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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_and_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_and_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definition and etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_and_function_of_signage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_and_function_of_signage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Role and function of signage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_and_function_of_signage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signage_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signage_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Signage conventions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Signage_conventions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Signage conventions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Signage_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pictograms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pictograms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pictograms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pictograms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sign_shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sign_shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sign shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sign_shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sign_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sign_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sign technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sign_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sign technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sign_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Lighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_wayfinding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_wayfinding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In wayfinding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_wayfinding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Signage</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skilt" title="Skilt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skilt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schild_(Zeichen)" title="Schild (Zeichen) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schild (Zeichen)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letrero" title="Letrero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Letrero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idazkun" title="Idazkun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Idazkun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enseigne_(signal)" title="Enseigne (signal) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enseigne (signal)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A7%80" title="표지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papan_tanda" title="Papan tanda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Papan tanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E8%AD%98" title="標識 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="標識" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skilt" title="Skilt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skilt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_de_sinaliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Design de sinalização – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Design de sinalização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyltti" title="Kyltti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kyltti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylt" title="Skylt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skylt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabela" title="Tabela – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tabela" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_ch%E1%BB%89_d%E1%BA%ABn" title="Bảng chỉ dẫn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảng chỉ dẫn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9B%E7%89%8C" title="招牌 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="招牌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9B%E7%89%8C" title="招牌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="招牌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1211272#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Design or use of signs and symbols to communicate a message</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Signage" title="Special:EditPage/Signage">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Signage%22">"Signage"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Signage%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Signage%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Signage%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Signage%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Signage%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welcome_to_vegas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Welcome_to_vegas.jpg/220px-Welcome_to_vegas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Welcome_to_vegas.jpg/330px-Welcome_to_vegas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Welcome_to_vegas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_Fabulous_Las_Vegas" class="mw-redirect" title="Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas">Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas</a>" sign, just to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip" title="Las Vegas Strip">Las Vegas Strip</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M27_DLS.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/M27_DLS.JPG/220px-M27_DLS.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/M27_DLS.JPG/330px-M27_DLS.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/M27_DLS.JPG/440px-M27_DLS.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Driver_location_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Driver location signs">Driver location sign</a> used in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> to assist drivers when contacting <a href="/wiki/Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">emergency services</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Signage</b> is the design or use of <b>signs</b> and <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbols</a> to communicate a message.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Random_House_Kernerman_Webster_2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Random_House_Kernerman_Webster_2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signage also means signs <i>collectively</i> or being considered as a group.