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<div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basprinciper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basprinciper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Basprinciper</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Basprinciper-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Basprinciper</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Basprinciper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evidensbaserad_toxikologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidensbaserad_toxikologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Evidensbaserad toxikologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidensbaserad_toxikologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Försöksmetoder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Försöksmetoder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Försöksmetoder</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Försöksmetoder-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Försöksmetoder</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Försöksmetoder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Djurförsök" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Djurförsök"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Djurförsök</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Djurförsök-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternativa_försöksmetoder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternativa_försöksmetoder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Alternativa försöksmetoder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternativa_försöksmetoder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dosresponskomplexiteter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dosresponskomplexiteter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dosresponskomplexiteter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dosresponskomplexiteter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Typer</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Typer-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Typer</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Typer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medicinisk_toxikologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicinisk_toxikologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Medicinisk toxikologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicinisk_toxikologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klinisk_toxikologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klinisk_toxikologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Klinisk toxikologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klinisk_toxikologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rättsmedicinisk_toxikologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rättsmedicinisk_toxikologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Rättsmedicinisk toxikologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rättsmedicinisk_toxikologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beräkningstoxikologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beräkningstoxikologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Beräkningstoxikologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beräkningstoxikologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxikologi_som_yrke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxikologi_som_yrke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Toxikologi som yrke</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toxikologi_som_yrke-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Toxikologi som yrke</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Toxikologi_som_yrke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Krav" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krav"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Krav</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krav-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plikter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plikter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Plikter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plikter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kompensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kompensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Kompensation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kompensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Etymologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olika_toxin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olika_toxin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Olika toxin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olika_toxin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innehållsförteckning" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Toxikologi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 71 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksikologie" title="Toksikologie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toksikologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85" title="علم السموم – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم السموم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicolox%C3%ADa" title="Toxicoloxía – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Toxicoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksikologiya" title="Toksikologiya – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Toksikologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বিষবিজ্ঞান – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিষবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%CC%8Dk-s%C3%A8ng-ha%CC%8Dk" title="To̍k-sèng-ha̍k – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="To̍k-sèng-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Токсикология – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Токсикология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Таксікалогія – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Таксікалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Токсикология – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Токсикология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksikologija" title="Toksikologija – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Toksikologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicologia" title="Toxicologia – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Toxicologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxikologie" title="Toxikologie – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Toxikologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocsicoleg" title="Tocsicoleg – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tocsicoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksikologi" title="Toksikologi – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Toksikologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxikologie" title="Toxikologie – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Toxikologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksikoloogia" title="Toksikoloogia – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toksikoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τοξικολογία – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τοξικολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Toxicology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicolog%C3%ADa" title="Toxicología – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Toxicología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksologio" title="Toksologio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Toksologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxikologia" title="Toxikologia – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Toxikologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سم‌شناسی – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سم‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicologie" title="Toxicologie – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Toxicologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocsaineola%C3%ADocht" title="Tocsaineolaíocht – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tocsaineolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicolox%C3%ADa" title="Toxicoloxía – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Toxicoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="독물학 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독물학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Թունագիտություն – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թունագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="विषविज्ञान – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विषविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksikologija" title="Toksikologija – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Toksikologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxikologio" title="Toxikologio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Toxikologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksikologi" title="Toksikologi – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Toksikologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tossicologia" title="Tossicologia – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tossicologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="טוקסיקולוגיה – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טוקסיקולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ವಿಷವೈದ್ಯ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಷವೈದ್ಯ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტოქსიკოლოგია – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტოქსიკოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Токсикология – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Токсикология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehrnas%C3%AE" title="Jehrnasî – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Jehrnasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Токсикология – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Токсикология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicologia" title="Toxicologia – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Toxicologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksikolo%C4%A3ija" title="Toksikoloģija – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Toksikoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksikologija" title="Toksikologija – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Toksikologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxikol%C3%B3gia" title="Toxikológia – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Toxikológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Токсикологија – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Токсикологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="ടോക്സിക്കോളജി – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടോക്സിക്കോളജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksikologi" title="Toksikologi – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Toksikologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicologie" title="Toxicologie – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toxicologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E6%80%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="毒性学 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="毒性学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksikologi" title="Toksikologi – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Toksikologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicologia" title="Toxicologia – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Toxicologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksikologiya" title="Toksikologiya – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toksikologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksykologia" title="Toksykologia – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Toksykologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicologia" title="Toxicologia – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Toxicologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicologie" title="Toxicologie – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Toxicologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Токсикология – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Токсикология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksikologjia" title="Toksikologjia – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Toksikologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Toxicology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxikol%C3%B3gia" title="Toxikológia – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Toxikológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksikologija" title="Toksikologija – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Toksikologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Токсикологија – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Токсикологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksikologija" title="Toksikologija – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Toksikologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksikologia" title="Toksikologia – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toksikologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நச்சியல் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நச்சியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Токсикология – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Токсикология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="พิษวิทยา – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พิษวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksikoloji" title="Toksikoloji – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toksikoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Токсикологія – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Токсикологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99c_ch%E1%BA%A5t_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Độc chất học – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Độc chất học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicolohiya" title="Toxicolohiya – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Toxicolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="毒理学 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="毒理学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="毒理學 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="毒理學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="毒理学 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="毒理学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7218#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Toxicology_Research_at_FDA_(NCTR_1193)_(6009043040).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Toxicology_Research_at_FDA_%28NCTR_1193%29_%286009043040%29.jpg/250px-Toxicology_Research_at_FDA_%28NCTR_1193%29_%286009043040%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Toxicology_Research_at_FDA_%28NCTR_1193%29_%286009043040%29.jpg/375px-Toxicology_Research_at_FDA_%28NCTR_1193%29_%286009043040%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Toxicology_Research_at_FDA_%28NCTR_1193%29_%286009043040%29.jpg/500px-Toxicology_Research_at_FDA_%28NCTR_1193%29_%286009043040%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3573" data-file-height="2373" /></a><figcaption><center> Toxikologi </center></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Toxikologi</b>, läran om <a href="/wiki/Gift" title="Gift">gifterna</a> (sammansatt av de <a href="/wiki/Klassisk_grekiska" title="Klassisk grekiska">grekiska</a> orden toxicos "giftig" och logos), är en <a href="/wiki/Vetenskap" title="Vetenskap">vetenskapsgren</a> inom <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologi</a> och <a href="/wiki/Medicin_(vetenskap)" title="Medicin (vetenskap)">medicin</a> som är nära besläktad med <a href="/wiki/Farmakologi" title="Farmakologi">farmakologi</a>. Till skillnad från farmakologin så studeras olika kemikaliers giftverkan på andra levande organismer, speciellt dess giftverkan på människan. Det viktigaste kriteriet för ett ämnes giftighet är dosens storlek. Om dosen är tillräckligt stor får i stort sett alla ämnen en viss toxisk verkan. </p><p>Många ämnen som räknas som giftiga, är endast giftiga indirekt eftersom deras metaboliter är toxiska. Ett exempel är <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A4sprit" class="mw-redirect" title="Träsprit">träsprit</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Metanol" title="Metanol">metanol</a>, som i sig inte är giftigt, men som metaboliseras till giftig <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyd" title="Formaldehyd">formaldehyd</a> och <a href="/wiki/Myrsyra" title="Myrsyra">myrsyra</a> i <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">levern</a>. Vissa <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4kemedel" title="Läkemedel">läkemedel</a> blir toxiska vid omvandling i levern. Ett exempel är <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a>, som förekommer i värktabletter. Vid överdoser bildar paracetamol en giftig metabolit som skadar levern. </p><p>Olika individer är olika känsliga för många ämnen, beroende på <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">genetisk</a> variation i vissa <a href="/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym">leverenzymer</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historia"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Mathieu_Joseph_Bonaventure_Orfila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mathieu_Joseph_Bonaventure_Orfila.jpg/250px-Mathieu_Joseph_Bonaventure_Orfila.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mathieu_Joseph_Bonaventure_Orfila.jpg/375px-Mathieu_Joseph_Bonaventure_Orfila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mathieu_Joseph_Bonaventure_Orfila.jpg/500px-Mathieu_Joseph_Bonaventure_Orfila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1093" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Litografi" title="Litografi">Litografi</a> av <a href="/wiki/Mathieu_Orfila" title="Mathieu Orfila">Mathieu Orfila</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioskorides" title="Pedanius Dioskorides">Pedanius Dioskorides</a>, en grekisk läkare vid domstolen för den romerska kejsaren <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, gjorde det första försöket att <a href="/wiki/Klassifikation" title="Klassifikation">klassificera</a> växter enligt deras toxiska och terapeutiska effekt.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Wahshiyya skrev boken Book on Poisons på 900- eller 1000-talet.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detta följdes upp 1360 av Khagendra Mani Darpana.