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<span>Biography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Datong_Shu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Datong_Shu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>Datong Shu</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Datong_Shu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Philosophical views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calligraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calligraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Calligraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calligraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kang_Youwei_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kang_Youwei_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kang Youwei Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kang_Youwei_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kang Youwei</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A" title="كانج يووي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كانج يووي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan_Yuvey" title="Kan Yuvey – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kan Yuvey" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%AE%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Кан Ювэй – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кан Ювэй" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kchang_Jou-wej" title="Kchang Jou-wej – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kchang Jou-wej" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Yuwei" title="Kang Yuwei – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kang Yuwei" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C" title="کانگ یووی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کانگ یووی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%89%EC%9C%A0%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4" title="캉유웨이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캉유웨이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%AE-%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Кан Ю-Вэй – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кан Ю-Вэй" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%88%D9%89" title="كانج يووى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كانج يووى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%82%BA" title="康有為 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="康有為" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%AE%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Кан Ювэй – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кан Ювэй" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kchang_Jou-wej" title="Kchang Jou-wej – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kchang Jou-wej" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Канг Јувеј – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Канг Јувеј" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="คัง โหย่วเหวย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คัง โหย่วเหวย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%AE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Кан Ювей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кан Ювей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="کانگ یووئی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کانگ یووئی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khang_H%E1%BB%AFu_Vi" title="Khang Hữu Vi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khang Hữu Vi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kang Youwei" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%BA" title="康有为 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="康有为" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%88%B2" title="康有爲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="康有爲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%BA" title="康有为 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="康有为" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q360135#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese political thinker and reformer (1858–1927)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Kang Youwei</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kangnanhai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kangnanhai.jpg/220px-Kangnanhai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Kangnanhai.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="462" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1858-03-19</span>)</span>19 March 1858<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Nanhai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanhai District">Nanhai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 March 1927<span style="display:none">(1927-03-31)</span> (aged 69)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinshi" title="Jinshi">Jinshi</a></i> degree in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Examination">Imperial Examination</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Leader in the <a href="/wiki/Gongche_Shangshu_movement" title="Gongche Shangshu movement">Gongche Shangshu movement</a><br />Leader in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Reformation of <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Emperor">Meiji Emperor</a></i> (日本明治變政考), and <i>Reformation of <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter the Great</a></i> (俄大彼得變政記)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Zhang Yunzhu</li> <li>Liang Xujiao</li> <li>He Zhanli</li> <li>Liao Dingzhen</li> <li>Zhang Guang</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">15 children, including <a href="/wiki/Kang_Tongbi" title="Kang Tongbi">Kang Tongbi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E6%BA%A5" class="extiw" title="zh:康有溥">Kang Youpu</a> (brother)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Kang_(Chinese_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kang (Chinese name)">Kang</a></i>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Kang Youwei</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">康有為</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">康有为</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Kāng