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<ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_influences_and_syncretism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_influences_and_syncretism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Outside influences and syncretism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_influences_and_syncretism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Cosmology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cosmology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cosmology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation_myth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_myth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Creation myth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_myth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myth_of_the_end_of_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myth_of_the_end_of_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Myth of the end of the world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myth_of_the_end_of_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_cosmos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_cosmos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Physical cosmos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_cosmos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Fate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afterlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afterlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Afterlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afterlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religiously_significant_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religiously_significant_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Religiously significant numbers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religiously_significant_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supernatural_and_divine_beings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supernatural_and_divine_beings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Supernatural and divine beings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Supernatural_and_divine_beings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Supernatural and divine beings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Supernatural_and_divine_beings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Gods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giants_(Jötnar)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giants_(Jötnar)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Giants (Jötnar) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giants_(Jötnar)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elves,_dwarfs_and_other_beings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elves,_dwarfs_and_other_beings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Elves, dwarfs and other beings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elves,_dwarfs_and_other_beings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pantheon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pantheon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pantheon </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pantheon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pantheon subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pantheon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman-era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman-era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Roman-era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman-era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germanic_gods_with_Roman_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_gods_with_Roman_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Germanic gods with Roman names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_gods_with_Roman_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Alcis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nerthus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nerthus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Nerthus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nerthus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matronae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matronae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Matronae </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matronae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_female_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_female_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.5 Other female deities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_female_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Roman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Roman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Post-Roman era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Roman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-*Tiwaz/Tyr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#*Tiwaz/Tyr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 *Tiwaz/Tyr </div> </a> <ul id="toc-*Tiwaz/Tyr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-*Thunraz/Thor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#*Thunraz/Thor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 *Thunraz/Thor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-*Thunraz/Thor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-*Wodanaz/Odin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#*Wodanaz/Odin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 *Wodanaz/Odin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-*Wodanaz/Odin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-*Frijjō/Frigg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#*Frijjō/Frigg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 *Frijjō/Frigg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-*Frijjō/Frigg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_gods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_gods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Other gods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_gods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_and_objects_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_and_objects_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Places and objects of worship </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Places_and_objects_of_worship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Places and objects of worship subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Places_and_objects_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divine_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divine_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Divine images </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divine_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacred_places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacred_places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Sacred places </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacred_places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacred_trees,_groves,_and_poles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacred_trees,_groves,_and_poles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Sacred trees, groves, and poles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacred_trees,_groves,_and_poles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel_and_devotees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel_and_devotees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Personnel and devotees </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personnel_and_devotees-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personnel and devotees subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personnel_and_devotees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animal_symbolism_and_warrior_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_symbolism_and_warrior_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Animal symbolism and warrior bands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_symbolism_and_warrior_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ritual_specialists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritual_specialists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Ritual specialists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ritual_specialists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Practices </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Practices subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burial_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Burial practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Divination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feasts_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feasts_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Feasts and festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feasts_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Magic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ritual_procession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritual_procession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Ritual procession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ritual_procession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacrifices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacrifices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Sacrifices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacrifices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations_of_Germanic_paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_of_Germanic_paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Variations of Germanic paganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations_of_Germanic_paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Germanic paganism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" > 31 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanse_godsdiens" title="Germaanse godsdiens – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Germaanse godsdiens" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanisc_H%C7%A3%C3%B0enscipe" title="Germanisc Hǣðenscipe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Germanisc Hǣðenscipe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وثنية جرمانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وثنية جرمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganiezh_c%27herman" title="Paganiezh c'herman – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paganiezh c'herman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganisme_germ%C3%A0nic" title="Paganisme germànic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paganisme germànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_n%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD" title="Germánské náboženství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Germánské náboženství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germansk_religion" title="Germansk religion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Germansk religion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanische_Religion" title="Germanische Religion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Germanische Religion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Γερμανικός παγανισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανικός παγανισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganismo_germ%C3%A1nico" title="Paganismo germánico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paganismo germánico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganismo_germaniar" title="Paganismo germaniar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paganismo germaniar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آیین ژرمنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیین ژرمنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganisme_germanique" title="Paganisme germanique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paganisme germanique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaansk_heidendom" title="Germaansk heidendom – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Germaansk heidendom" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganismo_xerm%C3%A1nico" title="Paganismo xermánico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paganismo xermánico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganisme_Jermanik" title="Paganisme Jermanik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paganisme Jermanik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99" title="פגאניזם גרמאני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פגאניזם גרמאני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religio_Germanica" title="Religio Germanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Religio Germanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2erm%C4%81%C5%86u_pag%C4%81nisms" title="Ģermāņu pagānisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" 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religion – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Germansk religion" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_German%C3%B3w" title="Religia Germanów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Religia Germanów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Германское язычество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германское язычество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germansk_religion" title="Germansk religion – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Germansk religion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cermen_paganizmi" title="Cermen paganizmi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cermen paganizmi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Дохристиянські вірування германців – 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Traditional religion of Germanic peoples</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient Germanic religion. For the modern revival, see <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bracteate_from_Funen,_Denmark_(DR_BR42).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg/220px-Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg/330px-Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg/440px-Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>A 5th or 6th-century C-type bracteate (<a href="/wiki/Alu_(runic)#DR_BR42" title="Alu (runic)">DR BR42</a>) showing a figure, likely Odin, above a horse with dislocated legs. This may refer to Odin's healing of Baldr's horse in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Merseburg_Charm" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Merseburg Charm">Second Merseburg Charm</a> and was likely a talisman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993278-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Extant</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Extinct</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Hypothetical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Grammar</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> Eastern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> Northern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> Northern/Eastern Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> South Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Indo-Aryans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> Iranians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> Indo-Aryan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li></ul></li></ul> Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Practices</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Scholars</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Institutes</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Publications</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Germanic paganism or Germanic religion refers to the traditional, culturally significant religion of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>. With a <a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">chronological range</a> of at least one thousand years in an area covering Scandinavia, the British Isles, modern Germany, the Netherlands, and at times other parts of Europe, the beliefs and practices of Germanic paganism varied. Scholars typically assume some degree of continuity between Roman-era beliefs and those found in <a href="/wiki/Norse_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse paganism">Norse paganism</a>, as well as between Germanic religion and reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European religion">Indo-European religion</a> and post-conversion <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, though the precise degree and details of this continuity are subjects of debate. Germanic religion was influenced by neighboring cultures, including that of the Celts, the Romans, and, later, by the Christian religion. Very few sources exist that were written by pagan adherents themselves; instead, most were written by outsiders and can thus present problems for reconstructing authentic Germanic beliefs and practices. Some basic aspects of Germanic belief can be reconstructed, including the existence of one or more origin myths, the existence of a myth of the end of the world, a general belief in the inhabited world being a "<a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">middle-earth</a>", as well as some aspects of belief in fate and the afterlife. The Germanic peoples believed in a multitude of gods, and in other supernatural beings such as <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tnar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jötnar">jötnar</a> (often glossed as giants), <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Elves">elves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">dragons</a>. Roman-era sources, using Roman names, mention several important male gods, as well as several goddesses such as <a href="/wiki/Nerthus" title="Nerthus">Nerthus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matronae" title="Matres and Matronae">matronae</a>. Early medieval sources identify a pantheon consisting of the gods *Wodanaz (<a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>), *Thunraz (<a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>), *Tiwaz (<a href="/wiki/Tyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyr">Tyr</a>), and *Frijjō (<a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a>),<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> as well as numerous other gods, many of whom are only attested from Norse sources (see <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a>). Textual and archaeological sources allow the reconstruction of aspects of Germanic ritual and practice. These include well-attested burial practices, which likely had religious significance, such as rich grave goods and the burial in ships or wagons. <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Wooden carved figures</a> that may represent gods have been discovered in bogs throughout northern Europe, and rich sacrificial deposits, including objects, animals, and human remains, have been discovered in springs, bogs, and under the foundations of new structures. Evidence for sacred places includes not only natural locations such as <a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">sacred groves</a> but also early evidence for the construction of structures such as temples and the worship of standing poles in some places. Other known Germanic religious practices include divination and magic, and there is some evidence for festivals and the existence of priests. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subject_and_terminology">Subject and terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Subject and terminology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> Germanic religion is principally defined as the religious traditions of speakers of Germanic languages (the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a863-3">[2]</a> The term "religion" in this context is itself controversial, <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Maier" title="Bernhard Maier">Bernhard Maier</a> noting that it "implies a specifically modern point of view, which reflects the modern conceptual isolation of 'religion' from other aspects of culture".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier201899-4">[3]</a> Never a unified or codified set of beliefs or practices, Germanic religion showed strong regional variations and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Rudolf Simek</a> writes that it is better to refer to "Germanic religions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200474-5">[4]</a> In many contact areas (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> and eastern and northern Scandinavia), Germanic paganism was similar to neighboring religions such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Finnic_peoples" title="Finnic peoples">Finnic peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a865–866-6">[5]</a> The use of the qualifier "Germanic" (e.g. "Germanic religion" and its variants) remains common in <a href="/wiki/German-language" class="mw-redirect" title="German-language">German-language</a> scholarship, but is less commonly used in English and other scholarly languages, where scholars usually specify which branch of paganism is meant (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Norse_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse paganism">Norse paganism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZernack2018527–528-7">[6]</a> The term "Germanic religion" is sometimes applied to practices dating to as early as the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, but its use is more generally restricted to the time period after the Germanic languages had <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages#History" title="Germanic languages">become distinct</a> from other <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages#Diversification" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> (early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>). Germanic paganism covers a period of around one thousand years in terms of written sources, from the first reports in Roman sources to the final conversion to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a866–867-8">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuity">Continuity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Continuity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helm_von_Negau;_KHM,_Wien_Inschrift.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Helm_von_Negau%3B_KHM%2C_Wien_Inschrift.jpg/220px-Helm_von_Negau%3B_KHM%2C_Wien_Inschrift.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Helm_von_Negau%3B_KHM%2C_Wien_Inschrift.jpg/330px-Helm_von_Negau%3B_KHM%2C_Wien_Inschrift.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Helm_von_Negau%3B_KHM%2C_Wien_Inschrift.jpg/440px-Helm_von_Negau%3B_KHM%2C_Wien_Inschrift.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2558" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>The B inscription on the <a href="/wiki/Negau_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Negau helmet">Negau helmet</a>, c. 450-350 BCE. This inscription may be the earliest attestation of the name of the Germanic god <a href="/wiki/Tyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyr">Tyr</a>'s name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b250-9">[8]</a></figcaption></figure> Because of the amount of time and space covered by the term "Germanic religion", controversy exists as to the degree of continuity of beliefs and practices between the earliest attestations in Tacitus and the later attestations of Norse paganism from the high Middle Ages. Many scholars argue for continuity, seeing evidence of commonalities between the Roman, early medieval, and Norse attestations, while many other scholars are skeptical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b265-10">[9]</a> The majority of Germanic gods attested by name during the Roman period cannot be related to a later Norse god; many names attested in the Nordic sources are similarly without any known non-Nordic equivalents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl200483-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2010b591-12">[11]</a> The much higher number of sources on Scandinavian religion has led to a methodologically problematic tendency to use Scandinavian material to complete and interpret the much more sparsely attested information on continental Germanic religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a872-13">[12]</a> Most scholars accept some form of continuity between <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Indo-European</a> and Germanic religion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020a246-14">[13]</a> but the degree of continuity is a subject of controversy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimpeScardigli2010385-15">[14]</a> Jens Peter Schjødt writes that while many scholars view comparisons of Germanic religion with other attested Indo-European religions positively, "just as many, or perhaps even more, have been sceptical".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020a241-16">[15]</a> While supportive of Indo-European comparison, Schjødt notes that the "dangers" of comparison are taking disparate elements out of context and arguing that myths and mythical structures found around the world must be Indo-European just because they appear in multiple Indo-European cultures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020a243–244-17">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Maier" title="Bernhard Maier">Bernhard Maier</a> argues that similarities with other Indo-European religions do not necessarily result from a common origin, but can also be the result of convergence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2010a573-18">[17]</a> Continuity also concerns the question of whether popular, post-conversion beliefs and practices (<a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>) found among Germanic speakers up to the modern day reflect a continuity with earlier Germanic religion. Earlier scholars, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a>, believed that modern folklore was of ancient origin and had changed little over the centuries, which allowed the use of folklore and <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy tales">fairy tales</a> as sources of Germanic religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZernack2018533-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2020a197–198-20">[19]</a> These ideas later came under the influence of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Völkisch">völkisch</a> ideology, which stressed the organic unity of a Germanic "national spirit" (Volksgeist), as expressed in <a href="/wiki/Otto_H%C3%B6fler" title="Otto Höfler">Otto Höfler</a>'s "Germanic continuity theory".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemandtGoetz2010468-470-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZernack2018537-22">[21]</a> As a result, the use of folklore as a source went out of fashion after World War II, especially in Germany,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2020a201–202-23">[22]</a> but has experienced a revival since the 1990s in Nordic scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBratherHeizmannPatzold202127-24">[23]</a> Today, scholars are cautious in their use of folkloric material, keeping in mind that most was collected long after the conversion and the advent of writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2020a198–199-25">[24]</a> Areas where continuity can be noted include agrarian rites and magical ideas,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBratherHeizmannPatzold202127-24">[23]</a> as well as the root elements of some folktales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2020a199–201-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%B8nder_Kirkeby_runestone_I.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/S%C3%B8nder_Kirkeby_runestone_I.JPG/220px-S%C3%B8nder_Kirkeby_runestone_I.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/S%C3%B8nder_Kirkeby_runestone_I.JPG/330px-S%C3%B8nder_Kirkeby_runestone_I.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/S%C3%B8nder_Kirkeby_runestone_I.JPG/440px-S%C3%B8nder_Kirkeby_runestone_I.