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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Post World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Early 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposals_for_closer_union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposals_for_closer_union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Proposals for closer union</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposals_for_closer_union-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proposals for closer union subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proposals_for_closer_union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_federalist_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_federalist_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>European federalist organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_federalist_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Union_of_European_Federalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_of_European_Federalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Union of European Federalists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_of_European_Federalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Movement_International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Movement_International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>European Movement International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Movement_International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Federalist_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Federalist_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>European Federalist Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Federalist_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stand_Up_for_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stand_Up_for_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Stand Up for Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stand_Up_for_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volt_Europa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volt_Europa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Volt Europa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volt_Europa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Politicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guy_Verhofstadt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guy_Verhofstadt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Guy Verhofstadt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guy_Verhofstadt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viviane_Reding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viviane_Reding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Viviane Reding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viviane_Reding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matteo_Renzi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matteo_Renzi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Matteo Renzi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matteo_Renzi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martin_Schulz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martin_Schulz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Martin Schulz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martin_Schulz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Notable individuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Freddy_Heineken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freddy_Heineken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Freddy Heineken</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freddy_Heineken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Predictions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Predictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Predictions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Predictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Future_superpower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_superpower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Future superpower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_superpower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skepticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skepticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Skepticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skepticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Polls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Europe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Europa" title="Verenigde State van Europa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verenigde State van Europa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الولايات المتحدة الأوروبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الولايات المتحدة الأوروبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaoanigte_Stootn_vo_Eiropa" title="Vaoanigte Stootn vo Eiropa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vaoanigte Stootn vo Eiropa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27Europa" title="Estats Units d'Europa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estats Units d'Europa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%C4%95%D0%BD%D0%BD%C4%95_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Европăри Пĕрлешĕннĕ Штатсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Европăри Пĕрлешĕннĕ Штатсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_st%C3%A1ty_evropsk%C3%A9" title="Spojené státy evropské – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spojené státy evropské" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europas_Forenede_Stater" title="Europas Forenede Stater – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Europas Forenede Stater" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigte_Staaten_von_Europa" title="Vereinigte Staaten von Europa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vereinigte Staaten von Europa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Ευρώπης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Ευρώπης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidos_de_Europa" title="Estados Unidos de Europa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estados Unidos de Europa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unui%C4%9Dintaj_%C5%9Ctatoj_de_E%C5%ADropo" title="Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Eŭropo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Eŭropo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="فدراسیون اروپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فدراسیون اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis_d%27Europe" title="États-Unis d'Europe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="États-Unis d'Europe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD_%ED%95%A9%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD" title="유럽 합중국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유럽 합중국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa_Serikat" title="Eropa Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eropa Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_Uniti_d%27Europa" title="Stati Uniti d'Europa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stati Uniti d'Europa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenegt_Staate_vun_Europa" title="Vereenegt Staate vun Europa – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vereenegt Staate vun Europa" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok" title="Európai Egyesült Államok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Európai Egyesült Államok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigde_Staten_van_Europa" title="Verenigde Staten van Europa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verenigde Staten van Europa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%B7%9E%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD" title="欧州合衆国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="欧州合衆国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Estats Units d'Euròpa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estats Units d'Euròpa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone_Europy" title="Stany Zjednoczone Europy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stany Zjednoczone Europy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Europeia" title="Federação Europeia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Federação Europeia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Europei" title="Statele Unite ale Europei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Statele Unite ale Europei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg/150px-Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg/225px-Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg/300px-Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003399; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Schengen Area</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a050ff; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Schengen Area<br />(air and maritime borders only)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#46a43b; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Countries with open borders to the Schengen area</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd617; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Member of the EU committed by treaty to join the Schengen Area in the future</div></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Economic_Area_member_states.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/European_Economic_Area_member_states.svg/150px-European_Economic_Area_member_states.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/European_Economic_Area_member_states.svg/225px-European_Economic_Area_member_states.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/European_Economic_Area_member_states.svg/300px-European_Economic_Area_member_states.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003399; color:white;"> </span> European Union (provisionally applied in Croatia)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#276d3a; color:white;"> </span> Iceland, Norway (without Svalbard) and Liechtenstein</div></div></div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>federal Europe</b>, also referred to as the <b>United States of Europe</b> (<b>USE</b>), <b>European State</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a <b>European federation</b>, is a hypothetical scenario of <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> leading to the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> <a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">superstate</a> (similar to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a>), organised as a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member countries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), as contemplated by political scientists, politicians, geographers, historians, futurologists and fiction writers. At present, while the EU is not a federation, various academic observers regard it as having some of the characteristics of a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keleman_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keleman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" title="Ideas of European unity before 1948">Ideas of European unity before 1948</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></div> <p>Various versions of the concept have developed over the centuries, many of which are mutually incompatible (inclusion or exclusion of the United Kingdom, secular or religious union, etc.). Such proposals include those from Bohemian King <a href="/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady" title="George of Poděbrady">George of Poděbrady</a> in 1464;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Duc_de_Sully" class="mw-redirect" title="Duc de Sully">Duc de Sully</a> of France in the seventeenth century;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the plan of <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> founder of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, for the establishment of a "European Dyet, Parliament or Estates".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> also allegedly voiced support for a "United States of Europe",<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the authenticity of this statement has been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Felix_Markham" title="Felix Markham">Felix Markham</a> notes how during a conversation on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">St. Helena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> remarked: "Europe thus divided into nationalities freely formed and free internally, peace between States would have become easier: the United States of Europe would become a possibility".