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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Liu Song (disambiguation)">Liu Song (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Liu_Song_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Liu Song dynasty">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Liu+Song+dynasty%22">"Liu Song dynasty"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Liu+Song+dynasty%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Liu+Song+dynasty%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Liu+Song+dynasty%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Liu+Song+dynasty%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Liu+Song+dynasty%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><p><b>Song</b>, known as <b>Liu Song</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">劉宋</span>), <b>Former Song</b> (前宋) or <b>Song of (the) Southern dynasties</b> (南朝宋) in historiography, was an <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">imperial dynasty of China</a> and the first of the four <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties#Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Southern dynasties</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a> period. It succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Eastern_Jin_(317%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Eastern Jin dynasty</a> and preceded the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Qi" title="Southern Qi">Southern Qi dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Song</div><div class="ib-country-names">宋</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">420–479</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties_1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Liu Song and neighbors"><img alt="Liu Song and neighbors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties_1.png/250px-Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties_1.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties_1.png/375px-Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties_1.png/500px-Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="900"></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Liu Song and neighbors</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu_Song_Division.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Administrative divisions of Liu Song"><img alt="Administrative divisions of Liu Song" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Liu_Song_Division.png/250px-Liu_Song_Division.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Liu_Song_Division.png/375px-Liu_Song_Division.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Liu_Song_Division.png/500px-Liu_Song_Division.png 2x" data-file-width="1802" data-file-height="1275"></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Administrative divisions of Liu Song</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jiankang" title="Jiankang">Jiankang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Emperor</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 420–422 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Song" title="Emperor Wu of Song">Emperor Wu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 424–453 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Song" title="Emperor Wen of Song">Emperor Wen</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 453–464 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowu_of_Song" title="Emperor Xiaowu of Song">Emperor Xiaowu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 465–472 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Song" title="Emperor Ming of Song">Emperor Ming</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 473–477 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Houfei_of_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Houfei of Song">Emperor Houfei</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 477–479 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shun_of_Song" title="Emperor Shun of Song">Emperor Shun</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 July<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 420</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 May<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 479</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage#The_North_and_South_Dynasties_(420%E2%80%93581)" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Chinese coin</a>,<br><a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">Chinese cash</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Eastern_Jin_(317%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Eastern Jin</a> </td></tr> 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <p>The dynasty was founded by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Song" title="Emperor Wu of Song">Liu Yu</a> (Emperor Wu; 363–422 CE), whose surname together with "Song" forms the common name for the dynasty, the "Liu Song". This appellation is used to distinguish it from a later dynasty of the same name, the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279 CE, ruled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Zhao" title="House of Zhao">House of Zhao</a>). Although the Liu Song has also at times been referred to as the "Southern Song", the name is now mainly used to refer to the Song dynasty after 1127 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Liu Song was a time when there was much internal turmoil. A number of emperors were incompetent and/or tyrannical, which at least partially led to many military revolts. These rulers include <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shao_(Liu_Song)" title="Liu Shao (Liu Song)">Liu Shao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowu_of_Song" title="Emperor Xiaowu of Song">Emperor Xiaowu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Ziye" title="Liu Ziye">Liu Ziye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Song" title="Emperor Ming of Song">Emperor Ming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latter_Deposed_Emperor_of_Liu_Song" title="Latter Deposed Emperor of Liu Song">Liu Yu</a>. Emperor Ming was especially vicious, murdering many of his brothers, nephews, and other male relatives — many of them children. Such internal instability eventually led to the dynasty's destruction. However, its founder Emperor Wu was considered one of the greatest generals during the Northern and Southern dynasties period, and the reign of its third emperor, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Song" title="Emperor Wen of Song">Emperor Wen</a>, is known for its political stability and capable administration, not only of its emperor but its strong and honest officials. This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Yuanjia" title="Reign of Yuanjia">Reign of Yuanjia</a> (425–453) and one of the relative golden ages for the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Dynasties">Southern