CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91e9f49de9cafd24',cH: 'q.W2PGbUgY2ztfI.Wjd51FqhmqKh6zY0JIpjDNhbKIM-1741684612-1.2.1.1-nc6yDPGqqpJMavXmEgqslqnRwkFtt9gn4CzN7oPEhu_wEyKNwtUESGJMRHkmGdBl',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=IT%20teachers&__cf_chl_tk=xmyaVNQPVxzaVv4HmQBNi1N8h_LceegZlwMplidqp4w-1741684612-1.0.1.1-sT0HTc05A6WGVkp_iNcwNKP8w7CarxlSeRAHcsneDQY",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1741684612',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=IT%20teachers&__cf_chl_f_tk=xmyaVNQPVxzaVv4HmQBNi1N8h_LceegZlwMplidqp4w-1741684612-1.0.1.1-sT0HTc05A6WGVkp_iNcwNKP8w7CarxlSeRAHcsneDQY",md: "pZm3jS9ywVVf8wj54qZjGPOiz3vmPHaL4WRltCgYNmY-1741684612-1.2.1.1-4I20IQWpwGTcK4AFhvyOyeIXcexutc32ZSPqu4.AbhbCdo1CgaO5Pwl4I0UTWehxiYD0H8.Ty7RuIUZRAHnVw3nBlOT9HIrRMOq5z6fB2KR_yKQBiF3VahxUmxlum8crKmpj_RrZFgzXtl3XAVU7MRan7C4gbN2nMOXbTyWWlG4zPETPA9q_AtQvX8HINtMUcraCic9U2ieV4cVuoweSh26wBxx5mGIXerHIscYZ9KX9Oyy46CvRTx7EbhkNfhkHx5W4J08nfOeYvaTGB8XCYn7sOil3xMbOB3OnmxXlu5aieQsaMNdAUYxdAB9bKchYExQTFZPKdtIvTPcjv3nJogVR8nZ2FxNQuBUX7EVXr..H522.7xdauvYfCLoabhIscJs5sP9CDHRruDsvEHqArx_9CduUuYqj6LFDdCcfivIo9F7sbj_OKFsIxf1HyzOYaCCfun98Dx9DgRZrUU_MbUyujBYP7Tz_8UwNTY8bdezK2wE3SLAARsq.jARn.UEBOQtBxebXsesBweJiMtY0JnlqPo21m5ynuisCps63Ywtqv1P8bZsOMz_r_LUFaYtYL8jymj3kszOi6I_WlSywaIRNnyF48c57qNpo2iMWxPr.lhFb1b4ujohUB2bbUpdZOIhrNyx8_1lFZBv_FdLmRpo.NfoIbV4tTZjr.Z6ZGvgK9GWXfgDkiA4zLdKyryXNW5GdhTri8PfsZkl8VjC5Za1irsBfSMypHPORP5O.S7RdujiNVpojGXxznFdc_W5y_EBd6aVHzMby.MRdoGs6YxopNbY5m8atlHWplPqYyN.la.tExnGXIl3XQAMa1KlOk125jZJgZkdIOySXSsJZqPPQiGDl21J4srZw9IJ4b9bfuGgTbF1pNVDWIjtWT9p3ctKxPEJBgvvs7kuGoeQyD0GmM1YrztZAdRMyTZ_3uueP1pIHzikQSUERM4YjnrBFvYoWu9bkPdCq_qTUEKZjDcWyvtG_T.d2K9_e9qvh_cA_HDKKWgr8fWeYATz_uWaRwCB_rJ4zfIEy4xLXxZbYMKi.nhi7AZGiLupyNPHo.Tir1C4e0wvLF0gcB0AqR0nlf6fz9jdNaqlhAK7g5QK33L1upDlEhw5wiL7.y4c7VvweP6XznxgR2E19n5dJzkd2JFqmVC2vyhD9GbFN5v6MtU9gUTUx1yDEVbiIJv8DYsi403g0yjvC6vID_FTL6t_MVYdJzIWISbXDDs7a9FgZrtJNBz1AFg4ubKtDM30ShS0uvLRe8tArvVajznDlTsa4a6ktz66fIFGwRrx.V77Xuw",mdrd: "cJfQONssGrWfOuk12Q2ezshj.47iLhqsCPPugV54xOk-1741684612-1.2.1.1-u19_6fPsyTlRlER2FeqMpEo.TMDYz3y5UhGBsNhamUemiSQkPJkJj4zNi6UzIB75d_bY.d7iKEodShFuUD2huFLCCeg_LUPs02OD2xIOjgH2Sl11hQ4il9TEiNtfrxEDXEW0QfbSBlB.Sxq5flBuxE5x_mosH9cW9Bsdafyv5mlkVgzDVSqY2d88BguZ2zCPNcxGfIRaeWrireYMbDhvjqiCKiIjW7CluE2wUoBZ1l9X8AIzNKuJbXKOUuQb4TzjC1hUvNUETMt3Xsl1MuGQuGCd2XQvNdXSR2Jj5z5_OFpzcwNQFXrVzujPAyVkwbShm8H4G2EOzhgjePPz8gK.6Ux5j3aDGez4mkZbjWxsdxwDXCCEpz9YkrVVrJ0psfS9sLpcohjahaCXd4cr9g7CMrG8qli__zYsie1IyueYfJ_jlnA2slGVuc2yY35wvIyJ5i.W29QHbbuhyVjQP0PJJBV62bvOpDpRi5pAIHKRlnnvyTb9dl7u9pvPJs0JUpMyaYo2YEPLYkZiSxPW6hmTsZ2XZVwkwA_pFPOqe3vap0cTceUl_opPKVOScEJaI6tWC_SYeIycrWeSsBs9b8DqlmdtJ.dk4J0Vhii1Khn9n04XmElYHYEFr.8HPImhe3miRpuAukaOlPnyxnSpklMryj0bajrjqKP3rQfJAoKbcGm6v7s4uhbekexftUgJmdvkYypSO.CwRuaONa72U2WlyJaJju7rmJj0E8_HoyQW5zVA_is24ltYHdZf89e.DPnSnHrYSucbs5OnqFVY_hHJzSVu3dRNf95Lmq_dvn7LRXlFP2RLHrE9G2U_ktxfiEOD_bTzKkV.sEbHft_GOHeQGBJYAZ05S6XWo.RAYSEMEkxqFyClUYYHIhX46EBIVlpStkgO4ll5wciYopT1m6hvFL4d4k5nySomcjyrzDMQskzPbml3WfkNdjhbCr7AXJsOz_Wtg3sjo76y9pnQjgCYt_EnLCPHfFE6zYhpkKeGJMuLAiPq67Ma6o0NJpkJiQLbm2Erjz0s_unVzCiy7o0sRQ5AP0rjuvVjLeu__nIvNSm7Me7tEffFKsSgbxOzN8Eo2lwDlC4eFhAA7B_W_Nez.vaay7Od_ZyrGps0AB0Yx_j2MYR_pVK0q1cC.K.y.QVg0FA_mbdkF3EPXN0YPtgBmnO0CrlFpNAs39KwGUBgq8wO92uzCMx1M9rirVS9liaAQtlEPgz4e_Hu8AHdnwxTFbtJylFwsqK7MFh7RLqvn17Idi6r1hHTV7kFpXAdSfVvh9wRfILyuYnK0esLjvyvu2RBK_X.x95bO83rQi6o9dQKhl4PNFVEXtAC_84Vl7Ythb1nAAoUwZEInAmMv8HqWnQd.k1kryn14.qxdbL0BycyGsXxTirr670UiA2Pv08f2qYBqZ1rsVgvsddYl8z7zbpRNp6kTOOtHwiD8avclFlm8UcokYSjBlRQiyAwiPq_dLGDUd3azytwtl98kvOcTm_R2tEfNnApfYUpDovHsVLwS9L3c1zVAuzTfSjPR.wSVVRUNPGUrbMLHjHbxaCoJcOTYw3HpReg_cUmWrBa1tDCWjkgeKfllgHxpefe2rN4bPKoAZ7PqXZ.2IpadbtteTmL8G5L9cyjtPMkZAAIb9.q8I4l0M7t8qro.VJPyT0OubT_mrwp_K.yW9nCBLTLAN2eVLxP0Dq_cAZOXR.w7uQq5Q4TP1HVyQhwtr5T0zOj4SLotEKPzCVxC0iLp4xT7eQGmNZ3HBLy8z95rzgprD.QonjNzApoOKgyTYWz1l_vxxMIBybEamiyv2Ruj2qsh60CA4YsToDdw_eCxREBX_T1d75gmy1FAQ8gT5Y12HTaqAwvB9R9iwXFuafyMUHOV_JqMADE_IFd0YbJAl69dF_jHe1tJjUtpfmDBp8k6ZH7cDzjFa1eYtP0AvPzFhu8aGD8NYXoOjYTahKoEeiThiuv4mn7UiSFxR60.jA13CC5"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91e9f49de9cafd24';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=IT%20teachers&__cf_chl_rt_tk=xmyaVNQPVxzaVv4HmQBNi1N8h_LceegZlwMplidqp4w-1741684612-1.0.1.1-sT0HTc05A6WGVkp_iNcwNKP8w7CarxlSeRAHcsneDQY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>