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>signage</i> is documented to have been popularized in 1975 to 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Random_House_Kernerman_Webster_2005_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Random_House_Kernerman_Webster_2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Signs are any kind of visual <a href="/wiki/Graphics" title="Graphics">graphics</a> created to display information to a particular audience. This is typically manifested in the form of <a href="/wiki/Wayfinding" title="Wayfinding">wayfinding</a> information in places such as streets or on the inside and outside buildings. Signs vary in form and size based on location and intent, from more expansive <a href="/wiki/Banner" title="Banner">banners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard">billboards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">murals</a>, to smaller <a href="/wiki/Street_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Street sign">street signs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Street_name_sign" title="Street name sign">street name signs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandwich_board" title="Sandwich board">sandwich boards</a> and lawn signs. Newer signs may also use <a href="/wiki/Digital_signage" title="Digital signage">digital</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electronic_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic sign">electronic</a> displays. </p><p>The main purpose of signs is to communicate, to convey information designed to assist the receiver with decision-making based on the information provided. Alternatively, promotional signage may be designed to persuade receivers of the merits of a given product or service. Signage is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">labeling</a>, which conveys information about a particular <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">product</a> or service. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_etymology">Definition and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term, '<b>sign'</b> comes from the old <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i>signe</i> (noun), <i>signer</i> (verb), meaning a gesture or a motion of the hand. This, in turn, stems from Latin 'signum' indicating an"identifying mark, token, indication, symbol; proof; military standard, ensign; a signal, an omen; sign in the heavens, constellation."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the term is also associated with a <a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">flag</a> or ensign. In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, a banner not infrequently took the place of signs or sign boards in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Signs, however, are best known in the form of painted or carved <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="[[advertisement]]s_for_shops"></span><span id="RETAIL_SIGNAGE"></span><span class="vanchor-text"><a href="/wiki/Advertisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertisement">advertisements</a> for shops</span></span>, inns, cinemas, etc. They are one of various emblematic methods for publicly calling attention to the place to which they refer. </p><p>The term, 'signage' appears to have come into use in the 20th century as a collective noun used to describe a class of signs, especially advertising and promotional signs which came to prominence in the first decades of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Oxford Dictionary</i> defines the term, signage, as "Signs collectively, especially commercial or public display signs."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kordisign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kordisign.jpg/220px-Kordisign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kordisign.jpg/330px-Kordisign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kordisign.jpg/440px-Kordisign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SchlossBorbeck02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SchlossBorbeck02.jpg/220px-SchlossBorbeck02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SchlossBorbeck02.jpg/330px-SchlossBorbeck02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SchlossBorbeck02.jpg/440px-SchlossBorbeck02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> at Castle Borbeck</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the earliest <b>signs</b> were used informally to denote the membership of specific groups. Early Christians used the sign or a <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">cross</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Ichthys" title="Ichthys">Ichthys</a> (i.e. fish) to denote their religious affiliations, whereas the sign of the sun or the moon would serve the same purpose for <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of commercial signage has a very ancient history. Retail signage and promotional signs appear to have developed independently in the East and the West. In antiquity, the ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks were known to use signage. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, signboards were used for shop fronts as well as to announce public events.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman signboards were usually made from <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a>. Alternatively, they were whitened areas, known as <i>albums</i> on the outer walls of shops, forums and <a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">marketplaces</a>. Many Roman examples have been preserved; among them the widely recognized bush to indicate a tavern, from which is derived the proverb, "A good wine needs no bush".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from the bush, certain identifiable trade signs that survive into modern times include the three balls of <a href="/wiki/Pawnbroker" title="Pawnbroker">pawnbrokers</a> and the red and white <a href="/wiki/Barber%27s_pole" title="Barber's pole">barber's pole</a>. Of the signs identified with specific trades, some of these later evolved into trademarks. This suggests that the early history of commercial signage is intimately tied up with the history of branding and labelling.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent research suggests that China exhibited a rich history of early retail signage systems.