Dynasties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Rise_of_Liu_Yu"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Rise of Liu Yu</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Campaigns_of_Liu_Yu"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Campaigns of Liu Yu</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Reign_of_Emperor_Wen"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Reign of Emperor Wen</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#War_with_Northern_Wei"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">War with Northern Wei</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Reign_of_Emperor_Xiaowu_and_Qianfei"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Reign of Emperor Xiaowu and Qianfei</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Liu_Zixun's_rebellion"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Liu Zixun's rebellion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Fall_of_Liu_Song"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Fall of Liu Song</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Literature_and_culture"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Literature and culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Science"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Science</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Table_of_successions"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Table of successions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Liu_Song_family_tree"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Liu Song family tree</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Song_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu_Yu_(Song_Wudi).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Liu_Yu_%28Song_Wudi%29.jpg/220px-Liu_Yu_%28Song_Wudi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1698"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 249px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Liu_Yu_%28Song_Wudi%29.jpg/220px-Liu_Yu_%28Song_Wudi%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="249" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Liu_Yu_%28Song_Wudi%29.jpg/330px-Liu_Yu_%28Song_Wudi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Liu_Yu_%28Song_Wudi%29.jpg/440px-Liu_Yu_%28Song_Wudi%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Liu Yu, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Song" title="Emperor Wu of Song">Emperor Wu of Liu Song</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Liu_Yu">Rise of Liu Yu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Song_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rise of Liu Yu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Although he was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="Emperor Gaozu of Han">Emperor Gaozu of Han</a>'s younger brother Liu Jiao,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was still born into poverty. He joined the army at a young age, quickly distinguished himself in the army and was quickly promoted to the command of an army, the Beifu corps. Liu Yu was instrumental in fighting the rebel Huan Xuan. After Huan Xuan's fall, Liu Yu gained control of the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigns_of_Liu_Yu">Campaigns of Liu Yu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Song_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Campaigns of Liu Yu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Song" title="Emperor Wu of Song">Emperor Wu of Song</a></div> <p>Regarded as one of the best generals of the Northern and Southern dynasties, Liu Yu started off by reclaiming much of the territory the Chinese had lost during the Sixteen Kingdoms era. He started off his career by campaigning against Southern Yan, which bordered Jin to the north and had adopted a policy of aggression and kidnapping citizens from the Jin. By spring of 410, he had captured the southern Yan capital at Guanggu, ending Southern Yan.<sup id="cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_of_Song-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afterwards, he campaigned against western Shu in modern Sichuan. Using a brilliant military manoeuver mentioned in the Art of War, Liu Yu instructed his generals to attack the capital of Shu by the Min River rather than the short route by the Fu river. Surprising the Shu forces, he quickly captured Chengdu and re-annexed that area back into Jin.<sup id="cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_of_Song-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the death of the Later Qin Emperor Yao Xin, Liu Yu attacked the state of Later Qin, which controlled the valuable lands of Guanzhong, lands which had once housed the capital of the Qin, Han and Jin dynasties before the barbarian uprisings. After defeating the Later Qin army in several battles, as well as an army of Northern Wei troops which had crossed to assist the Later Qin, Liu Yu recaptured the vital cities of Chang'an and Luoyang, the former capitals of the Jin Empire. It is recorded that he engaged the Wei army by the use of spears launched by crossbows, panicking the Wei cavalry and allowing him to score a decisive victory.<sup id="cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_of_Song-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After this success, it seemed that Jin would exterminate the remaining barbarian states in the north and reunify China. However, fortunes began to change for the Jin forces. Liu Mengzhi died and in order to secure his power, Liu Yu left for <a href="/wiki/Jiankang" title="Jiankang">Jiankang</a> (present-day Nanjing), abandoning the management of the North to his general Wang Zhen'e. After his departure, the state of Xia attacked Guanzhong and reoccupied it, and the loss of these lands prescribed Jin's frontier at the Yellow River. However, Jin retained its former eastern capital, Luoyang, as well as most of the Chinese heartland.<sup id="cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_of_Song-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his return to Jiankang, Liu Yu ended the rule of the Jin and became emperor himself in 420, establishing the Liu Song dynasty. The name of the dynasty was taken from Liu's fief, which occupied roughly the same territory as the Spring & Autumn era <a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">State of Song</a>. The Book of Song does not mention whether the Liu family had any blood relationship to the ancient state's ruling <a href="/wiki/Zi_(surname)" title="Zi (surname)">House of Zi</a>, or by extension to the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>. It is in any case noteworthy that Liu did not frame his new regime as a restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, despite being demonstrably related to the Han imperial family. Liu died in 422 CE, and was succeeded by the incompetent Shaodi, who was quickly removed. His eventual successor would be his third son, Wendi.