Yǒuwéi</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">K'ang<sup>1</sup> Yu<sup>3</sup>-wei<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[kʰáŋ jòʊ.wěɪ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Hōng Yáuh-wàih</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Hong<sup>1</sup> Jau<sup>5</sup>-wai<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hɔŋ˥ jɐw˩˧.wɐj˩]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Other names</td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy name</a> <i>(zi)</i></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size: 1rem"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">廣廈</span></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Guǎngshà¹</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gwóng-hah</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtesy names">Courtesy names</a> <i>(hao)</i></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size: 1rem"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">長素</span></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chángsù</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chèuhng-sou</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size: 1rem"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">明夷</span></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Míngyí</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mìhng-yìh</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size: 1rem"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">更生 or 更甡</span></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gēngshēng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gāng-sāng</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size: 1rem"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">西樵山人</span></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Xīqiáo Shānrén</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sāi-chīu Sāan-yàhn</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size: 1rem"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">游存叟</span></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yóucúnsǒu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yàuh-chyùhn-sáu</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size: 1rem"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">天游化人</span></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tiānyóu Huàrén</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tīn-yàuh Fa-yàhn</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">¹ <i>K'ang Yu-wei: A Biography and a Symposium</i> gives Guǎngxià 廣夏</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kang Youwei</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">康有為</span>; <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>: <i>Hōng Yáuh-wàih</i>; 19<span class="nowrap"> </span>March 1858 – 31<span class="nowrap"> </span>March 1927) was a political thinker and <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">reformer</a> in China of the late <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. His increasing closeness to and influence over the young <a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a> sparked conflict between the emperor and his adoptive mother, the regent <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi" title="Empress Dowager Cixi">Empress Dowager Cixi</a>. His ideas were influential in the abortive <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a>. Following the coup by Cixi that ended the reform, Kang was forced to flee. He continued to advocate for a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> after the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Youwei&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kang_Youwei" title="Special:EditPage/Kang Youwei">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Kang was born on 19<span class="nowrap"> </span>March 1858 in Su Village, Danzao Town, <a href="/wiki/Nanhai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanhai District">Nanhai County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> province (now the Nanhai District of <a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a> City). According to his autobiography, his intellectual gifts were recognized in his childhood by his uncle. As a result, from an early age, he was sent by his family to study the Confucian classics to pass the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial examinations">Chinese civil service exams</a>. However, as a teenager, he was dissatisfied with the scholastic system of his time, especially its emphasis on preparing for the <a href="/wiki/Eight-legged_essay" title="Eight-legged essay">eight-legged</a> essays, which were artificial literary exercises required as part of the examinations. </p><p>Studying for exams was an extraordinarily rigorous activity so he engaged in <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Buddhist meditation</a> as a form of relaxation, an unusual leisurely activity for a Chinese scholar of his time. It was during one of these meditations that he had a mystical vision that became the theme for his intellectual pursuits throughout his life. Believing that it was possible to read every book and "become a sage", he embarked on a quasi-messianic pursuit to save humanity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Youwei&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kang called for an end to property and the family in the interest of an idealized future cosmopolitan utopia and cited <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> as an example of a reformer and not as a <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a>, as many of his contemporaries did. In his work <i><a href="/wiki/A_Study_of_Confucius_as_a_Reformer_of_Institutions" title="A Study of Confucius as a Reformer of Institutions">A Study of Confucius as a Reformer of Institutions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:322_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:322-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 129">: 129 </span></sup> he discussed the latter point in great detail. He argued, to bolster his claims, that the <a href="/wiki/Old_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Texts">rediscovered versions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese classic texts">Confucian classics</a> were <a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">forged</a>, as he treated in detail in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Study_of_the_Forged_Classics_of_the_Xin_Period" title="A Study of the Forged Classics of the Xin Period">A Study of the Forged Classics of the Xin Period</a></i>. </p><p>In 1879, Kang traveled to <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and was shocked by the prosperity there, which started his interest in Western culture and thoughts. In 1882, Kang went to Beijing to take the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial examination</a>. When he was returning home, he stopped over in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> and bought many Western books there, and started developing his ideology based on these writings. He was influenced by Protestant Christianity in his quest for reform.