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One well-documented, early example of a highly developed brand associated with retail signage is that of the <i>White Rabbit</i> brand of sewing needles, from China's Song dynasty period (960–1127 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-j1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A copper printing plate used to print posters contained message, which roughly translates as: "Jinan Liu's Fine Needle Shop: We buy high quality steel rods and make fine quality needles, to be ready for use at home in no time."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plate also includes a trademark in the form of a white rabbit which signified good luck and was particularly relevant to the primary purchasers, women with limited literacy. Details in the image show a white rabbit crushing herbs, and included advice to shoppers to look for the stone white rabbit in front of the maker's shop. Thus, the image served as an early form of brand recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eckhart and Bengtsson have argued that during the Song dynasty, Chinese society developed a consumerist culture, where a high level of consumption was attainable for a wide variety of ordinary consumers rather than just the elite. The rise of a <a href="/wiki/Consumer_culture" title="Consumer culture">consumer culture</a> prompted the commercial investment in carefully managed <a href="/wiki/Company_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Company image">company image</a>, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#RETAIL_SIGNAGE">retail signage</a>, symbolic brands, <a href="/wiki/Trademark#Registration" title="Trademark">trademark protection</a> and sophisticated brand concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-j1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Medieval period, the use of signboards was generally optional for traders. However, publicans were on a different footing. As early as the 14th century, English law compelled innkeepers and landlords to exhibit signs. In 1389, King <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II of England</a> compelled <a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">landlords</a> to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated "Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">ale</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legislation was intended to make public houses easily visible to passing inspectors of the quality of the ale they provided (during this period, <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> was not always good to drink and ale was the usual replacement). In 1393 a publican was prosecuted for failing to display <a href="/wiki/Public_house#Signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">signs</a>. The practice of using signs spread to other types of commercial establishments throughout the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar legislation was enacted in Europe. For instance, in France edicts were issued 1567 and 1577, compelling innkeepers and tavern-keepers to erect signs.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saracens_Head_pub_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Saracens_Head_pub_sign.jpg/220px-Saracens_Head_pub_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Saracens_Head_pub_sign.jpg/330px-Saracens_Head_pub_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Saracens_Head_pub_sign.jpg/440px-Saracens_Head_pub_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Saracen's Head: a pub sign in <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Large towns, where many premises practiced the same trade, and especially, where these congregated in the same street, a simple trade sign was insufficient to distinguish one house from another. Thus, traders began to employ a variety of devices to differentiate themselves. Sometimes the trader used a <a href="/wiki/Rebus" title="Rebus">rebus</a> on his own name (e.g. two cocks for the name of Cox); sometimes he adopted a figure of an animal or other object, or portrait of a well-known person, which he considered likely to attract attention. Other signs used the common association of two heterogeneous objects, which (apart from those representing a rebus) were in some cases merely a whimsical combination, but in others arose from a popular misconception of the sign itself (e.g. the combination of the leg and star may have originated in a representation of the insignia of the garter), or from corruption in popular speech (e.g. the combination goat and compasses is said by some to be a corruption of God encompasses). </p><p>Around this time, some manufacturers began to adapt the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coats of arms</a> or badges of noble families as a type of endorsement. These would be described by the people without consideration of the language of <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, and thus such signs as the Red Lion, the Green Dragon, etc., have become familiar, especially as <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pub</a> signs. By the 17th and 18th centuries, the number of commercial houses actively displaying the royal arms on their premises, packaging and labelling had increased, but many claims of royal endorsement were fraudulent. By 1840, the rules surrounding the display of royal arms were tightened to prevent false claims. By the early 19th century, the number of royal warrants granted rose rapidly when Queen Victoria granted some 2,000 royal warrants during her reign of 64 years.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the object of signboards was to attract the public, they were often of an elaborate character. Not only were the signs themselves large and sometimes of great artistic merit (especially in the 16th and 17th centuries, when they reached their greatest vogue) but the posts or metal supports protruding from the houses over the street, from which the signs were swung, were often elaborately worked, and many beautiful examples of wrought-iron supports survive both in England and continental Europe. </p><p>Exterior signs were a prominent feature of the streets of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> from the 16th century. Large overhanging signs became a danger and a nuisance in the narrow ways as the city streets became more congested with vehicular traffic. Over time, authorities were forced to regulate the size and placement of exterior signage. In 1669, a French royal order prohibited the excessive size of sign boards and their projection too far over the streets. In Paris in 1761, and in London, about 1762–1773, laws were introduced which gradually compelled sign boards to be removed or fixed flat against the wall. </p><p>For the most part, signs only survived in connection with inns, for which some of the greatest artists of the time painted sign boards, usually representing the name of the inn. With the gradual abolition of sign boards, the <a href="/wiki/House_numbering" title="House numbering">numbering of houses</a> began to be introduced in the early 18th century in London. It had been attempted in Paris as early as 1512, and had become almost universal by the close of the 18th century, though not enforced until 1805. Another important factor was that during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> a large percentage of the population was <a href="/wiki/Illiteracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiteracy">illiterate</a> and so pictures were more useful as a means of identifying a <a href="/wiki/Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">public house</a>. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name—the name being derived later from the illustration on the public house's sign. In this sense, a <a href="/wiki/Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">pub</a> sign can be thought of as an early example of visual branding.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neon_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Neon_light.jpg/220px-Neon_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Neon_light.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="125" /></a><figcaption>Neon sign</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 19th century, some artists specialized in the painting of signboards, such as the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian">Austro-Hungarian</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Demeter_Laccataris" title="Demeter Laccataris">Demeter Laccataris</a>. Pending this development, houses which carried on trade at night (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Coffee_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee house">coffee houses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothels</a>, etc.) had various specific arrangements of lights, and these still survive to some extent, as in the case of doctors' surgeries, and chemists' dispensaries. </p><p>Several developments in the early 20th century provided the impetus for widespread commercial adoption of exterior signage. The first, <i>spectaculars,</i> erected in Manhattan in 1892, became commonplace in the first decade of the 20th century and by 1913, "the skies were awash with a blaze of illuminated, animated signs."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s, the newly developed neon sign was introduced to the United States. Its flexibility and visibility led to widespread commercial adoption and by the 1930s, neon signs were a standard feature of modern building around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Privilege_sign" title="Privilege sign">Privilege signs</a>, which employed the manufacturer's brand as a form of retail endorsement, were common on <a href="/wiki/Retail_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Retail store">retail stores</a> during the 20th century, but their use has waned as retailers gained increasing power in the late 20th century. A small number of privilege signs are still present, but most have become abandoned <a href="/wiki/Ghost_sign" title="Ghost sign">ghost signs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dunlap20131017_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunlap20131017-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early computer generated hard copy of various size metal printed characters for displays was introduced and patented in 1971, Patent US3596285A, may have been the first data driven printed example of signage in the USA. </p><p><b>Historic retail sign boards</b> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FourTimesNight.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Four Times Night painting by William Hogarth depicting a retail sign c. 1738"><img alt="Four Times Night painting by William Hogarth depicting a retail sign c. 1738" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/FourTimesNight.jpg/100px-FourTimesNight.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/FourTimesNight.jpg/149px-FourTimesNight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/FourTimesNight.jpg/199px-FourTimesNight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="585" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Four Times Night</i> painting by <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a> depicting a retail sign <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1738</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hogarthgiles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Four Times of the Day: Noon by William Hogarth, painting depicting retail signage, 18th century"><img alt="Four Times of the Day: Noon by William Hogarth, painting depicting retail signage, 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hogarthgiles.jpg/97px-Hogarthgiles.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hogarthgiles.jpg/146px-Hogarthgiles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hogarthgiles.jpg/195px-Hogarthgiles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="615" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Four Times of the Day: Noon</i> by William Hogarth, painting depicting retail signage, 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jbinfourtimes.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Four Times of the Day: Noon by William Hogarth, (detail), 18th century"><img alt="Four Times of the Day: Noon by William Hogarth, (detail), 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Jbinfourtimes.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="87" data-file-height="110" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Four Times of the Day: Noon</i> by William Hogarth, (detail), 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hogarth_032.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting by William Hogarth, depicting large, overhanging retail sign, 18th century"><img alt="Painting by William Hogarth, depicting large, overhanging retail sign, 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/William_Hogarth_032.jpg/120px-William_Hogarth_032.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/William_Hogarth_032.jpg/180px-William_Hogarth_032.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/William_Hogarth_032.jpg/240px-William_Hogarth_032.