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "United States of Europe" was also the name of the concept presented by <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jastrz%C4%99bowski" title="Wojciech Jastrzębowski">Wojciech Jastrzębowski</a> in <i>About eternal peace between the nations</i>, published 31 May 1831. The project consisted of 77 articles. The envisioned United States of Europe was to be an international organisation rather than a superstate. <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a>, an early advocate of a "United States of Europe" regarded European unification as a logical continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">unification of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mazzini created the <a href="/wiki/Young_Europe" title="Young Europe">Young Europe</a> movement. </p><p>The term "United States of Europe" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">États-Unis d'Europe</i>) was used by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, including during a speech at the <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Congress" title="International Peace Congress">International Peace Congress</a> held in Paris in 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hugo favoured the creation of "a supreme, sovereign senate, which will be to Europe what parliament is to England" and said: "A day will come when all nations on our continent will form a European brotherhood ... A day will come when we shall see ... the United States of America and the United States of Europe face to face, reaching out for each other across the seas". During his exile from France, Hugo planted a tree in the grounds of his residence on the Island of <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> and was noted in saying that when this tree matured the United States of Europe would have come into being. This tree to this day is still growing in the gardens of Maison de Hauteville, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">St. Peter Port</a>, Guernsey. </p><p>In 1867, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> joined Victor Hugo at the first congress of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Peace_and_Freedom" title="League of Peace and Freedom">League of Peace and Freedom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>. Here the anarchist <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> stated: "That in order to achieve the triumph of liberty, justice and peace in the international relations of Europe, and to render civil war impossible among the various peoples who make up the European family, only a single course lies open: to constitute the United States of Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">French National Assembly</a> also called for a United States of Europe on 1 March 1871.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="dubious (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Under a capitalist regime, the United States of Europe are either impossible or reactionary." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">V. I. Lenin</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">communist revolution</a> in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> foresaw a "Federated Republic of Europe — the United States of Europe", created by the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, some thinkers and visionaries again began to float the idea of a politically unified Europe. A Pan-European movement gained some momentum from the 1920s with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a>'s 1923 manifesto <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi#Pan-European_political_activist" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Paneuropa</a></i>, which presented the idea of a unified European State. This movement, led by Coudenhove-Kalergi and subsequently by <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a>, is the oldest European unification movement.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923, the Austrian Count <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Pan-Europa Movement</a> and hosted the First Paneuropean Congress, held in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim was for a Europe based on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_responsibility" title="Social responsibility">social responsibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-paneuropa.org_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paneuropa.org-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_1928_RV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coin with a map of Europe and surrounding areas with "Europa" written over the map and "États fédérés D' Europe 1928" around the map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Europa_1928_RV.jpg/220px-Europa_1928_RV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Europa_1928_RV.jpg/330px-Europa_1928_RV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Europa_1928_RV.jpg/440px-Europa_1928_RV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>Coin created to promote European Federation in 1928</figcaption></figure> <p>His ideas influenced <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="French Prime Minister">French Prime Minister</a>, who gave on 8 September 1929 a speech before the Assembly of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in which he proposed the idea of a federation of European nations based on solidarity and in the pursuit of economic prosperity and political and social co-operation. At the League's request, Briand presented in 1930 his "Memorandum on the Organization of a Regime of European Federal Union" for the Government of France.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1930s, French politician <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a> and British civil servant <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Salter,_1st_Baron_Salter" title="Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter">Arthur Salter</a> both penned books titled <i>The United States of Europe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> After the First World War, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> had seen continental Europe as a source of threats and sought to avoid the United Kingdom's involvement in European conflicts. On 15 February 1930, Churchill commented in the American journal <i><a href="/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post" title="The Saturday Evening Post">The Saturday Evening Post</a></i> that a "European Union" was possible between continental states, but without the United Kingdom's involvement: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We see nothing but good and hope in a richer, freer, more contented European commonality. But we have our own dream and our own task. We are with Europe, but not of it. We are linked but not compromised. We are interested and associated but not absorbed.<sup id="cite_ref-Biddeleux_2002_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biddeleux_2002-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>During the 1930s, Churchill was influenced by and became an advocate of the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> though Churchill did not advocate the United Kingdom's membership of such a union. (Churchill revisited the idea in 1946). </p><p>During the World War II victories of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1940, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> stated that "the hand of God is creating a new world & working miracles. ... We are becoming the United States of Europe under German leadership, a united European Continent".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1941, the Italian anti-fascists <a href="/wiki/Altiero_Spinelli" title="Altiero Spinelli">Altiero Spinelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Rossi_(politician)" title="Ernesto Rossi (politician)">Ernesto Rossi</a> finished writing the <a href="/wiki/Ventotene_Manifesto" title="Ventotene Manifesto">Ventotene Manifesto</a>, encouraging a federation of European states.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Confederation_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="European Confederation (1943)">European Confederation</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Europäischer Staatenbund</i>) was a proposed political institution of European unity, which was to be part of a wider restructuring (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Neuordnung</i></span>). Proposed by German Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> in March 1943, the concept was rejected by Führer <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1943 the Italian Fascists proposed the creation of a 'European Community' free of British 'intrigues' at their <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Verona_(1943)" title="Congress of Verona (1943)">Congress of Verona</a> in their newly declared Salo Republic (Mussolini having been rescued from captivity). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_World_War_II">Post World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Churchill used the term "United States of Europe" in a speech delivered on 19 September 1946 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zurich" title="University of Zurich">University of Zurich</a>, Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this speech given after the end of the Second World War, Churchill concluded: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We must build a kind of United States of Europe. In this way only will hundreds of millions of toilers be able to regain the simple joys and hopes which make life worth living.<sup id="cite_ref-Churchill_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Churchill-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While Churchill advocated a united Europe, he saw Britain and its Commonwealth, along with the United States of America, and Soviet Russia as "the friends and sponsors of the new Europe", separate to a United States of Europe led by France and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Churchill_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Churchill-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as 21 October 1942, in a minute to his Foreign Secretary, Winston Churchill had written, "I look forward to a United States of Europe in which the barriers between the nations will be greatly minimised and unrestricted travel will be possible".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Churchill's was a more cautious approach ("the unionist position") to European integration than was the continental approach that was known as "the federalist position".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDinan200514–15_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDinan200514–15-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federalists advocated full integration with a constitution, while the Unionist United Europe Movement advocated a consultative body; the Federalists prevailed at the Congress of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDinan200514–15_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDinan200514–15-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary accomplishment of the Congress of Europe was the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>, which predates the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDinan200515_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDinan200515-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Union_Movement" title="Union Movement">Union Movement</a> was a British party founded by <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a> after the dissolution of his <a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a>. Mosley first presented his idea of "<a href="/wiki/Europe_a_Nation" title="Europe a Nation">Europe a Nation</a>" in his book <i>The Alternative</i> in 1947. He argued that the traditional vision of nationalism that had been followed by the various shades of pre-war fascism had been too narrow in scope and that the post-war era required a new paradigm in which Europe would come together as a single state. In October 1948 when Mosley called for elections to a European Assembly as the first step towards his vision.