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1883, Kang founded the <a href="/wiki/Foot_Emancipation_Society" title="Foot Emancipation Society">Anti-Footbinding Society</a> near Canton. </p><p>Kang Youwei launched the Society for the Study of National Strengthening (Qiangxue hui) in Beijing. It is the first political group established by reformists in China. Through it, Kang became acquainted with Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhidong" title="Zhang Zhidong">Zhang Zhidong</a> and received his financial support to inaugurate the Paper of the Society for the Study of the National Strengthening (Qiangxue bao) in January 1896. In the same month, the society was dissolved and the paper had to cease publication.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kang was a strong believer in <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a><sup id="cite_ref-:322_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:322-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 129">: 129 </span></sup> and wanted to remodel the country after <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji Japan</a>. These ideas angered his colleagues in the scholarly class who regarded him as a <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretic</a>. </p><p>In 1895, China was defeated by Japan in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>. In protest against the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a>, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and over 600 civil examination candidates signed a petition to the <a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a>, known to history as <a href="/wiki/Gongche_Shangshu_movement" title="Gongche Shangshu movement">Gongche Shangshu movement</a>. This movement is taken as the sign of the appearance of reformists and the start of Chinese mass political movements.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kang and his noted student, <a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a>, were important participants in a campaign to modernize China now known as the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a>. The reforms introduced radical change into the Chinese government. <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi" title="Empress Dowager Cixi">Empress Dowager Cixi</a> staged a coup that put an end to the reforms, put the Guangxu Emperor under house arrest, and ordered Kang's arrest and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">execution</a> on the basis that he had tried to have her assassinated. Kang fled the country, but also organized the <a href="/wiki/Protect_the_Emperor_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Protect the Emperor Society">Protect the Emperor Society</a> which promoted the cause of the Guangxu Emperor, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese diaspora</a> communities, and advocated the removal of Cixi. Kang relied on his principal American military advisor, General <a href="/wiki/Homer_Lea" title="Homer Lea">Homer Lea</a>, to head the military branch of the Protect the Emperor Society. Kang traveled throughout the world to promote his ideas. He competed with the revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Revive_China_Society" title="Revive China Society">Revive China Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Alliance">Revolutionary Alliance</a> for funds and followers among overseas Chinese. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qing-era_Chinese_political_reformer_and_thinker_Kang_Youwei_photographed_with_his_Sikh_guards_in_Singapore,_ca.1897%E2%80%931901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Qing-era_Chinese_political_reformer_and_thinker_Kang_Youwei_photographed_with_his_Sikh_guards_in_Singapore%2C_ca.1897%E2%80%931901.jpg/220px-Qing-era_Chinese_political_reformer_and_thinker_Kang_Youwei_photographed_with_his_Sikh_guards_in_Singapore%2C_ca.1897%E2%80%931901.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Qing-era_Chinese_political_reformer_and_thinker_Kang_Youwei_photographed_with_his_Sikh_guards_in_Singapore%2C_ca.1897%E2%80%931901.jpg/330px-Qing-era_Chinese_political_reformer_and_thinker_Kang_Youwei_photographed_with_his_Sikh_guards_in_Singapore%2C_ca.1897%E2%80%931901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Qing-era_Chinese_political_reformer_and_thinker_Kang_Youwei_photographed_with_his_Sikh_guards_in_Singapore%2C_ca.1897%E2%80%931901.jpg/440px-Qing-era_Chinese_political_reformer_and_thinker_Kang_Youwei_photographed_with_his_Sikh_guards_in_Singapore%2C_ca.1897%E2%80%931901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Kang Youwei photographed with his <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Sikh guards</a> in Singapore</figcaption></figure> <p>Kang visited India twice, first in 1901–1903 and then again in October 1909, in part to study India, which he regarded as comparable to China. Although his information about Indian history was derived from English authors, he observed that India's plight as a colonised country was due to the disunity among the different regions of India.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> led to the abdication of the Qing dynasty and the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">republic</a> under <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> in 1912. Kang opposed the creation of a republic.