<sup id="cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_of_Song-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Emperor_Wen">Reign of Emperor Wen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Song_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reign of Emperor Wen" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Song" title="Emperor Wen of Song">Emperor Wen of Song</a></div> <p>Under Emperor Wen, the Liu Song economy prospered during the rule of Yuanjia (Chinese: <span lang="zh">元嘉之治</span>), a period noted for its prosperity in the 400 years of conflict between the Han and Tang dynasties. However, the emperor's martial abilities were not equal to his father, and his inability to crush the remaining barbarian states allowed <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> to complete the unification of the North, to the detriment of Liu Song. Afterwards, Northern Wei would remain a grave and permanent threat to the Liu Song.<sup id="cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_of_Song-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_with_Northern_Wei">War with Northern Wei</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Song_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: War with Northern Wei" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Emperor Wen continued the campaigns of his father; nevertheless, he was unsuccessful. In 422 CE, the first year of his reign, he lost three commanderies to Wei. Under the able general Dao Yanzhi, however, Liu Song recovered the four cities of Luoyang, Hulao, Huatai and Qiao'ao south of the Yellow River. However, the emperor's unwillingness to advance past this line caused the destruction of the empire's ally, Xia, by the Wei. The emperor was to repeat this mistake as several barbarian states who had offered to ally with Liu Song against Wei were declined, eventually leading to Wei's unification of the North in 439 CE, to the detriment of the Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_of_Song-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the later part of his reign, Emperor Wen was less than able. He wrongfully executed the general <a href="/wiki/Tan_Daoji" title="Tan Daoji">Tan Daoji</a>, who had hitherto commanded the Song armies, and took charge himself. The empire's decline was shown in 450 CE, where the emperor attempted to destroy the Northern Wei himself, and launched a massive invasion. Although initially successful, the campaign turned into a disaster. The Wei lured the Liu Song to cross the Yellow River, and then flanked them, destroying the Eastern army. As the Liu Song armies retreated, the provinces south of the Yellow River were devastated by the Wei army. Only Huatai, a fortified city, held out against the Wei. However, the economic damage was immense. The barbarian troops laid waste to the provinces they had temporarily occupied, as described by <a href="/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>The Wei forces laid South Yan, Xu, North Yan, Yu, Qing, and Ji Provinces to waste. The Song deaths and injuries were innumerable. When Wei forces encountered Song young men, the forces quickly beheaded them or cut them in half. The infants were pierced through with spears, and the spears were then shaken so that the infants would scream as they were spun, for entertainment. The commanderies and counties that Wei forces went through were burned and slaughtered, and not even grass was left. When sparrows returned in the spring, they could not find houses to build nest on, so they had to do so in forests. Wei soldiers and horses also suffered casualties of more than half, and the Xianbei people were all complaining.</p></blockquote> <p>Sima Guang also pointed out the cause of Liu Song's disaster: </p> <blockquote><p> Every time Emperor Wen sent generals out on battles, he required them to follow the complete battle plans that he had drafted, and even the dates for battles needed approval from the emperor. Therefore, the generals all hesitated and could not make independent decisions. Further, the non-regular troops that he conscripted were not trained, and they rushed to advance when they were victorious and scattered when they were defeated. These were the two reasons why he failed, and from this point on, the state was in recession, and the Reign of Yuanjia was in decline.</p></blockquote> <p>Another historian, <a href="/wiki/Shen_Yue" title="Shen Yue">Shen Yue</a>, pointed out Emperor Wen was said to model his command on the great general <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han" title="Emperor Guangwu of Han">Emperor Guangwu of Han</a>, but he lacked the latter's command abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emperor Wen made another attempt to destroy Northern Wei in 452, but failed again. On returning to the capital, he was assassinated by the heir apparent, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shao_(Liu_Song)" title="Liu Shao (Liu Song)">Liu Shao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_of_Song-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Emperor_Xiaowu_and_Qianfei">Reign of Emperor Xiaowu and Qianfei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Song_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reign of Emperor Xiaowu and Qianfei" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Liu Shao's assassination of his father in 453 CE raised indignation across the empire, as it disobeyed one of Confucianism's fundamental principles, that of filial piety. Quickly, his brother Liu Jun rose against him, defeated him, and beheaded him. Once Liu Shao was killed. Liu Jun ascended to the throne and became Emperor Xiaowu. However, he was regarded as immoral and committed incest with his cousins and sisters, and reputed to have even done so with his mother. Nevertheless, his reign was a relatively peaceful one. </p><p>Following his death in 464 CE, Liu Jun passed his throne to his son, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Ziye" title="Liu Ziye">Liu Ziye</a>, who was generally regarded as a tyrant. He disrespected his father and was suspicious of his uncles, putting several of them to death. He continued the incestuous streak of his father, adopting several of his aunts and cousins as concubines. He was reputed to have ordered all of the princesses to come to his palace and have sexual intercourse with him. When one of his aunts refused, he executed her three sons. He also put to death a lady-in-waiting who bore a resemblance to a woman who cursed him in a dream. Eventually, one of his uncles could not bear it, rose up, and assassinated him.<sup id="cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_of_Song-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liu_Zixun's_rebellion"><span id="Liu_Zixun.27s_rebellion"></span>Liu Zixun's rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Song_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Liu Zixun's rebellion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Northern_Wei_and_Liu_Song_Dynasty_ja.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Map_of_Northern_Wei_and_Liu_Song_Dynasty_ja.png/300px-Map_of_Northern_Wei_and_Liu_Song_Dynasty_ja.