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_Orfila" title="Mathieu Orfila">Mathieu Orfila</a> betraktas som en nutida fader för toxikologi, efter att ha gett ämnet sin första formella behandling 1813 i hans Traité des poisons, även kallad Toxicologie générale.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>År 1850 blev <a href="/wiki/Jean_Servais_Stas" title="Jean Servais Stas">Jean Servais Stas</a> den första personen som framgångsrikt isolerade växtgifter från mänsklig vävnad. Detta gjorde det möjligt för honom att identifiera användningen av nikotin som ett gift i Bocarmé-mordfallet, vilket gav de bevis som behövdes för att döma den belgiske greven Hippolyte Visart de Bocarmé för att ha dödat sin svåger.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theophrastus Phillipus Auroleus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493–1541) (även kallad <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>, för hans övertygelse om att hans studier var över eller bortom arbetet hos <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus" title="Aulus Cornelius Celsus">Aulus Cornelius Celsus</a> - en romersk läkare från det första århundradet) betraktas också som toxikologins far.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han krediteras den klassiska toxikologiska maximalen, "All Dinge sind Gift und nichts ist ohne Gift; allein die Dosis macht, dass ein Ding kein Gift ist." som betyder "Alla saker är giftiga och ingenting är utan gift; bara dosen gör att en sak inte är giftig." Detta sammanfattas ofta som: "Dosen gör giftet" eller på latin "Sola dosis facit venenum".<sup id="cite_ref-Ottoboni_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottoboni-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basprinciper">Basprinciper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Basprinciper" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Basprinciper"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Målet med toxicitetsbedömningen är att identifiera skadliga effekter av ett ämne.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biverkningar beror på två huvudfaktorer: i) exponeringsvägar (oral, inandning eller dermal) och ii) dos (exponeringens varaktighet och koncentration). För att undersöka doser testas ämnen i både akuta och kroniska modeller.<sup id="cite_ref-d1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d1-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I allmänhet genomförs olika uppsättningar experiment för att bestämma om ett ämne orsakar cancer och för att undersöka andra former av toxicitet.<sup id="cite_ref-d1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d1-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Faktorer som påverkar kemisk toxicitet:<sup id="cite_ref-Ottoboni_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottoboni-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dosering" class="mw-redirect" title="Dosering">Dosering</a> <ul><li>Både stora enstaka <a href="/wiki/Exponering" class="mw-disambig" title="Exponering">exponeringar</a> (akuta) och kontinuerliga små exponeringar (kroniska) studeras.</li></ul></li> <li>Exponeringsväg <ul><li>Förtäring, <a href="/wiki/Inandning" class="mw-redirect" title="Inandning">inandning</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Absorption" title="Absorption">absorption</a> av huden</li></ul></li> <li>Andra faktorer <ul><li>Arter</li> <li>Ålder</li> <li>Kön</li> <li>Hälsa</li> <li>Miljö</li> <li>Individuella egenskaper</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evidensbaserad_toxikologi">Evidensbaserad toxikologi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Evidensbaserad toxikologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Evidensbaserad toxikologi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Disciplinen evidensbaserad toxikologi strävar efter att öppet, konsekvent och objektivt bedöma tillgängliga vetenskapliga bevis för att besvara frågor i toxikologi,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> studien av de negativa effekterna av kemiska, fysiska eller biologiska agenser på levande organismer och miljön, inklusive förebyggande och förbättring av sådana effekter.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidensbaserad toxikologi har potential att ta itu med oro i det toxikologiska samhället om begränsningarna i de nuvarande metoderna för att bedöma vetenskapens tillstånd.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dessa inkluderar problem relaterade till insyn i beslutsfattande, syntes av olika typer av bevis och bedömning av partiskhet och trovärdighet.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidensbaserad toxikologi har sina rötter i den större rörelsen mot evidensbaserad praxis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Försöksmetoder"><span id="F.C3.B6rs.C3.B6ksmetoder"></span>Försöksmetoder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Försöksmetoder" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Försöksmetoder"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toxicitetsexperiment kan genomföras <a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a> (med användning av hela djuret), <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a> (testning på isolerade celler eller vävnader) eller <a href="/wiki/In_silico" title="In silico">in silico</a> (i en datorsimulering).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Djurförsök"><span id="Djurf.C3.B6rs.C3.B6k"></span>Djurförsök</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Djurförsök" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Djurförsök"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det klassiska experimentella verktyget för toxikologi är att testa på djur.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottoboni_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottoboni-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exempel på modellorganismer är <a href="/wiki/St%C3%B6rre_vaxmott" title="Större vaxmott">större vaxmott</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> som kan ersätta små däggdjur och <a href="/wiki/Zebrafisk" title="Zebrafisk">zebrafisk</a>, som möjliggör studier av toxikologi i ett lägre ordförande ryggradsdjur in vivo.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Från och med 2014 ger sådana <a href="/wiki/Djurf%C3%B6rs%C3%B6k" title="Djurförsök">djurförsök</a> information som inte är tillgänglig på andra sätt om hur ämnen fungerar i en levande organism.<sup id="cite_ref-SocTox2014_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SocTox2014-21"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Användningen av djur för toxikologitestning motarbetas av vissa organisationer av djurskyddsskäl och det har under vissa omständigheter begränsats eller förbjudits i vissa regioner, till exempel försök med kosmetik i Europeiska unionen.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternativa_försöksmetoder"><span id="Alternativa_f.C3.B6rs.C3.B6ksmetoder"></span>Alternativa försöksmetoder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Alternativa försöksmetoder" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Alternativa försöksmetoder"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Även om tester i djurmodeller fortfarande är en metod för att uppskatta mänskliga effekter, finns det både etiska och tekniska problem med djurförsök.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sedan slutet av 1950-talet har toxikologifältet försökt att minska eller eliminera djurförsök under rubriken "Three Rs" - minska antalet experiment med djur till det minsta nödvändiga; förfina experiment för att orsaka mindre lidande och ersätta in vivo-experiment med andra typer, eller använda enklare livsformer när det är möjligt.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Datormodellering är ett exempel på alternativa testmetoder; med hjälp av datormodeller av kemikalier och proteiner kan struktur-aktivitetsförhållanden fastställas och kemiska strukturer som sannolikt binder till och stör störande proteiner med väsentliga funktioner kan identifieras.<sup id="cite_ref-c1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c1-26"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detta arbete kräver expertkunskap inom molekylär modellering och statistik tillsammans med expertbedömning inom kemi, biologi och toxikologi.<sup id="cite_ref-c1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c1-26"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>År 2007 publicerade den amerikanska <a href="/wiki/The_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="The National Academy of Sciences">The National Academy of Sciences</a> en rapport vid namn "Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy" som öppnade med ett uttalande: "Förändring innebär ofta en viktig händelse som bygger på tidigare historia och öppnar dörren till en ny era. Pivotala händelser inom vetenskapen inkluderar upptäckten av penicillin, belysningen av dubbel helix av DNA och utvecklingen av datorer... Toxicitetstest närmar sig en sådan vetenskaplig pivotpunkt. Det är beredd att dra nytta av revolutionerna i biologi och bioteknik. Framsteg inom toxicogenomik, bioinformatik, systembiologi, epigenetik och beräkningstoxikologi kan omvandla toxicitetstestning från ett system baserat på djurförsök till en baserad huvudsakligen på in vitro-metoder som utvärderar förändringar i biologiska processer med användning av celler, cellinjer eller cellulära komponenter, helst av mänskligt ursprung."