<sup id="cite_ref-:3222_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3222-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 129">: 129 </span></sup> </p><p>Some advocated that a Han be installed as Emperor: either the descendant of Confucius, who was the <a href="/wiki/Duke_Yansheng" title="Duke Yansheng">Duke Yansheng</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Woodhouse2004_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodhouse2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spence1982_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence1982-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HuLiu1983_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuLiu1983-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – which Kang briefly endorsed before dropping the idea and returning to the idea of a Qing monarch<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – or the Ming dynasty Imperial family descendant, the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Extended_Grace" title="Marquis of Extended Grace">Marquis of Extended Grace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kent1912_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent1912-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aldrich2008_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldrich2008-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kang remained an advocate of constitutional monarchy and launched a failed <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> in 1917. General <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xun_(Qing_loyalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Xun (Qing loyalist)">Zhang Xun</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">queue</a>-wearing soldiers occupied Beijing, <a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">declaring a restoration</a> of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a> on July<span class="nowrap"> </span>1. </p><p>The incident was a major miscalculation. The nation was highly <a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-monarchism">anti-monarchist</a>. Kang became suspicious of Zhang's insincere constitutionalism and feared he was merely using the restoration to become the power behind the throne. He abandoned his mission and fled to the American legation. On July 12, <a href="/wiki/Duan_Qirui" title="Duan Qirui">Duan Qirui</a> easily occupied the city. </p><p>Kang's reputation serves as an important barometer for the political attitudes of his time. In the span of less than twenty years, he went from being regarded as an iconoclastic radical to an anachronistic pariah. </p><p>Chinese-British biographer <a href="/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang">Jung Chang</a> gave Kang Youwei unfavorable criticism due to his role in spreading numerous vilifying stories about the Empress Dowager. Among those stories including accusation Cixi of murdering <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Ci%27an" title="Empress Dowager Ci'an">Empress Dowager Ci'an</a>, driving her own <a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Emperor" title="Tongzhi Emperor">son</a> to death, and massively appropriating naval funds. Chang asserted that Kang Youwei was a "master propagandist" who also harbored an intention to become an emperor by claiming as the reincarnation of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, although he later abandoned that plan.<sup id="cite_ref-Jung_Chang_2013_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jung_Chang_2013-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Datong_Shu"><i>Datong Shu</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Youwei&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Datong Shu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Great_Unity" title="Great Unity">Great Unity</a></div> <p>Kang's best-known and probably most controversial work is <i>Datong Shu</i> (大同書). The title of the book derives from the name of a utopian society imagined by Confucius, but it literally means "The Book of Great Unity". The ideas of this book appeared in his lecture notes from 1884. Encouraged by his students, he worked on this book for the next two decades, but it was not until his exile in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> that he finished the first draft. The first two chapters of the book were published in Japan in the 1900s, but the book was not published in its entirety until 1935, about seven years after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kang proposed a utopian future world free of political boundaries and democratically ruled by one central government. In his scheme, the world would be split into rectangular administrative districts, which would be self-governing under a direct democracy but loyal to a central world government. There would also be the dissolution of racial boundaries. Kang outlines an immensely ambitious, and equally inhumane, <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> program that would eliminate the "brown and black" racial phenotype after a millennium and lead to the emergence of a fair-skinned homogeneous human race whose members would "be the same color, the same appearance, the same size, and the same intelligence".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the methods envisioned for achieving this end included forced relocation to colder regions inhabited by whites coupled with sterilization of those suffering from diseases or whose mental and/or physical attributes were deemed exceptionally grotesque. One of the more humane tactics involved giving distinctive honors to white and yellow people who were willing to “improve humanity" by procreating with their brown and black counterparts. It is worth noting that although Kang felt that the white and yellow phenotype could coexist in his ideal scheme, he ultimately felt that white was nonetheless superior to yellow, and that the latter under ideal circumstances could be eliminated within the span of a century (prior to the advent of the "Great Unity"). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tang_Poem_-_Returning_Home_As_An_Unrecognized_Old_Man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tang_Poem_-_Returning_Home_As_An_Unrecognized_Old_Man.jpg/220px-Tang_Poem_-_Returning_Home_As_An_Unrecognized_Old_Man.