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="606"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Map_of_Northern_Wei_and_Liu_Song_Dynasty_ja.png/300px-Map_of_Northern_Wei_and_Liu_Song_Dynasty_ja.png" data-width="300" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Map_of_Northern_Wei_and_Liu_Song_Dynasty_ja.png/450px-Map_of_Northern_Wei_and_Liu_Song_Dynasty_ja.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Map_of_Northern_Wei_and_Liu_Song_Dynasty_ja.png/600px-Map_of_Northern_Wei_and_Liu_Song_Dynasty_ja.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Liu Song coexisted with the Xianbei state of Northern Wei with the border at the Yellow river. That border was moved south to the Huai after the reign of Emperor Ming of Liu Song.</figcaption></figure> <p>The man who assassinated Qianfei quickly became emperor himself and declared himself emperor Ming. He ordered Liu Ziye's brother Liu Zishang and sister <a href="/wiki/Liu_Chuyu" title="Liu Chuyu">Liu Chuyu</a>, who were reputed to have participated in the late emperor's sexual immorality and tyrannical governance, to commit suicide. However, his claim to the throne was not accepted by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zixun" title="Liu Zixun">Liu Zixun</a>, one of his nephews, who then rose against him. </p><p>The civil war at first was a great success for Liu Zixun, who quickly overran nearly the entire empire. However, he moved too slowly. Emperor Ming quickly sent an army westward, captured <a href="/wiki/Kuaiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaiji">Kuaiji</a>, a vital food supply. Another of his generals captured Qianxi and cut off Liu Zixun's supplies. Starving, his troops collapsed and Liu Zixun was killed, aged just 10. </p><p>However, Emperor Ming grew arrogant and refused to grant a pardon to those who had supported Liu Ziye. This action was extremely detrimental to Liu Song and its successors, as the governors of the northern commandries, fearing their lives, surrendered to Wei rather than face execution at Jiankang. This resulted in the loss of the Chinese heartland and the most fertile and cultivated lands at that time. This loss would eventually lead to the destruction of the southern regime, and resulted in North China languishing under a barbarian yoke for another 150 years. Although Emperor Ming attempted to recover them, his attempts were defeated. </p><p>Emperor Ming's later reign was extremely brutal. Suspicious of his nephews, he had them all executed. Afraid of usurpation from rival members of the royal family, he executed thousands of members of the royal family, which was greatly weakened. Upon his death, his son had to be assisted by the general <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gao_of_Southern_Qi" title="Emperor Gao of Southern Qi">Xiao Daocheng</a>, as nearly all of Emperor Ming's brothers and nephews had been killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_of_Song-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_Liu_Song">Fall of Liu Song</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Song_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fall of Liu Song" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The successor to the emperor Ming, emperor Houfei, was resentful of the control Xiao Daocheng had over him and announced openly several times he would kill him. Fearful of his demise, Xiao had him assassinated and placed Emperor Shun on his throne. In 479, Xiao took the throne himself and declared himself Emperor of Qi, ending Liu Song. The ex-emperor Shun and his clan were soon put to the sword.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Liu Hui (刘辉) was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Song">Liu Song</a> royalty who fled north to the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> in exile and married the Xianbei Princess Lanling (蘭陵公主),<sup id="cite_ref-SwartzCampany2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwartzCampany2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> daughter of the Xianbei <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowen_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei">Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei</a>. More than fifty percent of Tuoba Xianbei princesses of the Northern Wei were married to southern Han Chinese men from the imperial families and aristocrats from southern China of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern dynasties">Southern dynasties</a> who defected and moved north to join the Northern Wei.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Literature_and_culture">Literature and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Song_dynasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literature and culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuning_-_eastern_qilin_-_P1060971.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Chuning_-_eastern_qilin_-_P1060971.JPG/220px-Chuning_-_eastern_qilin_-_P1060971.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Chuning_-_eastern_qilin_-_P1060971.JPG/220px-Chuning_-_eastern_qilin_-_P1060971.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Chuning_-_eastern_qilin_-_P1060971.JPG/330px-Chuning_-_eastern_qilin_-_P1060971.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Chuning_-_eastern_qilin_-_P1060971.JPG/440px-Chuning_-_eastern_qilin_-_P1060971.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The eastern <i><a href="/wiki/Qilin" title="Qilin">qilin</a></i> of the Chuning Tomb</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite, and certainly to some extent because of, the chaotic warfare between the Northern and Southern dynasties, the Liu Song produced much poetry (<i><a href="/wiki/Shi_(poetry)" title="Shi (poetry)">shi</a></i> 詩) notably the rhapsody, <i><a href="/wiki/Fu_(poetry)" title="Fu (poetry)">fu</a></i> 賦. The imperial house sponsored many literary works, and many wrote themselves. The court of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Wen of Liu Song">Emperor Wen</a> was especially active in literary circles, with Liu supporting the compilation of a large collection of short prose anecdotes, <i><a href="/wiki/A_New_Account_of_the_Tales_of_the_World" title="A New Account of the Tales of the World">A New Account of the Tales of the World</a></i> (<i>Shishuo Xinyu</i>). The "Three Giants of Yuanjia," <a href="/wiki/Bao_Zhao" title="Bao Zhao">Bao Zhao</a> (鮑照) (d. 466), <a href="/wiki/Xie_Lingyun" title="Xie Lingyun">Xie Lingyun</a> (謝霊運) (385–433 CE), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Yanzhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yan Yanzhi (page does not exist)">Yan Yanzhi</a> (顏延之) (384–456 CE) are among the best known poets of the Song, each of them being credited as the originators of the three major literary trends to follow.