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Sønder Kirkeby runestone I (c. 1000). The inscription calls on <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> to hallow something unspecified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020d1095-27">[26]</a></figcaption></figure> Sources on Germanic religion can be divided between primary sources and secondary sources. Primary sources include texts, structures, place names, personal names, and objects that were created by devotees of the religion; secondary sources are normally texts that were written by outsiders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a871–872-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> Examples of primary sources include some Latin alphabet and Runic inscriptions, as well as poetic texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Merseburg_Charms" class="mw-redirect" title="Merseburg Charms">Merseburg Charms</a> and heroic texts that may date from pagan times, but were written down by Christians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b255–256-29">[28]</a> The poems of the <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Edda</a>, while pagan in origin, continued to circulate orally in a Christian context before being written down, which makes an application to pre-Christian times difficult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a872-13">[12]</a> In contrast, pre-Christian images such as on <a href="/wiki/Bracteates" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracteates">bracteates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gullgubber" title="Gullgubber">gold foil figures</a>, and rune and picture stones are direct attestations of Germanic religion. The interpretation of these images is not always immediately obvious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a872–873-30">[29]</a> Archaeological evidence is also extensive, including evidence from burials and sacrificial sites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b256-31">[30]</a> Ancient votive altars from the Rhineland often contain inscriptions naming gods with Germanic or partially Germanic names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021647-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Secondary sources">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Aesinas_Germania_Incipt_facsimile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Codex_Aesinas_Germania_Incipt_facsimile.jpg/220px-Codex_Aesinas_Germania_Incipt_facsimile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Codex_Aesinas_Germania_Incipt_facsimile.jpg/330px-Codex_Aesinas_Germania_Incipt_facsimile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Codex_Aesinas_Germania_Incipt_facsimile.jpg/440px-Codex_Aesinas_Germania_Incipt_facsimile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>The opening page of the Codex Aesinas of <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a>, which gives a large amount of information on Roman-era Germanic religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b257-33">[32]</a></figcaption></figure> Most textual sources on Germanic religion were written by outsiders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a872-13">[12]</a> The chief textual source for Germanic religion in the Roman period is Tacitus's Germania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993x-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[b]</a> There are problems with Tacitus's work, however, as it is unclear how much he really knew about the Germanic peoples he described and because he employed numerous <a href="/wiki/Inventio#Topoi" title="Inventio">topoi</a> dating back to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> that were used when describing a barbarian people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b257–258-37">[35]</a> Tacitus' reliability as a source can be characterized by his rhetorical tendencies, since one of the purposes of Germania was to present his Roman compatriots with an example of the virtues he believed they lacked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeare196472–73-38">[36]</a> Julius Caesar, <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>, and other ancient authors also offer some information on Germanic religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenbauer1984512-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[c]</a> Textual sources for post-Roman continental Germanic religion are written by Christian authors: Some of the gods of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> are described in the 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Origo_gentis_Langobardorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Origo gentis Langobardorum">Origo gentis Langobardorum</a> ("Origin of the Lombard People"), while a small amount of information on the religion of the pagan <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> can be found in <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a>'s late 6th-century Historia Francorum ("History of the Franks").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn201311–12-42">[39]</a> An important source for the pre-Christian religion of the Anglo-Saxons is <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a> (c. 731).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199333-43">[40]</a> Other sources include historians such as <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> (6th century CE) and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a> (8th century), as well as <a href="/wiki/Saint_lives" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint lives">saint lives</a> and Christian legislation against various practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenbauer1984512-39">[37]</a> Textual sources for Scandinavian religion are much more extensive. They include the aforementioned poems of the Poetic Edda, Eddic poetry found in other sources, the <a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a>, which is usually attributed to the Icelander <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a> (13th century CE), <a href="/wiki/Skaldic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Skaldic poetry">Skaldic poetry</a>, poetic <a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">kennings</a> with mythological content, Snorri's <a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a> (12th-13th century CE), Icelandic historical writing and <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">sagas</a>, as well as outsider sources such as the report on the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus'</a> made by the Arab traveler <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan" title="Ahmad ibn Fadlan">Ahmad ibn Fadlan</a> (10th century), the <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hammaburgensis_ecclesiae_pontificum" title="Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum">Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum</a> by bishop <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> (11th century CE), and various saints' lives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenbauer1984514–515-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020c67–101-45">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_influences_and_syncretism">Outside influences and syncretism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Outside influences and syncretism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_germanica" title="Interpretatio germanica">Interpretatio germanica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_cauldron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Silver_cauldron.jpg/220px-Silver_cauldron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Silver_cauldron.jpg/330px-Silver_cauldron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Silver_cauldron.jpg/440px-Silver_cauldron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3642" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gundestrup_Cauldron" class="mw-redirect" title="Gundestrup Cauldron">Gundestrup Cauldron</a>. Found in a bog in Denmark, the cauldron was likely made by Celts in Romania or Bulgaria. Decorated with motifs from <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a>, it is evidence of Celtic-Germanic contact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgeler2020291-46">[43]</a></figcaption></figure> Germanic religion has been influenced by the beliefs of other cultures. Celtic and Germanic peoples were in close contact in the first millennium BCE, and evidence for Celtic influence on Germanic religion is found in religious vocabulary. This includes, for instance, the name of the deity *Þun(a)raz (<a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>), which is identical to Celtic *Toranos (<a href="/wiki/Taranis" title="Taranis">Taranis</a>), the Germanic name of the <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runes</a> (Celtic *rūna 'secret, magic'), and the Germanic name for the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">sacred groves</a>, *nemeđaz (Celtic <a href="/wiki/Nemeton" title="Nemeton">nemeton</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2020-47">[44]</a> Evidence for further close religious contacts is found in the Roman-era Rhineland goddesses known as <a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matronae" title="Matres and Matronae">matronae</a>, which display both Celtic and Germanic names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgeler2020299–300-48">[45]</a> During the Viking Age, there is evidence for continued Irish mythological and Insular Celtic influence on Norse religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgeler2020302–309-49">[46]</a> During the Roman period, Germanic gods were equated with Roman gods and worshipped with Roman names in contact zones, a process known as Interpretatio Romana; later, Germanic names were also applied to Roman gods (Interpretatio Germanica). This was done to better understand one another's religions as well as to <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretize</a> elements of each religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2010d921–922-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2020a274-51">[48]</a> This resulted in various aspects of Roman worship and iconography being adopted among the Germanic peoples, including those living at some distance from the Roman frontier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2020a286–287-52">[49]</a> In later centuries, Germanic religion was also influenced by Christianity. There is evidence for the appropriation of Christian symbolism on gold bracteates and possibly in the understanding of the roles of particular gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhnPadbergHultgård2010438–440-53">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Germanic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Germanic peoples">Christianization of the Germanic peoples</a> was a long process during which there are many textual and archaeological examples of the co-existence and sometimes mixture of pagan and Christian worship and ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhnPadbergHultgård2010240–246-54">[51]</a> Christian sources frequently equate Germanic gods with <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> and forms of the <a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">devil</a> (Interpretatio Christiana).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2010d925-926-55">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cosmology">Cosmology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cosmology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_myth">Creation myth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Creation myth">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wessobrunner_Gebet_Clm22053_65v66r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wessobrunner_Gebet_Clm22053_65v66r.jpg/320px-Wessobrunner_Gebet_Clm22053_65v66r.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wessobrunner_Gebet_Clm22053_65v66r.jpg/480px-Wessobrunner_Gebet_Clm22053_65v66r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wessobrunner_Gebet_Clm22053_65v66r.jpg/640px-Wessobrunner_Gebet_Clm22053_65v66r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption>The pages of manuscript Clm 22053 containing the 9th-century Old High German <a href="/wiki/Wessobrunn_Prayer" title="Wessobrunn Prayer">Wessobrunn Prayer</a>, which seems to describe the time before creation similarly to the Old Norse pagan sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010c485,_488-489-56">[53]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_cosmogony" title="Indo-European cosmogony">Indo-European cosmogony</a></div> It is likely that multiple creation myths existed among Germanic peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordvig2020a989-57">[54]</a> Creation myths are not attested for the continental Germanic peoples or Anglo-Saxons;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010c484–485-58">[55]</a> Tacitus includes the story of Germanic tribes' descent from the gods <a href="/wiki/Tuisto" title="Tuisto">Tuisto</a> (or Tuisco), who is born from the earth,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordvig2020a993-59">[56]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mannus" title="Mannus">Mannus</a> (Germania chapter 2), resulting in a division into three or five Germanic subgroups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010c484–485-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolters2001467-468-60">[57]</a> Tuisto appears to mean "twin" or "double-being", suggesting that he was a hermaphroditic being capable of impregnating himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020a239-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolters2001471-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200491-63">[60]</a> These gods are only attested in Germania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhlmann2022328-64">[61]</a> It is not possible to decide based on Tacitus's report whether the myth was meant to describe an origin of the gods or of humans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolters2001471-62">[59]</a> Tacitus also includes a second myth: the <a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a> believed that they originated in a sacred <a href="/wiki/Grove_of_fetters" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove of fetters">grove of fetters</a> where a particular god dwelled (Germania chapter 39, for more on this see <a href="#Sacred_trees,_groves,_and_poles">"Sacred trees, groves, and poles"</a> below).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010c484–485,_505-65">[62]</a> The only Nordic comprehensive origin myth is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a> book <a href="/wiki/Gylfaginning" title="Gylfaginning">Gylfaginning</a>. According to Gylfaginning, the first being was the giant <a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a>, who was followed by the cow <a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0umbla" title="Auðumbla">Auðumbla</a>, eventually leading to the birth of Odin and his two brothers. The brothers kill Ymir and make the world out of his body, before finally making the first man and woman out of trees (<a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010c485-66">[63]</a> Some scholars suspect that Gylfaginning had been compiled from various contradictory sources, with some details from those sources having been left out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010c485–486-67">[64]</a> Besides Gylfaginning, the most important sources on Nordic creation myths are the <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Eddic poems</a> <a href="/wiki/V%C7%ABlusp%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vǫluspá">Vǫluspá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nism%C3%A1l" title="Vafþrúðnismál">Vafþrúðnismál</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmnism%C3%A1l" title="Grímnismál">Grímnismál</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordvig2020a989-57">[54]</a> The 9th-century Old High German <a href="/wiki/Wessobrunn_Prayer" title="Wessobrunn Prayer">Wessobrunn Prayer</a> begins with a series of negative pairs to describe the time before creation that show similarity to a number of Nordic descriptions of the time before the world, suggesting an orally transmitted formula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010c485,_488-489-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200491-63">[60]</a> There may be a continuity between Tacitus's account of Tuisto and Mannus and the Gylfaginning account of the creation of the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b266–267-68">[65]</a> The name Tuisto, if it means 'twin' or 'double-being', could connect him to the name of the primordial being Ymir, whose name probably has a similar meaning. On the other hand, the form "Tuisco" may suggest a connection to <a href="/wiki/Tyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyr">Tyr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b267-69">[66]</a> Similarly, both myths have a genealogy consisting of a grandfather, a father, and then three sons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordvig2020a995-70">[67]</a> Ymir's name is etymologically connected to the Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a> and Iranian <a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Yima</a>, while the creation of the world from Ymir's body is paralleled by the creation of the world from the primordial being <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a> in Indic mythology, suggesting not only a Proto-Germanic origin for Ymir but an even older Indo-European origin (see <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_cosmogony" title="Indo-European cosmogony">Indo-European cosmogony</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020a239-61">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myth_of_the_end_of_the_world">Myth of the end of the world</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Myth of the end of the world">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gosforth_Cross_V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gosforth_Cross_V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr_detail.jpg/220px-Gosforth_Cross_V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gosforth_Cross_V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr_detail.jpg/330px-Gosforth_Cross_V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gosforth_Cross_V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr_detail.jpg/440px-Gosforth_Cross_V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>An image on the <a href="/wiki/Gosforth_Cross" title="Gosforth Cross">Gosforth Cross</a> (10th century), possibly showing the god <a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr" title="Víðarr">Víðarr</a>'s battle with the wolf <a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård20201022-1023-71">[68]</a></figcaption></figure> There is evidence of a myth of the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end of the world</a> in Germanic mythology, which can be reconstructed in very general terms from the surviving sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2010987–988-72">[69]</a> The best known is the myth of <a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a>, attested from Old Norse sources, which involves a war between the gods and the beings of chaos, leading to the destruction of almost all gods, giants, and living things in a cataclysm of fire. It is followed by a rebirth of the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2010983–984-73">[70]</a> The notion of the world's destruction by fire in the Southern Germanic area seems confirmed by the existence of the word Muspilli (probably "<a href="/wiki/Muspilli" title="Muspilli">world conflagration</a>") to refer to the end of the world in Old High German; however, it is possible that this aspect derives from Christian influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2010985-74">[71]</a> Scholarship on Ragnarök tends to either argue that it is a myth with composite, partially non-Scandinavian origins, that it has Indo-European parallels and thus origins, or that it derives from Christian influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård20201025-75">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_cosmos">Physical cosmos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Physical cosmos">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0006Ismantorps_fornborg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/0006Ismantorps_fornborg.jpg/220px-0006Ismantorps_fornborg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/0006Ismantorps_fornborg.jpg/330px-0006Ismantorps_fornborg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/0006Ismantorps_fornborg.jpg/440px-0006Ismantorps_fornborg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3185" data-file-height="2115" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ismantorp_Fortress" title="Ismantorp Fortress">Ismantorp Fortress</a>, an Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">ringfort</a> from c. 300-600 CE on Öland island, Sweden. <a href="/wiki/Anders_Andr%C3%A9n" title="Anders Andrén">Anders Andrén</a> has argued that the structure is meant to represent <a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Midgard</a>, the enclosed, inhabited world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordvig2020b1012-1013-76">[73]</a></figcaption></figure> Information on Germanic cosmology is only provided in Nordic sources,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199353-77">[74]</a> but there is evidence for considerable continuity of beliefs despite variation over time and space.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordvig2020b1001-78">[75]</a> Scholarship is marked by disagreement about whether Snorri Sturlason's Edda is a reliable source for pre-Christian Norse cosmology, as Snorri has undoubtedly imposed an ordered, Christian worldview on his material.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordvig2020b1014-79">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Midgard</a> ("dwelling place in the middle") is used to refer to the inhabited world or a barrier surrounding the inhabited world in Norse mythology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993214-80">[77]</a> The term is first attested as midjungards in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ulfilas" title="Ulfilas">Wulfila</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">translation of the bible</a> (c. 370 CE), and has cognates in Saxon, Old English, and Old High German. It is thus probably an old Germanic designation. In the Prose Edda, Midgard also seems to be the part of the world inhabited by the gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993214-80">[77]</a> The dwelling place of the gods themselves is known as <a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a>, while the giants dwell in lands sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jötunheimar">Jötunheimar</a>, outside of Midgard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199354-81">[78]</a> The ash tree <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasill" class="mw-redirect" title="Yggdrasill">Yggdrasill</a> is at the center of the world,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén201437-82">[79]</a> and propped up the heavens in the same way as the Saxon pillar <a href="/wiki/Irminsul" title="Irminsul">Irminsul</a> was said to.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199354-81">[78]</a> The world of the dead (Hel) seems to have been underground, and it is possible that the realm of the gods was originally subterranean as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordvig2020b1004-1005-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199354-81">[78]</a> The Norse imagined the inhabited world to be surrounded by a sort of dragon or serpent, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a>; although only explicitly attested in Scandinavian sources, allusions to a world-surrounding monster from southern Germany and England suggest that this concept may have been common Germanic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimekReichstein2010290–291-84">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fate">Fate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fate">edit</a>]</div> Some Christian authors of the Middle Ages, such as <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> (c. 700) and <a href="/wiki/Thietmar_of_Merseburg" title="Thietmar of Merseburg">Thietmar of Merseburg</a> (c. 1000), attribute a strong belief in fate and chance to the followers of Germanic religion. Similarly, Old English, Old High German, and Old Saxon associate a word for fate, <a href="/wiki/Wyrd" title="Wyrd">wyrd</a>, as referring to an inescapable, impersonal fate or death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2010a16-17-85">[82]</a> While scholarship of the early 20th century believed that this meant that Germanic religion was essentially fatalistic, scholars since 1969 have noted that this concept appears to have been heavily influenced by the Christianized Greco-Roman notion of fortuna fatalis ("fatal fortune") rather than reflecting Germanic belief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020a948–949-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993374-87">[84]</a> Nevertheless, Norse myth attests the belief that even the gods were subject to fate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2010a17-18-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020a936–937-89">[86]</a> While it is thus clear that older scholarship exaggerated the importance of fate in Germanic religion, it still had its own concept of fate. Most Norse texts dealing with fate are heroic, which probably influences their portrayal of fate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020a949-950-90">[87]</a> In Norse myth, fate was created by supernatural female beings called <a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a>, who appear either individually or as a collective and who give people their fate at birth and are somehow involved in their deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020a930–931-91">[88]</a> Other female beings, the <a href="/wiki/Disir" class="mw-redirect" title="Disir">disir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valkyries" class="mw-redirect" title="Valkyries">valkyries</a>, were also associated with fate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020a750-92">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afterlife">Afterlife</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Afterlife">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bildstenen_Volundstenen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bildstenen_Volundstenen.jpg/220px-Bildstenen_Volundstenen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bildstenen_Volundstenen.jpg/330px-Bildstenen_Volundstenen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bildstenen_Volundstenen.jpg/440px-Bildstenen_Volundstenen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1988" data-file-height="2821" /></a><figcaption>A 9th-century picture stone from Ardre, Gotland that may depict Valhalla on the upper left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindowAndrén2020907–908-93">[90]</a> The figure on the eight-legged horse may depict Odin or a dead warrior riding to Valhalla.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindowAndrén2020915-94">[91]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death in Norse paganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Rebirth in Germanic paganism">Rebirth in Germanic paganism</a></div> Early Germanic beliefs about the afterlife are not well known; however, the sources indicate a variety of beliefs, including belief in an <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>, continued life in the grave, a world of the dead in the sky, and reincarnation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010d944-95">[92]</a> Beliefs varied by time and place and may have contradictory in the same time and place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindowAndrén2020925-96">[93]</a> The two most important afterlives in the attested corpus were located at <a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a>, while additional destinations for the dead are also mentioned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010d944-95">[92]</a> A number of sources refer to Hel as the general abode of the dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010d949-97">[94]</a> The Old Norse proper noun Hel and its cognates in other Germanic languages are used for the Christian <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a>, but they originally refer to a Germanic underworld and/or afterlife location that predates Christianization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindowAndrén2020898-98">[95]</a> Its relation to the West Germanic verb helan ("to hide") suggests that it may have originally referred to the grave itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993138-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2001172-100">[97]</a> It could also suggest the idea that the realm of the dead is hidden from human view.