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris31_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris31-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa</a></i> was a German magazine inspired by Mosley's ideas, founded in 1951 by former <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ehrhardt" title="Arthur Ehrhardt">Arthur Ehrhardt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Boehme" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Boehme">Herbert Boehme</a> with the support of <a href="/wiki/Carl-Ehrenfried_Carlberg" title="Carl-Ehrenfried Carlberg">Carl-Ehrenfried Carlberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosley would establish the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Europe" title="National Party of Europe">National Party of Europe</a> and his journal called The European. </p><p>By the 1950s and 1960s, Europe saw the emergence of two different projects, the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> and the much more political <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_21st_century">Early 21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individuals such as the former <a href="/wiki/German_Foreign_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="German Foreign Minister">German Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Joschka_Fischer" title="Joschka Fischer">Joschka Fischer</a> have said (in 2000) that he believes that in the end, the EU must become a single <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>, with its political leader chosen by direct elections among all of its citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_European_Superstate_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_European_Superstate-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, claims that the then-proposed <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Treaty of Nice</a> aimed to create a "European superstate" were rejected by former United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner">European Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten</a> and by many member-state governments.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_European_Superstate_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_European_Superstate-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the post "<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Union" title="President of the European Union">President of the European Union</a>" does not exist, nor are there any plans that it should do so.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposals_for_closer_union">Proposals for closer union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Proposals for closer union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement of the European Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_future_possible_members_2.0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/European_Union_future_possible_members_2.0.svg/220px-European_Union_future_possible_members_2.0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/European_Union_future_possible_members_2.0.svg/330px-European_Union_future_possible_members_2.0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/European_Union_future_possible_members_2.0.svg/440px-European_Union_future_possible_members_2.0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Countries that could join the European Union <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003399; color:white;"> </span> Current members</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#46a43b; color:black;"> </span> Candidates</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd617; color:black;"> </span> Applicants</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F29527; color:black;"> </span> Membership possible</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c39467; color:black;"> </span> Countries located (at least partially) in Europe</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#da2131; color:white;"> </span> Application rejected by the European Council</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states of the European Union</a> have many common policies within the EU and on behalf of the EU that are sometimes suggestive of a single state. It has a common policy-setting body, the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> (of national Heads of Government) that defines the overall political direction and priorities of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. It has a common executive (the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>) to oversee execution of policies and to verify compliance with Treaty obligations, including a single <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_for_the_Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy">High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy</a>. It has a common <a href="/wiki/European_Security_and_Defence_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="European Security and Defence Policy">European Security and Defence Policy</a>, a single internal market for goods and services, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">freedom of movement</a> of persons for work, a <a href="/wiki/European_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="European citizenship">European citizenship</a> granting European rights, a supreme court (<a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> – but only in matters of <a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">European Union law</a> or areas affected by it), a common legislature in the form of the directly elected <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_EU" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of the EU">Council of the EU</a> (of national ministers, one Council for each policy area) representing Member States, and numerous agencies and other bodies to implement European law and coordinate policies (such as EIROforum in research, with members like <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>European Law also takes precedence over national law in all areas granted to it by member states (but not otherwise), ranging from energy and environmental policy to consumer rights and criminal justice. There are few domestic policies that are not impacted in some way by European Law agreed by the legislative bodies. The <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> is often referred to as the "single European currency", which has been officially adopted by twenty <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">EU countries</a> while two other member countries of the European Union have linked their currencies to the euro in <a href="/wiki/ERM_II" class="mw-redirect" title="ERM II">ERM II</a>. Then non-EU member states of <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> concluded monetary agreements with the EU on the usage of the euro. The non-EU member states of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> adopted the euro unilaterally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schengen_area_single_entity.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Schengen_area_single_entity.PNG/150px-Schengen_area_single_entity.PNG" decoding="async" width="150" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Schengen_area_single_entity.PNG/225px-Schengen_area_single_entity.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Schengen_area_single_entity.PNG/300px-Schengen_area_single_entity.PNG 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurozone_single_entity.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Eurozone_single_entity.PNG/150px-Eurozone_single_entity.PNG" decoding="async" width="150" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Eurozone_single_entity.PNG/225px-Eurozone_single_entity.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Eurozone_single_entity.PNG/300px-Eurozone_single_entity.PNG 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Several pan-European institutions exist separate from the EU. The <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> counts almost all EU member states in its membership, but it is independent of the EU and its membership includes nations that are not EU members, notably Switzerland, Norway and as a result of <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>, the United Kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> (not to be confused with the European Court of Justice) is also independent of the EU. It is an element of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, which like ESA counts EU members and non-members alike in its membership. The <a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a> is an intergovernmental organization which was founded in 2022 and calls for greater cooperation among European nations, with 47 European states participating. </p><p>At present, the European Union is a free association of sovereign states (a de facto, but not de jure, confederation) designed to further their shared aims.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other than the vague aim of "ever closer union" in the <a href="/wiki/Solemn_Declaration_on_European_Union" title="Solemn Declaration on European Union">Solemn Declaration on European Union</a>, the EU (meaning its member governments) has no current policy to form a federal union. However, in the past <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a>, a person associated with the EU and its predecessor the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>, did make such proposals. A wide range of other terms are in use to describe the possible future political structure of Europe as a whole and/or the EU. Some of them, such as "United Europe", are used often and in such varied contexts, but they have no definite constitutional status. </p><p>In the United States of America, the concept enters serious discussions of whether a unified Europe is feasible and what impact increased European unity would have on the United States of America's relative political and economic power. Glyn Morgan, a <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> associate professor of government and social studies, uses it unapologetically in the title of his book <i>The Idea of a European Superstate: Public Justification and European Integration.</i> While Morgan's text focuses on the security implications of a unified Europe, a number of other recent texts focus on the economic implications of such an entity. Important recent texts here include <a href="/wiki/T._R._Reid" title="T. R. Reid">T. R. Reid</a>'s <i>The United States of Europe</i> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Rifkin" title="Jeremy Rifkin">Jeremy Rifkin</a>'s <i>The European Dream.</i> Neither the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i> nor the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicle of Higher Education">Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i> doubt the appropriateness of the term in their reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_federalist_organisations">European federalist organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: European federalist organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various federalist organisations have been created over time supporting the idea of a federal Europe. These include the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_European_Federalists" title="Union of European Federalists">Union of European Federalists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Movement_International" title="European Movement International">European Movement International</a>, the (former) <a href="/wiki/European_Federalist_Party" title="European Federalist Party">European Federalist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stand_Up_For_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand Up For Europe">Stand Up For Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volt_Europa" title="Volt Europa">Volt Europa</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Union_of_European_Federalists">Union of European Federalists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Union of European Federalists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_European_Federalists" title="Union of European Federalists">Union of European Federalists</a> (UEF) is a European non-governmental organisation campaigning for a Federal Europe. It consists of 20 constituent organisations and it has been active at the European, national and local levels for more than 50 years. A young branch called the <a href="/wiki/Young_European_Federalists" title="Young European Federalists">Young European Federalists</a> also exists in 30 countries of Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Movement_International">European Movement International</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: European Movement International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Movement_International" title="European Movement International">European Movement International</a> is a lobbying association that coordinates the efforts of associations and national councils with the goal of promoting European integration, and disseminating information about it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Federalist_Party">European Federalist Party</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: European Federalist Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Federalist_Party" title="European Federalist Party">European Federalist Party</a> was a pro-European, pan-European and federalist political party from 2011 to 2016 which advocated further integration of the European Union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stand_Up_for_Europe">Stand Up for Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stand Up for Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the successor movement of the <a href="/wiki/European_Federalist_Party" title="European Federalist Party">European Federalist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stand_Up_For_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand Up For Europe">Stand Up For Europe</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a pan-European NGO that advocates the foundation of a European Federation. Contrary to movements like the UEF or the former EFP, Stand Up for Europe does not command any national levels anymore, but only consists of regional city teams and the European level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volt_Europa">Volt Europa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Volt Europa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Volt_Europa" title="Volt Europa">Volt Europa</a> describes itself a pan-European, progressive movement that stands for a new and inclusive way of doing politics and that wants to bring change for European citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="WP:PRIMARY (November 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The party claims that a new pan-European approach is needed to overcome current and future challenges, such as – among others – climate change, economic inequality, migration, international conflict, terrorism, and the impact of the technological revolution on jobs. Volt says that national parties are powerless in front of these challenges, because they go beyond national borders and need to be tackled by Europeans, as one people. As a transnational party, it believes it can help the European people unite, create a shared vision and understanding, exchange good practices across the continent, and come up with working policies. Volt Europa is the first European federalist movement to have elected members in two national parliaments, namely in the Netherlands and Bulgaria, as well as having elected five MEPs from Germany and the Netherlands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politicians">Politicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Politicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guy_Verhofstadt">Guy Verhofstadt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Guy Verhofstadt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the negative referendums about the <a href="/wiki/European_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="European Constitution">European Constitution</a> in France and the Netherlands, the former Belgian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Guy Verhofstadt</a> released in November 2005 his book, written in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <i>Verenigde Staten van Europa</i> ("United States of Europe") in which he claims – based on the results of a <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> questionnaire – that the average European citizen wants more Europe. He thinks a federal Europe should be created between those states that wish to have a federal Europe (as a form of enhanced cooperation). In other words, a core federal Europe would exist within the current EU. He also states that these core states should federalise the following five policy areas: a European social-economic policy, technology cooperation, a common justice and security policy, a common diplomacy and a <a href="/wiki/European_army" title="European army">European army</a>. Following the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a> (December 2009) by all member states of the EU, the outline of a common diplomatic service, known as the <a href="/wiki/External_Action_Service_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="External Action Service of the European Union">External Action Service of the European Union (EEAS)</a>, was set in place. On 20 February 2009, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> also voted in favour of the creation of <a href="/wiki/Synchronised_Armed_Forces_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronised Armed Forces Europe">Synchronised Armed Forces Europe (SAFE)</a> as a first step towards a forming a true European military force.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verhofstadt's book was awarded the first <a href="/wiki/Europe_Book_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Europe Book Prize">Europe Book Prize</a>, which is organised by the association Esprit d'Europe and supported by former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a>. The prize money was €20,000. The prize was declared at the European Parliament in Brussels on 5 December 2007. Swedish crime fiction writer Henning Mankell was the president of the jury of European journalists for choosing the first recipient.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While receiving the reward, Verhofstadt said: "When I wrote this book, I in fact meant it as a provocation against all those who didn't want the European Constitution. Fortunately, in the end a solution was found with the treaty, that was approved".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Viviane_Reding">Viviane Reding</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Viviane Reding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Viviane_Reding" title="Viviane Reding">Viviane Reding</a>, the Luxembourgish Vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> called in a speech in <a href="/wiki/Passau" title="Passau">Passau</a> Germany and in a series of articles and interviews for the establishment of the United States of Europe as a way to strengthen the unity of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Matteo_Renzi">Matteo Renzi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Matteo Renzi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Italian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Renzi" title="Matteo Renzi">Matteo Renzi</a> said in 2014 that under his leadership Italy would use its six-month-long presidency of the European Union to push for the establishment of a United States of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, Matteo Renzi, serving as the leader of <a href="/wiki/Italia_Viva" title="Italia Viva">Italia Viva</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emma_Bonino" title="Emma Bonino">Emma Bonino</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/More_Europe" title="More Europe">More Europe</a> party, formed an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">electoral list</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election" title="2024 European Parliament election">2024 European Parliament election</a> under the name "<a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Europe_(electoral_list)" title="United States of Europe (electoral list)">United States of Europe</a>". Renzi described the initiative as an effort to "bring to Brussels several MEPs who are not sovereignists or populists—people who believe in the United States of Europe. People who do politics."<sup id="cite_ref-Euractiv-march_2024_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euractiv-march_2024-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside Italia Viva and More Europe, the list includes the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party_(2007)" title="Italian Socialist Party (2007)">Italian Socialist Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Radicals" title="Italian Radicals">Italian Radicals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrats" title="European Liberal Democrats">European Liberal Democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%27Italia_c%27%C3%A8" title="L'Italia c'è">L'Italia c'è</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Martin_Schulz">Martin Schulz</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Martin Schulz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2017, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schulz" title="Martin Schulz">Martin Schulz</a>, who was then the new leader of the German <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a>, called for a new constitutional treaty for a "United States of Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-Schulz_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulz-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposed that this constitution should be written by "a convention that includes civil society and the people" and that any state that declined to accept this proposed constitution should have to leave the bloc.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulz_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulz-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>'s view was that his proposal was "likely to be met with some resistance from <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> and other EU leaders".<sup id="cite_ref-Schulz_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulz-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On that day he also stated that he would like to see a "United States of Europe" by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Schulz_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Schulz-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_individuals">Notable individuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freddy_Heineken">Freddy Heineken</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Freddy Heineken"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1992, Dutch businessman <a href="/wiki/Freddy_Heineken" title="Freddy Heineken">Freddy Heineken</a>, after consulting with historians of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leiden">University of Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henk_Wesseling" title="Henk Wesseling">Henk Wesseling</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willem_van_den_Doel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willem van den Doel (page does not exist)">Willem van den Doel</a> published a brochure "<a href="/wiki/The_United_States_of_Europe,_A_Eurotopia%3F" title="The United States of Europe, A Eurotopia?">United States of Europe, Eurotopia?