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1607" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting by William Hogarth, depicting large, overhanging retail sign, 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget,_Shop_Sign,_rue_Saint-Louis-en-l%27%C3%8Ele_-_Getty_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eugène Atget, Shop Sign, rue Saint-Louis-en-l'Île, c. 1908"><img alt="Eugène Atget, Shop Sign, rue Saint-Louis-en-l'Île, c. 1908" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget%2C_Shop_Sign%2C_rue_Saint-Louis-en-l%27%C3%8Ele_-_Getty_Museum.jpg/120px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget%2C_Shop_Sign%2C_rue_Saint-Louis-en-l%27%C3%8Ele_-_Getty_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget%2C_Shop_Sign%2C_rue_Saint-Louis-en-l%27%C3%8Ele_-_Getty_Museum.jpg/180px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget%2C_Shop_Sign%2C_rue_Saint-Louis-en-l%27%C3%8Ele_-_Getty_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget%2C_Shop_Sign%2C_rue_Saint-Louis-en-l%27%C3%8Ele_-_Getty_Museum.jpg/240px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget%2C_Shop_Sign%2C_rue_Saint-Louis-en-l%27%C3%8Ele_-_Getty_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3835" data-file-height="3156" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eugène Atget, Shop Sign, rue Saint-Louis-en-l'Île, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1908</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inn_sign_above_historic_crossroads,_SUTTON,_Surrey,_Greater_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inn sign above historic crossroads, Sutton, Surrey, Greater London"><img alt="Inn sign above historic crossroads, Sutton, Surrey, Greater London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Inn_sign_above_historic_crossroads%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London.jpg/72px-Inn_sign_above_historic_crossroads%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Inn_sign_above_historic_crossroads%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London.jpg/109px-Inn_sign_above_historic_crossroads%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Inn_sign_above_historic_crossroads%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London.jpg/145px-Inn_sign_above_historic_crossroads%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1867" data-file-height="3085" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inn sign above historic crossroads, Sutton, Surrey, Greater London</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_and_function_of_signage">Role and function of signage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role and function of signage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2024-07-03_bloemwinkel_Silvolde_open_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/2024-07-03_bloemwinkel_Silvolde_open_01.jpg/220px-2024-07-03_bloemwinkel_Silvolde_open_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/2024-07-03_bloemwinkel_Silvolde_open_01.jpg/330px-2024-07-03_bloemwinkel_Silvolde_open_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/2024-07-03_bloemwinkel_Silvolde_open_01.jpg/440px-2024-07-03_bloemwinkel_Silvolde_open_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="3512" /></a><figcaption>This sign on a bike in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> tells the passers-by that a flower shop is <i>open</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In general, signs perform the following roles or functions: </p> <ul><li><i>Information-provision</i>: signs conveying information about services and facilities, such as maps, directories, instructional signs or interpretive signage used in museums, galleries, zoos, parks and gardens, exhibitions, tourist and cultural attractions that enhance the customer's experience.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retail signage state product names or simply the prices. Highway signs, Billboards, digital displays of stock market quotes, etc.</li> <li><i>Persuasion</i>: promotional signage designed to persuade users of the relative merits of a company, product or brand.</li> <li><i>Direction/ Navigation</i>: signs showing the location of services, facilities, functional spaces and key areas, such as sign posts or directional arrows.</li> <li><i>Identification</i>: signs indicating services and facilities, such as room names and numbers, restroom signs, or floor designations.</li> <li><i>Safety and <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_sign" title="Regulatory sign">Regulatory</a></i>: signs giving warning or safety instructions, such as <a href="/wiki/Warning_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Warning sign">warning signs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign_design" title="Traffic sign design">traffic signs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exit_sign" title="Exit sign">exit signs</a>, signs indicating what to do in an emergency or natural disaster or signs conveying rules and regulations.</li> <li><i>Navigation</i> – may be exterior or interior (e.g. with interactive screens in the floor as with "informational footsteps" found in some tourist attractions, museums, and the like or with other means of "dynamic wayfinding").<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Signs may be used in exterior spaces or on-premises locations. Signs used on the exterior of a building are often designed to encourage people to enter and on the interior to encourage people to explore the environment and participate in all that the space has to offer. Any given sign may perform multiple roles simultaneously. For example, signage may provide information, but may also serve to assist customers navigate their way through a complex service or retail environment.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signage_conventions">Signage conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Signage conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pictograms">Pictograms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pictograms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wet_floor_-_piso_mojado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wet_floor_-_piso_mojado.jpg/220px-Wet_floor_-_piso_mojado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wet_floor_-_piso_mojado.jpg/330px-Wet_floor_-_piso_mojado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wet_floor_-_piso_mojado.jpg/440px-Wet_floor_-_piso_mojado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="3196" /></a><figcaption>A bilingual <a href="/wiki/Wet_floor_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet floor sign">wet floor sign</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pictograms are images commonly used to convey the message of a sign. In statutory signage, pictograms follow specific sets of colour, shape and sizing rules based on the laws of the country in which the signage is being displayed. For example, In UK and EU signage, the width of a sign's pictogram must be 80% the height of the area it is printed to. In the US, to comply with the <a href="/wiki/ADA_Signs" title="ADA Signs">ADA Accessibility Guidelines</a>, the same pictogram must be located within its own defined field, with raised characters and braille located beneath the field. </p><p>For a pictogram to be successful it must be recognizable across cultures and languages, even if there is no text present. Following standard color and shape conventions increases the likelihood that the pictogram and sign will be universally understood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sign_shape">Sign shape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sign shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The shape of a sign can help to convey its message. Shape can be brand- or design-based, or can be part of a set of signage conventions used to standardize sign meaning. Usage of particular shapes may vary by country and culture. </p><p>Some common signage shape conventions are as follows: </p> <ul><li>Rectangular signs are often used to portray general information to an audience.