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindowAndrén2020899-101">[98]</a> It was not conceived of as a place of punishment until the high Middle Ages, when it takes on some characteristics of the Christian hell. It is described as cold, dark, and in the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993137-102">[99]</a> Valhalla ("hall of the slain"), on the other hand, is a hall in Asgard where the illustrious dead dwell with Odin, feasting and fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993347-103">[100]</a> Old Norse material often include the notion that the dead lived in their graves, and that they can sometimes come back as <a href="/wiki/Revenants" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenants">revenants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2020861-862-104">[101]</a> Several inscriptions in the <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a> found on stones marking graves seem intended to prevent this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindowAndrén2020898-98">[95]</a> The concept of the <a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a> of the dead, first attested in the 11th century, is found throughout the Germanic-speaking regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaxelmüller2010a1180-105">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993372-106">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religiously_significant_numbers">Religiously significant numbers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religiously significant numbers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers in Norse mythology">Numbers in Norse mythology</a></div> In Germanic mythology, the numbers three, nine, and twelve play an important role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuppener20101620-107">[104]</a> The symbolic importance of the number three is attested widely among many cultures,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993232-108">[105]</a> and the number twelve is also attested as significant in other cultures, meaning that foreign influence is possible. The number three often occurs as a symbol of completeness, which is probably how the frequent use in Germanic religion of triads of gods or giants should be understood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuppener20101620-107">[104]</a> Groups of three gods are mentioned in a number of sources, including Adam of Bremen, the Nordendorf Fibula, the Old Saxon Baptismal Formula, Gylfaginning, and Þorsteins þáttr uxafóts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1998481-109">[106]</a> The number nine can be understood as three threes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuppener20101620–1621-110">[107]</a> Its importance is attested in both mythology and worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993232–233-111">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supernatural_and_divine_beings">Supernatural and divine beings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Supernatural and divine beings">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gods">Gods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gods">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Origo_gentis_Langobardorum_-_illustrated_codex_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Origo_gentis_Langobardorum_-_illustrated_codex_cropped.jpg/220px-Origo_gentis_Langobardorum_-_illustrated_codex_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Origo_gentis_Langobardorum_-_illustrated_codex_cropped.jpg/330px-Origo_gentis_Langobardorum_-_illustrated_codex_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Origo_gentis_Langobardorum_-_illustrated_codex_cropped.jpg/440px-Origo_gentis_Langobardorum_-_illustrated_codex_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Opening illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Origo_gentis_Langobardorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Origo gentis Langobardorum">Origo gentis Langobardorum</a>, showing the Gods Godan (Odin) and Frea (Frigg) at the upper left corner.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">List of Germanic deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></div> The Germanic gods were a category of supernatural beings who interacted with humans, as well as with other supernatural beings such as giants (jötnar), elves, and dwarfs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2010a567-112">[109]</a> The distinction between gods and other supernaturally powerful beings might not always be clear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindowSchjødt2020a953-113">[110]</a> Unlike the Christian god, the Germanic gods were born, can die, and are unable to change the fate of the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindowSchjødt2020a952-114">[111]</a> The gods had mostly human features, with human forms, male or female gender, and familial relationships, and lived in a society organized like human society; however, their sight, hearing, and strength were superhuman, and they possessed a superhuman ability to influence the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2010a571-115">[112]</a> Within the religion, they functioned as helpers of humans,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindowSchjødt2020a958-116">[113]</a> granting heil ("good luck, good fortune") for correct religious observance. The adjectival form heilag (English holy) is attested in all Germanic languages, including Gothic on the <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Pietroassa" title="Ring of Pietroassa">Ring of Pietroassa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen199816–20-117">[114]</a> Based on Old Norse evidence, Germanic paganism probably had a variety of words to refer to gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen199813-118">[115]</a> Words descended from Proto-Germanic *ansuz, the origin of the Old Norse family of gods known as the <a href="/wiki/Aesir" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesir">Aesir</a> (singular Áss), are attested as a name for divine beings from around the Germanic world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichert2010a940-119">[116]</a> The earliest attestations are the name of a war goddess Vih-ansa ("<a href="/wiki/Vihansa" title="Vihansa">battle goddess</a>") that appears on a Roman inscription from <a href="/wiki/Tongeren" title="Tongeren">Tongeren</a>, with a second early attestion on a Runic belt-buckle found at <a href="/wiki/Vimose" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimose">Vimose</a>, Denmark from around 200 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek19933-120">[117]</a> The historian Jordanes mentions the Latinized form anses in the Getica, while the Old English rune poem attests the Old English form ōs, and personal names also exist using the word from the area where Old High German was spoken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichert2010a940-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahl2014-121">[118]</a> The Indo-European word for god, *deiuos, is only found in Old Norse, where it occurs as týr; it mostly appears in the plural (tívar) or in compound <a href="/wiki/Byname" class="mw-redirect" title="Byname">bynames</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2010b589-590-122">[119]</a> In Norse mythology, the Aesir are one of two families of gods, the other being the <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a>: the most important gods of Norse mythology belong to the Aesir and the term can also be used for the gods in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek19933-120">[117]</a> The Vanir appear to have been mostly <a href="/wiki/Fertility_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility god">fertility gods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek19934-123">[120]</a> There is no evidence for the existence of a separate Vanir family of gods outside of Icelandic mythological texts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020b1033-124">[121]</a> namely the Eddic poem <a href="/wiki/V%C7%ABlusp%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vǫluspá">Vǫluspá</a> and Snorri Sturluson's <a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_Saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynglinga Saga">Ynglinga Saga</a>. These sources detail a mythical <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a>, which, however, is portrayed quite differently in the different accounts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020a1033–1036-125">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Giants_(Jötnar)">Giants (Jötnar)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Giants (Jötnar)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rune_stone_dr_284_of_the_hunnestad_monument_in_lund_sweden_2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Rune_stone_dr_284_of_the_hunnestad_monument_in_lund_sweden_2008.JPG/220px-Rune_stone_dr_284_of_the_hunnestad_monument_in_lund_sweden_2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Rune_stone_dr_284_of_the_hunnestad_monument_in_lund_sweden_2008.JPG/330px-Rune_stone_dr_284_of_the_hunnestad_monument_in_lund_sweden_2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Rune_stone_dr_284_of_the_hunnestad_monument_in_lund_sweden_2008.JPG/440px-Rune_stone_dr_284_of_the_hunnestad_monument_in_lund_sweden_2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Viking Age picture stone (DRI 284) from <a href="/wiki/Hunnestad_Monument" title="Hunnestad Monument">Hunnestad</a>, Scania, probably depicting the gýgr (female jötunn) Hyrrokkin, with snakes in her hands, riding a wolf to Baldr's funeral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClunies_Ross20201541–1542-126">[123]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Jötunn</a></div> Giants (Jötnar) play a significant role in Germanic myth as preserved in Iceland, being just as important as the gods in myths of the cosmology and the creation and the end of the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClunies_Ross20201554-127">[124]</a> They appear to have been various types of powerful, non-divine supernatural beings who lived in a kind of wilderness and were mostly hostile to humans and gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClunies_Ross20201528,_1530-128">[125]</a> They have human form and live in families, but can sometimes take on animal form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClunies_Ross20201530-129">[126]</a> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: jötnar, the beings are also commonly referred to as þursar, both terms having cognates in West Germanic;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetzoldt2010a602-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClunies_Ross20201528-131">[128]</a> jötunn is probably derived from the verb "to eat", either referring to their strength,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetzoldt2010a602-130">[127]</a> or possibly to cannibalism as a characteristic trait of giants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClunies_Ross20201528-131">[128]</a> Giants often have a special association with some phenomena of nature, such as frost, mountains, water, and fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetzoldt2010a603-132">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993107-133">[130]</a> Scholars are divided as to whether there were any religious offerings or rituals offered to giants in Germanic religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClunies_Ross20201527-134">[131]</a> Scholars such as Gro Steisland and Nanna Løkka have suggested that the division of the gods from giants is not actually very clear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordvig2020b1010–1011-135">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elves,_dwarfs_and_other_beings">Elves, dwarfs and other beings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Elves, dwarfs and other beings">edit</a>]</div> Germanic religion also contained various other mythological beings, such as the monstrous wolf <a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a>, as well as beings such as <a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">elves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (mythology)">dwarfs</a>, and other non-divine supernatural beings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaxelmüller2010a1178-136">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sparlosastenen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sparlosastenen.JPG/220px-Sparlosastenen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sparlosastenen.JPG/330px-Sparlosastenen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sparlosastenen.JPG/440px-Sparlosastenen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>A flying dragon in a dive found on the <a href="/wiki/Sparl%C3%B6sa_Runestone" title="Sparlösa Runestone">Sparlösa Runestone</a> (c. 800).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomannCapelle2010273-137">[134]</a></figcaption></figure> Elves are beings of Germanic <a href="/wiki/Lower_mythology" title="Lower mythology">lower mythology</a> that are mostly male and appear as a collective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2010258-138">[135]</a> Snorri Sturluson divides the elves into two groups, the dark elves and the light elves; however, this division is not attested elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2020c1575-1576-139">[136]</a> People's understanding of elves varied by time and place: in some instances they were godlike beings, in others dead ancestors, nature spirits, or demons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2020c1571-140">[137]</a> In Norse pagan belief, elves seem to have been worshipped to some extent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199368-141">[138]</a> The concept of elves begins to differ between Scandinavia and the West Germanic peoples in the Middle Ages, possibly under Celtic influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199373-142">[139]</a> In Anglo-Saxon England, elves seem to have been potentially dangerous, powerful supernatural beings associated with woods, fields, hills, and bodies of water.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2013311-143">[140]</a> Like elves, dwarfs are beings of Germanic lower mythology. They are mostly male and imagined as a collective;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger20101197-144">[141]</a> however, individual named dwarfs also play an important role in Norse mythology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2020b1559-145">[142]</a> In Norse and German texts, dwarfs live in mountains and are known as great smiths and craftsmen. They may have originally been nature spirits or demons of death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199368-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger20101197–1198-146">[143]</a> Snorri Sturluson equates the dwarfs to a subgroup of the elves,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199368-141">[138]</a> and many high medieval German epics and some Old Norse myths give dwarfs names with the word alp or álf- ("elf") in them, suggesting some confusion between the two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger20101199-147">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2010260-148">[145]</a> However, there is no evidence that the dwarfs were worshipped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199368-141">[138]</a> In Anglo-Saxon England, dwarfs were potentially dangerous supernatural beings associated with madness, fever, and dementia, and have no known association with mountains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2013311–312-149">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragons</a> occur in Germanic mythology, with Norse examples including <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a> and the world-serpent <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a>. In the (late) sources for Scandinavian religion, dragons play an important role in the mythic cosmology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimekReichstein2010291-150">[147]</a> It is difficult to tell how much existing sources have been influenced by Greco-Roman and Christian ideas about dragons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomannCapelle2010269–270-151">[148]</a> Based on the native word (<a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old High German language">Old High German</a>: lintwurm, related to <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: linnr, "snake"), the early description in <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>, and early pictorial depictions, they were probably imagined as snake-like and of large size, able to spit poison or fire, and dwelled under the earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomannCapelle2010263-266-152">[149]</a> Scholarly consensus is that Germanic dragons were originally more snake- or worm-like and could not fly, but that the idea of flying dragons entered from Greco-Roman culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden2021309–319-153">[150]</a> The medieval Germanic languages did not distinguish linguistically or conceptually between snakes and dragons in their mythology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimekReichstein2010288-154">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pantheon">Pantheon</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pantheon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">List of Germanic deities</a></div> Due to the scarcity of sources and the origin of the Germanic gods over a broad period of time and in different locations, it is not possible to reconstruct a full pantheon of Germanic deities that is valid for Germanic religion everywhere; this is only possible for the last stage of Germanic religion, Norse paganism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2010a573-18">[17]</a> People in different times and places would have worshiped different individual gods and groups of gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1998480-155">[152]</a> Placename evidence containing divine names gives some indication of which gods were important in particular regions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikstrand2020121–125-156">[153]</a> however, such names are not well attested or researched outside Scandinavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1998483-484-157">[154]</a> The following section first includes some information on the gods attested during the Roman period, then the four main Germanic gods *Tiwaz (Tyr), Thunraz (Thor), *Wodanaz (Odin), and Frijjō (Frigg), who are securely attested since the early Middle Ages but were probably worshiped during Roman times,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200482–83-158">[155]</a> and finally some information on other gods, many of whom are only attested in Norse paganism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2010a568-159">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman-era">Roman-era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Roman-era">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germanic_gods_with_Roman_names">Germanic gods with Roman names</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Germanic gods with Roman names">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AE_1971,282_Vorderansicht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AE_1971%2C282_Vorderansicht.jpg/220px-AE_1971%2C282_Vorderansicht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AE_1971%2C282_Vorderansicht.jpg/330px-AE_1971%2C282_Vorderansicht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AE_1971%2C282_Vorderansicht.jpg/440px-AE_1971%2C282_Vorderansicht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>An altar of the god <a href="/wiki/Hercules_Magusanus" title="Hercules Magusanus">Hercules Magusanus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>. This god may be a Romanized version of Thor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993141-142-160">[157]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_Romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretatio Romana">Interpretatio Romana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_Germanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretatio Germanica">Interpretatio Germanica</a></div> The Roman authors Julius Caesar and Tacitus both use Roman names to describe foreign gods, but whereas Caesar claims the Germani worshiped no individual gods but only natural phenomena such as the sun, moon, and fire, Tacitus mentions a number of deities, saying that the most worshiped god is <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (god)">Mercury</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mars_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars (god)">Mars</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2010d922–923-161">[158]</a> he also mentions <a href="/wiki/Isis_of_the_Suebi" class="mw-redirect" title="Isis of the Suebi">Isis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laertes_(father_of_Odysseus)" title="Laertes (father of Odysseus)">Laertes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhlmann2022328-64">[61]</a> Scholars generally interpret Mercury as meaning Odin, Hercules as meaning Thor, and Mars as meaning Tyr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b262-162">[159]</a> As these names are only attested much later, however, there is some doubt about these identifications and it has been suggested that the gods Tacitus names were not worshiped by all Germanic peoples or that he has transferred information about the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> to the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl200481–82-163">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanson201812-164">[161]</a> The Germani themselves also worshiped gods with Roman names at votive altars constructed according to Roman tradition; while isolated instances of Germanic bynames (such as "Mars Thingsus") indicate that a Germanic god was meant, often it is not possible to know if the Roman god or a Germanic equivalent is meant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2020a283-165">[162]</a> Most surviving dedications are to Mercury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2020a275-166">[163]</a> Female deities, on the other hand, were not given Roman names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2020a284-167">[164]</a> Additionally, the Germanic speakers also translated Roman gods' names into their own languages (interpretatio Germanica) most prominently in the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_days_of_the_week" title="Names of the days of the week">days of the week</a>. Usually the translation of the days of the week is dated to the 3rd or 4th century CE; however, they are not attested until the early Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021608-168">[165]</a> This late attestation causes some scholars to question the usefulness of the days of the week for reconstructing early Germanic religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b262-162">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2007-169">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alcis">Alcis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Alcis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutton_Hoo_helmet_fig1_-_reconstructed-known.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sutton_Hoo_helmet_fig1_-_reconstructed-known.svg/220px-Sutton_Hoo_helmet_fig1_-_reconstructed-known.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sutton_Hoo_helmet_fig1_-_reconstructed-known.svg/330px-Sutton_Hoo_helmet_fig1_-_reconstructed-known.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sutton_Hoo_helmet_fig1_-_reconstructed-known.svg/440px-Sutton_Hoo_helmet_fig1_-_reconstructed-known.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Two figures reconstructed from the <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo helmet</a> (c. 600), proposed to represent Germanic <a href="/wiki/Divine_twins" title="Divine twins">divine twins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenfeldHauck2010969–970-170">[167]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alcis_(gods)" title="Alcis (gods)">Alcis (gods)</a></div> Tacitus mentions a divine pair of twins called the <a href="/wiki/Alcis_(gods)" title="Alcis (gods)">Alcis</a> worshipped by the <a href="/wiki/Naharvali" class="mw-redirect" title="Naharvali">Naharvali</a>, whom he compares to the Roman twin horsemen <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek19937-171">[168]</a> These twins can be associated with the Indo-European myth of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_twins" title="Divine twins">divine twin horsemen</a> (Dioscuri) attested in various Indo-European cultures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2020a1453–1455-172">[169]</a> Among later Germanic peoples, twin founding figures such as <a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist and Horsa</a> allude to the motif of the divine twins; Hengist and Horsa's names both mean "horse", strengthening the connection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2020a1455–1456-173">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199359–60,_139-174">[171]</a> In Scandinavia, images of divine twins are attested from 15th century BCE until the 8th century CE, after which they disappear, apparently as a result of religious change. Norse texts contain no identifiable divine twins, though scholars have looked for parallels among gods and heroes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2020a1463-175">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nerthus">Nerthus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Nerthus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nerthus" title="Nerthus">Nerthus</a></div> In Germania, Tacitus mentions that the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> venerated a goddess, <a href="/wiki/Nerthus" title="Nerthus">Nerthus</a>, and describes the rites of the goddess in some detail. At their center is a ceremonial wagon procession. Nerthus's cart is found on an unspecified island in the "ocean", where it is kept in a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">sacred grove</a> and draped in white cloth. Only a priest may touch it. When the priest detects Nerthus's presence by the cart, the cart is drawn by <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heifer" class="extiw" title="wikt:heifer">heifers</a>. Nerthus's cart is met with celebration and peacetime everywhere it goes, and during her procession no one goes to war and all iron objects are locked away. In time, after the goddess has had her fill of human company, the priest returns the cart to her "temple" and slaves ritually wash the goddess, her cart, and the cloth in a "secluded lake". According to Tacitus, the slaves are then immediately drowned in the lake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow202133-176">[173]</a> The majority of modern scholars identify Nerthus as a direct etymological precursor to the Old Norse deity <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a>, attested over a thousand years later. However, Njörðr is attested as male, leading to many proposals regarding this apparent change, such as incest motifs described among the Vanir, a group of gods to which Njörðr belongs, in Old Norse sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow202133-176">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Matronae">Matronae</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Matronae">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nettersheim_-_G%C3%B6rresburg_01_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nettersheim_-_G%C3%B6rresburg_01_ies.jpg/220px-Nettersheim_-_G%C3%B6rresburg_01_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nettersheim_-_G%C3%B6rresburg_01_ies.jpg/330px-Nettersheim_-_G%C3%B6rresburg_01_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nettersheim_-_G%C3%B6rresburg_01_ies.jpg/440px-Nettersheim_-_G%C3%B6rresburg_01_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Altar to the <a href="/wiki/Matronae_Aufaniae" title="Matronae Aufaniae">Aufanian matronae</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nettersheim" title="Nettersheim">Nettersheim</a>, location of a Roman-style temple that was built over an older location for burnt offerings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021649-177">[174]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matronae" title="Matres and Matronae">Matres and Matronae</a></div> Collectives of three goddess known as <a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matronae" title="Matres and Matronae">matronae</a> appear on numerous votive altars from the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Germania_inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Germania inferior">Germania inferior</a>, especially from Cologne,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021649-177">[174]</a> dating to the third and fourth centuries CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2020b1481-178">[175]</a> The altars depict three women in non-Roman dress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021649–650-179">[176]</a> About half of serving matronae altars can be identified as Germanic because of their <a href="/wiki/Byname" class="mw-redirect" title="Byname">bynames</a>; other have Latin or Celtic bynames.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2020b1481-178">[175]</a> The bynames are often connected to a place or ethnic group, but a number are associated with water,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2020b1485-180">[177]</a> and many of them seem to indicate a giving and protecting nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2020b1488-181">[178]</a> Despite their frequency in the archaeological record, the matronae receive no mention in any written source.