</a>". In his work he put forward the idea of creating the United States of Europe as a confederation of 75 states that would be formed according to an ethnic and linguistic principle with a population of 5 to 10 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuesday_Map:_Heineken's_„Eurotopia“_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuesday_Map:_Heineken's_„Eurotopia“-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predictions">Predictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Predictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Further_European_Union_Enlargement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Further_European_Union_Enlargement.svg/220px-Further_European_Union_Enlargement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Further_European_Union_Enlargement.svg/330px-Further_European_Union_Enlargement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Further_European_Union_Enlargement.svg/440px-Further_European_Union_Enlargement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">De jure</a> status of possible <a href="/wiki/Future_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Future enlargement of the European Union">future enlargement of the European Union</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#039; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Current member states</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F29527; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Former member state which has <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">withdrawn from the EU</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">United Kingdom</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#46a43b; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Candidates: <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Georgia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Georgia to the European Union">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova-European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldova-European Union relations">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Montenegro_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Montenegro to the European Union">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Serbia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Serbia to the European Union">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-status1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd617; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Potential candidates that have applied for membership: <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">Kosovo*</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">status disputed</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-status1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#da2131; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> States that have withdrawn their applications: <a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">Switzerland</a></div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_superpower">Future superpower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Future superpower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Potential_superpowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential superpowers">Potential superpowers</a></div> <p>Some people, such as <a href="/wiki/T._R._Reid" title="T. R. Reid">T. R. Reid</a>, Andrew Reding and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Leonard_(director)" title="Mark Leonard (director)">Mark Leonard</a>, have argued that the power of a hypothetical United States of Europe could potentially rival that of the United States of America in the twenty-first century. Leonard cites several factors: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Europe's large population</a>, the scale of the combined <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Europe's economy</a>, Europe's low inflation rates, Europe's central geographic location in the world, and certain European countries' relatively highly developed <a href="/wiki/Social_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Social organisation">social organisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> (when measured in terms such as hours worked per week and income distribution).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some experts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2016)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> claim that Europe has developed a sphere of influence called the "<a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a>". Assumptions about a potential full or near superpower status of a perceived Supra-national Euro state are hypothetical in nature and on the other hand contrary notions and arguments exist across a wide spectrum among analysts, experts and pundits.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skepticisms">Skepticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Skepticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some people think that the European Union is unlikely to evolve into a unified federal superstate, due to political opposition of some members. Norwegian foreign policy scholar and commentator <a href="/wiki/Asle_Toje" title="Asle Toje">Asle Toje</a> has argued that the power and reach of the European Union more closely resembles a <a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">small power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book <i>The EU As a Small Power</i>, he argues that the EU is a response to and function of Europe's unique historical experience in that the EU contains the remnants of not one but five past European orders. Although the 1990s and early 2000s have shown that there is policy space for greater EU engagement in European security, the EU has been unable to meet these expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asle Toje expresses particular concerns over the EU's security and defence dimension <a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a>, where attempts at pooling resources and forming a political consensus have failed to generate the results expected. These trends, combined with shifts in global power patterns, are seen to have been accompanied by a shift in EU strategic thinking whereby <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> ambitions have been scaled down and replaced by a tendency towards hedging <i>vis-à-vis</i> the great powers. The author uses the case of the <a href="/wiki/Military_operations_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Military operations of the European Union">EUFOR</a> intervention in <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> to illustrate that the EU's effectiveness is hampered by a <a href="/wiki/Consensus%E2%80%93expectations_gap" title="Consensus–expectations gap">consensus–expectations gap</a>, owing primarily to the lack of an effective decision-making mechanism. In his view, the sum of these developments is that the EU – in the current situation – will not be a great power and is taking the place of a small power in the emerging multi-polar international order.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polls">Polls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Polls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_members_where_more_people_in_favor_of_the_European_Federation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/EU_members_where_more_people_in_favor_of_the_European_Federation.png/220px-EU_members_where_more_people_in_favor_of_the_European_Federation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/EU_members_where_more_people_in_favor_of_the_European_Federation.png/330px-EU_members_where_more_people_in_favor_of_the_European_Federation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/EU_members_where_more_people_in_favor_of_the_European_Federation.png/440px-EU_members_where_more_people_in_favor_of_the_European_Federation.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>Attitude toward further development of the EU into a federation of nation states according to the <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> Poll of spring 2014<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #666;background-color:#0e5e1b; color:white;"> </span> EU members with more people in favour of a federation than against it</div></figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> (2013), 69% of citizens of the EU were in favour of <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct elections</a> of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a> and 46% support the creation of a united EU army.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two thirds of respondents think that the EU (instead of a national government alone) should make decisions on foreign policy and more than half of respondents think that the EU should also make decisions on defense.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>44% of respondents support the future development of the European Union as a federation of nation states, 35% are opposed. The Nordic countries were the most negative towards a united Europe in this study, as 73% of the Nordics opposed the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-europa1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large majority of the people for whom the EU conjures up a positive image support the further development of the EU into a federation of nation states (56% versus 27%).<sup id="cite_ref-europa1_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiction">Fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Federal_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Federal Europe">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Federal+Europe%22">"Federal Europe"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Federal+Europe%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Federal+Europe%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Federal+Europe%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Federal+Europe%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Federal+Europe%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Old Earth">The Old Earth</a></i>, the third volume (1911) of <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_%C5%BBu%C5%82awski" title="Jerzy Żuławski">Jerzy Żuławski</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lunar_Trilogy" title="The Lunar Trilogy">The Lunar Trilogy</a></i>, the USE is a communist state. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">fictional universe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eric_Flint" title="Eric Flint">Eric Flint</a>'s best selling <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate history (fiction)">alternate history</a> <a href="/wiki/1632_series" title="1632 series"><i>1632</i> series</a>, a United States of Europe is formed out of the Confederation of Principalities of Europe, which was composed of several German political units of the 1630s.<sup id="cite_ref-1632series_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1632series-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Science fiction has made particular use of the idea: <i><a href="/wiki/Incompetence_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Incompetence (book)">Incompetence</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Dystopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian">dystopian</a> novel by <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Dwarf" title="Red Dwarf">Red Dwarf</a></i> creator <a href="/wiki/Rob_Grant" title="Rob Grant">Rob Grant</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Murder_mystery" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder mystery">murder mystery</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">political thriller</a> set in a federated Europe of the near future, where stupidity is a constitutionally protected right. References to a European Alliance or European Hegemony have also existed in episodes of <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a></i> (1987–1994). In the <i><a href="/wiki/Spy_High" title="Spy High">Spy High</a></i> series of books for young adults, written by <a href="/wiki/A._J._Butcher" title="A. J. Butcher">A. J. Butcher</a> and set around the 2060s, a united Europe exists in the form of "Europa", and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Andrew Roberts</a>'s 1995 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Aachen_Memorandum" title="The Aachen Memorandum">The Aachen Memorandum</a></i> details a United States of Europe formed from a fraudulent referendum entitled the Aachen Referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 2000s a number of <a href="/wiki/Computer_strategy_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer strategy game">computer strategy games</a> set in the future have presented a unified European faction alongside other established military powers such as the United States and Russia. These include <a href="/wiki/Battlefield_2#Euro_Force" title="Battlefield 2"><i>Euro Force</i></a> (a 2006 expansion pack to <i><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_2" title="Battlefield 2">Battlefield 2</a></i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_2142" title="Battlefield 2142">Battlefield 2142</a></i> (also released in 2006, with a 2007 expansion pack). In <i>Battlefield 2142</i> a united Europe is shown as one of the two great superpowers on Earth, the other being Asia, despite being mostly frozen in a new <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>. The disaster theme continues with <i><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_EndWar" title="Tom Clancy's EndWar">Tom Clancy's EndWar</a></i> (2009), in which a nuclear war between <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, destroying the Middle Eastern oil supply, prompts the EU to integrate further as the "European Federation" in 2018. One game not to make bold claims of full integration is <i><a href="/wiki/Shattered_Union" title="Shattered Union">Shattered Union</a></i> (2005), set in a future civil war in the United States, with the EU portrayed as a peacekeeping force. The video game series <a href="/wiki/Wipeout_(video_game_series)" title="Wipeout (video game series)"><i>Wipeout</i></a> instead makes a clear federal reference without a military element: one of the core teams that has appeared