</li> <li>Circular signs often represent an instruction that must be followed, either mandatory or prohibitive.</li> <li>Triangular signs are often warning signs, used to convey danger or caution.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sign_technology">Sign technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sign technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Safety_instructions_on_Lone_Ranch_Beach.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Safety_instructions_on_Lone_Ranch_Beach.JPG/220px-Safety_instructions_on_Lone_Ranch_Beach.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Safety_instructions_on_Lone_Ranch_Beach.JPG/330px-Safety_instructions_on_Lone_Ranch_Beach.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Safety_instructions_on_Lone_Ranch_Beach.JPG/440px-Safety_instructions_on_Lone_Ranch_Beach.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Several types of signs and sign materials in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, US</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials">Materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a list of commonly used materials in signmaking shops. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_composite_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium composite panel">Aluminium composite panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-density_polyethylene" title="High-density polyethylene">High-density polyethylene</a> (HDPE)</li> <li>High-density <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_density_overlay_panel" title="Medium density overlay panel">Medium density overlay panels</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modular_curved_frame_technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modular curved frame technology (page does not exist)">Modular curved frame technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oilcloth" title="Oilcloth">Oilcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">Polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC or vinyl)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li> <li>Stainless Steel</li> <li>Plexiglass</li> <li>Channelume Signs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processes">Processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a list of commonly used processes in signmaking shops. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNC_router" title="CNC router">CNC routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_cutting" title="Laser cutting">Laser cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive_blasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasive blasting">Abrasive blasting</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plotter_cutting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plotter cutting (page does not exist)">Plotter cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screen_printing" title="Screen printing">Screen printing</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sign_painting" title="Sign painting">sign painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel letters">Channel lettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_resistance_welding" title="Electric resistance welding">Steam welding</a> / rolling</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laminating_prints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laminating prints (page does not exist)">Laminating prints</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_vegas_vic_souvenirs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Modern_vegas_vic_souvenirs.JPG/220px-Modern_vegas_vic_souvenirs.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="484" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Modern_vegas_vic_souvenirs.JPG/330px-Modern_vegas_vic_souvenirs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Modern_vegas_vic_souvenirs.JPG/440px-Modern_vegas_vic_souvenirs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption>A 40 ft (12 m) neon sign built in 1951 for the Pioneer Club in Las Vegas, Nevada shows the elaborate artistic effects that can be achieved.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lighting">Lighting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Signs frequently use lighting as a means of conveying their information or as a way to increase visibility. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neon_sign" title="Neon sign">Neon signs</a>, introduced in 1910 at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show" title="Paris Motor Show">Paris Motor Show</a>, are produced by the craft of bending <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> tubing into shapes. A worker skilled in this craft is known as a glass bender, neon or tube bender. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">Light-emitting diodes</a> (LEDs ) are frequently used in signs for both general illumination, display of alphanumeric characters with animation effects, or as part of multi-pixel video displays. LED signs became common at sport venues, businesses, churches, schools, and government buildings. Brightness of LED signs can vary, leading to some municipalities in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> banning their use due to issues such as <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_wayfinding">In wayfinding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In wayfinding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Wayfinding_(urban_or_indoor)#Signage" title="Wayfinding (urban or indoor)">Wayfinding (urban or indoor) § Signage</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayfinding_(urban_or_indoor)&action=edit#Signage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restroom_Acrylic_Sign_with_Mounting_Hardware.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Restroom_Acrylic_Sign_with_Mounting_Hardware.jpg/220px-Restroom_Acrylic_Sign_with_Mounting_Hardware.