Joling-van der Sar 2003</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Law, <i>Works</i>, 9 Vols. (reprint of the Moreton ed., Brockenhurst, Setley, 1892-93, which was a reprint of London edition of 1762), Wipf and Stock Publishers, Eugene, Oregon, U.S.A., 2001, Vol. VIII, pp. 19-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huxley, Aldous. <i>The Perennial Philosophy</i>, first edition pub. Chatto and Windus, 1946.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. The Church of England<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Calendar&rft.pub=The+Church+of+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3e7DwAAQBAJ"><i>Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018</i></a>. Church Publishing, Inc. 1 December 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-234-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-234-7"><bdi>978-1-64065-234-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser+Feasts+and+Fasts+2018&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1-64065-234-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW3e7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_Law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_John_Abbey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles John Abbey (page does not exist)">Abbey, Charles J.</a>, <i>The English Church in the 18th Century</i>, 1887.</li> <li>Baker, Eric W., <i>A Herald of the Evangelical Revival: A Critical Inquiry into the Relation of William Law to John Wesley and the Beginnings of Methodism</i>, The Epworth Press, 1948.</li> <li>Foster, Richard J., <i>Celebration Of Discipline</i>, San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1988.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Huxley, Aldous</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Perennial_Philosophy" title="The Perennial Philosophy">The Perennial Philosophy</a>, 1945.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoling-van_der_Sar2006" class="citation journal cs1">Joling-van der Sar, Gerda J. (2006). "The controversy between William Law and John Wesley". <i>English Studies</i>. <b>87</b> (4). Informa UK Limited: 442–465. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00138380600757810">10.1080/00138380600757810</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-838X">0013-838X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218499449">218499449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Studies&rft.atitle=The+controversy+between+William+Law+and+John+Wesley&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=442-465&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218499449%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0013-838X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00138380600757810&rft.aulast=Joling-van+der+Sar&rft.aufirst=Gerda+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoling-van_der_Sar2003" class="citation book cs1">Joling-van der Sar, Gerda J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.hccnet.nl/j.t.joling/"><i>The spiritual side of Samuel Richardson : mysticism, Behmenism and millenarianism in an eighteenth-century English novelist</i></a> (Thesis). University of Leiden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-90-17087-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-90-17087-1"><bdi>90-90-17087-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/783182681">783182681</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+spiritual+side+of+Samuel+Richardson+%3A+mysticism%2C+Behmenism+and+millenarianism+in+an+eighteenth-century+English+novelist&rft.pub=University+of+Leiden&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F783182681&rft.isbn=90-90-17087-1&rft.aulast=Joling-van+der+Sar&rft.aufirst=Gerda+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.hccnet.nl%2Fj.t.joling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Hartpole_Lecky" title="William Edward Hartpole Lecky">Lecky, W.E.H</a>, <i>History of England in the 18th Century</i>, 1878–90.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Overton" title="John Henry Overton">Overton, John Henry</a>, <i>William Law, Nonjuror and Mystic</i>, 1881.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a>, <i>English Thought in the 18th century</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen1892" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (1892). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Law, William"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Law,_William">"Law, William" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 32. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Law%2C+William&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tighe, Richard, <i>A Short Account of the Life and Writings of the Late Rev. William Law</i>, 1813.</li> <li>Walker, A. Keith. <i>William Law: His Life and Work</i>, SPCK, 1973.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Walton" title="Christopher Walton">Walton, Christopher</a>, <i>Notes and Materials for a Complete Biography of W Law</i>, 1848.</li></ul> <p><b>Attribution:</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Law,_William" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Law, William">Law, William</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Law%2C+William&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Law" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_Law&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 13px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="13" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/William_Law" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/William Law">William Law</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classicchristianebooks.com/authors/law/">The Life and Works of William Law</a> – all 17 known works.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Law%2C%20William%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Law%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Law%2C%20William%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Law%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Law%2C%20W%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Law%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Law%2C%20William%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Law%22%29%20OR%20%28%221686-1761%22%20AND%20Law%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about William Law</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/3615">Works by William Law</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL116047A">Works by William Law</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacobboehmeonline.com/william_law">William Law Page with the William Law Edition of Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webpages.charter.net/dougeblen/">The Mystical Writings of William Law webpage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theosophytrust.org/tlodocs/articlesTeacher.php?d=WilliamLaw.htm&p=137">William Law</a>, Theosophy Trust Memorial Library</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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