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Från 2014 var denna vision fortfarande orealiserad.<sup id="cite_ref-SocTox2014_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SocTox2014-21"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I vissa fall har övergången från djurstudier fått lag eller förordningar. Europeiska unionen (EU) förbjöd användning av djurförsök för <a href="/wiki/Kosmetika" title="Kosmetika">kosmetika</a> 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dosresponskomplexiteter">Dosresponskomplexiteter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Dosresponskomplexiteter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Dosresponskomplexiteter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De flesta kemikalier visar en klassisk dosresponskurva - vid en låg dos (under en tröskel) observeras ingen effekt.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottoboni_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottoboni-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vissa visar ett fenomen som kallas tillräcklig utmaning - en liten exponering producerar djur som "växer snabbare, har bättre generellt utseende och pälskvalitet, har färre tumörer och lever längre än kontrolldjuren".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttoboni199183-85_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttoboni199183-85-30"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Några kemikalier har ingen väldefinierad säker exponeringsnivå. Dessa behandlas med särskild omsorg. Vissa kemikalier utsätts för bioackumulering eftersom de lagras i snarare än att utsöndras från kroppen;<sup id="cite_ref-Ottoboni_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottoboni-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dessa får också särskilt hänsyn. </p><p>Flera åtgärder används vanligen för att beskriva toxiska doser beroende på graden av effekt på en organisme eller en population, och vissa är specifikt definierade av olika lagar eller organisatorisk användning. Dessa inkluderar: </p> <ul><li>LD50 = Median dödlig dos, en dos som dödar 50% av en exponerad population</li> <li>NOEL = Ingen observerad-effektnivå, den högsta dosen känd för att inte visa någon effekt</li> <li>NOAEL = Ingen observerad-negativ effekt-nivå, den högsta dosen känd för att inte visa några negativa effekter</li> <li>PEL = Tillåten exponeringsgräns, den högsta koncentration som är tillåten enligt US OSHA-föreskrifter</li> <li>STEL = Kortvarig exponeringsgräns, den högsta tillåtna koncentrationen under korta tidsperioder, i allmänhet 15–30 minuter</li> <li>TWA = Tidsviktat medelvärde, den genomsnittliga mängden av ett agens koncentration under en viss tidsperiod, vanligtvis 8 timmar.</li> <li>TTC = Threshold of Toxicological Concern, har fastställts för beståndsdelarna av <a href="/wiki/Tobaksr%C3%B6k" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobaksrök">tobaksrök</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typer">Typer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Typer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Typer"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicinisk_toxikologi">Medicinisk toxikologi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Medicinisk toxikologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Medicinisk toxikologi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medicinsk toxikologi är den disciplin som kräver läkarstatus (MD- eller DO-examen plus specialutbildning och erfarenhet). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klinisk_toxikologi">Klinisk toxikologi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Klinisk toxikologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Klinisk toxikologi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Klinisk toxikologi är den disciplin som inte bara kan utövas av läkare utan även annan hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal med en magisterexamen i klinisk toxikologi: sjuksköterskor, apotekare och annan hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rättsmedicinisk_toxikologi"><span id="R.C3.A4ttsmedicinisk_toxikologi"></span>Rättsmedicinisk toxikologi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Rättsmedicinisk toxikologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Rättsmedicinisk toxikologi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rättsmedicinsk toxikologi är den disciplin som använder sig av toxikologi och andra discipliner som analytisk kemi, farmakologi och klinisk kemi för att underlätta medicinsk eller juridisk undersökning av dödsfall, förgiftning och droganvändning. Den primära oro för kriminaltoxikologi är inte det rättsliga resultatet av den toxikologiska undersökningen eller den teknik som används, utan snarare uppnåendet och tolkningen av resultaten.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beräkningstoxikologi"><span id="Ber.C3.A4kningstoxikologi"></span>Beräkningstoxikologi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Beräkningstoxikologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Beräkningstoxikologi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beräkningstoxikologi är en disciplin som utvecklar matematiska och datorbaserade modeller för att bättre förstå och förutsäga negativa hälsoeffekter orsakade av kemikalier, till exempel miljöföroreningar och läkemedel.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inom toxikologi i 21st Century-projektet,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identifierades de bästa prediktiva modellerna Deep Neural Networks, Random Forest och Support Vector Machines, som kan uppnå prestandan för in vitro-experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxikologi_som_yrke">Toxikologi som yrke</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitt: Toxikologi som yrke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Toxikologi som yrke"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En toxikolog är forskare eller annan medicinsk personal som specialiserat sig på studier av symtom, mekanismer, behandlingar och upptäckt av venom och toxiner; särskilt förgiftningen av människor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Krav">Krav</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitt: Krav" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Krav"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>För att arbeta som toxikolog bör man ha en examen i toxikologi eller en relaterad examen som <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemi" title="Kemi">kemi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farmakologi" title="Farmakologi">farmakologi</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Biokemi" title="Biokemi">biokemi</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandidatxamen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kandidatxamen [inte skriven än]">Kandidatxamen</a> i toxikologi täcker kemisk sammansättning av gifter och deras effekter på biokemi, fysiologi och ekologi. Efter att introduktionskurserna i livsvetenskaperna är avslutade, registrerar studenter vanligtvis laboratorier och tillämpar toxikologiska principer för forskning och andra studier. Avancerade studenter studerar specifika sektorer, som läkemedelsindustrin eller brottsbekämpning, som tillämpar toxikologiska metoder i sitt arbete. Society of Toxicology (SOT) rekommenderar att studenter på forskarskolor som inte erbjuder en kandidatexamen i toxikologi överväger att uppnå en examen i biologi eller kemi. Dessutom uppmuntrar SOT toxikologer att ta kurser i statistik och matematik, samt att skaffa sig erfarenhet av laboratorier genom laboratoriekurser, studentforskningsprojekt och praktikplatser. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plikter">Plikter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Redigera avsnitt: Plikter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=15" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Plikter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toxikologer utför många olika uppgifter inklusive forskning inom det akademiska, ideella och industriella området, produktsäkerhetsutvärdering, konsultation, public service och juridisk reglering. För att undersöka och bedöma effekterna av kemikalier utför toxikologer noggrant utformade studier och experiment. Dessa experiment hjälper till att identifiera den specifika mängden av en kemikalie som kan orsaka skada och potentiella risker för att vara nära eller använda produkter som innehåller vissa kemikalier. Forskningsprojekt kan variera från att bedöma effekterna av giftiga föroreningar i miljön till att utvärdera hur det mänskliga immunsystemet reagerar på kemiska föreningar inom farmaceutiska läkemedel. Medan toxikologers grundläggande uppgifter är att bestämma effekterna av kemikalier på organismer och deras omgivningar, kan specifika arbetsuppgifter variera beroende på industri och sysselsättning. Till exempel kan kriminaltekniska toxikologer leta efter giftiga ämnen i en brottsplats, medan toxikologer i vattenmiljöer kan analysera toxiciteten i vattendrag. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kompensation">Kompensation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kompensation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=16" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kompensation"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lönen för jobb inom toxikologi beror på flera faktorer, inklusive utbildningsnivå, specialisering, erfarenhet. US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) konstaterar att jobb för biologiska forskare, som i allmänhet inkluderar toxikologer, förväntades öka med 21% mellan 2008 och 2018. BLS konstaterar att denna ökning kan bero på forskning och utvecklingstillväxt inom bioteknik, liksom budgetökningar för grundläggande och medicinsk forskning inom biologisk vetenskap. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymologi">Etymologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Redigera avsnitt: Etymologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=17" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Etymologi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ordet toxikologi är en nyklassisk förening från ny latin, först intygad cirka 1799,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> från de kombinerande formerna toxiko- + -logi, som i sin tur kommer från de antika grekiska orden τοξικός toxikos, "giftiga", och λόγος-logos, "ord, lära"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Olika_toxin">Olika toxin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Redigera avsnitt: Olika toxin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=18" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Olika toxin"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r54800189">.mw-parser-output .mall-kolumner2{column-width:16em;column-count:3}.mw-parser-output .mall-kolumner2.med-bredd{column-count:auto}.mw-parser-output .mall-kolumner2>:first-child{margin-top:0}</style> <div class="mall-kolumner2 utan-bredd utan-antal" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrin" title="Abrin">abrin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolapin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolapin [inte skriven än]">adolapin</a> - bin, inhiberar COX</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">aflatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agitoxin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agitoxin [inte skriven än]">agitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-toxin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α-toxin [inte skriven än]">α-toxin</a> - scorpioner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amatoxin">amatoxin</a> - vit flugsvamp</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apamin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apamin [inte skriven än]">apamin</a> - bin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenik" title="Arsenik">arsenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">batrachotoxin</a> - pilgiftsgrodor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bensen" title="Bensen">bensen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-toxin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta-toxin [inte skriven än]">beta-toxin</a> - scorpioner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botulinumtoxin" title="Botulinumtoxin">botulinumtoxin</a> - Clostridium Botulinum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufotoxin" title="Bufotoxin">bufotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-bungarotoxin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α-bungarotoxin [inte skriven än]">α-bungarotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charybdotoxin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charybdotoxin [inte skriven än]">charybdotoxin</a> - scorpioner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">ciguatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">conotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curare" title="Curare">curare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanid">cyanid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dendrotoxin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dendrotoxin [inte skriven än]">dendrotoxin</a> - mamba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyklorerade_dibensodioxiner" title="Polyklorerade dibensodioxiner">dioxin</a> (TCDD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin" title="Exotoxin">exotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotensyra" title="Ibotensyra">ibotensyra</a> - röd flugsvamp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrotoxin" title="Latrotoxin">latrotoxin</a> - svarta änkan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">melittin</a> - bin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metylkvicksilver" title="Metylkvicksilver">metylkvicksilver</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mojavetoxin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mojavetoxin [inte skriven än]">mojavetoxin</a> - neurotoxin</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phallotoxin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phallotoxin [inte skriven än]">phallotoxin</a> - flugsvamp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin">ricin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robustoxin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robustoxin [inte skriven än]">robustoxin</a> - spindel</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxitoxin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saxitoxin [inte skriven än]">saxitoxin</a> - dinoflagellates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">tetrodotoxin</a> - blåsfisk</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=19" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4kemedel" title="Läkemedel">Läkemedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicin_(vetenskap)" title="Medicin (vetenskap)">Medicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LD50" title="LD50">LD50</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxikologi&action=edit&section=20" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHodgson2010">Hodgson, Ernest (2010). <i><span>A Textbook of Modern Toxicology</span></i>. John Wiley and Sons. Sid. 10. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-470-46206-5" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-470-46206-5">ISBN 978-0-470-46206-5</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Modern+Toxicology&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft.au=Hodgson%2C+Ernest&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=Sid.%26nbsp%3B10&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.isbn=978-0-470-46206-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFLevey1966">Levey, Martin (1966). <i><span>Medieval Arabic Toxicology: The Book on Poisons of ibn Wahshiyya and its Relation to Early Native American and Greek Texts</span></i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Arabic+Toxicology%3A+The+Book+on+Poisons+of+ibn+Wahshiyya+and+its+Relation+to+Early+Native+American+and+Greek+Texts&rft.aulast=Levey&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Levey%2C+Martin&rft.date=1966&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFBhatUdupa2013">Bhat, Sathyanarayana; Udupa, Kumaraswamy (1 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3703563">”Taxonomical outlines of bio-diversity of Karnataka in a 14th century Kannada toxicology text Khagendra Mani Darpana”</a>. <i>Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine</i> 3 (8): sid. 668–672. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS2221-1691%2813%2960134-3">10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60134-3</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23905027?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:23905027">PMID 23905027</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Taxonomical+outlines+of+bio-diversity+of+Karnataka+in+a+14th+century+Kannada+toxicology+text+Khagendra+Mani+Darpana&rft.jtitle=Asian+Pacific+Journal+of+Tropical+Biomedicine&rft.aulast=Bhat&rft.aufirst=Sathyanarayana&rft.au=Bhat%2C+Sathyanarayana&rft.au=Udupa%2C+Kumaraswamy&rft.date=1+August+2013&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B668%E2%80%93672&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS2221-1691%2813%2960134-3&rft_id=info:pmid/23905027&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/visibleproofs/galleries/biographies/orfila.html">”Biography of Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (1787–1853)”</a>. <i><span>Biography of Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (1787–1853)</span></i>. U.S. National Library of Medicine<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/visibleproofs/galleries/biographies/orfila.html">https://www.nlm.nih.gov/visibleproofs/galleries/biographies/orfila.html</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Mathieu+Joseph+Bonaventure+Orfila+%281787%E2%80%931853%29&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Mathieu+Joseph+Bonaventure+Orfila+%281787%E2%80%931853%29&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fvisibleproofs%2Fgalleries%2Fbiographies%2Forfila.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFWennig2009">Wennig, Robert (April 2009). ”Back to the roots of modern analytical toxicology: Jean Servais Stas and the Bocarmé murder case”. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Testing_and_Analysis_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drug Testing and Analysis (journal) [inte skriven än]">Drug Testing and Analysis</a></i> 1 (4): sid. 153–155. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fdta.32">10.1002/dta.32</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20355192?