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2020b1481-178">[175]</a> The matronae may be connected to female deities attested in collectives from later times, such as the <a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Disir" class="mw-redirect" title="Disir">disir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valkyries" class="mw-redirect" title="Valkyries">valkyries</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Rudolf Simek</a> suggests that a connection to the disir is most likely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2020b1490–1491-182">[179]</a> The disir may be etymologically connected to minor Hindu deities known as <a href="/wiki/Dhisana" title="Dhisana">dhisanās</a>, who likewise appear in a group; this would give them an Indo-European origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020e1497-183">[180]</a> Since <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a>, scholars have sought to connect the disir with the idisi found in the Old High German <a href="/wiki/Merseburg_Charms" class="mw-redirect" title="Merseburg Charms">First Merseburg Charm</a> and with a conjecturally corrected place name from Tacitus; however, these connections are contested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaumann2010988–989-184">[181]</a> The disir share some functions with the Norns and valkyries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaumann2010989-185">[182]</a> and the Nordic sources suggest a close association between the three groups of Norse minor female deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020e1497-183">[180]</a> Further connections of the matronae have been proposed: the Anglo-Saxon pagan festival of modranicht ("<a href="/wiki/Modranicht" class="mw-redirect" title="Modranicht">night of the mothers</a>") mentioned by Bede has been associated with the matronae.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn201321-186">[183]</a> Likewise, the poorly attested Anglo-Saxon goddesses <a href="/wiki/Eostre" class="mw-redirect" title="Eostre">Eostre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rheda_(mythology)" title="Rheda (mythology)">Rheda</a> may be connected with the matronae.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201149–72,_73–97-187">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_female_deities">Other female deities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other female deities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLANL_-_mystic_mabel_-_Voltarief_van_de_Godin_Nehalennia_150-250_na_Chr..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/WLANL_-_mystic_mabel_-_Voltarief_van_de_Godin_Nehalennia_150-250_na_Chr..jpg/220px-WLANL_-_mystic_mabel_-_Voltarief_van_de_Godin_Nehalennia_150-250_na_Chr..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/WLANL_-_mystic_mabel_-_Voltarief_van_de_Godin_Nehalennia_150-250_na_Chr..jpg/330px-WLANL_-_mystic_mabel_-_Voltarief_van_de_Godin_Nehalennia_150-250_na_Chr..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/WLANL_-_mystic_mabel_-_Voltarief_van_de_Godin_Nehalennia_150-250_na_Chr..jpg/440px-WLANL_-_mystic_mabel_-_Voltarief_van_de_Godin_Nehalennia_150-250_na_Chr..jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A votive altar of Nehelania (c. 150–250), discovered at <a href="/wiki/Domburg" title="Domburg">Domburg</a>, Netherlands in 1647.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERijksmuseum_van_Oudheiden-188">[185]</a></figcaption></figure> Besides Nerthus, Tacitus elsewhere mentions other important female deities worshiped by the Germanic peoples, such as <a href="/wiki/Tamfana" title="Tamfana">Tamfana</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Marsi" title="Marsi">Marsi</a> (Annals, 1:50) and the "mother of the gods" (mater deum) by the <a href="/wiki/Aestii" class="mw-redirect" title="Aestii">Aestii</a> (Germania, chapter 45).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerHultgård2010176-189">[186]</a> In addition to the collective matronae, votive altars from Roman Germania attest a number of individual goddesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2020b1487-190">[187]</a> A goddess <a href="/wiki/Nehelenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nehelenia">Nehelenia</a> is attested on numerous votive altars from the 3rd century CE on the Rhine islands of Walcheren and Noord-Beveland, as well as at Cologne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993228-191">[188]</a> Dedicatory inscriptions to Nehelenia make up 15% of all extant dedications to gods from the Roman province <a href="/wiki/Germania_inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Germania inferior">Germania inferior</a> and 50% of dedications to female deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021650-192">[189]</a> She appears to have been associated with trade and commerce, and was possibly a <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a> deity: she is usually depicted with baskets of fruit, a dog, or the prow of a ship or an oar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200483-193">[190]</a> Her attributes are shared with the Hellenistic-Egyptian goddess <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, suggesting a connection to the <a href="/wiki/Isis_of_the_Suebi" class="mw-redirect" title="Isis of the Suebi">Isis of the Suebi</a> mentioned by Tacitus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993229-194">[191]</a> Despite her obvious importance, she is not attested in later periods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200483-193">[190]</a> Another goddess, <a href="/wiki/Hludana" title="Hludana">Hludana</a>, is also attested from five votive inscriptions along the Rhine; her name is cognate with Old Norse Hlóðyn, one of the names of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a> (earth), the mother of Thor. It has thus been suggested she may have been a chthonic deity, possibly also connected to later attested figures such as <a href="/wiki/Hel_(being)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hel (being)">Hel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huld" title="Huld">Huld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frau_Holle" title="Frau Holle">Frau Holle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993153–154-195">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200483-193">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Roman_era">Post-Roman era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Post-Roman era">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="*Tiwaz/Tyr">*Tiwaz/Tyr</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: *Tiwaz/Tyr">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyr">Tyr</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyr-brakteaten_fr%C3%A5n_Naglum,_Trollh%C3%A4ttan_(SHM_1164)_tecknad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Tyr-brakteaten_fr%C3%A5n_Naglum%2C_Trollh%C3%A4ttan_%28SHM_1164%29_tecknad.jpg/220px-Tyr-brakteaten_fr%C3%A5n_Naglum%2C_Trollh%C3%A4ttan_%28SHM_1164%29_tecknad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Tyr-brakteaten_fr%C3%A5n_Naglum%2C_Trollh%C3%A4ttan_%28SHM_1164%29_tecknad.jpg/330px-Tyr-brakteaten_fr%C3%A5n_Naglum%2C_Trollh%C3%A4ttan_%28SHM_1164%29_tecknad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Tyr-brakteaten_fr%C3%A5n_Naglum%2C_Trollh%C3%A4ttan_%28SHM_1164%29_tecknad.jpg/440px-Tyr-brakteaten_fr%C3%A5n_Naglum%2C_Trollh%C3%A4ttan_%28SHM_1164%29_tecknad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption>The image on a fifth-century CE bracteate found in Trollhättan, Västergötland, Sweden (modern drawing by Gunnar Creutz). The bracteate suggests a version of the myth of Tyr's losing his hand during the binding of the monstrous wolf <a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020f1351-196">[193]</a></figcaption></figure> The god *Tiwaz (<a href="/wiki/Tyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyr">Tyr</a>) may be attested as early as 450-350 BCE on the <a href="/wiki/Negau_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Negau helmet">Negau helmet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b250-9">[8]</a> Etymologically, his name is related to the Vedic <a href="/wiki/Dyaus" title="Dyaus">Dyaus</a> and Greek <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, indicating an origin in the reconstructed Indo-European sky deity *<a href="/wiki/Dy%C4%93us" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyēus">Dyēus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020a230-197">[194]</a> He is thus the only attested Germanic god who was already important in Indo-European times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993337-198">[195]</a> When the days of the week were translated into Germanic, Tyr was associated with the Roman god <a href="/wiki/Mars_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars (god)">Mars</a>, so that dies Martis (day of Mars) became "Tuesday" ("day of *Tiwaz/Tyr").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993334-199">[196]</a> A votive inscription to "Mars Thingsus" (Mars of the <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">thing</a>) suggests he also had a connection to the legal sphere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020a235-200">[197]</a> Scholars generally believe that Tyr became less and less important in the Scandinavian branch of Germanic paganism over time and had largely ceased to be worshiped by the Viking Age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010f931-201">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993337–338-202">[199]</a> He plays a major role in only one myth, the binding of the monstrous wolf <a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a>, during which Tyr loses his hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020f1346-203">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="*Thunraz/Thor">*Thunraz/Thor</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: *Thunraz/Thor">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a></div> Thor was the most widely known and perhaps the most widely worshiped god in <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> Scandinavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020d1051-204">[201]</a> When the days of the week were translated into Germanic, he was associated with <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a>, so that dies Jovis ("Day of Jupiter") becomes "Thursday" ["day of Thunraz/Thor"]). This contradicts the earlier interpretatio Romana, where Thor is generally thought to be Hercules.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2020a280-205">[202]</a> Textual sources such as <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> as well as the association with Jupiter in the interpretatio Germanica suggest he may have been the head of the pantheon, at least in some times and places.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020d1091–1092-206">[203]</a> Alternatively, Thor's hammer may have been equated with Jupiter's lightning bolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200482-207">[204]</a> Outside of Scandinavia, he appears on the <a href="/wiki/Nordendorf_fibulae" title="Nordendorf fibulae">Nordendorf fibulae</a> (6th or 7th century CE) and in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_Baptismal_Vow" title="Old Saxon Baptismal Vow">Old Saxon Baptismal Vow</a> (9th century CE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck20101–2-208">[205]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Donar%27s_Oak" title="Donar's Oak">Oak of Jupiter</a>, destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a> in 723 CE, is also usually presumed to have been dedicated to Thor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020d1051-204">[201]</a> Viking age runestones as well as the Nordendorf fibulae appear to call upon Thor to bless objects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck20102–3-209">[206]</a> The most important archaeological evidence for the worship of Thor in Viking Age Scandinavia is found in the form of <a href="/wiki/Thor%27s_hammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thor's hammer">Thor's hammer</a> pendants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020d1052-210">[207]</a> Myths about Thor are only attested from Scandinavia, and it is unclear how representative the Nordic corpus is for the entire Germanic region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck201010-211">[208]</a> As Thor's name means "thunder", scholars since <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> have interpreted him to be a sky and weather god. In Norse mythology, he shares features with other Indo-European thunder gods, including his slaying of monsters; these features likely derive from a common Indo-European source.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020d1104–1105-212">[209]</a> In the extant mythology of Thor, however, he has very little association with thunder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020d1107-1108-213">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="*Wodanaz/Odin">*Wodanaz/Odin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: *Wodanaz/Odin">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fibula_Nordendorf_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Fibula_Nordendorf_I.jpg/220px-Fibula_Nordendorf_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Fibula_Nordendorf_I.jpg/330px-Fibula_Nordendorf_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Fibula_Nordendorf_I.jpg/440px-Fibula_Nordendorf_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="2149" /></a><figcaption>The front side of <a href="/wiki/Nordendorf_fibula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordendorf fibula">Nordendorf I fibula</a>, found in a sixth-century Alemannic grave. The back features the Runic inscription logaþore / wodan / wigiþonar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDüwelNedomaOehrl2020459-214">[211]</a> Either it represents the naming of three gods: Odin, Thor, and an unknown "Logathore"; or it may be a renunciation of the gods Odin and Thor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDüwelNedomaOehrl2020470-215">[212]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a></div> Odin (*Wodanaz) plays the main role in a number of myths as well as well-attested Norse rituals; he appears to have been venerated by many Germanic peoples in the early Middle Ages, though his exact characteristics probably varied in different times and places.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020e1123–1124-216">[213]</a> In the Germanic days of the week, Odin is equated with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (god)">Mercury</a> (dies Mercurii [day of Mercury] which became "Wednesday" ["day of *Wodanaz/Odin"]), an association that accords with the usual scholarly interpretation of the interpretatio Romana<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200482-207">[204]</a> and is also found in early medieval authors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2020a281-217">[214]</a> It may have been inspired by both gods' connections to arcane knowledge and the dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020e1129=1130-218">[215]</a> The age of the cult of Odin is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl200481-219">[216]</a> The earliest clear reference to Odin by name is found on a C-bracteate discovered in Denmark in 2020. Dated to as early as the 400s, the bracteate features a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a> Elder Futhark inscription reading "He is Odin’s man".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2023-220">[217]</a> Archaeological evidence for Odin is found in the form of his later <a href="/wiki/Byname" class="mw-redirect" title="Byname">bynames</a> on Runic inscriptions found in Danish bogs from 4th or 5th century AD; other possible archaeological attestations may date to the 3rd century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021608–609-221">[218]</a> Images of Odin dating to the late migration period are known from <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a>, but appear to have come there from Scandinavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021652-222">[219]</a> In Norse myths, Odin plays one of the most important roles of all the gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020e1123-223">[220]</a> He is also attested in myths outside of the Norse area. In the mid-7th century CE, the Franco-Burgundian chronicler <a href="/wiki/Fredegar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredegar">Fredegar</a> narrates that "Wodan" gave the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> their name; this story also appears in the roughly contemporary <a href="/wiki/Origo_gentis_Langobardorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Origo gentis Langobardorum">Origo gentis Langobardorum</a> and later in the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Langobardorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Langobardorum">Historia Langobardorum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a> (790 CE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanson201815–17-224">[221]</a> In Germany, Odin is attested as part of a divine triad on the Nordendorf fibulae and the second Merseburg charm, in which he heals Balder's horse. In England, he appears as a healing magician in the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm" title="Nine Herbs Charm">Nine Herbs Charm</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993473–374-225">[222]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_royal_genealogies" title="Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies">Anglo-Saxon genealogies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanson201817-226">[223]</a> It is disputed whether he was worshiped among the Goths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021646-227">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn201317-228">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="*Frijjō/Frigg">*Frijjō/Frigg</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: *Frijjō/Frigg">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a></div> The only major Norse goddess also found in the pre-Viking period is <a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a>, Odin's wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200490-229">[226]</a> When the Germanic days of the week were translated, Frigg was equated with <a href="/wiki/Venus_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus (god)">Venus</a>, so that dies Veneris ("day of Venus") became "Friday" ("day of Frijjō/Frigg").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2020a280-205">[202]</a> This translation suggests a connection to fertility and sexuality, and her name is etymologically derived from an Indo-European root meaning "love".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁsdísardóttir2020b1381-1382-230">[227]</a> In the stories of how the Lombards got their name, Frea (Frigg) plays an important role in tricking her husband Vodan (Odin) into giving the Lombards victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanson201815–17-224">[221]</a> She is also mentioned in the Merseburg Charms, where she displays magical abilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199393-231">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁsdísardóttir2020b1389-232">[229]</a> The only Norse myth in which Frigg plays a major role is the death of Baldr,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁsdísardóttir2020b1384-233">[230]</a> and there is only little evidence for a cult of Frigg in Scandinavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁsdísardóttir2020b1387-234">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_gods">Other gods</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other gods">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merseburger_Zauberspr%C3%BCche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Merseburger_Zauberspr%C3%BCche.jpg/250px-Merseburger_Zauberspr%C3%BCche.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Merseburger_Zauberspr%C3%BCche.jpg/375px-Merseburger_Zauberspr%C3%BCche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Merseburger_Zauberspr%C3%BCche.jpg/500px-Merseburger_Zauberspr%C3%BCche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>The Old High German <a href="/wiki/Merseburg_Charms" class="mw-redirect" title="Merseburg Charms">Merseburg Charms</a>, recorded in the 900s CE. The Charms mention Woden (Odin), Balder (Baldr) Frija (Frigg), the idisi (possibly the disir) and other gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199384,_278–279-235">[232]</a></figcaption></figure> The god <a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a> is attested from Scandinavia, England, and Germany; except for the Old High German <a href="/wiki/Second_Merseburg_Charm" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Merseburg Charm">Second Merseburg Charm</a> (9th century CE), all literary references to the god are from Scandinavia and nothing is known of his worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199326,_29-236">[233]</a> The god <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> was the most important fertility god of the Viking Age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199391-237">[234]</a> He is sometimes known as Yngvi-Freyr, which would associate him with the god or hero *Ingwaz, the presumed progenitor of the <a href="/wiki/Inguaeones" class="mw-redirect" title="Inguaeones">Inguaeones</a> found in Tacitus's Germania,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199392-238">[235]</a> whose name is attested in the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_rune_poem" title="Old English rune poem">Old English rune poem</a> (8th or 9th century CE) as Ing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993173-239">[236]</a> A minor god named <a href="/wiki/Forseti" title="Forseti">Forseti</a> is attested in a few Old Norse sources; he is generally associated with the Frisian god Fosite who was worshiped on <a href="/wiki/Helgoland" class="mw-redirect" title="Helgoland">Helgoland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199389-240">[237]</a> but this connection is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindowSchjødt2020b1413-241">[238]</a> The Old Saxon Baptismal Formula and some Old English genealogies mention a god <a href="/wiki/Saxnot" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxnot">Saxnot</a>, who appears to be the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>; some scholars identify him as a form of Tyr, while others propose that he may be a form of Freyr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993276-242">[239]</a> The most important goddess in the recorded Old Norse pantheon was Freyr's sister, <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199390-243">[240]</a> who features in more myths and appears to have been worshiped more than Frigg, Odin's wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁsdísardóttir2020a1273-244">[241]</a> She was associated with sexuality and fertility, as well as war, death, and magic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁsdísardóttir2020a1301–1302-245">[242]</a> It is unclear how old the worship of Freyja is, and there is no indisputable evidence for her or any of the vanir gods in the southern Germanic area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁsdísardóttir2020a1273-244">[241]</a> There is considerable debate about <a href="/wiki/Frigg_and_Freyja_common_origin_hypothesis" title="Frigg and Freyja common origin hypothesis">whether Frigg and Freyja were originally the same goddess or aspects of the same goddess</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson199810-246">[243]</a> Besides Freyja, many gods and goddesses are only known from Scandinavia, including <a href="/wiki/%C3%86gir" title="Ægir">Ægir</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Höðr">Höðr</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6nir" class="mw-redirect" title="Hönir">Hönir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heimdall" title="Heimdall">Heimdall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idunn" class="mw-redirect" title="Idunn">Idunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sif" title="Sif">Sif</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2010a568-159">[156]</a> There are a number of minor or regional gods mentioned in various medieval Norse sources: in some cases, it is unclear whether or not they are post-conversion literary creations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200488-247">[244]</a> Many regional or highly local gods and spirits are probably not mentioned in the sources at all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindowSchjødt2020b1452-248">[245]</a> It is also likely that many Roman-era and continental Germanic gods do not appear in Norse mythology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubel201648-249">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_and_objects_of_worship">Places and objects of worship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Places and objects of worship">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divine_images">Divine images</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Divine images">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MUFT_-_Oberdorla_G%C3%B6tter_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MUFT_-_Oberdorla_G%C3%B6tter_2.jpg/162px-MUFT_-_Oberdorla_G%C3%B6tter_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MUFT_-_Oberdorla_G%C3%B6tter_2.jpg/244px-MUFT_-_Oberdorla_G%C3%B6tter_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MUFT_-_Oberdorla_G%C3%B6tter_2.jpg/325px-MUFT_-_Oberdorla_G%C3%B6tter_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2168" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Roughly carved wooden statues</a> from <a href="/wiki/Opfermoor_Vogtei" title="Opfermoor Vogtei">Oberdorla moor</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>. The statues were found in context with animal bones and other evidence of sacrificial rites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021641–642-250">[247]</a></figcaption></figure> Julius Caesar and Tacitus claimed that the Germani did not venerate their gods in human form; however, this is a <a href="/wiki/Topos" title="Topos">topos</a> of ancient ethnography when describing supposedly primitive people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b264-251">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021638-252">[249]</a> Archaeologists have found Germanic statues that appear to depict gods, and Tacitus appears to contradict himself when discussing the cult of Nerthus (Germania chapter 40); the Eddic poem Hávamál also mentions wooden statues of gods, while Gregory of Tours (Historia Francorum II: 29) mentions wooden statues and ones made of stone and metal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapelleMaier2010649–650-253">[250]</a> Archaeologists have not found any divine statues dating from after the end of the migration period; it is likely that they were destroyed during Christianization, as is repeatedly depicted in the Norse sagas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapelleMaier2010656-254">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Roughly carved wooden male and female figures</a> that may depict gods are frequent finds in <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021615-255">[252]</a> these figures generally follow the natural form of a branch. It is unclear whether the figures themselves were sacrifices or if they were the beings to whom the sacrifice was given.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021638-252">[249]</a> Most date from the first several centuries CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021639-256">[253]</a> For the pre-Roman Iron Age, board-like statues that were set up in dangerous places encountered in everyday life are also attested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapelleMaier2010653-257">[254]</a> Most statues were made out of oak wood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapelleMaier2010657-258">[255]</a> Small animal figurines of cattle and horses are also found in bogs; some may have been worn as amulets while others seem to have been placed by hearths before they were sacrificed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021645-259">[256]</a> Holy sites from the migration period frequently contain gold <a href="/wiki/Bracteates" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracteates">bracteates</a> and gold foil figures that depict obviously divine figures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021630-260">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2010c581–582-261">[258]</a> The bracteates are originally based on motifs found on Roman gold medallions and coins of the era of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, but have become highly stylized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeizmann2012696–968-262">[259]</a> A few them have runic inscriptions that may be names of Odin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeizmann2012702–704-263">[260]</a> Others, such as Trollhätten-A, may display scenes known from later mythological texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeizmann2012706-264">[261]</a> The stone altars of the matronae and Nehalennia show women in Germanic dress, but otherwise follow Roman models, while images of Mercury, Hercules, or Mars do not show any difference from Roman models.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2010c581-265">[262]</a> Many bronze and silver statues of Roman gods have been found throughout Germania, some made by the Germani themselves, suggesting an appropriation of these figures by the Germani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021614-266">[263]</a> Heiko Steuer suggests that these statues likely were reinterpreted as local, Germanic gods and used on home altars: a find from <a href="/wiki/Odense" title="Odense">Odense</a> dating c. 100-300 CE includes statues of Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, and Apollo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021644-267">[264]</a> Imported Roman swords, found from Scandinavia to the Black Sea, frequently depicted the Roman god <a href="/wiki/Mars_Ultor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Ultor">Mars Ultor</a> ("Mars the Avenger").