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Scientists and astronomers were also active during periods of relative peace. Buddhism also began to be better understood and more widely practised at this time, and some officials such as Xie Lingyun, were Buddhists. </p><p>Liu Song sculptors may have created a number of <a href="/wiki/Spirit_way" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit way">spirit way</a> ensembles, generally characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Six_Dynasties" title="Six Dynasties">Six Dynasties</a> era, for the tombs of the dynasty's emperors and other dignitaries. However, according to a survey of the extant <a href="/wiki/Six_Dynasties" title="Six Dynasties">Six Dynasties</a>' sculpture in the Nanjing and Danyang areas, only one of the extant Six Dynasties' tomb sculptural groups has been securely identified as belonging to the Liu Song: the Chuning Tomb of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Wu of Liu Song">first emperor</a> of the dynasty. Two <i><a href="/wiki/Qilin" title="Qilin">qilin</a></i> statues of this tomb survive in the appropriately named Qilin Town in Nanjing's suburban <a href="/wiki/Jiangning_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangning District">Jiangning District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 440 CE, the dynasty changed its official religion to Taoism, replacing Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Science">Science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Song_dynasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Science" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Zu_Chongzhi" title="Zu Chongzhi">Zu Chongzhi</a>, a noted astronomer, lived during the Liu Song period. He was noted for calculating <a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">pi</a> to seven decimal places and as the author of a variety of other astronomical theories. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Table_of_successions">Table of successions<span class="anchor" id="Rulers"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Song_dynasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Table of successions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Sovereigns of Liu Song dynasty (420–479 CE) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese family name">Family name</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">given names</a> </th> <th>Period of reigns </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Era names</a> and their according range of years </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Song" title="Emperor Wu of Song">Wu</a>, 武 </td> <td>Gaozu (高祖) </td> <td>Liu Yu, 劉裕 </td> <td>420–422 CE </td> <td>Yongchu (永初) 420–422<br> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shao_of_Song" title="Emperor Shao of Song">Liu Yifu</a>, 劉義符 </td> <td>423–424 CE </td> <td>Jingping (景平) 423–424<br> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Song" title="Emperor Wen of Song">Wen</a>, 文 </td> <td>Taizu (太祖) or Zhongzong (中宗) </td> <td>Liu Yilong, 劉義隆 </td> <td>424–453 </td> <td>Yuanjia (元嘉) 424–453<br> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shao_(Liu_Song)" title="Liu Shao (Liu Song)">Liu Shao</a>, 劉劭 </td> <td>453 </td> <td>Taichu (太初) 453 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowu_of_Song" title="Emperor Xiaowu of Song">Xiaowu</a>, 孝武 </td> <td>Shizu 世祖 </td> <td>Liu Jun, 劉駿 </td> <td>453–464 </td> <td>Xiaojian (孝建) 454–456 CE<br>Daming (大明) 457–464<br> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liu_Ziye" title="Liu Ziye">Liu Ziye</a>, 劉子業 </td> <td>464–465 </td> <td>Yongguang (永光) 465 CE<br>Jinghe (景和) 465<br> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Song" title="Emperor Ming of Song">Ming</a>, 明 </td> <td>Taizong (太宗) </td> <td>Liu Yu, 劉彧 </td> <td>465<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–472 </td> <td>Taishi (泰始) 465–471 CE<br>Taiyu (泰豫) 472<br> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latter_Deposed_Emperor_of_Liu_Song" title="Latter Deposed Emperor of Liu Song">Liu Yu</a>, 劉昱 </td> <td>473–477 CE </td> <td>Yuanhui (元徽) 473–477 CE<br> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shun_of_Song" title="Emperor Shun of Song">Shun</a>, 順 </td> <td>– </td> <td>Liu Zhun, 劉準 </td> <td>477–479 CE </td> <td>Shengming (昇明) 477–479 CE<br> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Liu_Song_family_tree">Liu Song family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Song_dynasty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Liu Song family tree" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:auto; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Liu Song </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:108%;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Liu Yu 刘裕 (363–422)<br><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu_Yu_(Song_Wudi).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Liu_Yu_%28Song_Wudi%29.jpg/65px-Liu_Yu_%28Song_Wudi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="74" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1698"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 74px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Liu_Yu_%28Song_Wudi%29.jpg/65px-Liu_Yu_%28Song_Wudi%29.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="74" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Liu_Yu_%28Song_Wudi%29.jpg/98px-Liu_Yu_%28Song_Wudi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Liu_Yu_%28Song_Wudi%29.jpg/130px-Liu_Yu_%28Song_Wudi%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span><br><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Wu of Liu Song">Wudi</a><br></b> (r. 420–422)<sup><b>1</b></sup></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap">Liu Yifu 刘义符 (406–424) <br><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shao_of_Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Shao of Liu Song">Shao</a><br></b> (r. 423–424)<sup><b>2</b></sup> </span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap">Liu Yilong 刘义隆 (407–453)<br><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu_Yilong_(Emperor_Wen_of_Liu_Song).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Liu_Yilong_%28Emperor_Wen_of_Liu_Song%29.jpg/65px-Liu_Yilong_%28Emperor_Wen_of_Liu_Song%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="86" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="1308"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 86px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Liu_Yilong_%28Emperor_Wen_of_Liu_Song%29.jpg/65px-Liu_Yilong_%28Emperor_Wen_of_Liu_Song%29.