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:20355192">PMID 20355192</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Back+to+the+roots+of+modern+analytical+toxicology%3A+Jean+Servais+Stas+and+the+Bocarm%C3%A9+murder+case&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BDrug+Testing+and+Analysis+%28journal%29%7CDrug+Testing+and+Analysis%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Wennig&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Wennig%2C+Robert&rft.date=April+2009&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B153%E2%80%93155&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fdta.32&rft_id=info:pmid/20355192&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818083849/http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/Paracelsus-Dose-ToxicologyOct01.htm">”Paracelsus Dose Response in the Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology WILLIAM C KRIEGER / Academic Press Oct01”</a>. <i><span>Paracelsus Dose Response in the Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology WILLIAM C KRIEGER / Academic Press Oct01</span></i>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/Paracelsus-Dose-ToxicologyOct01.htm">originalet</a> den 2016-08-18<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818083849/http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/Paracelsus-Dose-ToxicologyOct01.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20160818083849/http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/Paracelsus-Dose-ToxicologyOct01.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 15 december 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Paracelsus+Dose+Response+in+the+Handbook+of+Pesticide+Toxicology+WILLIAM+C+KRIEGER+%2F+Academic+Press+Oct01&rft.atitle=Paracelsus+Dose+Response+in+the+Handbook+of+Pesticide+Toxicology+WILLIAM+C+KRIEGER+%2F+Academic+Press+Oct01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160818083849%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindfully.org%2FPesticide%2FParacelsus-Dose-ToxicologyOct01.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottoboni-7">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Ottoboni_7-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoboni_7-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoboni_7-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoboni_7-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoboni_7-4"><small>e</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFOttoboni1991">Ottoboni, M. Alice (1991). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dosemakespoison00otto">The dose makes the poison : a plain-language guide to toxicology</a></i> (2nd). New York, N.Y: Van Nostrand Reinhold. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-442-00660-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-442-00660-0">ISBN 978-0-442-00660-0</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/dosemakespoison00otto">https://archive.org/details/dosemakespoison00otto</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dose+makes+the+poison+%3A+a+plain-language+guide+to+toxicology&rft.aulast=Ottoboni&rft.aufirst=M.+Alice&rft.au=Ottoboni%2C+M.+Alice&rft.date=1991&rft.edition=2nd&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&rft.isbn=978-0-442-00660-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdosemakespoison00otto&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFCommittee_on_Risk_Assessment_of_Hazardous_Air_Pollutants,_Commission_on_Life_Sciences,_National_Research_Council1994">Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council (1994). <i><span>Science and judgement in risk assessment</span></i>. The National Academic Press. Sid. 56. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-309-07490-2" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-309-07490-2">ISBN 978-0-309-07490-2</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+judgement+in+risk+assessment&rft.aulast=Committee+on+Risk+Assessment+of+Hazardous+Air+Pollutants%2C+Commission+on+Life+Sciences%2C+National+Research+Council&rft.au=Committee+on+Risk+Assessment+of+Hazardous+Air+Pollutants%2C+Commission+on+Life+Sciences%2C+National+Research+Council&rft.date=1994&rft.pages=Sid.%26nbsp%3B56&rft.pub=The+National+Academic+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-309-07490-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d1-9">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-d1_9-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d1_9-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.epa.gov/region8/human-health-toxicity-assessment">”Human Health Toxicity Assessment”</a>. <i><span>Human Health Toxicity Assessment</span></i>. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3155086">”Toxicology and epidemiology: improving the science with a framework for combining toxicological and epidemiological evidence to establish causal inference”</a>. <i>Toxicol Sci</i> 122 (2): sid. 223–234. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfr113">10.1093/toxsci/kfr113</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21561883?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:21561883">PMID 21561883</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Toxicology+and+epidemiology%3A+improving+the+science+with+a+framework+for+combining+toxicological+and+epidemiological+evidence+to+establish+causal+inference&rft.jtitle=Toxicol+Sci&rft.aulast=Adami&rft.aufirst=H.O.&rft.au=Adami%2C+H.O.&rft.au=Berry%2C+S.C.&rft.au=Breckenridge%2C+C.B.&rft.au=Smith%2C+L.L.&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B223%E2%80%93234&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfr113&rft_id=info:pmid/21561883&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFConradBecker,_R.A.2011">Conrad, J.W.; Becker, R.A. 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(2019-01-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6333808">”High-Throughput Video Processing of Heart Rate Responses in Multiple Wild-type Embryonic Zebrafish per Imaging Field”</a> (på engelska). <i>Scientific Reports</i> 9 (1): sid. 145. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-35949-5">10.1038/s41598-018-35949-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30644404?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:30644404">PMID 30644404</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=High-Throughput+Video+Processing+of+Heart+Rate+Responses+in+Multiple+Wild-type+Embryonic+Zebrafish+per+Imaging+Field&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.aulast=Farraj&rft.aufirst=Aimen+K.&rft.au=Farraj%2C+Aimen+K.&rft.au=Padilla%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Hazari%2C+Mehdi+S.&rft.au=Hays%2C+Michael+D.&rft.au=Cascio%2C+Wayne+E.&rft.au=Gilmour%2C+M.+Ian&rft.au=Leslie+C.+Thompson&rft.au=Martin%2C+Brandi+L.&rft.au=DeMarini%2C+David+M.&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B145&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-35949-5&rft_id=info:pmid/30644404&rft.issn=2045-2322&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SocTox2014-21">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-SocTox2014_21-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SocTox2014_21-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207062218/http://www.toxicology.org/ms/air1.asp">”The importance of animal in research”</a>. <i><span>The importance of animal in research</span></i>. Society of Toxicology. 2014. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toxicology.org/ms/air1.asp">originalet</a> den 2014-12-07<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207062218/http://www.toxicology.org/ms/air1.asp">https://web.archive.org/web/20141207062218/http://www.toxicology.org/ms/air1.asp</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+importance+of+animal+in+research&rft.atitle=The+importance+of+animal+in+research&rft.date=2014&rft.pub=Society+of+Toxicology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20141207062218%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.toxicology.org%2Fms%2Fair1.asp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207062218/http://www.toxicology.org/ms/air1.asp">Arkiverad</a> 7 december 2014 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>. <cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207062218/http://www.toxicology.org/ms/air1.asp">”Arkiverade kopian”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toxicology.org/ms/air1.asp">originalet</a> den 7 december 2014<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207062218/http://www.toxicology.org/ms/air1.asp">https://web.archive.org/web/20141207062218/http://www.toxicology.org/ms/air1.asp</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 15 december 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Arkiverade+kopian&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20141207062218%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.toxicology.org%2Fms%2Fair1.asp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFKanter2013">Kanter, James (11 mars 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/11/business/global/eu-to-ban-cosmetics-with-animal-tested-ingredients.html">”E.U. Bans Cosmetics With Animal-Tested Ingredients”</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/11/business/global/eu-to-ban-cosmetics-with-animal-tested-ingredients.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/11/business/global/eu-to-ban-cosmetics-with-animal-tested-ingredients.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 26 oktober 2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=E.U.