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021648-268">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacred_places">Sacred places</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sacred places">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnippenburg_Steine_von_Trockenmauerwerk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Schnippenburg_Steine_von_Trockenmauerwerk.jpg/220px-Schnippenburg_Steine_von_Trockenmauerwerk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Schnippenburg_Steine_von_Trockenmauerwerk.jpg/330px-Schnippenburg_Steine_von_Trockenmauerwerk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Schnippenburg_Steine_von_Trockenmauerwerk.jpg/440px-Schnippenburg_Steine_von_Trockenmauerwerk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption>Remains of a stone wall at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schnippenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schnippenburg (page does not exist)">Schnippenburg</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnippenburg" class="extiw" title="de:Schnippenburg">de</a>], near <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a> in Westphalia, which Heiko Steuer argues was likely an enclosed cultic and sacrificial site. Various objects are found buried there, including sickles, scythes, drills, axes, and weapons, ceramics, and bronze women's jewelry, mostly from the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021617-269">[266]</a></figcaption></figure> Caesar and Tacitus claimed that the ancient Germans had no temples and only worshipped in sacred groves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021615-255">[252]</a> However, while groves, trees, <a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">bogs, springs, and lakes</a> undoubtedly were seen as holy places by the Germani, there is archaeological evidence for temples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021629-270">[267]</a> Archaeology also indicates that <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> structures and Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumuli</a> were used as places of worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021616-271">[268]</a> Steuer argues that finds of sacrificial places enclosed with a palisade in England indicate that similarly enclosed areas in northern Germany and Jutland may have been holy sites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021617-269">[266]</a> Large fire pits near settlements, found in many sites including those from the Bronze Age, the pre-Roman Iron Age, and the migration period, probably served as ritual, political, and social locations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021636–637-272">[269]</a> Large halls in settlements probably also fulfilled ceremonial religious functions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021657–658-273">[270]</a> Tacitus mentions a temple of the goddess Tamfana in Annales 1.51, and also uses the word templum in reference to Nerthus in Germania, though this could simply mean a consecrated place rather than a building.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvistSeitz2010656–657-274">[271]</a> Later Christian sources refer to temples (fana) used by the Franks, Lombards, continental Saxons, and Anglo-Saxons, while the post-conversion <a href="/wiki/Lex_Frisionum" title="Lex Frisionum">Lex Frisionum</a> (Frisian Law) continued to include punishments for those who broke into or desecrated temples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvistSeitz2010657–660-275">[272]</a> A temple dedicated to Hercules from the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Empel" title="Empel">Empel</a> in the Netherlands shows a typical Romano-Celtic building style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021657–658-273">[270]</a> Other Roman-style temples dedicated to the matronae are known from the Lower Rhine region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200486-276">[273]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Mounds_of_Gamla_Uppsala_(by_Pudelek).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Royal_Mounds_of_Gamla_Uppsala_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/220px-Royal_Mounds_of_Gamla_Uppsala_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Royal_Mounds_of_Gamla_Uppsala_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/330px-Royal_Mounds_of_Gamla_Uppsala_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Royal_Mounds_of_Gamla_Uppsala_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/440px-Royal_Mounds_of_Gamla_Uppsala_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2037" /></a><figcaption>The burial mounds at <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Gamla Uppsala</a>, "the most famous cult site in Scandinavia."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020c633-277">[274]</a></figcaption></figure> An early Scandinavian temple has been identified at <a href="/wiki/Upp%C3%A5kra_temple" title="Uppåkra temple">Uppåkra</a>, modern Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021656-278">[275]</a> The building, a very large hall with two entrances, was rebuilt on exactly the same site 7 times from 200 to 950 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZachrissonAndrén2020699-279">[276]</a> Architecturally, the temple resembles later Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Stave_church" title="Stave church">stave churches</a> in construction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021653-280">[277]</a> The building was surrounded by animal bones and a few human bones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZachrissonAndrén2020699–700-281">[278]</a> A similar building has been found at Møllebækvej on Zealand dating from the 3rd century CE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021654-282">[279]</a> while the later stages of a ritual house at <a href="/wiki/Tiss%C3%B8" title="Tissø">Tissø</a> in Zealand (850-950 CE) likewise resemble a stave church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZachrissonAndrén2020703-283">[280]</a> The most important description of a Scandinavian temple is of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Uppsala" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Uppsala">Temple of Uppsala</a> by Adam of Bremen (11th century): he describes the temple as containing the idols of <a href="/wiki/Borr" title="Borr">Borr</a>, Thor, Odin, and Frey (Fricco). Glosses mention the existence of a large tree and well nearby where sacrifices were made.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvistSeitz2010671-284">[281]</a> Some aspects of Adam's description appear to be inaccurate, possibly influenced by Norse mythology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvistSeitz2010671–672-285">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200485-286">[283]</a> Archaeology has shown that Uppsala became an important cult center around 500 CE, with a main royal hall dating from 600 to 800 CE and having large doors with iron spirals flat against the wood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZachrissonAndrén2020703–704-287">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2020a114-288">[285]</a> Four large grave mounds were constructed southwest of the main hall, and there were ritual roads with rows of large wooden posts and lines of fireplaces. The arrangements indicate that there were different processions and rituals both inside and around Gamla Uppsala. The only material remains from the rituals once performed there are of animals; the age of the animals indicates that they were deposited in March, which agrees with the written sources on the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZachrissonAndrén2020705-289">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacred_trees,_groves,_and_poles">Sacred trees, groves, and poles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sacred trees, groves, and poles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">World tree</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Axis_mundi" title="Axis mundi">Axis mundi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JupitergigantenSaeule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/JupitergigantenSaeule.jpg/220px-JupitergigantenSaeule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/JupitergigantenSaeule.jpg/330px-JupitergigantenSaeule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/JupitergigantenSaeule.jpg/440px-JupitergigantenSaeule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption>The top of a Roman-era <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter column">Jupiter column</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bexbach" title="Bexbach">Bexbach</a>, Germany. About 800 fragments of columns are known from the second and third centuries CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199353-77">[74]</a></figcaption></figure> Sacred trees occur as important symbols in many pre-modern cultures, particularly those of Indo-European origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack201125-290">[287]</a> Modern scholars, on the basis of Greco-Roman religious understanding, usually distinguish between sacred groves and trees, where a god is worshiped, and the worship of trees as divine (tree cult); it is unclear whether this distinction is valid for Germanic religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichert2010b6–7-291">[288]</a> Tacitus describes the ancient Germani as worshiping in sacred groves, including the <a href="/wiki/Grove_of_fetters" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove of fetters">grove of fetters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a> and the grove where the <a href="/wiki/Alcis_(gods)" title="Alcis (gods)">Alcis</a> were worshipped by the <a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack201191–94-292">[289]</a> Tacitus mentions the following functions for Germanic sacred groves: the display of captured enemy standards and weapons, the keeping of the animal-shaped standards of the <a href="/wiki/Batavii" class="mw-redirect" title="Batavii">Batavii</a> (Tac. hist. 4.22), and human sacrifice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichert2010b9–12-293">[290]</a> Reconstructed Germanic words for sacred groves include *nimið-, *alh-, and *haruh-, which may have originally described different functions of the groves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichert2010b17–20-294">[291]</a> Physical trees or poles could represent either a <a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">world tree</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a> in Norse mythology),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordvig2020b1015-295">[292]</a> or a world pillar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén201457-296">[293]</a> Modern scholars describe such a sacred tree as an <a href="/wiki/Axis_mundi" title="Axis mundi">axis mundi</a> ("hub of the world"), a center that runs along and connects multiple levels of the universe while also representing the world itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack20118–11-297">[294]</a> In Roman Germania, columns depicting the god <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a> as a rider are commonly found; they probably have a Celtic background and some connection to the notion of the world tree or column.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpringerMaier20101011-298">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993182-299">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack201153-54-300">[297]</a> One example of a sacred tree during the Middle Ages is the <a href="/wiki/Donar%27s_Oak" title="Donar's Oak">Oak of Jupiter</a> purportedly felled by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a> in 724 CE in Hesse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack201195–97-301">[298]</a> Adam of Bremen mentions a sacred tree at the Temple of Uppsala, but the existence of this tree is controversial among scholars. It is also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Hervarar_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hervarar saga">Hervarar saga</a>, and it may have been the central focus at the site and represented the world tree Yggdrasil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén201449-302">[299]</a> Further support for the existence of votive trees is provided by a birch root surrounded by animal skulls that was excavated at <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Frösö">Frösö</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén201449-302">[299]</a> Pagan Anglo-Saxon settlements often contained large standing poles, which were condemned as focuses of pagan worship by 6th-century English bishop <a href="/wiki/Aldhelm" title="Aldhelm">Aldhelm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2013313-303">[300]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Irminsul" title="Irminsul">Irminsul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> great pillar) among the continental Saxons may have also been part of such a pole cult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993176-304">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel_and_devotees">Personnel and devotees</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Personnel and devotees">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_symbolism_and_warrior_bands">Animal symbolism and warrior bands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Animal symbolism and warrior bands">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torslunda_plates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Torslunda_plates.jpg/220px-Torslunda_plates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Torslunda_plates.jpg/330px-Torslunda_plates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Torslunda_plates.jpg/440px-Torslunda_plates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Torslunda_plates" title="Torslunda plates">Torslunda plates</a> (c. 600). The plate on the lower left may depict a warrior in a wolf mask performing a dance, perhaps a form of initiation rite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020d571–572-305">[302]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B3ryos#Germanic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Kóryos">Kóryos § Germanic tradition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">Berserker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></div> Post-conversion Norse texts mention dedicated groups of warriors, some of whom, the berserkir (<a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">berserkers</a>) and ulfheðnar, were associated with bears and wolves respectively. In <a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a>, Snorri Sturluson associates these warriors with Odin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020d576–577-306">[303]</a> Many scholars argue that warrior bands, with their initiation rites and forms of organization, can be traced to the time of Tacitus, who discusses several warrior bands and societies among the Germani. These scholars further argue that these bands can be traced further back to Proto-Indo-European precursors to some extent. Other scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kuhn_(philologist)" title="Hans Kuhn (philologist)">Hans Kuhn</a>, dispute continuity between Norse and earlier warrior bands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020d561-307">[304]</a> Inhumation and cremation graves containing bear claws, teeth, and hides are found throughout the Germanic-speaking area, being especially common on the Elbe from 100 BCE to 100 CE and in Scandinavia from the 2nd to 5th centuries CE; these may be connected to the warrior societies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021650–651-308">[305]</a> Archaeologists have found metal objects, especially on weapons and brooches,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2020b185-309">[306]</a> decorated with <a href="/wiki/Animal_style#Germanic_animal_style" title="Animal style">animal art</a> and dating from the 4th to the 12th centuries CE in Scandinavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2020b165-310">[307]</a> Animals depicted include snakes, birds of prey, wolves, and boars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2020b185-309">[306]</a> Some scholars have discussed these images as related to <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>, while others view animal art as similar to Skaldic <a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">kennings</a>, capable of expressing both Christian and pagan meanings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2020b185–186-311">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ritual_specialists">Ritual specialists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Ritual specialists">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangelgarda_Odin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tangelgarda_Odin.jpg/220px-Tangelgarda_Odin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Tangelgarda_Odin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption>Panel from the Viking-Age picture stone <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4ngelg%C3%A5rda_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tängelgårda stone">Lärbro Tängelgårda I</a>, possibly showing a procession including ritual specialists carrying oath rings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2020768-312">[309]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Seeress (Germanic)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erilaz" title="Erilaz">Erilaz</a></div> Scholars are divided as to the nature and function of Germanic ritual specialists: many religious studies scholars believe that there was originally no class of priests and cultic functions were mostly carried out by kings and chieftains; many philologists, however, argue on the basis of reconstructed words for "priest" that a specialized class of priests existed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2020740–742-313">[310]</a> Caesar says the Germani had no <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">druids</a>, while Tacitus mentions several priests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2020743–744-314">[311]</a> Roman sources do not otherwise mention Germanic cultic functionaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2020a280-205">[202]</a> Later descriptions of similar rituals to those mentioned in Tacitus do not mention any ritual specialists; however, it is reasonable to assume that they continued to exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn201327-315">[312]</a> While ritual specialists in Viking Age Scandinavia may have had defining insignia such as staffs and oath rings, it is unclear if they formed a hierarchy and they seem to have fulfilled non-cultic roles in society as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2020779-316">[313]</a> Caesar and Tacitus both mention women engaged in casting lots and prophecy and there are some other indications of female ritual specialists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2020446-747-317">[314]</a> Tacitus and the Roman writer <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (163-c. 229 CE) both mention several seeresses by name, while an <a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">ostracon</a> from Egypt attests one living in the second century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2020a278–280-318">[315]</a> A female ritual specialist named <a href="/wiki/Gambara" title="Gambara">Gambara</a> appears in Paul the Deacon (8th century).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2020747-319">[316]</a> A gap in the historical record occurs until the North Germanic record began over a millennium later, when the Old Norse sagas frequently mention female ritual specialists among the North Germanic peoples, both in the form of priestesses and diviners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2020773–779-320">[317]</a> Both Tacitus and Eiríks saga rauða mention the seeress prophesying from a raised platform, while Eiríks saga rauða also mentions the use of a wand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrchard1997174-321">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993326-322">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Practices">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial_practices">Burial practices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Burial practices">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urnenbestattung_HH-Marmstorf_Grab_216_Modell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Urnenbestattung_HH-Marmstorf_Grab_216_Modell.jpg/200px-Urnenbestattung_HH-Marmstorf_Grab_216_Modell.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Urnenbestattung_HH-Marmstorf_Grab_216_Modell.jpg/300px-Urnenbestattung_HH-Marmstorf_Grab_216_Modell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Urnenbestattung_HH-Marmstorf_Grab_216_Modell.jpg/400px-Urnenbestattung_HH-Marmstorf_Grab_216_Modell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="3516" /></a><figcaption>A reconstruction of Hamburg-Marmstorf grave 216. A shield, lance, and a slashing sword were found buried underneath a ceramic urn containing the ashes. The lance shaft probably stuck out of the ground to mark the grave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021842-323">[320]</a></figcaption></figure> Some insight into Germanic religion can be provided by burial customs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021611-324">[321]</a> which varied widely in time and space but nonetheless show a few consistent practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvistKaliff201073-325">[322]</a> The Germanic peoples generally practiced <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> until the first century BCE, when limited <a href="/wiki/Inhumation" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhumation">inhumation</a> burials begin to appear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd199980-326">[323]</a> The ashes were usually placed in an urn, but the use of pits, mounds, and cases when the ashes were left on the pyre after cremation are also known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021837-327">[324]</a> In Viking Age Scandinavia, as much as half the population may not have received any grave, with their ashes scattered or their bodies unburied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2020869–870-328">[325]</a> Grave goods, which might be broken and placed in the grave or burnt on the pyre with the body, included clothing, jewelry, food, drink, dishes, and utensils.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021611,_837-329">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2020872–873-330">[327]</a> Beginning in the early 1st century CE, a minority of graves also included weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021841–842-331">[328]</a> On the continent, inhumation burial becomes the most common form of burial among the southern Germanic peoples by the end of the migration period,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021841-332">[329]</a> while cremation remains more common in Scandinavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2020870-333">[330]</a> In the Migration period and <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian period">Merovingian period</a>, the grave was often reopened and these grave gifts removed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021612-334">[331]</a> either as grave robbery or as part of an authorized removal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd199982–83-335">[332]</a> By the Merovingian period, most male burials include weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021842-323">[320]</a> Often, urns were covered with stones and then surrounded by circles of stones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021837-327">[324]</a> The urns of the dead were often placed in a <a href="/wiki/Mortuary_house" title="Mortuary house">mortuary house</a>, which may have served as a cultic structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021613-336">[333]</a> Cemeteries might be placed around or reuse old Bronze Age barrows, and later placed near Roman ruins and roads, possibly to ease the passing of the dead into the afterlife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021839-337">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2020886–889-338">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2013146–147-339">[336]</a> Some graves included burials of horses and dogs;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021843-340">[337]</a> horses may have been meant as conveyances to the afterlife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindowAndrén2020915-94">[91]</a> Burials with dogs are found over a wide area through the migration period; it is possible that they were meant either to protect the deceased in the afterlife or to prevent the return of the dead as a <a href="/wiki/Revenant" title="Revenant">revenant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021843-340">[337]</a> After 1 CE, inhumation burials in large burial mounds with wooden or stone grave chambers, which contained expensive grave goods and were separate from the normal cemeteries, begin to appear across the entire Germanic area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021906–908-341">[338]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2014130-342">[339]</a> By the 3rd century, elite burials are attested from Norway to Slovakia, with a large number appearing on Jutland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021969-343">[340]</a> These graves usually include dishes and tableware: this may have been meant for the deceased to use in the afterlife or may have been used in a funerary meal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021975-344">[341]</a> In the 400s CE, the practice of erecting elite Reihengräber (<a href="/wiki/Reihengr%C3%A4ber_culture" title="Reihengräber culture">"row graves"</a>) appears among the continental Germanic peoples: these grave were arranged in rows and contain large amounts of gold, jewelry, ornaments, and other luxury items. Unlike cremation cemeteries, only a few hundred individuals are found buried in Reihengräber cemeteries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2014131–133-345">[342]</a> Elite chamber graves become especially common in Scandinavia in the 9th and 10th centuries, in which the body of deceased was sometimes buried seated with objects in the hands or on the lap.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2020880–882-346">[343]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SHIP_MED.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SHIP_MED.jpg/220px-SHIP_MED.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SHIP_MED.jpg/330px-SHIP_MED.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SHIP_MED.jpg/440px-SHIP_MED.