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="86" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Liu_Yilong_%28Emperor_Wen_of_Liu_Song%29.jpg/98px-Liu_Yilong_%28Emperor_Wen_of_Liu_Song%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Liu_Yilong_%28Emperor_Wen_of_Liu_Song%29.jpg/130px-Liu_Yilong_%28Emperor_Wen_of_Liu_Song%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span><br><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Wen of Liu Song">Wen</a><br></b> (r. 424–453)<sup><b>3</b></sup> </span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yikang" title="Liu Yikang">Liu Yikang</a><br>劉義康 (409–451)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shao_(Liu_Song)" title="Liu Shao (Liu Song)">Liu Shao</a><br></b> 刘劭<br>426–453; r. 453<sup><b>4</b></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Liu Jun (430–464)<br><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowu_of_Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song">Xiaowu</a><br></b> (r. 453–464)<sup><b>5</b></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jun,_Prince_Shixing" title="Liu Jun, Prince Shixing">Liu Jun</a><br> 劉濬 (429–453)<br>Prince Shixing</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap">Liu Yu 刘彧 (439–472)<br><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Ming of Liu Song">Ming</a><br></b> (r. 465–472)<sup><b>7</b></sup></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px">Liu Xiufan 刘休范 <br>(448–474)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap">Liu Ziye 刘子业 (449–466)<br><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AE%8B%E5%89%8D%E5%BB%A2%E5%B8%9D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%E5%AE%8B%E5%89%8D%E5%BB%A2%E5%B8%9D.jpg/65px-%E5%AE%8B%E5%89%8D%E5%BB%A2%E5%B8%9D.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="641"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%E5%AE%8B%E5%89%8D%E5%BB%A2%E5%B8%9D.jpg/65px-%E5%AE%8B%E5%89%8D%E5%BB%A2%E5%B8%9D.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%E5%AE%8B%E5%89%8D%E5%BB%A2%E5%B8%9D.jpg/98px-%E5%AE%8B%E5%89%8D%E5%BB%A2%E5%B8%9D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%E5%AE%8B%E5%89%8D%E5%BB%A2%E5%B8%9D.jpg/130px-%E5%AE%8B%E5%89%8D%E5%BB%A2%E5%B8%9D.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span><br><b><a href="/wiki/Former_Deposed_Emperor_of_Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Deposed Emperor of Liu Song">Qianfei</a><br></b> (r. 464–466)<sup><b>6</b></sup> </span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zixun" title="Liu Zixun">Liu Zixun</a><br></b> (劉子勛) <br>(456–466; r. 466)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap">Liu Yu (劉昱) (463–477)<br><b><a href="/wiki/Latter_Deposed_Emperor_of_Liu_Song" title="Latter Deposed Emperor of Liu Song">Houfei</a><br></b> (r. 472–477)<sup><b>8</b></sup></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap">Liu Zhun (劉準) (469–479) <br><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shun_of_Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Shun of Liu Song">Shun</a><br></b> (r. 477–479)<sup><b>9</b></sup> </span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Song_dynasty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_sovereign" title="Chinese sovereign">Chinese sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Dynasties" title="Six Dynasties">Six Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern and Northern Dynasties">Southern and Northern Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bronze Age States">List of Bronze Age States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Classical_Age_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Classical Age States">List of Classical Age States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iron_Age_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iron Age States">List of Iron Age States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_great_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pre-modern great powers">List of pre-modern great powers</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Song_dynasty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emperor Xiaowu's son <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zixun" title="Liu Zixun">Liu Zixun</a> (Emperor Qianfei's brother) was declared emperor in spring 466 and received pledges of allegiance from the vast majority of provinces, but was defeated by Emperor Ming's forces and executed by Emperor Ming's general <a href="/wiki/Shen_Youzhi" title="Shen Youzhi">Shen Youzhi</a> in fall 466 CE.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Song_dynasty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Song_dynasty&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7119" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷119">vol. 119</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Southern_Qi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Southern Qi">Book of Southern Qi</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B71" class="extiw" title="zh:s:http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/南齊書/卷1">vol. 1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">（梁）裴子野，《宋略‧總論》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">徐俊. 中国古代王朝和政权名号探源. 湖北武昌: 华中师范大学出版社. 2000年11月: 142–144. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5622-2277-0" title="Special:BookSources/7-5622-2277-0">7-5622-2277-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">（梁）裴子野，《宋略‧總論》：「永初末歲，天子負扆矜懷，以燕、代戎幄，岐、梁重梗，將誓六師，屠桑乾而境北狄，三事大夫顧相謂曰：『待夫振旅凱入，乘轅南返，請具銀繩瓊檢，告報東嶽。』既而洮弗不興，即年厭世」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Song" title="Book of Song">Book of Song</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%AE%8B%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B71" class="extiw" title="zh:s:宋書/卷1">vol. 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Book_of_Song-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Book_of_Song_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Book of Song</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zizhi Tongjian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">川本『中国の歴史、中華の崩壊と拡大、魏晋南北朝』、p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SwartzCampany2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SwartzCampany2013_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2014">Lee (2014)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BdtBAAAAYAAJ&q=liu+hui+wei+princess"><i>Papers on Far Eastern History</i></a>. Australian National University, Department of Far Eastern History. 1983. p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+on+Far+Eastern+History&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Australian+National+University%2C+Department+of+Far+Eastern+History.