in every game is FEISAR. This <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> stands for Federal European Industrial Science and Research. In the video game series <i><a href="/wiki/Mass_Effect" title="Mass Effect">Mass Effect</a></i> set in the 22nd century, the European Union is a sovereign state. </p><p>In the backstory of the <a href="/wiki/Fallout_(video_game)" title="Fallout (video game)"><i>Fallout</i></a> series, several European nations joined after the end of the Second World War, becoming known as the European Commonwealth. Heavily dependent on oil imports from the Middle East, the Commonwealth began a military invasion of the region in April 2052 once oil supplies began to run dry. This marked the beginning of the Resource Wars. After the oil dried up completely in 2060 and both sides were left in ruins, the Commonwealth collapsed into civil war as member states fought over whatever resources remained. It is not specified whether the European Commonwealth is a single federated nation or just an economic bloc similar to the EU. </p><p>In the anime series <i><a href="/wiki/Code_Geass" title="Code Geass">Code Geass</a>,</i> the EU (short for Euro Universe or Europia United), also known as the United Republic of Europia, is one of the three superpowers that dominate the Earth militarily, politically, culturally and economically. The political worldbuilding of the series partially resembles that of <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen-Eighty-Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Nineteen-Eighty-Four">Nineteen-Eighty-Four</a></i>, with three superstates in roughly the same geographic positions controlling the world. <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Suit_Gundam_00" title="Mobile Suit Gundam 00">Gundam 00</a> anime series featured the Advanced European Union (AEU) as one of the major power blocs while in <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Suit_Gundam_SEED" title="Mobile Suit Gundam SEED">Gundam SEED</a> the Eurasian Union includes both European Union and <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Committee_on_United_Europe" title="American Committee on United Europe">American Committee on United Europe</a> – Private US anti-communist organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_EU" title="Brand EU">Brand EU</a> – Private pro-EU organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Euro" title="Captain Euro">Captain Euro</a> – Fictional superhero</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Virtuel_de_la_Connaissance_sur_l%27Europe" title="Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe">Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe</a> – Research organisation maintaining a digital library on European integration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent state">Constituent state</a> – Member of a [con]federation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a> – Organizational theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a> – Granting of some competences of central government to local government</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_a_Nation" title="Europe a Nation">Europe a Nation</a> – Ideology developed by Oswald Mosley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_War" title="European Civil War">European Civil War</a> – Concept describing 19th and 20th century conflicts in Europe as one continuous civil war</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentrism</a> – Worldview centred on or biased towards Western civilization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a> – Body of criticism of the European Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Reich" title="Fourth Reich">Fourth Reich</a> – Hypothetical successor of Nazi Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">Institutions of the European Union</a> – Decision-making bodies of the European Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed Europe</a> – Political idea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Confederation" title="New England Confederation">New England Confederation</a> – 1643–1686 colonial alliance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_identity" title="Pan-European identity">Pan-European identity</a> – Personal identification with Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a> – Far-right ultra-nationalism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a> – Oldest European unification movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a> – Nationalism beyond national boundaries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_as_a_potential_superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union as a potential superpower">Potential Superpower (European Union)</a> – Entity speculated to be or become a superpower<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">Pro-Europeanism</a> – Favouring European integration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(European_Union)" title="Subsidiarity (European Union)">Subsidiarity (European Union)</a> – Principle of governance of the European Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a> – Political concept similar to the hypothesised United States of Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a> – Proposed union of Romance-language-speaking Central African countries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a> – Notion of a single common political authority for all of humanity</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output 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li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Eric (4 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iPKIM-JNc_YC&pg=PA107"><i>The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52783-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52783-5"><bdi>978-0-521-52783-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Miracle%3A+Environments%2C+Economies+and+Geopolitics+in+the+History+of+Europe+and+Asia&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-08-04&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52783-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiPKIM-JNc_YC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsErtl2003" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, D.; Ertl, Hubert (30 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tN_fwWqFMLcC&pg=PA44"><i>Implementing European Union Education and Training Policy: A Comparative Study of Issues in Four Member States</i></a>. Springer. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1292-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1292-1"><bdi>978-1-4020-1292-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Implementing+European+Union+Education+and+Training+Policy%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Issues+in+Four+Member+States&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003-06-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-1292-1&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Ertl%2C+Hubert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtN_fwWqFMLcC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keleman-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keleman_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelemen2005" class="citation book cs1">Kelemen, R Daniel (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120153312/http://www.princeton.edu/~smeunier/Kelemen%20Memo.pdf">"Built to Last? The durability of EU federalism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Meunier, Sophie; McNamara, Kate (eds.). <i>Making History: State of the European Union</i>. Vol. 8. (University of Oxford). Oxford University Press. p. 52. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~smeunier/Kelemen%20Memo.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Built+to+Last%3F+The+durability+of+EU+federalism&rft.btitle=Making+History%3A+State+of+the+European+Union&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005-09&rft.aulast=Kelemen&rft.aufirst=R+Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~smeunier%2FKelemen%2520Memo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colette Beaune: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/chretienssocietes/68">Chrétienté et Europe: le projet de Georges de Podiebrad au xve siècle</a>, in: Chrétiens et sociétés, vol. 1 | 1994,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bogumil Terminski, "The Evolution of The Concept of Perpetual Peace in The History of Political-Legal Thought," Perspectivas Internacionales, 2010, p286</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/william-penn-englishman-who-invented-european-parliament/">William Penn, the Englishman who invented the European Parliament</a> by <a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a> in <a href="/wiki/OpenDemocracy" title="OpenDemocracy">openDemocracy</a>. Access 9 February 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._William_Fulbright1948" class="citation cs2">J. William Fulbright (May 1948), "A United States of Europe?", <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>, <b>257</b> (257, Peace Settlements of World War II), Sage Publications, Inc. in association with the American Academy of Political and Social Science: 151–156, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271624825700116">10.1177/000271624825700116</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1026642">1026642</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145490100">145490100</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=A+United+States+of+Europe%3F&rft.volume=257&rft.issue=257%2C+Peace+Settlements+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=151-156&rft.date=1948-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145490100%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1026642%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271624825700116&rft.au=J.+William+Fulbright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Disputed</i> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Europe" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Europe">"Europe" on Wikiquote</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felix Markham, <i>Napoleon</i> (New York: Penguin Books USA Inc., 1966), 257 as quoted in Matthew Zarzeczny, <i>Napoleon's European Union: The Grand Empire of the United States of Europe</i> (Kent State University Master's thesis), 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzini2009" class="citation book cs1">Mazzini, Giuseppe (2009). "From a Revolutionary Alliance to the United States of Europe". In Steffano Reccia; Nadia Urbinati (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ACLiOPrOW2kC"><i>A Cosmopolitanism of Nations</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 131–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3131-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3131-9"><bdi>978-1-4008-3131-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+a+Revolutionary+Alliance+to+the+United+States+of+Europe&rft.btitle=A+Cosmopolitanism+of+Nations&rft.pages=131-135&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3131-9&rft.aulast=Mazzini&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DACLiOPrOW2kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_de_la_Paix_1849">"Congrès de la Paix 1849 – Wikisource"</a>. <i>fr.wikisource.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fr.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=Congr%C3%A8s+de+la+Paix+1849+%E2%80%93+Wikisource&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FCongr%25C3%25A8s_de_la_Paix_1849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakuninAvrichDolgoff1972" class="citation book cs1">Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich; Avrich, Paul; Dolgoff, Sam (1972). <i>Bakunin on Anarchy: Selected Works by the Activist-founder of World Anarchism</i> (1st Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. 102–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-71783-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-71783-X"><bdi>0-394-71783-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bakunin+on+Anarchy%3A+Selected+Works+by+the+Activist-founder+of+World+Anarchism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=102-104&rft.edition=1st+Vintage+Books&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-394-71783-X&rft.aulast=Bakunin&rft.aufirst=Mikhail+Aleksandrovich&rft.au=Avrich%2C+Paul&rft.au=Dolgoff%2C+Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/aug/17/genoa-tragedy-europhobic-europe-sceptics">Politicising the Genoa tragedy is just the latest Europhobic ruse</a> Natalie Nougayrède, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, 17 Aug 2018 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Reed, "Ten Days That Shook The World", Boni & Liveright, New York, (March 1919) ch. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a>: <i>Die Paneuropäische Idee. Eine Vision wird Wirklichkeit</i>. 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Vienna. 5 October 1926. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/1926/10/05/archive/jews-participate-in-pan-europe-congress-sessions-in-vienna">the original</a> on 9 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=Jews+Participate+in+Pan-europe+Congress+Sessions+in+Vienna&rft.date=1926-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1926%2F10%2F05%2Farchive%2Fjews-participate-in-pan-europe-congress-sessions-in-vienna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paneuropa.org-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-paneuropa.org_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215145537/http://www.paneuropa.org/">"Internationale Paneuropa Union – Union Paneuropeénne Internationale – International Paneuropean Union"</a>. 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Stirk, editors, <i>The Origins and Development of the European Community</i>, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1992, pp. 11–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerriot1930" class="citation book cs1">Herriot, Édouard (1930). <i>The United States of Europe</i>. 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New York: The Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/216511725">216511725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+of+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Viking+Press&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F216511725&rft.aulast=Salter&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biddeleux_2002-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biddeleux_2002_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonting1996" class="citation book cs1">Ponting, Clive (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bu2S8bXsirIC&pg=PA36">"A revision"</a>. In Biddeleux, Robert; Taylor, Richard (eds.). <i>European Integration and Disintegration: east and west</i>. Routledge. pp. 36–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-77522-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-77522-4"><bdi>978-1-134-77522-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+revision&rft.btitle=European+Integration+and+Disintegration%3A+east+and+west&rft.pages=36-38&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-134-77522-4&rft.aulast=Ponting&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbu2S8bXsirIC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Petropoulos, <i>Royals and the Reich</i>, Oxford University Press (2006) p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bertrand Vayssière, "Le Manifeste de Ventotene (1941): Acte de Naissance du Federalisme Europeen," <i>Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains</i> (Jan 2005), Vol. 55 Issue 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipgensLoth1985" class="citation book cs1">Lipgens, Walter; <a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Loth" title="Wilfried Loth">Loth, Wilfried</a> (1985). <i>Documents on the History of European Integration: Continental plans for European union, 1939–1945 (including 250 documents in their original languages on 6 microfiches)</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-009724-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-009724-5"><bdi>978-3-11-009724-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+on+the+History+of+European+Integration%3A+Continental+plans+for+European+union%2C+1939%E2%80%931945+%28including+250+documents+in+their+original+languages+on+6+microfiches%29&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-11-009724-5&rft.aulast=Lipgens&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Loth%2C+Wilfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005094047/http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=%2FAboutUs%2Fzurich_e.htm">"Speech of Sir Winston Churchill"</a>. <i>PACE website</i>. Zürich, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe</a>. 19 September 1946. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=%2FAboutUs%2Fzurich_e.htm">the original</a> on 5 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PACE+website&rft.atitle=Speech+of+Sir+Winston+Churchill&rft.date=1946-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassembly.coe.int%2FMain.asp%3Flink%3D%252FAboutUs%252Fzurich_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Churchill-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Churchill_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Churchill_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1946" class="citation speech cs1">Churchill, Winston (19 September 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1946-1963-elder-statesman/united-states-of-europe/"><i>Speech to the Academic Youth</i></a> (Speech). Zürich, Switzerland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speech+to+the+Academic+Youth&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=1946-09-19&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwinstonchurchill.org%2Fresources%2Fspeeches%2F1946-1963-elder-statesman%2Funited-states-of-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1950" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, Winston S. (1950). <i>The Hinge of Fate</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 562. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-41058-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-41058-5"><bdi>978-0-395-41058-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hinge+of+Fate&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=562&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-395-41058-5&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDinan200514–15-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDinan200514–15_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDinan200514–15_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDinan2005">Dinan 2005</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDinan200515-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDinan200515_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDinan2005">Dinan 2005</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris31-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris31_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Geoffrey, <i>The Dark Side of Europe: The Extreme Right Today</i>, Edinburgh University Press, 1994, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rees" title="Philip Rees">Philip Rees</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Dictionary_of_the_Extreme_Right_Since_1890" title="Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890">Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890</a></i>, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_European_Superstate-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_European_Superstate_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_European_Superstate_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorsley2000" class="citation news cs1">Horsley, William (7 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1058155.stm">"Fears of a European superstate"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Fears+of+a+European+superstate&rft.date=2000-12-07&rft.aulast=Horsley&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F1058155.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029005255/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/ramosmrosovsky200412200804.asp">"Carlos Ramos-Mrosovsky on United States of Europe on National Review Online"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Carlos+Ramos-Mrosovsky+on+United+States+of+Europe+on+National+Review+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fcomment%2Framosmrosovsky200412200804.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/free/v51/i44/44a01201.htm">"Making the Case for a United States of Europe – Research – The Chronicle of Higher Education"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+the+Case+for+a+United+States+of+Europe+%E2%80%93+Research+%E2%80%93+The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Ffree%2Fv51%2Fi44%2F44a01201.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standupforeurope.eu/">"Website of Stand Up for Europe"</a>. <i>Stand Up for Europe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stand+Up+for+Europe&rft.atitle=Website+of+Stand+Up+for+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standupforeurope.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volteuropa.org/about">"About us"</a>. <i>Volt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Blueprint+for+EU+army+to+be+agreed&rft.date=2009-02-18&rft.au=Bruno+Waterfield+in+Brussels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Feu%2F4689736%2FBlueprint-for-EU-army-to-be-agreed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206143409/http://www.euronews.net/index.php?page=europa&article=457865&lng=1">"International news – euronews, latest international news"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+news+%E2%80%93+euronews%2C+latest+international+news&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.net%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Deuropa%26article%3D457865%26lng%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en">"Press corner"</a>. <i>European Commission – European Commission</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission+%E2%80%93+European+Commission&rft.atitle=Press+corner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcommission%2Fpresscorner%2Fhome%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/10918134/Italy-to-push-for-United-States-of-Europe-when-it-holds-the-EU-presidency.html">"Italy to push for 'United States of Europe' when it holds the EU presidency"</a></span>. <i>Telegraph.co.uk</i>. 22 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/10918134/Italy-to-push-for-United-States-of-Europe-when-it-holds-the-EU-presidency.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Italy+to+push+for+%27United+States+of+Europe%27+when+it+holds+the+EU+presidency&rft.date=2014-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Feu%2F10918134%2FItaly-to-push-for-United-States-of-Europe-when-it-holds-the-EU-presidency.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Euractiv-march_2024-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Euractiv-march_2024_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPascale2024" class="citation news cs1">Pascale, Federica (28 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/eu-elections-italian-centre-left-rallies-behind-united-states-of-europe-bid/">"EU elections: Italian centre-left rallies behind 'United States of Europe' bid"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Euractiv" title="Euractiv">Euractiv</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Divided+Union%3A+Public+Opinion+and+the+EU%27s+Common+Foreign%2C+Security+and+Defense+Policy&rft.date=2011-06&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reconproject.eu%2Fmain.php%2FRECON_wp_1119.pdf%3Ffileitem%3D50512030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-europa1-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-europa1_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europa1_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb79/eb79_publ_en.pdf">"Standard Eurobarometer 79 Spring 2013"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Eurobarometer+79+Spring+2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Feb%2Feb79%2Feb79_publ_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1632series-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1632series_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/1632_(novel)" title="1632 (novel)">1632</a></i> (trade paperback (July 2003) ed.). 1 November 2002. p. 655. <q>President of the United States, Prime Minister of the United States of Europe</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1632&rft.pages=655&rft.edition=trade+paperback+%28July+2003%29&rft.date=2002-11-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, Andrew (1995). <i>The Aachen Memorandum</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81619-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81619-5">978-0-297-81619-5</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Europe&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinan2005" class="citation book cs1">Dinan, Desmond (2005). <i>Ever Closer Union: an introduction to European integration</i> (3rd ed.). 