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Excavation of the <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a> ship burial in mound 1 in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1998121-347">[344]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Stone_ship" title="Stone ship">Stones set up in the shape of a ship</a> are known from Scandinavia, where they are sometimes surrounded by graves or occasionally contain one or more cremations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd199982-348">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2020877-349">[346]</a> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">ship burial</a> is found in Jutland from the late Roman Imperial period. Another earlier burial is from outside Scandinavia, near <a href="/wiki/Wremen" title="Wremen">Wremen</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a> river in northern Germany from the 4th or 5th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapelle2010102–103-350">[347]</a> Ship burials are attested in England from around 600 CE and from across Scandinavia and areas where Scandinavians traveled beginning around the same time and for centuries afterward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1998120–121,_164-351">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2020886-352">[349]</a> In some cases, the deceased was evidently cremated in the ship before a mound was thrown up over it, as is described by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan" title="Ahmad ibn Fadlan">Ahmad ibn Fadlan</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus'</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2020882–884,_859–860-353">[350]</a> Scholars debate the meaning of these burials: the ship may have been a means of transport to the next life or may have represented a feasting hall. Parts of the ships were often left uncovered for extended periods of time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2020885-354">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divination">Divination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Divination">edit</a>]</div> Various practices for divining the future are attested for Germanic paganism, some of which were likely only practiced in a particular time or place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020c241-355">[352]</a> The main sources on Germanic divination are Tacitus, Christian early medieval texts of the missionary period (such as <a href="/wiki/Penitential" title="Penitential">penitentials</a> and Frankish <a href="/wiki/Capitulary" title="Capitulary">capitularies</a>), and various texts describing Scandinavian practices; however, the value of all of these sources for genuine Germanic practices is debated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeschDickmannLübke2010268–270-356">[353]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:069_orakelstaebchen_kamen_2019-03-20_001_b_16_4_1-9_beschnitt.jpg_1500x0_q90_subject_location-3615,1586_subsampling-2_upscale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/069_orakelstaebchen_kamen_2019-03-20_001_b_16_4_1-9_beschnitt.jpg_1500x0_q90_subject_location-3615%2C1586_subsampling-2_upscale.jpg/220px-069_orakelstaebchen_kamen_2019-03-20_001_b_16_4_1-9_beschnitt.jpg_1500x0_q90_subject_location-3615%2C1586_subsampling-2_upscale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/069_orakelstaebchen_kamen_2019-03-20_001_b_16_4_1-9_beschnitt.jpg_1500x0_q90_subject_location-3615%2C1586_subsampling-2_upscale.jpg/330px-069_orakelstaebchen_kamen_2019-03-20_001_b_16_4_1-9_beschnitt.jpg_1500x0_q90_subject_location-3615%2C1586_subsampling-2_upscale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/069_orakelstaebchen_kamen_2019-03-20_001_b_16_4_1-9_beschnitt.jpg_1500x0_q90_subject_location-3615%2C1586_subsampling-2_upscale.jpg/440px-069_orakelstaebchen_kamen_2019-03-20_001_b_16_4_1-9_beschnitt.jpg_1500x0_q90_subject_location-3615%2C1586_subsampling-2_upscale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>Germanic oracle lots made of bronze, silver, and bone, discovered near <a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest, Germany</a>, dating second to ninth centuries CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrentführer,_"069_Orakelstäbchen"-357">[354]</a></figcaption></figure> The casting and drawing of lots to determine the future is well-attested among the Germanic peoples in medieval and ancient texts; linguistic analysis confirms that it was an old practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeschDickmannLübke2010270–271-358">[355]</a> As of 2002, about 160 lots made of various materials have been found in Roman-era and migration-period archaeological sites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeschDickmannLübke2010280–281-359">[356]</a> The most detailed description of Germanic lots is found in Tacitus, Germania, chapter 10. According to Tacitus, the Germani cast lots, made from the wood of fruit-bearing trees and marked with signs, onto a white sheet, after which three lots were drawn by either the head of the family or a priest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeschDickmannLübke2010270–271-358">[355]</a> While the signs Tacitus mentions have been interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a>, most scholars believe they were simple symbols.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020c638-360">[357]</a> Thirteenth-century Icelandic sources also attest the drawing of lots carved with signs; however, there is debate about whether these late sources represent a form of <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal" title="Trial by ordeal">ordeal</a> that was introduced with Christianity or a continuation of Germanic practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeschDickmannLübke2010271-361">[358]</a> Another important form of divination involved animals. The interpretation of the actions of birds is a common practice across the world and is well attested for the Germani and the Norse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeschDickmannLübke2010272–273-362">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020c638-639-363">[360]</a> More uniquely, Tacitus says the Germani used the whinnying of horses to divine the future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeschDickmannLübke2010273–274-364">[361]</a> Although there is no later or corroborating evidence for Tacitus's horse-divination, the importance of <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Horses in Germanic religion">horses in Germanic religion</a> is well-attested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020c639-365">[362]</a> Both forms of divination might be connected to the portrayal of birds and horses on gold bracteates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeschDickmannLübke2010273–274-364">[361]</a> A few other methods of divination are also attested. Tacitus mentions <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_combat" title="Trial by combat">duels</a> as a method of learning the future; while Norse sources attest many duels, none are obviously used for divination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020c640-366">[363]</a> Roman and Christian sources sometimes claimed that the Germanic peoples used the blood or entrails of human sacrifices to divine the future. This may derive from ancient topoi rather than reality,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeschDickmannLübke2010275–276-367">[364]</a> although blood played an important role in pagan ritual. Norse sources include additional forms of divination such as a form of necromancy known as útiseta, as well as <a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">seiðr</a> rituals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020c240–241-368">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feasts_and_festivals">Feasts and festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Feasts and festivals">edit</a>]</div> The evidence suggests that the Germanic peoples had recurrent sacrifices and festivals at certain times of year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200487-369">[366]</a> Often these feasts involved sacrifice at communal meals, ritual drinking, as well as processions and divination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvistKaliff201076-370">[367]</a> Almost all information on Germanic religious festivals concerns Western Scandinavia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a880-371">[368]</a> but Tacitus mentions a sacrifice to the goddess Tamfana took place in the autumn, while Bede mentions a festival called <a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Ddraniht" title="Mōdraniht">Mōdraniht</a> that occurred in early February,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200487-369">[366]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonas_of_Bobbio" title="Jonas of Bobbio">Jonas of Bobbio</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_of_Saint_Columbanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Life of Saint Columbanus (page does not exist)">Life of Saint Columbanus</a> (640s) mentions a festival to Vodan (Odin) held by the Suebi that involved the drinking of beer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a880-371">[368]</a> On the basis of several informants and possibly textual sources, Adam of Bremen describes a Swedish sacrificial festival held every nine years at the Temple of Uppsala, while <a href="/wiki/Thietmar_of_Merseburg" title="Thietmar of Merseburg">Thietmar of Merseburg</a> mentions a similar festival taking place each January at <a href="/wiki/Lejre" title="Lejre">Lejre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zealand" title="Zealand">Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a880–882-372">[369]</a> The Swedish feast known as Disting took place in February, the same time as the Old English modraniht; the only other widely attested festival is <a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a> around Christmas. Snorri Sturluson mentions three additional festivals in Ynglinga saga: a festival at the beginning of winter for a good harvest, one at midwinter for fertility, and one at the beginning of summer for victory. The summer festival is not attested elsewhere, but Rudolf Simek argues that the winter festival was probably in honor of the ancestors while another festival at spring was for fertility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200487-369">[366]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magic">Magic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Magic">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weserknochen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Weserknochen.jpg/220px-Weserknochen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Weserknochen.jpg/330px-Weserknochen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Weserknochen.jpg/440px-Weserknochen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The Weser bones, 400-450 CE, were found on the lower <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a> and are inscribed with Runes and images;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDüwelNedomaOehrl2020723-373">[370]</a> individual bones show men attacking bulls and a Roman trading ship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDüwelNedomaOehrl2020725–726-374">[371]</a> The inscriptions may be curses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDüwelNedomaOehrl2020736-375">[372]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></div> Magic is an element of religion that intends to influence the world with the help of the otherworldly by using particular rituals, means, or words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2020643-376">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetzoldt2010b290–291-377">[374]</a> Sources on pre-Christian magic among the Germanic peoples are either textual descriptions or archaeological finds of objects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2020645–646-378">[375]</a> The Germanic languages lack a common word that can be translated as "magic",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaidDillmann20101714-379">[376]</a> and there is no indication that the Germanic peoples distinguished between "white" and "black magic".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetzoldt2010b293-380">[377]</a> In Norse texts, the god Odin is especially associated with magic, a connection also found, for instance, in the Old High German <a href="/wiki/Second_Merseburg_Charm" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Merseburg Charm">Second Merseburg Charm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993242-381">[378]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runes</a> are often associated with magic, most scholars no longer believe that runes were in and of themselves regarded as magical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDüwelNedomaOehrl2020CXXX-382">[379]</a> Migration-age inscriptions on bracteates and later rune stones contain a number of early magical words and formulas, the best attested of which, <a href="/wiki/Alu_(runic)" title="Alu (runic)">alu</a>, is found on multiple objects from 200 to 700 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2010b885–885-383">[380]</a> Post-conversion Christian sources from continental Europe mention forms of magic including amulets, charms, "witchcraft", <a href="#Divination">divination</a>, and especially weather magic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetzoldt2010b291-294-384">[381]</a> Old Norse mythology and post-conversion literature also attest various forms of magic, including divination, magic affecting nature (weather or otherwise), spells to make warriors impervious to weapons, spells to strengthen weapons, and spells to harm and distress others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaidDillmann20101718–1725-385">[382]</a> The term "charm" is used to mean magical poetry, which could be blessings or curses; most attested charms are blessings and seek protection, defense against magic or sickness, and healing; the only form of curses attested outside of literature are calls for death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2010b883-386">[383]</a> In Old Norse, a specific meter of <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">alliterative verse</a> was used (galdralag) and some pre-Christian charms have survived inscribed on metal or bone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2010b882–883-387">[384]</a> Otherwise, few charms are attested in Old Norse outside of literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2010b889–891-388">[385]</a> Later post-conversion Icelandic charms sometimes mention Odin or Thor, but they may reflect Christian conceptions of magic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2020663-389">[386]</a> Numerous charms are attested in Old High German, but only the <a href="/wiki/Merseburg_Charms" class="mw-redirect" title="Merseburg Charms">Merseburg Charms</a> exist in a non-Christianized form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2010b887-888-390">[387]</a> A similar situation exists in Old English, where over 100 charms are attested, including the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm" title="Nine Herbs Charm">Nine Herbs Charm</a>, which mentions Wodan (Odin).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2010b888-889-391">[388]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ritual_procession">Ritual procession</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Ritual procession">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dejbjerg_wagon,_Nationalmuseet_Copenhagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Dejbjerg_wagon%2C_Nationalmuseet_Copenhagen.jpg/220px-Dejbjerg_wagon%2C_Nationalmuseet_Copenhagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Dejbjerg_wagon%2C_Nationalmuseet_Copenhagen.jpg/330px-Dejbjerg_wagon%2C_Nationalmuseet_Copenhagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Dejbjerg_wagon%2C_Nationalmuseet_Copenhagen.jpg/440px-Dejbjerg_wagon%2C_Nationalmuseet_Copenhagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dejbjerg_wagon" title="Dejbjerg wagon">Dejbjerg wagon</a>, a composite of two identical wagons found at Dejbjerg,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2020a199-392">[389]</a> now in the National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen. The remains of six wagons, dating from the first century BCE, were discovered in 1881–1883 in a bog near Dejbjerg, Jutland, together with bronze ornaments and face masks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021640-393">[390]</a></figcaption></figure> Ritual processions of the idol of a god in some form of vehicle, usually a wagon, are attested in many religions of Europe and Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010e874–875-394">[391]</a> Various archaeological finds indicate the existence of such rituals in Scandinavia as early as the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaxelmüller2010b522-395">[392]</a> Ships may also have been used for processions, such as the ship found at Oberdorla moor in Thuringia from the Migration Period. The processions are usually interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rite" title="Fertility rite">fertility rites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaxelmüller2010b523-396">[393]</a> An image of a Viking-age process of some sort, including men, women, and carriages, is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Oseberg_tapestry_fragments" title="Oseberg tapestry fragments">Oseberg tapestry fragments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020c631-397">[394]</a> The earliest written source for a ritual procession in Germanic religion is in Tacitus's Germania, chapter 40, when he describes the worship of Nerthus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010e875-398">[395]</a> According to Tacitus, Nerthus's idol is drawn around the land for several days on a cart pulled by cows, before being brought to a lake and cleaned by slaves, who are then drowned in the lake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2020a277-399">[396]</a> Tacitus's description is reminiscent of archaeological finds of highly decorated wagons in water and in burials from southern Scandinavia roughly contemporary to Tacitus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021640–641-400">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEggKaul2010957-401">[398]</a> A similar ritual is attested for the Goths, who forced Christians to participate during the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_persecution_of_Christians" title="Gothic persecution of Christians">Gothic persecution of Christians</a> (369-372 CE), as well as among the Franks by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a>, although the latter sets his ritual in pre-Germanic Gaul for an eastern goddess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn201323–24-402">[399]</a> The Frankish Merovingian kings are also attested as having been carried by an oxcart to assemblies, something reminiscent of Tacitus's description.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021641-403">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010e878–879-404">[401]</a> An extensive description of a ritual procession for the god Freyr is found in the <a href="/wiki/Flateyjarb%C3%B3k" title="Flateyjarbók">Flateyjarbók</a> (1394); it describes Freyr being driven around in a wagon to ensure a good harvest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010e881–882-405">[402]</a> This and several other post-conversion Scandinavian sources on such processions may derive from oral tradition of the worship of Freyr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010e883-406">[403]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacrifices">Sacrifices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sacrifices">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sch%C3%B6pfkelle_und_Fibeln_aus_dem_Pyrmonter_Brunnenfund.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sch%C3%B6pfkelle_und_Fibeln_aus_dem_Pyrmonter_Brunnenfund.jpg/220px-Sch%C3%B6pfkelle_und_Fibeln_aus_dem_Pyrmonter_Brunnenfund.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sch%C3%B6pfkelle_und_Fibeln_aus_dem_Pyrmonter_Brunnenfund.jpg/330px-Sch%C3%B6pfkelle_und_Fibeln_aus_dem_Pyrmonter_Brunnenfund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sch%C3%B6pfkelle_und_Fibeln_aus_dem_Pyrmonter_Brunnenfund.jpg/440px-Sch%C3%B6pfkelle_und_Fibeln_aus_dem_Pyrmonter_Brunnenfund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A Roman ladle covered with <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">vitreous enamel</a> and some of the 500 <a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibulas</a> found in a spring in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Pyrmont" title="Bad Pyrmont">Bad Pyrmont</a>, Lower Saxony. Objects were deposited in the springs at Bad Pyrmont from c. 1 CE-c. 400 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021631-407">[404]</a></figcaption></figure> Archaeology provides evidence of sacrificial offerings of various types. Deposits of valuable objects, including of gold and silver, that were buried in the earth are frequently attested for the period of 1-100 CE. While these objects may have been buried with the intention of their being removed again at a later date, it is also possible that they were intended as sacrifices for the gods or for use in the afterlife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021632–633-408">[405]</a> Metal objects deposited in springs are attested from <a href="/wiki/Bad_Pyrmont" title="Bad Pyrmont">Bad Pyrmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchcov" title="Duchcov">Duchcov</a>, as well as such objects deposited in bogs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021631–632-409">[406]</a> There are also examples of hair, clothing, and textiles from c. 500 BCE-200 CE found in Scandinavian wetlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZachrissonAndrén2020687–688-410">[407]</a> Gregory of Tours, when describing a Frankish shrine near Cologne, depicts worshipers leaving wooden carvings of parts of the human body whenever they felt pain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn201327-315">[312]</a> Animal sacrifices are attested by bones in various holy places associated with the <a href="/wiki/Przeworsk_culture" title="Przeworsk culture">Przeworsk culture</a> as well as in Denmark, with animals sacrificed included cattle, horses, pigs, and sheep or goats; there is also evidence for human sacrifice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021630–631,_636-411">[408]</a> In Scandinavia, animal bones are often found in bogs and lakes, where a higher proportion of horse bones and young animal bones are found than at settlements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZachrissonAndrén2020680-412">[409]</a> A detailed description of Norse animal sacrifice at <a href="/wiki/Lade,_Trondheim" title="Lade, Trondheim">Lade</a> is provided by Snorri Sturluson in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1konar_saga_g%C3%B3%C3%B0a" class="mw-redirect" title="Hákonar saga góða">Hákonar saga góða</a>, although its accuracy is questionable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020c91-413">[410]</a> Evidence of the sacrifice of objects, humans, and animals is also found in settlements throughout Germania, perhaps to mark the beginning of the construction of a building.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021635–636-414">[411]</a> Dogs buried under the thresholds of houses probably served as protectors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021612–613-415">[412]</a> Human sacrifices are mentioned periodically by Roman authors, usually to stress elements that they found shocking or abnormal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010b535-416">[413]</a> Individual finds of <a href="/wiki/Bog_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bog bodies">human bodies in the bogs</a>, representing all ages and both sexes, show signs of violent death and may have been human sacrifices or victims of capital punishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd1999110-417">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021620-418">[415]</a> There are over 100 bog bodies from Denmark alone, attested from the 800 BCE to 200 CE. Human body parts such as skulls are deposited in the same period and as late as 1100 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZachrissonAndrén2020684-419">[416]</a> Regularly occurring human sacrifices among the Norse are mentioned by authors such as Thietmar of Merseburg and Adam of Bremen as well as the <a href="/wiki/Gutasaga" title="Gutasaga">Gutasaga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010b1072–1074-420">[417]</a> An image on the picture stone <a href="/wiki/Stora_Hammars_stones" title="Stora Hammars stones">Stora Hammars I</a> is usually interpreted as depicting a human sacrifice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010b1088-421">[418]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_(II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png/220px-Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png/330px-Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png/440px-Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2984" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>Scene from the picture stone Stora Hammars I, from Gotland, Sweden, dating to the 9th or 10th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020c627-422">[419]</a> The image is generally identified as depicting a human sacrifice, with a hanging from two trees and a sacrificial altar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010b1088-421">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020c627-422">[419]</a></figcaption></figure> Sacrifices of the weapons of defeated enemies have been uncovered in bogs in Jutland as well as in rivers throughout Germania:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021757–758-423">[420]</a> such sacrifices probably occurred in other parts of Germania on dry land. Tacitus reports a similar sacrifice and destruction of weapons performed in the forest after <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a>'s victory over the Romans at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of the Teutoburg Forest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021615-255">[252]</a> Large deposits of weapons are attested from 350 BCE to 400 CE, with smaller deposits continuing to be made until 600 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZachrissonAndrén2020689-424">[421]</a> Deposits of various sizes were common and often included objects besides weapons, even warships that had been burned and destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200476-425">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021619–620-426">[423]</a> They appear to be from a ritual performed over a defeated enemy to commit the weapons to the gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200476-425">[422]</a> There is no archaeological evidence for what happened to the warriors who bore the weapons, but Roman sources describe them as being sacrificed as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200477-427">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010b1089–1090-428">[425]</a> A possible exception is the site of Alken Enge bog in Jutland: it contains the crushed and dismembered bodies of about 200 men, aged 13–45 years, who seem to have died on a battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZachrissonAndrén2020687-429">[426]</a> No later Scandinavian sources mention rituals associated with the destruction of weapons, implying that these rites had died out and been forgotten at an early date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZachrissonAndrén2020692-430">[427]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations_of_Germanic_paganism">Variations of Germanic paganism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Variations of Germanic paganism">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Ancient Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite mythology and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic paganism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Note: the divine names marked with an asterisk are unattested in historical records, but are otherwise reconstructed via the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">comparative method</a> in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Tacitus’s detailed description of the Germanic religion was written around 100 AD. His ethnographic descriptions in Germania remain contested by modern scholars. According to Tacitus, the Germanic peoples sacrificed both humans and other animals to their gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus200942-35">[34]</a> He also tells that the largest group, the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>, also sacrificed Roman prisoners of war to a goddess whom he identified with <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus200942-35">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> One of the oldest written sources on Germanic religion is Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico, where he compares the very intricate Celtic customs with what he perceived were very "primitive" Germanic traditions. Caesar wrote: The German way of life is very different. They have no druids to preside over matter related to the divine, and they do not have much enthusiasm for sacrifices. They count as gods only those phenomenon that they can perceive and by whose power they are plainly helped, the Sun, Fire, and Moon; others they do not know even from hearsay. Their whole life is spent on hunting and military pursuits." (Caesar, Gallic War 6.21.1–6.21.3)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaesar2017187-40">[38]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993278-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek1993278_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimek1993">Simek 1993</a>, p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a863-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a863_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHultgård2010a">Hultgård 2010a</a>, p. 863. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier201899-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier201899_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaier2018">Maier 2018</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200474-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek200474_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimek2004">Simek 2004</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a865–866-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a865–866_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHultgård2010a">Hultgård 2010a</a>, pp. 865–866. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZernack2018527–528-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZernack2018527–528_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZernack2018">Zernack 2018</a>, pp. 527–528. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a866–867-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a866–867_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHultgård2010a">Hultgård 2010a</a>, pp. 866–867. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b250-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b250_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b250_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchjødt2020b">Schjødt 2020b</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b265-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b265_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchjødt2020b">Schjødt 2020b</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl200483-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl200483_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2004">Pohl 2004</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2010b591-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2010b591_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaier2010b">Maier 2010b</a>, p. 591. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a872-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a872_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a872_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a872_13-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHultgård2010a">Hultgård 2010a</a>, p. 872. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020a246-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020a246_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchjødt2020a">Schjødt 2020a</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETimpeScardigli2010385-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimpeScardigli2010385_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTimpeScardigli2010">Timpe & Scardigli 2010</a>, p. 385. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020a241-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020a241_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchjødt2020a">Schjødt 2020a</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020a243–244-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020a243–244_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchjødt2020a">Schjødt 2020a</a>, pp. 243–244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2010a573-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2010a573_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2010a573_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaier2010a">Maier 2010a</a>, p. 573. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZernack2018533-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZernack2018533_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZernack2018">Zernack 2018</a>, p. 533. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2020a197–198-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnell2020a197–198_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGunnell2020a">Gunnell 2020a</a>, pp. 197–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemandtGoetz2010468-470-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemandtGoetz2010468-470_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemandtGoetz2010">Demandt & Goetz 2010</a>, p. 468-470. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZernack2018537-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZernack2018537_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZernack2018">Zernack 2018</a>, p. 537. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2020a201–202-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnell2020a201–202_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGunnell2020a">Gunnell 2020a</a>, pp. 201–202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBratherHeizmannPatzold202127-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBratherHeizmannPatzold202127_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBratherHeizmannPatzold202127_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBratherHeizmannPatzold2021">Brather, Heizmann & Patzold 2021</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2020a198–199-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnell2020a198–199_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGunnell2020a">Gunnell 2020a</a>, pp. 198–199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2020a199–201-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnell2020a199–201_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGunnell2020a">Gunnell 2020a</a>, pp. 199–201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2020d1095-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindow2020d1095_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLindow2020d">Lindow 2020d</a>, p. 1095. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a871–872-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a871–872_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHultgård2010a">Hultgård 2010a</a>, pp. 871–872. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b255–256-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b255–256_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchjødt2020b">Schjødt 2020b</a>, pp. 255–256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a872–873-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultgård2010a872–873_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHultgård2010a">Hultgård 2010a</a>, pp. 872–873. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b256-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchjødt2020b256_31-0">^</a> <a 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Germanische Altertumskunde Online. de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irminsul&rft.btitle=Germanische+Altertumskunde+Online&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Springer&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft.au=Maier%2C+Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdatabase%2FGAO%2Fentry%2FRGA_2726%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundqvist2020" class="citation book cs1">Sundqvist, Olof (2020). "Cultic Leaders and Ritual Specialists". In Schjødt, Jens Peter; Lindow, John; Andrén, Anders (eds.). The Pre-Christian Religions of the North: History and Structures. Vol. 2. Brepols. pp. 736–779. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-57489-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-57489-9"><bdi>978-2-503-57489-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cultic+Leaders+and+Ritual+Specialists&rft.btitle=The+Pre-Christian+Religions+of+the+North%3A+History+and+Structures&rft.pages=736-779&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-2-503-57489-9&rft.aulast=Sundqvist&rft.aufirst=Olof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundqvistSeitz2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sundqvist, Olof; Seitz, Gabrielle (2010) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/GAO/entry/RGA_5667/html">"Tempel"</a>. Germanische Altertumskunde Online. de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tempel&rft.btitle=Germanische+Altertumskunde+Online&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sundqvist&rft.aufirst=Olof&rft.au=Seitz%2C+Gabrielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdatabase%2FGAO%2Fentry%2FRGA_5667%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundqvistKaliff2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sundqvist, Olof; Kaliff, Anders (2010) [2003]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/GAO/entry/RGA_4682/html">"Rituale"</a>. Germanische Altertumskunde Online. de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rituale&rft.btitle=Germanische+Altertumskunde+Online&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sundqvist&rft.aufirst=Olof&rft.au=Kaliff%2C+Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdatabase%2FGAO%2Fentry%2FRGA_4682%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteuer2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heiko_Steuer" title="Heiko Steuer">Steuer, Heiko</a> (2021). Germanen aus Sicht der Archäologie: Neue Thesen zu einem alten Thema. de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germanen+aus+Sicht+der+Arch%C3%A4ologie%3A+Neue+Thesen+zu+einem+alten+Thema&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Steuer&rft.aufirst=Heiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacitus2009" class="citation book cs1">Tacitus (2009). Agricola and Germany. Translated by Anthony R. Birley. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19953-926-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19953-926-0"><bdi>978-0-19953-926-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agricola+and+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19953-926-0&rft.au=Tacitus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimpeScardigli2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Timpe, Dieter; Scardigli, Barbara; et al. (2010) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/database/GAO/entry/RGA_1884/html">"Germanen, Germania, Germanische Altertumskunde"</a>. Germanische Altertumskunde Online. de Gruyter. pp. 363–876.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germanen%2C+Germania%2C+Germanische+Altertumskunde&rft.btitle=Germanische+Altertumskunde+Online&rft.pages=363-876&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Timpe&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft.au=Scardigli%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdatabase%2FGAO%2Fentry%2FRGA_1884%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Todd" title="Malcolm Todd">Todd, Malcolm</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p5QdmV3zNpIC">The Early Germans</a> (2009 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3756-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3756-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-3756-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Germans&rft.edition=2009&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3756-0&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp5QdmV3zNpIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVikstrand2020" class="citation book cs1">Vikstrand, Per (2020). "Language: Placenames and Personal Names". In Schjødt, Jens Peter; Lindow, John; Andrén, Anders (eds.). The Pre-Christian Religions of the North: History and Structures. Vol. 1. Brepols. pp. 115–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-57489-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-57489-9"><bdi>978-2-503-57489-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language%3A+Placenames+and+Personal+Names&rft.btitle=The+Pre-Christian+Religions+of+the+North%3A+History+and+Structures&rft.pages=115-134&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-2-503-57489-9&rft.aulast=Vikstrand&rft.aufirst=Per&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolters2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wolters, Reinhard (2001). "Mannusstämme". In Beck, Heinrich; et al. (eds.). Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Vol. 19. de Gruyter. pp. 467–478.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mannusst%C3%A4mme&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.pages=467-478&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Wolters&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZachrissonAndrén2020" class="citation book cs1">Zachrisson, Torun; Andrén, Anders (2020). "Ritual Space". In Schjødt, Jens Peter; Lindow, John; Andrén, Anders (eds.). The Pre-Christian Religions of the North: History and Structures. Vol. 2. Brepols. pp. 671–723. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-57489-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-57489-9"><bdi>978-2-503-57489-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritual+Space&rft.btitle=The+Pre-Christian+Religions+of+the+North%3A+History+and+Structures&rft.pages=671-723&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-2-503-57489-9&rft.aulast=Zachrisson&rft.aufirst=Torun&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9n%2C+Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZernack2018" class="citation book cs1">Zernack, Julia (2018). "On the Concept of 'Germanic' Religion and Myth". In Clunies Ross, Margaret (ed.). The Pre-Christian Religions of the North: Research and Reception. Vol. 2. Brepols. pp. 527–542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FM.PCRN-EB.5.110825">10.1484/M.PCRN-EB.5.110825</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-56880-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-56880-5"><bdi>978-2-503-56880-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Concept+of+%E2%80%98Germanic%E2%80%99+Religion+and+Myth&rft.btitle=The+Pre-Christian+Religions+of+the+North%3A+Research+and+Reception&rft.pages=527-542&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FM.PCRN-EB.5.110825&rft.isbn=978-2-503-56880-5&rft.aulast=Zernack&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+paganism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerHultgård2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zimmer, Stefan; Hultgård, Anders (2010) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/GAO/entry/RGA_3935/html">"Nerthus und Nerthuskult"</a>. Germanische Altertumskunde Online. de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nerthus+und+Nerthuskult&rft.btitle=Germanische+Altertumskunde+Online&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Hultg%C3%A5rd%2C+Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdatabase%2FGAO%2Fentry%2FRGA_3935%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanic+paganism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_paganism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7e7e7"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_paganism" title="Template:Germanic paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_paganism" title="Template talk:Germanic paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_practices_and_worship_in_Germanic_paganism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religious practices and worship in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germanic paganism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Bless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">Álfablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Death_in_Germanic_mythology" title="Template:Death in Germanic mythology">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Goði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallow">Hallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t" title="Þorrablót">Þorrablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Seeress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Old_German_spells" title="Template:Old German spells">Spell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbel" title="Symbel">Symbel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Veneration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dísir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landd%C3%ADsir" title="Landdísir">Landdísir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic paganism">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externsteine" title="Externsteine">Externsteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminsul" title="Irminsul">Irminsul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trollkyrka" title="Trollkyrka">Trollkyrka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upp%C3%A5kra_temple" title="Uppåkra temple">Uppåkra temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9_(shrine)" title="Vé (shrine)">Vé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hof_%C3%81satr%C3%BAarf%C3%A9lagsins" title="Hof Ásatrúarfélagsins">Hof Ásatrúarfélagsins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manheim_(hof)" title="Manheim (hof)">Manheim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianisation of the Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template talk:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_items_and_places_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of people, items and places in Norse mythology">Mythological Norse people, items and places</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötnar</a>, and other figures</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alm%C3%A1ttki_%C3%A1ss" title="Almáttki áss">Almáttki áss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragi" title="Bragi">Bragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dellingr" title="Dellingr">Dellingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forseti" title="Forseti">Forseti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimdall" title="Heimdall">Heimdall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r" title="Hermóðr">Hermóðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Höðr">Höðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%93nir" title="Hœnir">Hœnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtreksj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Ítreksjóð">Ítreksjóð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3%C3%B0urr" title="Lóðurr">Lóðurr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ni" title="Máni">Máni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meili" title="Meili">Meili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0i_and_Magni" title="Móði and Magni">Móði and Magni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r" title="Óðr">Óðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Týr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li" title="Váli">Váli (son of Odin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr" title="Víðarr">Víðarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vili_and_V%C3%A9" title="Vili and Vé">Vili and Vé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ásynjur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Bil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir" title="Eir">Eir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulla" title="Fulla">Fulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Gná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%ADn" title="Hlín">Hlín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0unn" title="Iðunn">Iðunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmr" title="Ilmr">Ilmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Irpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofn" title="Lofn">Lofn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Norse_deity)" title="Nanna (Norse deity)">Nanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6run" title="Njörun">Njörun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1n" title="Rán">Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rindr" title="Rindr">Rindr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ga_and_S%C3%B6kkvabekkr" title="Sága and Sökkvabekkr">Sága</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sif" title="Sif">Sif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigyn" title="Sigyn">Sigyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6fn" title="Sjöfn">Sjöfn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snotra" title="Snotra">Snotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(Germanic_mythology)" title="Sól (Germanic mythology)">Sól</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn_(goddess)" title="Syn (goddess)">Syn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0r" title="Þrúðr">Þrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1r" title="Vár">Vár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r" title="Vör">Vör</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingunar-Freyr" title="Ingunar-Freyr">Ingunar-Freyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Yngvi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersemi" title="Gersemi">Gersemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullveig" title="Gullveig">Gullveig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnoss" title="Hnoss">Hnoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvasir" title="Kvasir">Kvasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister-wife_of_Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Sister-wife of Njörðr">Sister-wife of Njörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_j%C3%B6tnar_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of jötnar in Norse mythology">Jötnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86gir" title="Ægir">Ægir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvaldi" title="Alvaldi">Alvaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrbo%C3%B0a" title="Angrboða">Angrboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurbo%C3%B0a" title="Aurboða">Aurboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baugi" title="Baugi">Baugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_(j%C3%B6tunn)" title="Beli (jötunn)">Beli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergelmir" title="Bergelmir">Bergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestla" title="Bestla">Bestla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6l%C3%BEorn" title="Bölþorn">Bölþorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BDleistr" title="Býleistr">Býleistr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg%C3%BE%C3%A9r" title="Eggþér">Eggþér</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1rbauti" title="Fárbauti">Fárbauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lvar" title="Fjölvar">Fjölvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornj%C3%B3t" title="Fornjót">Fornjót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangr" title="Gangr">Gangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geirr%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Geirröðr">Geirröðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillingr" title="Gillingr">Gillingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%A1lp_and_Greip" title="Gjálp and Greip">Gjálp and Greip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Gríðr">Gríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnl%C3%B6%C3%B0" title="Gunnlöð">Gunnlöð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymir_(father_of_Ger%C3%B0r)" title="Gymir (father of Gerðr)">Gymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%B0greipr" title="Harðgreipr">Harðgreipr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helblindi" title="Helblindi">Helblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helreginn" title="Helreginn">Helreginn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hljod" title="Hljod">Hljod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%A6svelgr" title="Hræsvelgr">Hræsvelgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmger%C3%B0r" title="Hrímgerðr">Hrímgerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmgr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímgrímnir">Hrímgrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímnir">Hrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hro%C3%B0r" title="Hroðr">Hroðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrungnir" title="Hrungnir">Hrungnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrymr" title="Hrymr">Hrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymir" title="Hymir">Hymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrrokkin" title="Hyrrokkin">Hyrrokkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0i" title="Iði">Iði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dm" title="Ím">Ím</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnsaxa" title="Járnsaxa">Járnsaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufey_(mythology)" title="Laufey (mythology)">Laufey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leikn" title="Leikn">Leikn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logi_(mythology)" title="Logi (mythology)">Logi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6g%C3%BErasir" title="Mögþrasir">Mögþrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi" title="Narfi">Narfi (father of Nott)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6kkm%C3%ADmir" title="Sökkmímir">Sökkmímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtr" title="Surtr">Surtr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suttungr" title="Suttungr">Suttungr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ejazi" title="Þjazi">Þjazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B6kk" title="Þökk">Þökk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%ADvaldi" title="Þrívaldi">Þrívaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0gelmir" title="Þrúðgelmir">Þrúðgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymr" title="Þrymr">Þrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0a-Loki" title="Útgarða-Loki">Útgarða-Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Vafþrúðnir">Vafþrúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0blindi" title="Víðblindi">Víðblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosud" title="Vosud">Vosud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6rnir" title="Vörnir">Vörnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dwarfs_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of dwarfs in Norse mythology">Dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%ADss" title="Alvíss">Alvíss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andvari" title="Andvari">Andvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austri,_Vestri,_Nor%C3%B0ri_and_Su%C3%B0ri" title="Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri">Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billingr" title="Billingr">Billingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1inn_(Norse_dwarf)" title="Dáinn (Norse dwarf)">Dáinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durinn" title="Durinn">Durinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BArnir" title="Dúrnir">Dúrnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvalinn" title="Dvalinn">Dvalinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir" title="Fáfnir">Fáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_and_Galar" title="Fjalar and Galar">Fjalar and Galar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_(mythology)" title="Gandalf (mythology)">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrei%C3%B0marr" title="Hreiðmarr">Hreiðmarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3tsognir" title="Mótsognir">Mótsognir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93tr" title="Ótr">Ótr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regin" title="Regin">Regin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ivaldi" title="Sons of Ivaldi">Sons of Ivaldi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brokkr" title="Brokkr">Brokkr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eitri" title="Eitri">Eitri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Germanic heroic legend">Heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend">List of figures in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_A" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, A"> A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_B%E2%80%93C" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, B–C"> B–C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_D%E2%80%93E" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, D–E"> D–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_F%E2%80%93G" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, F–G"> F–G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_H%E2%80%93He" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, H–He"> H–He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_Hi%E2%80%93Hy" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, Hi–Hy"> Hi–Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_I%E2%80%93O" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, I–O"> I–O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_P%E2%80%93S" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, P–S"> P–S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_T%E2%80%93Y" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, T–Y"> T–Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_clan,_and_place_names_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend">people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_animals_and_plants_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named animals and plants in Germanic heroic legend">named animals and plants </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_weapons,_armour_and_treasures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named weapons, armour and treasures in Germanic heroic legend">named weapons, armour and treasures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0r_(mythology)" title="Auðr (mythology)">Auðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0umbla" title="Auðumbla">Auðumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurvandill" title="Aurvandill">Aurvandill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyla" title="Beyla">Beyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borr" title="Borr">Borr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAri" title="Búri">Búri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byggvir" title="Byggvir">Byggvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dísir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landd%C3%ADsir" title="Landdísir">Landdísir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Draugs">Draugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldir" title="Eldir">Eldir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dark elves (Dökkálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Light elves (Ljósálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Black elves (Svartálfar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimafeng" title="Fimafeng">Fimafeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_(rooster)" title="Fjalar (rooster)">Fjalar (rooster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6rgyn_and_Fj%C3%B6rgynn" title="Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn">Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fylgja" title="Fylgja">Fylgja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmr" title="Garmr">Garmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullinbursti" title="Gullinbursti">Gullinbursti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hati_Hr%C3%B3%C3%B0vitnisson" title="Hati