+Bans+Cosmetics+With+Animal-Tested+Ingredients&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Kanter&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Kanter%2C+James&rft.date=11+mars+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F03%2F11%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2Feu-to-ban-cosmetics-with-animal-tested-ingredients.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alttox.org/ttrc/existing-alternatives/">”Existing Non-animal Alternatives”</a>. <i><span>Existing Non-animal Alternatives</span></i>. AltTox.org. 8 September 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://alttox.org/ttrc/existing-alternatives/">http://alttox.org/ttrc/existing-alternatives/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Existing+Non-animal+Alternatives&rft.atitle=Existing+Non-animal+Alternatives&rft.date=8+September+2011&rft.pub=AltTox.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falttox.org%2Fttrc%2Fexisting-alternatives%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222165707/http://alttox.org/ttrc/existing-alternatives/">Arkiverad</a> 22 februari 2012 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toxicology.org/script/admin/toxtopics/114517_AM_TT3_InVitro_SOT.pdf">”Alternative toxicity test methods: reducing, refining and replacing animal use for safety testing”</a>. <i><span>Alternative toxicity test methods: reducing, refining and replacing animal use for safety testing</span></i>. Society of Toxicology<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.toxicology.org/script/admin/toxtopics/114517_AM_TT3_InVitro_SOT.pdf">https://www.toxicology.org/script/admin/toxtopics/114517_AM_TT3_InVitro_SOT.pdf</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Alternative+toxicity+test+methods%3A+reducing%2C+refining+and+replacing+animal+use+for+safety+testing&rft.atitle=Alternative+toxicity+test+methods%3A+reducing%2C+refining+and+replacing+animal+use+for+safety+testing&rft.pub=Society+of+Toxicology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.toxicology.org%2Fscript%2Fadmin%2Ftoxtopics%2F114517_AM_TT3_InVitro_SOT.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075550/https://www.toxicology.org/script/admin/toxtopics/114517_AM_TT3_InVitro_SOT.pdf">Arkiverad</a> 4 mars 2016 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>. <cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075550/https://www.toxicology.org/script/admin/toxtopics/114517_AM_TT3_InVitro_SOT.pdf">”Arkiverade kopian”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toxicology.org/script/admin/toxtopics/114517_AM_TT3_InVitro_SOT.pdf">originalet</a> den 4 mars 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075550/https://www.toxicology.org/script/admin/toxtopics/114517_AM_TT3_InVitro_SOT.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075550/https://www.toxicology.org/script/admin/toxtopics/114517_AM_TT3_InVitro_SOT.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 15 december 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Arkiverade+kopian&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160304075550%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.toxicology.org%2Fscript%2Fadmin%2Ftoxtopics%2F114517_AM_TT3_InVitro_SOT.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Alan M. Goldberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://altweb.jhsph.edu/altex/27_2/rPL7_Goldberg2.pdf">The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique: Is It Relevant Today?</a> Altex 27, Special Issue 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c1-26">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-c1_26-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c1_26-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFLeeuwen_van.C.J.Vermeire_T.G.2007">Leeuwen van.C.J.; Vermeire T.G. (2007). <i><span>Risk assessment of chemicals: An introduction</span></i>. New York: Springer. Sid. 451–479. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-1-4020-6102-8" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-1-4020-6102-8">ISBN 978-1-4020-6102-8</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Risk+assessment+of+chemicals%3A+An+introduction&rft.aulast=Leeuwen+van.C.J.&rft.au=Leeuwen+van.C.J.&rft.au=Vermeire+T.G.&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=Sid.%26nbsp%3B451%E2%80%93479&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6102-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFNational_Research_Council2007">National Research Council (2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/catalog/11970/toxicity-testing-in-the-21st-century-a-vision-and-a">Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy</a></i>. National Academies Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9780309151733" title="Special:Bokkällor/9780309151733">ISBN 9780309151733</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nap.edu/catalog/11970/toxicity-testing-in-the-21st-century-a-vision-and-a">https://www.nap.edu/catalog/11970/toxicity-testing-in-the-21st-century-a-vision-and-a</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toxicity+Testing+in+the+21st+Century%3A+A+Vision+and+a+Strategy&rft.aulast=National+Research+Council&rft.au=National+Research+Council&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.isbn=9780309151733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fcatalog%2F11970%2Ftoxicity-testing-in-the-21st-century-a-vision-and-a&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/materials-based-on-reports/reports-in-brief/Toxicity_Testing_final.pdf">Lay summary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215102924/http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/materials-based-on-reports/reports-in-brief/Toxicity_Testing_final.pdf">Arkiverad</a> 15 februari 2020 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFKrewski_D,_Acosta_D_Jr,_Andersen_M,_Anderson_H,_Bailar_JC_3rd,_Boekelheide_K,_Brent_R,_Charnley_G,_Cheung_VG,_Green_S_Jr,_Kelsey_KT,_Kerkvliet_NI,_Li_AA,_McCray_L,_Meyer_O,_Patterson_RD,_Pennie_W,_Scala_RA,_Solomon_GM,_Stephens_M,_Yager_J,_Zeise_L2010">Krewski D, Acosta D Jr, Andersen M, Anderson H, Bailar JC 3rd, Boekelheide K, Brent R, Charnley G, Cheung VG, Green S Jr, Kelsey KT, Kerkvliet NI, Li AA, McCray L, Meyer O, Patterson RD, Pennie W, Scala RA, Solomon GM, Stephens M, Yager J, Zeise L (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4410863">”Toxicity testing in the 21st century: a vision and a strategy”</a>. <i>J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev</i> 13 (2–4): sid. 51–138. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10937404.2010.483176">10.1080/10937404.2010.483176</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20574894?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:20574894">PMID 20574894</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Toxicity+testing+in+the+21st+century%3A+a+vision+and+a+strategy&rft.jtitle=J+Toxicol+Environ+Health+B+Crit+Rev&rft.aulast=Krewski+D%2C+Acosta+D+Jr%2C+Andersen+M%2C+Anderson+H%2C+Bailar+JC+3rd%2C+Boekelheide+K%2C+Brent+R%2C+Charnley+G%2C+Cheung+VG%2C+Green+S+Jr%2C+Kelsey+KT%2C+Kerkvliet+NI%2C+Li+AA%2C+McCray+L%2C+Meyer+O%2C+Patterson+RD%2C+Pennie+W%2C+Scala+RA%2C+Solomon+GM%2C+Stephens+M%2C+Yager+J%2C+Zeise+L&rft.au=Krewski+D%2C+Acosta+D+Jr%2C+Andersen+M%2C+Anderson+H%2C+Bailar+JC+3rd%2C+Boekelheide+K%2C+Brent+R%2C+Charnley+G%2C+Cheung+VG%2C+Green+S+Jr%2C+Kelsey+KT%2C+Kerkvliet+NI%2C+Li+AA%2C+McCray+L%2C+Meyer+O%2C+Patterson+RD%2C+Pennie+W%2C+Scala+RA%2C+Solomon+GM%2C+Stephens+M%2C+Yager+J%2C+Zeise+L&rft.date=2010&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2%E2%80%934&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B51%E2%80%93138&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F10937404.2010.483176&rft_id=info:pmid/20574894&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFAdler_S.2011">Adler S. (2011). ”Alternative (non-animal)methods for cosmetic testing: current status and future prospects - 2010”. <i>Arch Toxicol</i> 85 (1): sid. 367–485. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00204-011-0693-2">10.1007/s00204-011-0693-2</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21533817?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:21533817">PMID 21533817</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Alternative+%28non-animal%29methods+for+cosmetic+testing%3A+current+status+and+future+prospects+-+2010&rft.jtitle=Arch+Toxicol&rft.aulast=Adler+S.&rft.au=Adler+S.&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B367%E2%80%93485&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs00204-011-0693-2&rft_id=info:pmid/21533817&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttoboni199183-85-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttoboni199183-85_30-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOttoboni1991">Ottoboni 1991</a>, sid. 83-85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFTalhoutSchulzFlorekVan_Benthem2011">Talhout, Reinskje; Schulz, Thomas; Florek, Ewa; Van Benthem, Jan; Wester, Piet; Opperhuizen, Antoon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3084482">”Hazardous Compounds in Tobacco Smoke”</a>. <i>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</i> 8 (12): sid. 613–628. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph8020613">10.3390/ijerph8020613</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1660-4601">1660-4601</a>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21556207?