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Restroom_Acrylic_Sign_with_Mounting_Hardware.jpg/330px-Restroom_Acrylic_Sign_with_Mounting_Hardware.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Restroom_Acrylic_Sign_with_Mounting_Hardware.jpg/440px-Restroom_Acrylic_Sign_with_Mounting_Hardware.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Restroom sign with gender icons</figcaption></figure> <p>Signage is the most visual part of wayfinding. A good wayfinding system needs well designed signage, but it also has to be well placed and to match the user's language. </p><p>There are four types of signs most commonly used which help navigate users and give them appropriate information.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are: </p> <ul><li>Informational: These provide useful information on the place where the users are, such as free wifi, opening hours, etc.</li> <li>Directional: As the name indicates, these direct users with arrows saying which way to go for whichever purpose. These most often at junctions when the user must make a decision about the route.</li> <li>Identification:To help users recognise where they currently are, identification signs can be placed at the entrances of buildings, parks, etc. They symbolise the arrival to a destination.</li> <li>Regulatory: These let people know what they can and cannot do in a given area and are most frequently phrased negatively with the aim of creating a safe environment. Examples include "no smoking" or "restricted area".</li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barber%27s_pole" title="Barber's pole">Barber's pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_implementation" title="Brand implementation">Brand implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signage" title="Digital signage">Digital signage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Claude" title="Georges Claude">Georges Claude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_sign" title="Ghost sign">Ghost sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_sign" title="Neon sign">Neon sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privilege_sign" title="Privilege sign">Privilege sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signwriter" title="Signwriter">Signwriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailblazing" class="mw-redirect" title="Trailblazing">Trailblazing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book 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(1991), Zonggghuo godai shi cako tulu: song yuan shiqi, Shanghai, Shanghai Educational Institute, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petty, R.D. (2016) "A History of Brand Identity Protection and Brand Marketing," in <i>The Routledge Companion to Marketing History,</i> D.G. Brian Jones, Mark Tadajewski (eds), Oxon, Routledge, p. 99. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367868710" title="Special:BookSources/9780367868710">9780367868710</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManton2008" class="citation book cs1">Manton, Dafydd (2008). <i>Ale and Arty in Sheffield: The Disappearing Art of Pub Signs</i>. Sheffield, England: Arc Publishing and Print. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1906722005" title="Special:BookSources/978-1906722005"><bdi>978-1906722005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ale+and+Arty+in+Sheffield%3A+The+Disappearing+Art+of+Pub+Signs&rft.place=Sheffield%2C+England&rft.pub=Arc+Publishing+and+Print&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1906722005&rft.aulast=Manton&rft.aufirst=Dafydd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASignage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Employee Identification with the Corporate Identity – Issues and Implications". <i>International Studies of Management & Organization</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 28–44. 2014. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00208825.2002.11043663">10.1080/00208825.2002.11043663</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40397540">40397540</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153469112">153469112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+of+Management+%26+Organization&rft.atitle=Employee+Identification+with+the+Corporate+Identity+%E2%80%93+Issues+and+Implications&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=28-44&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153469112%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40397540%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00208825.2002.11043663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASignage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roth. D. (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidroth.com/history-retail-100-objects-signage/"><i>The History of Retail in 100 Objects</i></a>. W P P Group. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0957195813" title="Special:BookSources/978-0957195813">978-0957195813</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barford, V. (12 July 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23255710">"Royal warrants: What they tell us about the Royal Family,"</a> <i>BBC News Magazine,</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, J. (1993) <i>Stanley Chew's Pub Signs: A Celebration of the Art and Heritage of British Pub Signs,</i> Images Booksllers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, T. and Hayman, E. (1998) <i>Signs and Wonders: The Spectacular Marketing of America,</i> Doubleday</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ribbat, C. and Anthony, M. (2013) <i>Flickering Light: A History of Neon,</i> London, Reakteon Books, p. 11. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780231273" title="Special:BookSources/9781780231273">9781780231273</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dunlap20131017-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dunlap20131017_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_W._Dunlap2013" class="citation web cs1">David W. Dunlap (17 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/nyregion/tracking-privilege-signs-as-they-vanish.html">"Tracking 'Privilege Signs' as They Vanish"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tracking+%27Privilege+Signs%27+as+They+Vanish&rft.date=2013-10-17&rft.au=David+W.