Hróðvitnisson">Hati Hróðvitnisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)" title="Hel (mythological being)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildisv%C3%ADni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildisvíni">Hildisvíni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Hjúki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_of_the_%C3%86sir" title="Horses of the Æsir">Horses of the Æsir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rvakr_and_Alsvi%C3%B0r" title="Árvakr and Alsviðr">Árvakr and Alsviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0ugh%C3%B3fi" title="Blóðughófi">Blóðughófi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falh%C3%B3fnir" title="Falhófnir">Falhófnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADsl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gísl">Gísl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0r" title="Glaðr">Glaðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6r" title="Glær">Glær</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenr" title="Glenr">Glenr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grani" title="Grani">Grani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullfaxi" title="Gullfaxi">Gullfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulltoppr" title="Gulltoppr">Gulltoppr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyllir" title="Gyllir">Gyllir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamskerpir_and_Gar%C3%B0rofa" title="Hamskerpir and Garðrofa">Hamskerpir and Garðrofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Hófvarpnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinfaxi_and_Hr%C3%ADmfaxi" title="Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi">Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sva%C3%B0ilfari" title="Svaðilfari">Svaðilfari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Líf and Lífthrasir">Líf and Lífthrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loddf%C3%A1fnir" title="Loddfáfnir">Loddfáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0gu%C3%B0r" title="Móðguðr">Móðguðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Daughters_of_%C3%86gir_and_R%C3%A1n" title="Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán">Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Mothers_of_Heimdallr" title="Nine Mothers of Heimdallr">Nine Mothers of Heimdallr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi_(son_of_Loki)" title="Narfi (son of Loki)">Narfi (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li>Personifications <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagr" title="Dagr">Dagr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elli" title="Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3tt" title="Nótt">Nótt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumarr_and_Vetr" title="Sumarr and Vetr">Sumarr and Vetr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Sæhrímnir">Sæhrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir" title="Skírnir">Skírnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ll" title="Sköll">Sköll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanngrisnir_and_Tanngnj%C3%B3str" title="Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr">Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%A1lfi_and_R%C3%B6skva" title="Þjálfi and Röskva">Þjálfi and Röskva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir" title="Landvættir">Landvættir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li_(son_of_Loki)" title="Váli (son of Loki)">Váli (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Völundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Vörðr">Vörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Locations in Norse mythology">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Underworld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Éljúðnir">Éljúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA" title="Gjallarbrú">Gjallarbrú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1str%C3%B6nd" title="Náströnd">Náströnd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflhel" title="Niflhel">Niflhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B0afj%C3%B6ll" title="Niðafjöll">Niðafjöll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liv%C3%A1gar" title="Élivágar">Élivágar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll" title="Gjöll">Gjöll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dfingr" title="Ífingr">Ífingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerlaugar" title="Kerlaugar">Kerlaugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rmt_and_%C3%96rmt" title="Körmt and Örmt">Körmt and Örmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidr_River" title="Slidr River">Slidr River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadgelmir" title="Vadgelmir">Vadgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimur_River" title="Vimur River">Vimur River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsvartnir" title="Amsvartnir">Amsvartnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andlang" title="Andlang">Andlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri" title="Barri">Barri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilskirnir" title="Bilskirnir">Bilskirnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Brávellir">Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimir" title="Brimir">Brimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fensalir" title="Fensalir">Fensalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signhildsberg" title="Signhildsberg">Fornsigtuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyrisvellir" title="Fyrisvellir">Fyrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1lgvi%C3%B0r" title="Gálgviðr">Gálgviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandvik" title="Gandvik">Gandvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropnir" title="Gastropnir">Gastropnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giml%C3%A9" title="Gimlé">Gimlé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0sheimr" title="Glaðsheimr">Glaðsheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6sisvellir" title="Glæsisvellir">Glæsisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitnir">Glitnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnipahellir" title="Gnipahellir">Gnipahellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_of_fetters" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove of fetters">Grove of fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hei%C3%B0r" title="Heiðr">Heiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himinbj%C3%B6rg" title="Himinbjörg">Himinbjörg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindarfjall" title="Hindarfjall">Hindarfjall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlidskjalf" title="Hlidskjalf">Hlidskjalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnitbjorg" title="Hnitbjorg">Hnitbjorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoddm%C3%ADmis_holt" title="Hoddmímis holt">Hoddmímis holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0av%C3%B6llr" title="Iðavöllr">Iðavöllr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnvi%C3%B0r" title="Járnviðr">Járnviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmamei%C3%B0r" title="Mímameiðr">Mímameiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrkvi%C3%B0r" title="Myrkviðr">Myrkviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munarv%C3%A1gr" title="Munarvágr">Munarvágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3at%C3%BAn_(mythology)" title="Nóatún (mythology)">Nóatún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolnir" title="Okolnir">Okolnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessr%C3%BAmnir" title="Sessrúmnir">Sessrúmnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindri_(mythology)" title="Sindri (mythology)">Sindri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singasteinn" title="Singasteinn">Singasteinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0heimr" title="Þrúðheimr">Þrúðheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0vangr" title="Þrúðvangr">Þrúðvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymheimr" title="Þrymheimr">Þrymheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0ar" title="Útgarðar">Útgarðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaskj%C3%A1lf" title="Valaskjálf">Valaskjálf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0bl%C3%A1inn" title="Víðbláinn">Víðbláinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ving%C3%B3lf" title="Vingólf">Vingólf</a></li> <li>Wells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ddalir" title="Ýdalir">Ýdalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Events_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Events in Norse mythology">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulvetr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i%27s_Peace" title="Fróði's Peace">Fróði's Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hja%C3%B0ningav%C3%ADg" title="Hjaðningavíg">Hjaðningavíg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3msv%C3%ADkinga_saga" title="Jómsvíkinga saga">Jómsvíkinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_saga" title="Legendary saga">Legendary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrfing Cycle">Tyrfing Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography" title="Old Norse orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Norse mythology in popular culture">Later influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Religious practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitstrenging" title="Heitstrenging">Heitstrenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96ndvegiss%C3%BAlur" title="Öndvegissúlur">Öndvegissúlur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginnaglar" title="Reginnaglar">Reginnaglar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonarg%C3%B6ltr" title="Sonargöltr">Sonargöltr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Vé">Vé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Festivals and holy periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">Álfablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t" title="Þorrablót">Þorrablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetrn%C3%A6tr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetrnætr">Vetrnætr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lag" title="Félag">Félag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Goði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamingja" title="Hamingja">Hamingja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti">Heiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">Kenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">Mead hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE" title="Nīþ">Nīþ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Norse cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers in Norse mythology">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_philosophy" title="Old Norse philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Saxon_paganism_and_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#cc9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template talk:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Saxon_paganism_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a> and mythology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Gods and divine figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ēse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ēostre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheda_(mythology)" title="Rheda (mythology)">Hretha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Ing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxn%C4%93at" title="Seaxnēat">Saxnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Þunor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Tiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_(folklore)" title="Wade (folklore)">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Wayland the Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Wōden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Heroic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agilaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Agilaz">Ægil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Eormenric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finn_(Frisian)" title="Finn (Frisian)">Finn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist and Horsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceafa" title="Sceafa">Sceafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldere" title="Waldere">Waldere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Other beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofgod" title="Cofgod">Cofgod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf (Dweorh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idis_(Germanic)" title="Idis (Germanic)">Ides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Eoten/Thurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A6lcyrge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wælcyrge">Wælcyrge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">Wight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Middangeard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86cerbot" title="Æcerbot">Æcerbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rune_poems#Anglo-Saxon_Rune_Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune poems">Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_temporum_ratione" class="mw-redirect" title="De temporum ratione">De temporum ratione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deor" title="Deor">Deor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealuscerwen" title="Ealuscerwen">Ealuscerwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnesburg_Fragment" title="Finnesburg Fragment">Finnesburg Fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm" title="Nine Herbs Charm">Nine Herbs Charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spong_Hill" title="Spong Hill">Spong Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beot" title="Beot">Bēot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blōtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Early Germanic calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkmoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkmoot">Folkmoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frith" title="Frith">Frith</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hearg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maypole" title="Maypole">Maypole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Anglo-Saxon metrical charms">Metrical charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moot_hill" title="Moot hill">Moot hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scop" title="Scop">Scop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbel" title="Symbel">Symbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">Thegn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyle" title="Thyle">Thyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weregild" title="Weregild">Weregild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Wicce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilweorthunga" title="Wilweorthunga">Wilweorthunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyrd" title="Wyrd">Wyrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Modern pagan revival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax-Wica" title="Seax-Wica">Seax-Wica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#cc9;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Category:Anglo-Saxon paganism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_religions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_religions" title="Template:History of religions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_religions" title="Template talk:History of religions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_religions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of religions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">List of religions and spiritual traditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">Major groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal; line-height:1.4em; padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="History of the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rastafari" title="History of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal; line-height:1.4em; padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal; line-height:1.4em; padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Confucianism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taoism" title="History of Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shintoism#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Shintoism">Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal; line-height:1.4em; padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal; line-height:1.4em; padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism#History" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism#Origins" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal; line-height:1.4em; padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wicca" title="History of Wicca">Wicca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Thought" title="History of New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Kardecist spiritism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;line-height:1.4em;padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;line-height:1.4em;padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Near East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;line-height:1.4em;padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic religion">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Illyro-thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic Hinduism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_morality" title="Evolution of morality">Evolution of morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">Evolutionary origin of religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_atheism" title="History of atheism">History of atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_theology" title="History of theology">History of theology (Greco-Abrahamic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School_(history_of_religion)" title="Roman School (history of religion)">Roman School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paganism_(and_modern_paganism)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paganism" title="Template:Paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paganism" title="Template talk:Paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paganism_(and_modern_paganism)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">modern paganism</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religions</a> (existing and extinct)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asian</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu religion">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altaic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altaic religion (page does not exist)">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austroasiatic religion (page does not exist)">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momolianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Momolianism">Momolianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sunda Wiwitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_mythology" title="Tamil mythology">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalash religion">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi folk religion">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai religion (page does not exist)">Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibeto-Burman religion (page does not exist)">Tibeto-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="European" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatolian religion (page does not exist)">Anatolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_religion" title="Lydian religion">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phrygian religion (page does not exist)">Phrygian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li>Caucasian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_paganism" title="Circassian paganism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Sacred mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothracian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iberian religion (page does not exist)">Iberian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_mythology" title="Cantabrian mythology">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castro_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castro religion (page does not exist)">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallaecian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallaecian religion (page does not exist)">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_mythology" title="Lusitanian mythology">Lusitanian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italic <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camunni_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camunni religion (page does not exist)">Camunnian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligures religion (page does not exist)">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umbri religion (page does not exist)">Umbrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuragic religion (page does not exist)">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_paganism" title="Baltic Finnic paganism">Baltic Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari Native Religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_shamanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami shamanism">Sami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle-Eastern_and_North_African" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle-Eastern and North African</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Ancient Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushite_religion" title="Kushite religion">Nubian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Oceanian_and_Pacific_Islander" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceanian and Pacific Islander</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_indigenous_religion" title="Nauruan indigenous religion">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sub-Saharan_African" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Sub-Saharan African</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Dahomean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Odinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">Modern pagan movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ethnic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausar_Auset_Society" title="Ausar Auset Society">Ausar Auset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexicayotl" title="Mexicayotl">Mexicayotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Native_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Native Faith">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Habze" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe Habze">Adyghe Habze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uatsdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Uatsdin">Uatsdin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Reconstructionist_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Polytheistic_Reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Polytheistic Reconstructionism">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a></li> <li>Turko-Mongolic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish neopaganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvin_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordvin Native Religion">Mordvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt Vos</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">European Congress of Ethnic Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_worship" title="Bear worship">Bear worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_and_rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying and rising deity">Dying and rising deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">Ethos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">Idolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">Stone row</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Sacred grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Supernatural magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_mythology" title="Trees in mythology">Trees in mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">Tree of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">World tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_worship" title="Animal worship">Animal worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_paganism" title="Christianity and paganism">Christianity and paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_saints_and_feasts" title="Christianization of saints and feasts">Christianization of saints and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religio_licita" title="Religio licita">Religio licita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_mythology" title="Template:Germanic mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_mythology" title="Template talk:Germanic mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Saxon_deities" title="List of Anglo-Saxon deities">Anglo-Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Germanic heroic legend">Heroic legend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend">Lists of figures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_A" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, A"> A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_B%E2%80%93C" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, B–C"> B–C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_D%E2%80%93E" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, D–E"> D–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_F%E2%80%93G" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, F–G"> F–G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_H%E2%80%93He" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, H–He"> H–He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_Hi%E2%80%93Hy" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, Hi–Hy"> Hi–Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_I%E2%80%93O" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, I–O"> I–O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_P%E2%80%93S" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, P–S"> P–S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_T%E2%80%93Y" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, T–Y"> T–Y</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_animals_and_plants_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named animals and plants in Germanic heroic legend">Creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_weapons,_armour_and_treasures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named weapons, armour and treasures in Germanic heroic legend">Objects</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Heroic_Age" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Heroic_Age" title="Germanic Heroic Age">Heroic Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_kingship" title="Germanic kingship">Legendary kings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Denmark" title="List of legendary kings of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Sweden" title="List of legendary kings of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Christian_Alpine_traditions" title="Pre-Christian Alpine traditions">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Mythology in the Low Countries">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_mythology" title="English mythology">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_Germanic_mythology" title="List of films based on Germanic mythology">List of films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Norse mythology in popular culture">Norse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">Alliterative verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_England" title="Matter of England">Matter of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_peoples" title="Category:Germanic peoples">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-6kswq","wgBackendResponseTime":203,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.187","walltime":"4.580","ppvisitednodes":{"value":38546,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":777043,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":44361,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":562943,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3552.843 1 -total"," 45.63% 1621.306 490 Template:Sfn"," 13.29% 472.226 63 Template:Cite_book"," 9.48% 336.856 42 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 5.86% 208.126 43 Template:Lang"," 4.24% 150.745 21 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