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:21556207">PMID 21556207</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hazardous+Compounds+in+Tobacco+Smoke&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.aulast=Talhout&rft.aufirst=Reinskje&rft.au=Talhout%2C+Reinskje&rft.au=Schulz%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Florek%2C+Ewa&rft.au=Van+Benthem%2C+Jan&rft.au=Wester%2C+Piet&rft.au=Opperhuizen%2C+Antoon&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B613%E2%80%93628&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fijerph8020613&rft_id=info:pmid/21556207&rft.issn=1660-4601&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFDinis-OliveiraCarvalho,_F._F.Duarte,_J._A.Remião,_F._F.2010">Dinis-Oliveira, R; Carvalho, F. F.; Duarte, J. A.; Remião, F. F.; Marques, A. A.; Santos, A. A.; Magalhães, T. T (2010). ”Collection of biological samples in forensic toxicology”. <i>Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods</i> 20 (7): sid. 363–414. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3109%2F15376516.2010.497976">10.3109/15376516.2010.497976</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20615091?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:20615091">PMID 20615091</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Collection+of+biological+samples+in+forensic+toxicology&rft.jtitle=Toxicology+Mechanisms+and+Methods&rft.aulast=Dinis-Oliveira&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Dinis-Oliveira%2C+R&rft.au=Carvalho%2C+F.+F.&rft.au=Duarte%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Remi%C3%A3o%2C+F.+F.&rft.au=Marques%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Santos%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Magalh%C3%A3es%2C+T.+T&rft.date=2010&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B363%E2%80%93414&rft_id=info:doi/10.3109%2F15376516.2010.497976&rft_id=info:pmid/20615091&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFReisfeldMayeno2012">Reisfeld, B; Mayeno, A. N. (2012). ”What is Computational Toxicology?”. <i><span>Computational Toxicology</span></i>. Methods in Molecular Biology. "929". Sid. 3–7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-62703-050-2_1">10.1007/978-1-62703-050-2_1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-1-62703-049-6" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-1-62703-049-6">ISBN 978-1-62703-049-6</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What+is+Computational+Toxicology%3F&rft.atitle=Computational+Toxicology&rft.aulast=Reisfeld&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Reisfeld%2C+B&rft.au=Mayeno%2C+A.+N.&rft.date=2012&rft.series=Methods+in+Molecular+Biology&rft.volume=929&rft.pages=Sid.%26nbsp%3B3%E2%80%937&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2F978-1-62703-050-2_1&rft.isbn=978-1-62703-049-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFHartung2009">Hartung, T (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675641">”A toxicology for the 21st century--mapping the road ahead”</a>. <i>Toxicological Sciences</i> 109 (1): sid. 18–23. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfp059">10.1093/toxsci/kfp059</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19357069?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:19357069">PMID 19357069</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+toxicology+for+the+21st+century--mapping+the+road+ahead&rft.jtitle=Toxicological+Sciences&rft.aulast=Hartung&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Hartung%2C+T&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B18%E2%80%9323&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfp059&rft_id=info:pmid/19357069&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFBergDe_WeverFuchsGaca2011">Berg, N; De Wever, B; Fuchs, H. W.; Gaca, M; Krul, C; Roggen, E. L. (2011). ”Toxicology in the 21st century--working our way towards a visionary reality”. <i>Toxicology in Vitro</i> 25 (4): sid. 874–81. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tiv.2011.02.008">10.1016/j.tiv.2011.02.008</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21338664?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:21338664">PMID 21338664</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Toxicology+in+the+21st+century--working+our+way+towards+a+visionary+reality&rft.jtitle=Toxicology+in+Vitro&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Berg%2C+N&rft.au=De+Wever%2C+B&rft.au=Fuchs%2C+H.+W.&rft.au=Gaca%2C+M&rft.au=Krul%2C+C&rft.au=Roggen%2C+E.+L.&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B874%E2%80%9381&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.tiv.2011.02.008&rft_id=info:pmid/21338664&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tripod.nih.gov/tox21/challenge/leaderboard.jsp">”Toxicology in the 21st century Data Challenge”</a>. <i><span>www.tripod.nih.gov</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tripod.nih.gov/tox21/challenge/leaderboard.jsp">https://tripod.nih.gov/tox21/challenge/leaderboard.jsp</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Toxicology+in+the+21st+century+Data+Challenge&rft.atitle=www.tripod.nih.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftripod.nih.gov%2Ftox21%2Fchallenge%2Fleaderboard.jsp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150228225709/http://www.ncats.nih.gov/news-and-events/features/tox21-challenge-winners.html">”NCATS Announces Tox21 Data Challenge Winners”</a>. <i><span>www.ncats.nih.gov</span></i>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncats.nih.gov/news-and-events/features/tox21-challenge-winners.html">originalet</a> den 2015-02-28<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150228225709/http://www.ncats.nih.gov/news-and-events/features/tox21-challenge-winners.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20150228225709/http://www.ncats.nih.gov/news-and-events/features/tox21-challenge-winners.html</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=NCATS+Announces+Tox21+Data+Challenge+Winners&rft.atitle=www.ncats.nih.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150228225709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncats.nih.gov%2Fnews-and-events%2Ffeatures%2Ftox21-challenge-winners.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150228225709/http://www.ncats.nih.gov/news-and-events/features/tox21-challenge-winners.html">Arkiverad</a> 28 februari 2015 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>. <cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150228225709/http://www.ncats.nih.gov/news-and-events/features/tox21-challenge-winners.html">”Arkiverade kopian”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncats.nih.gov/news-and-events/features/tox21-challenge-winners.html">originalet</a> den 28 februari 2015<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150228225709/http://www.ncats.nih.gov/news-and-events/features/tox21-challenge-winners.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20150228225709/http://www.ncats.nih.gov/news-and-events/features/tox21-challenge-winners.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 15 december 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Arkiverade+kopian&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150228225709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncats.nih.gov%2Fnews-and-events%2Ffeatures%2Ftox21-challenge-winners.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Unterthiner, T.; Mayr, A.; Klambauer, G.; Steijaert, M.; Ceulemans, H.; Wegner, J. K.; & Hochreiter, S. (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioinf.jku.at/publications/2014/NIPS2014a.pdf">"Deep Learning as an Opportunity in Virtual Screening"</a>. Workshop on Deep Learning and Representation Learning (NIPS2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Unterthiner, T.; Mayr, A.; Klambauer, G.; & Hochreiter, S. (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1503.01445v1">"Toxicity Prediction using Deep Learning"</a>. ArXiv, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merriam-Webster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merriam-Webster [inte skriven än]">Merriam-Webster</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/">Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>, Merriam-Webster<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/">http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Unabridged+Dictionary&rft.aulast=Merriam-Webster&rft.au=Merriam-Webster&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funabridged.merriam-webster.com%2Funabridged%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525084504/http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/">Arkiverad</a> 25 maj 2020 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>. <cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525084504/http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/">”Arkiverade kopian”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/">originalet</a> den 25 maj 2020<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525084504/http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/">https://web.archive.org/web/20200525084504/http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 15 december 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Arkiverade+kopian&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200525084504%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Funabridged.merriam-webster.com%2Funabridged%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toxikologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output 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