&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBdtBAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dliu%2Bhui%2Bwei%2Bprincess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Song+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinsch2018" class="citation book cs1">Hinsch, Bret (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=84BqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97"><i>Women in Early Medieval China</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1538117972" title="Special:BookSources/978-1538117972"><bdi>978-1538117972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Early+Medieval+China&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1538117972&rft.aulast=Hinsch&rft.aufirst=Bret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D84BqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Song+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinsch2016" class="citation book cs1">Hinsch, Bret (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1L7kDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72"><i>Women in Imperial China</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442271661" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442271661"><bdi>978-1442271661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Imperial+China&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1442271661&rft.aulast=Hinsch&rft.aufirst=Bret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1L7kDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Song+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lee, Jen-der (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC&pg=PA161">"9. Crime and Punishment The Case of Liu Hui in the Wei Shu"</a>. In Swartz, Wendy; Campany, Robert Ford; Lu, Yang; Choo, Jessey (eds.). <i>Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook</i> (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 156–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231531009" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231531009"><bdi>978-0231531009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.+Crime+and+Punishment+The+Case+of+Liu+Hui+in+the+Wei+Shu&rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+China%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=156-165&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0231531009&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jen-der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAeiIl2y6vJQC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Song+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_National_University._Dept._of_Far_Eastern_History1983" class="citation book cs1">Australian National University. Dept. of Far Eastern History (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BdtBAAAAYAAJ&q=liu+hui+lanling"><i>Papers on Far Eastern History, Volumes 27–30</i></a>. Australian National University, Department of Far Eastern History. pp. 86, 87, 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+on+Far+Eastern+History%2C+Volumes+27%E2%80%9330&rft.pages=86%2C+87%2C+88&rft.pub=Australian+National+University%2C+Department+of+Far+Eastern+History.&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Australian+National+University.+Dept.+of+Far+Eastern+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBdtBAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dliu%2Bhui%2Blanling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Song+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang1953" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Yi-t’ung (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718246">"Slaves and Other Comparable Social Groups During The Northern Dynasties (386–618)"</a>. <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (3/4). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718246">10.2307/2718246</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718246">2718246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=Slaves+and+Other+Comparable+Social+Groups+During+The+Northern+Dynasties+%28386%E2%80%93618%29&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=322&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2718246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2718246%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Yi-t%E2%80%99ung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2718246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Song+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTang2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Tang, Qiaomei (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/33493331/TANG-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y"><i>Divorce and the Divorced Woman in Early Medieval China (First through Sixth Century)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (A dissertation presented by Qiaomei Tang to The Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of East Asian Languages and Civilizations). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. pp. 151, 152, 153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Divorce+and+the+Divorced+Woman+in+Early+Medieval+China+%28First+through+Sixth+Century%29&rft.inst=Harvard+University&rft.date=2016-05&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=Qiaomei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F33493331%2FTANG-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf%3Fsequence%3D4%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Song+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiang_Baiquan_(梁白泉)1998" class="citation cs2">Liang Baiquan (梁白泉) (1998), <i>南京的六朝时刻 </i>Nanjing-de Liu Chao Shike<i> (Nanjing's Six Dynasties' Sculptures)</i>, 南京出版社 (Nanjing Press), pp. 53–55, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-80614-376-9" title="Special:BookSources/7-80614-376-9"><bdi>7-80614-376-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AD%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%B6%E5%88%BB+Nanjing-de+Liu+Chao+Shike+%28Nanjing%27s+Six+Dynasties%27+Sculptures%29&rft.pages=53-55&rft.pub=%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE+%28Nanjing+Press%29&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=7-80614-376-9&rft.au=Liang+Baiquan+%28%E6%A2%81%E7%99%BD%E6%B3%89%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Song+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntoshChrispParkerGibson2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_McIntosh" title="Jane McIntosh">McIntosh, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrisp" title="Peter Chrisp">Chrisp, Peter</a>; Parker, Philip; Gibson, Carrie; Grant, R. G.; Regan, Sally (2014). <i>History of the World in 1,000 Objects</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/DK_(publisher)" title="DK (publisher)">DK</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a>. p. 407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-2289-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-2289-7"><bdi>978-1-4654-2289-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+World+in+1%2C000+Objects&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=407&rft.pub=DK+and+the+Smithsonian&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4654-2289-7&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Chrisp%2C+Peter&rft.au=Parker%2C+Philip&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Carrie&rft.au=Grant%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Regan%2C+Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Song+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Song_dynasty&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" 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class="extiw" title="s:zh:宋書">Book of Song</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Chinese <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="zh" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91" class="extiw" title="s:zh:資治通鑑">Zizhi Tongjian</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Song" title="Book