+Dunlap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F17%2Fnyregion%2Ftracking-privilege-signs-as-they-vanish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASignage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaas1997" class="citation book cs1">Haas, Cynthia Lea (1997). <i>Ghost Signs of Arkansas</i>. University of Arkansas Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610751698" title="Special:BookSources/9781610751698"><bdi>9781610751698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Signs+of+Arkansas&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=University+of+Arkansas+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781610751698&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Lea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASignage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Toole2012" class="citation book cs1">O'Toole, Lawrence (2012). <i>Fading Ads of Philadelphia</i>. History Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781609495435" title="Special:BookSources/9781609495435"><bdi>9781609495435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fading+Ads+of+Philadelphia&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781609495435&rft.aulast=O%27Toole&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASignage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calori, C. (2007) <i>Signage and Wayfinding Design: A Complete Guide to Graphic Design Systems,</i> Wiley. pp. 8–9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-08582-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-08582-9">978-1-119-08582-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2010" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Charles R. (2010). "The Role of Signage in Marketing: Outdoor Advertising, Out-of-Home Media, and On-Premise Signs". <i>Wiley International Encyclopedia of Marketing</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444316568.wiem04011">10.1002/9781444316568.wiem04011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405161787" title="Special:BookSources/9781405161787"><bdi>9781405161787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Signage+in+Marketing%3A+Outdoor+Advertising%2C+Out-of-Home+Media%2C+and+On-Premise+Signs&rft.btitle=Wiley+International+Encyclopedia+of+Marketing&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444316568.wiem04011&rft.isbn=9781405161787&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASignage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bitner, M.J., "Servicescapes: The Impact of Physical Surroundings on Customers and Employees," <i>Journal of Marketing,</i> vol. 56, no. 2, 1992, pp 57 -71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, K.L. and Rossiter, J. (1991) "Store Atmosphere: An Environmental Psychology Approach," in Bateson, J.E.G., <i>Managing Services Marketing: Text, Cases and Readings</i>, Dryden, Orlando, Fl, pp. 227–243. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780138070175" title="Special:BookSources/9780138070175">9780138070175</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacs,_Deanna2013" class="citation web cs1">Isaacs, Deanna (September 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/scott-waguespack-unregulated-led-billboards-stalled-ordinance/Content?oid=10853242">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Little" LED billboards, big nuisance"</a>. <i>Chicago Reader</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Reader&rft.atitle=%22Little%22+LED+billboards%2C+big+nuisance&rft.date=2013-09-04&rft.au=Isaacs%2C+Deanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagoreader.com%2Fchicago%2Fscott-waguespack-unregulated-led-billboards-stalled-ordinance%2FContent%3Foid%3D10853242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASignage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeate2018" class="citation web cs1">Peate, Stephen (8 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fabrikbrands.com/the-wonders-of-wayfinding-design/">"The Wonders of Wayfinding Design"</a>. <i>Fabrik Brands</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fabrik+Brands&rft.atitle=The+Wonders+of+Wayfinding+Design&rft.date=2018-06-08&rft.aulast=Peate&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffabrikbrands.com%2Fthe-wonders-of-wayfinding-design%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASignage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recommendationso02unit"><i>Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods: Model Regulations</i></a></span>. New York: United Nations. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-139106-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-139106-0"><bdi>978-92-1-139106-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recommendations+on+the+Transport+of+Dangerous+Goods%3A+Model+Regulations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-92-1-139106-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecommendationso02unit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASignage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton1965" class="citation book cs1">Sutton, James (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/signsinaction00sutt"><i>Signs in Action</i></a></span>. London: Studio Vista. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/456695324">456695324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signs+in+Action&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Studio+Vista&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F456695324&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsignsinaction00sutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASignage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenzel2004" class="citation book cs1">Wenzel, Patrick (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signageplanning.com/"><i>Signage Planning Manual: Planning Aids for the Design of Pedestrian Signage Systems</i></a>. Hünstetten: P. Wenzel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3000128646" title="Special:BookSources/978-3000128646"><bdi>978-3000128646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signage+Planning+Manual%3A+Planning+Aids+for+the+Design+of+Pedestrian+Signage+Systems&rft.place=H%C3%BCnstetten&rft.pub=P.+Wenzel&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3000128646&rft.aulast=Wenzel&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.signageplanning.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASignage" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neon_signs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Neon signs">Neon signs</a></b></i> and <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Signage" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Signage">Signage</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/signage" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/signage">signage</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Signs#Q1211272" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Signs">Signs</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div 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