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellopos.net/politics/eu_hugo.html">Political speeches</a> by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>: <i>My Revenge is Fraternity!</i>, in which he used the term United States of Europe.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signandsight.com/features/676.html"><i>Towards a United States of Europe</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a>, at SignAndSight.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan-nationalist_concepts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan-nationalist_concepts" title="Template:Pan-nationalist concepts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan-nationalist_concepts" title="Template talk:Pan-nationalist concepts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-nationalist_concepts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-nationalist concepts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan-nationalist_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalist concepts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_Confederation_plan" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan Confederation plan">Afghan-Pakistani unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Slavism" title="Austro-Slavism">Austro-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berberism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bulgaria_and_Romania" title="Union of Bulgaria and Romania">Bulgarian-Romanian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movements_for_the_annexation_of_Canada_to_the_United_States" title="Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States">Canada-USA unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_reunification" title="Central American reunification">Central-americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakism" title="Czechoslovakism">Czechoslovakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian%E2%80%93Finnish_federation" title="Estonian–Finnish federation">Estonian-Finnish unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent_Plan" title="Fertile Crescent Plan">Fertile Crescent unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaucho_traditionalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaucho traditionalism (page does not exist)">Gaucho traditionalism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradicionalismo_ga%C3%BAcho" class="extiw" title="pt:Tradicionalismo gaúcho">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Yugoslav_confederation" title="Greek–Yugoslav confederation">Greek-Yugoslavian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Hungary_and_Romania" title="Union of Hungary and Romania">Hungarian-Romanian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Confederation" title="Indo-Pakistani Confederation">Indian-Pakistani Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isratin" title="Isratin">Israeli-Palestinian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latinoamericanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latinoamericanism (page does not exist)">Latinoamericanism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integraci%C3%B3n_latinoamericana" class="extiw" title="es:Integración latinoamericana">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenoturkism" title="Hellenoturkism">Hellenoturkism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanoamericanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hispanoamericanism (page does not exist)">Hispanoamericanism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanoamericanismo" class="extiw" title="es:Hispanoamericanismo">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_East_European_States" title="League of East European States">League of East European States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands-Indonesia_Union" title="Netherlands-Indonesia Union">Netherlands-Indonesian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Romanian-moldovan unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahel-Benin_Union" title="Sahel-Benin Union">Sahel-Benin Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Andinism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pan-Andinism (page does not exist)">Pan-Andinism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panandinismo" class="extiw" title="es:Panandinismo">es</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Ecuador,_Peru_and_Bolivia" title="United Kingdom of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia">Ecuadorian-Peruvian-Bolivian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian-Bolivian_unionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peruvian-Bolivian unionism (page does not exist)">Peruvian-Bolivian unionism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionismo_peruano-boliviano" class="extiw" title="es:Unionismo peruano-boliviano">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Hashemite unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan-Syrian_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan-Syrian Union">Libyan-Syrian Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Islamic_Republic" title="Arab Islamic Republic">Arab Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Hussein%27s_federation_plan" title="King Hussein's federation plan">Jordania-Palestine unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Iraq-Kuwait unionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Caribbean" title="Pan-Caribbean">Pan-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Caucasianism" title="Pan-Caucasianism">Pan-Caucasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Pan-Finnicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_identity" title="Pan-European identity">Pan-Europeanism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">European unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Panhispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian federalism">Pan-Iberism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Pan-Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Pan-Iranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Pan-Latinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterraneanism" title="Mediterraneanism">Mediterraneanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Pan-Mongolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Pan-Oceanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_confederation" title="Polish–Czechoslovak confederation">Polish-Czechoslovak unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reintegrationism" title="Reintegrationism">Reintegrationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saint_Martin" title="Unification of Saint Martin">Saint Martin unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Pan-Serbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Tatarism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pan-Tatarism (page does not exist)">Pan-Tatarism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="ru:Пантатаризм">ru</a>; <a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="tt:Пантатаризм">tt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattachism" title="Rattachism">Rattachism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Rhodesia-Nyasaland unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">Soviet reunificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Switzerland#Proposals_for_expansion" title="Territorial evolution of Switzerland">Switzerland expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian Turanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abya_Yala" title="Abya Yala">Abya Yala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">African federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" title="Great Rapprochement">Anglo-American unificationism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Confederation" title="Antillean Confederation">Antillean Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Federation" title="Balkan Federation">Balkan Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltoscandia" title="Baltoscandia">Baltoscandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Federation" title="Imperial Federation">Imperial Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_movement" title="Cascadia movement">Cascadia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossackia" title="Cossackia">Cossackia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danubian_Confederation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danubian Confederation (page does not exist)">Danubian Confederation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donauf%C3%B6deration" class="extiw" title="de:Donauföderation">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union" title="Federalisation of the European Union">Federalisation of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_irredentism" title="Cambodian irredentism">Greater Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Caribbean Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Union" title="Franco-British Union">Franco-British Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Albania_and_Kosovo" title="Unification of Albania and Kosovo">Unification of Albania and Kosovo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_irredentism" title="Argentine irredentism">Greater Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bosnia" title="Greater Bosnia">Greater Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Greater Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_nationalism" title="Eritrean nationalism">Eritrean national identity nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_nationalism" title="Ethiopian nationalism">Ethiopian national identity nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Finland" title="Greater Finland">Greater Finland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galicia_irredenta" title="Galicia irredenta">Galicia irredenta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Greater Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Indonesia" title="Greater Indonesia">Greater Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Iraq">Greater Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Greater Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_imperialism_under_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian imperialism under Fascism">Greater Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Greater Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista_(Mexico)" title="Reconquista (Mexico)">Greater Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Moldova" title="Greater Moldova">Greater Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Nepal" title="Greater Nepal">Greater Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Netherlands" title="Greater Netherlands">Greater Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Norway">Greater Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Palestine">Greater Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_irredentism" title="Polish irredentism">Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugaliza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portugaliza (page does not exist)">Greater Portugal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugaliza" class="extiw" title="pt:Portugaliza">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Greater Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_unification" title="Samoan unification">Greater Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_irredentism" title="Spanish irredentism">Greater Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Greater Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tamil_Nadu" title="Greater Tamil Nadu">Greater Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Timor" title="Great Timor">Great Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_irredentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian irredentism">Greater Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_irredentism" title="Vietnamese irredentism">Greater Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_irredentism" title="Yugoslav irredentism">Greater Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hispanidad" title="Hispanidad">Hispanidad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermarium" title="Intermarium">Intermarium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Poland" title="United States of Poland">United States of Poland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Union" title="North American Union">North American Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_world" title="Portuguese-speaking world">Lusosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malay world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maphilindo" 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