of Song">Book of Song</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southern_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Southern Dynasties">History of Southern Dynasties</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061006204552/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/index.htm">available</a> at <a href="/wiki/National_Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="National Sun Yat-sen University">National Sun Yat-sen University</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2014" class="citation cs2">Lee Jen-der (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffEYBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA156">"Crime and Punishment: The Case of Liu Hui in the <i>Wei Shu</i>"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC"><i>Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook</i></a>, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 156–165, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15987-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15987-6"><bdi>978-0-231-15987-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crime+and+Punishment%3A+The+Case+of+Liu+Hui+in+the+Wei+Shu&rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+China%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=156-165&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-231-15987-6&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jen-der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffEYBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiu+Song+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, vols. 119 to 134.</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Remsense" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1732250351"> <span>Last edited on 22 November 2024, at 04:39</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="سلالة ليو سونغ الحاكمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة ليو سونغ الحاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2u_S%C3%B2ng" title="Lâu Sòng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâu Sòng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierniezh_Liu_Song" title="Tierniezh Liu Song – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tierniezh Liu Song" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Liu_Song" title="Dinastia Liu Song – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Liu Song" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%BChere_Song-Dynastie" title="Frühere Song-Dynastie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frühere Song-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Liu_Song" title="Dinastía Liu Song – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Liu Song" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Liu_Song" title="Dinastio Liu Song – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinastio Liu Song" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دودمان لیو سونگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان لیو سونگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Song_du_Sud_(420-479)" title="Dynastie Song du Sud (420-479) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Song du Sud (420-479)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%BB-S%C3%B9ng" title="Liû-Sùng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Liû-Sùng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%A1_(%EB%82%A8%EC%A1%B0)" title="송 (남조) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="송 (남조)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Song" title="Liu Song – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Liu Song" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Liu_Song" title="Dinasti Liu Song – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Liu Song" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Liu_Song" title="Dinastia Liu Song – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Liu Song" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Song" title="Liu Song – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liu Song" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Лю Сун улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лю Сун улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Song-dynastie" title="Liu Song-dynastie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Liu Song-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)" title="宋 (南朝) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宋 (南朝)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_tidlige_Song-dynasti" title="Det tidlige Song-dynasti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det tidlige Song-dynasti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_(sulola)" title="Sun (sulola) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sun (sulola)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Liu_Song" title="Dynastia Liu Song – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Liu Song" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Лю Сун – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лю Сун" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Lju_Song" title="Dinastija Lju Song – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dinastija Lju Song" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتی لیو سۆنگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتی لیو سۆنگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Liu_Song" title="Dinastija Liu Song – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Liu Song" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu-Song-dynastia" title="Liu-Song-dynastia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liu-Song-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Song" title="Liu Song – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Liu Song" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="ราชวงศ์หลิวซ่ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์หลิวซ่ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Song_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Liu Song Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Liu Song Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Лю Сун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лю Сун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C6%B0u_T%E1%BB%91ng" title="Lưu Tống – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lưu Tống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%AE%8B" title="劉宋 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="劉宋" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%AE%8B" title="刘宋 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="刘宋" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%AE%8B" title="劉宋 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="劉宋" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%AE%8B" title="刘宋 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="刘宋" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 04:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li 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