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tang_Poem_-_Returning_Home_As_An_Unrecognized_Old_Man.jpg/330px-Tang_Poem_-_Returning_Home_As_An_Unrecognized_Old_Man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tang_Poem_-_Returning_Home_As_An_Unrecognized_Old_Man.jpg/440px-Tang_Poem_-_Returning_Home_As_An_Unrecognized_Old_Man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption> Tang Poem: Returning Home As An Unrecognized Old Man, Nantoyōsō Collection, Japan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kang_Youwei_circa_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kang_Youwei_circa_1905.jpg/220px-Kang_Youwei_circa_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kang_Youwei_circa_1905.jpg/330px-Kang_Youwei_circa_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kang_Youwei_circa_1905.jpg/440px-Kang_Youwei_circa_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4461" data-file-height="5955" /></a><figcaption>Kang Youwei, circa 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>His desire to end the traditional Chinese family structure defines him as an early advocate of women's independence in China.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reasoned that the institution of the family practiced by society since the beginning of time was a great cause of strife. Kang hoped it would be effectively abolished. </p><p>The family would be replaced by state-run institutions, such as womb-teaching institutions, nurseries and schools. Marriage would be replaced by one-year contracts between a woman and a man.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kang considered the contemporary form of marriage, in which a woman was trapped for a lifetime, to be too oppressive. Kang believed in equality between men and women and that there should be no social barrier barring women from doing whatever men can do. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kang saw <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> as an inherently evil system. He believed that government should establish <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> institutions to overlook the welfare of each individual. At one point, he even advocated that government should adopt the methods of "<a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>" although it is debated what Kang meant by this term. </p><p>In this spirit, in addition to establishing government nurseries and schools to replace the institution of the family, he also envisioned government-run retirement homes for the elderly. It is debated whether Kang's socialist ideas were inspired more by Western thought or by traditional Confucian ideals. </p><p>Laurence G. Thompsom believes that his socialism was based on traditional Chinese ideals. His work is permeated with the Confucian ideal of <i>ren</i> (仁), or <i>humanity</i>. However, Thompson also noted a reference by Kang to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a>. Thus, some Chinese scholars believe that Kang's socialist ideals were influenced by Western intellectuals after his exile in 1898. </p><p>Notable in Kang's <i>Datong Shu</i> were his enthusiasm for and his belief in bettering humanity through technology, unusual for a Confucian scholar during his time. He believed that Western technological progress had a central role in saving humanity. While many scholars of his time continued to maintain the belief that Western technology should be adopted only to defend China against the West, he seemed to whole-heartedly embrace the modern idea that technology is integral for advancing mankind. Before anything of modern scale had been built, he foresaw a global telegraphic and telephone network. He also believed that as a result of technological advances, each individual would only need to work three or four hours per day, a prediction that would be repeated by the most optimistic futurists later in the 20th century. </p><p>When the book was first published, it was received with mixed reactions. Kang's support for the <a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a> was seen as reactionary by many Chinese intellectuals, who believed that Kang's book was an elaborate joke and that he was merely acting as an apologist for the emperor as to how a utopian paradise could have developed if the Qing dynasty had been maintained. Others believe that Kang was a bold and daring protocommunist, who advocated modern Western socialism and communism. Amongst the latter was <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, who admired Kang Youwei and his socialist ideals in the <i>Datong Shu</i>. </p><p>Modern Chinese scholars now often take the view that Kang was an important advocate of Chinese socialism. Despite the controversy, <i>Datong Shu</i> still remains popular. A Beijing publisher included it on the list of 100 most influential books in Chinese history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_views">Philosophical views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Youwei&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Philosophical views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kang enumerated sources of human suffering in a way similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sufferings associated with man's physical life are: being implanted in the womb, premature death, loss of a limb, being a <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a>, living outside China, being a <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave</a>, and being a woman. The sufferings associated with <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a> are: <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> resulting from <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conflagration" title="Conflagration">conflagration</a>, flood, volcanic eruptions, collapse of buildings, <a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">shipwreck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a> plagues. The sufferings associated with the human relationship are: being a <a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">widow</a>, being <a href="/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">orphaned</a> or <a href="/wiki/Childlessness" title="Childlessness">childless</a>, being ill with no one to provide medical care, suffering <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, and having a low and mean station in life. The sufferings associated with society are: <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">imprisonment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">military conscription</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>, oppressive political institutions, the existence of the state, and the existence of the family. The human feelings which cause suffering are: <a href="/wiki/Stupidity" title="Stupidity">stupidity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">hatred</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">lust</a>, attachment to things, and <a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">desire</a>. The things that cause suffering because of the esteem in which they are held are: <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a>, eminent position, <a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">longevity</a>, being a ruler, and being a spiritual leader. He also visualised a hierarchy of various religions, in which Christianity and Islam were considered the lowest, above them being <a href="/wiki/Three_Teachings" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Teachings">Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism</a>. He predicted that the lower religions would eventually disappear in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Youwei&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Calligraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94%E5%8C%97_Wan_Chai_North_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%83%E5%B1%95_HKCEC_%E4%BD%B3%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%97_%E6%8B%8D%E8%B3%A3_Christie%27s_Auction_%E9%A0%90%E5%B1%95_preview_May_2019_SSG_186.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HK_%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94%E5%8C%97_Wan_Chai_North_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%83%E5%B1%95_HKCEC_%E4%BD%B3%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%97_%E6%8B%8D%E8%B3%A3_Christie%27s_Auction_%E9%A0%90%E5%B1%95_preview_May_2019_SSG_186.jpg/220px-HK_%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94%E5%8C%97_Wan_Chai_North_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%83%E5%B1%95_HKCEC_%E4%BD%B3%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%97_%E6%8B%8D%E8%B3%A3_Christie%27s_Auction_%E9%A0%90%E5%B1%95_preview_May_2019_SSG_186.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HK_%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94%E5%8C%97_Wan_Chai_North_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%83%E5%B1%95_HKCEC_%E4%BD%B3%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%97_%E6%8B%8D%E8%B3%A3_Christie%27s_Auction_%E9%A0%90%E5%B1%95_preview_May_2019_SSG_186.jpg/330px-HK_%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94%E5%8C%97_Wan_Chai_North_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%83%E5%B1%95_HKCEC_%E4%BD%B3%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%97_%E6%8B%8D%E8%B3%A3_Christie%27s_Auction_%E9%A0%90%E5%B1%95_preview_May_2019_SSG_186.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HK_%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94%E5%8C%97_Wan_Chai_North_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%83%E5%B1%95_HKCEC_%E4%BD%B3%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%97_%E6%8B%8D%E8%B3%A3_Christie%27s_Auction_%E9%A0%90%E5%B1%95_preview_May_2019_SSG_186.jpg/440px-HK_%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94%E5%8C%97_Wan_Chai_North_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%83%E5%B1%95_HKCEC_%E4%BD%B3%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%97_%E6%8B%8D%E8%B3%A3_Christie%27s_Auction_%E9%A0%90%E5%B1%95_preview_May_2019_SSG_186.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Kang Youwei's calligraphy work.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kang Youwei was an accomplished <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">calligrapher</a>, responsible for the creation of Kang Typeface (Bad Model, Chinese: 破体). He commended tablet calligraphy and depreciated model calligraphy. In his early years, he learned from <a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Xun" title="Ouyang Xun">Ouyang Xun</a> by imitation. In his work <i>Guang</i> <i>yizhoushuangji</i> (广艺舟双楫), he did comprehensive and systematic research and introduction about tablet calligraphy. In Kang’s later years, selling calligraphy became his most reliable source of income.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kang_Youwei_Island">Kang Youwei Island</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Youwei&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kang Youwei Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saltsj%C3%B6baden_2019.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Saltsj%C3%B6baden_2019.jpeg/220px-Saltsj%C3%B6baden_2019.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Saltsj%C3%B6baden_2019.jpeg/330px-Saltsj%C3%B6baden_2019.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Saltsj%C3%B6baden_2019.jpeg/440px-Saltsj%C3%B6baden_2019.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3518" data-file-height="1710" /></a><figcaption>Korsholmen, also named Kang Youwei Island in Chinese.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the failure of the Hundred Days’ Reform, Kang Youwei fled China. In 1898, he arrived in Japan via Hong Kong. Kang reached <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in 1904 and was deeply attracted to the landscape. He bought an islet off <a href="/wiki/Saltsj%C3%B6baden" title="Saltsjöbaden">Saltsjöbaden</a> and built a Chinese style garden and building named "Beihai Caotang" (Chinese: 北海草堂). This island is still known as Kang Youwei Island by many Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Youwei&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kang died at his home in the city of <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> in 1927. He was 69. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Youwei&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:322-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:322_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:322_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHammond2023" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Ken (2023). <i>China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future</i>. New York, NY: 1804 Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781736850084" title="Special:BookSources/9781736850084"><bdi>9781736850084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Revolution+and+the+Quest+for+a+Socialist+Future&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=1804+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781736850084&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Youwei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-5VAAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Kang+Youwei+and+his+fellow+travelers+drew+much+from+Protestantism%22"><i>Confucianism in Cross-cultural Dialogue</i></a>. Shanghai Education Publishing House. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787532095049" title="Special:BookSources/9787532095049"><bdi>9787532095049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucianism+in+Cross-cultural+Dialogue&rft.pub=Shanghai+Education+Publishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9787532095049&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-5VAAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Kang%2BYouwei%2Band%2Bhis%2Bfellow%2Btravelers%2Bdrew%2Bmuch%2Bfrom%2BProtestantism%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Youwei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittleEichmanShipperEbrey2000" class="citation book cs1">Little, Stephen; Eichman, Shawn; Shipper, Kristofer; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ame4Rl1RXMC&dq=%22kang+youwei%22+%22influenced%22+%22protestant%22&pg=PA54"><i>Taoism and the Arts of China</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520227859" title="Special:BookSources/9780520227859"><bdi>9780520227859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taoism+and+the+Arts+of+China&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000-01&rft.isbn=9780520227859&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Eichman%2C+Shawn&rft.au=Shipper%2C+Kristofer&rft.au=Ebrey%2C+Patricia+Buckley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ame4Rl1RXMC%26dq%3D%2522kang%2Byouwei%2522%2B%2522influenced%2522%2B%2522protestant%2522%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Youwei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng'En2008" class="citation book cs1">Cheng'En, Wu (15 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OMfXBQAAQBAJ&dq=kang+youwei+baptist&pg=PT21"><i>Journey to the West: The Monkey King's Amazing Adventures</i></a>. Tuttle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462902187" title="Special:BookSources/9781462902187"><bdi>9781462902187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+to+the+West%3A+The+Monkey+King%27s+Amazing+Adventures&rft.pub=Tuttle&rft.date=2008-09-15&rft.isbn=9781462902187&rft.aulast=Cheng%27En&rft.aufirst=Wu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOMfXBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkang%2Byouwei%2Bbaptist%26pg%3DPT21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Youwei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentlageEggertKrämerReichmuth2016" class="citation book cs1">Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin; <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Reichmuth_(academic)" title="Stefan Reichmuth (academic)">Reichmuth, Stefan</a> (11 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtY6DQAAQBAJ&dq=kang+youwei+luther&pg=PA223"><i>Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism: A Sourcebook</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004329003" title="Special:BookSources/9789004329003"><bdi>9789004329003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Dynamics+under+the+Impact+of+Imperialism+and+Colonialism%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2016-10-11&rft.isbn=9789004329003&rft.aulast=Bentlage&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&rft.au=Eggert%2C+Marion&rft.au=Kr%C3%A4mer%2C+Hans-Martin&rft.au=Reichmuth%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZtY6DQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkang%2Byouwei%2Bluther%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Youwei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong1992" class="citation journal cs1">Wong, Young-Tsu (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S002191180004167X/type/journal_article">"Revisionism Reconsidered: Kang Youwei and the Reform Movement of 1898"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>51</b> (3): 513–544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2057948">10.2307/2057948</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2057948">2057948</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154815023">154815023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Revisionism+Reconsidered%3A+Kang+Youwei+and+the+Reform+Movement+of+1898&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=513-544&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154815023%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2057948%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2057948&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Young-Tsu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS002191180004167X%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Youwei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaske2008" class="citation cs2">Kaske, E. (2008-01-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004163676.i-537.11">"Chapter Two. The Language Question At The Turn Of The 20th Century"</a>, <i>The Politics of Language in Chinese Education, 1895–1919</i>, BRILL, pp. 77–159, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004163676.i-537.11">10.1163/ej.9789004163676.i-537.11</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2333-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2333-1"><bdi>978-90-474-2333-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-17</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Politics+of+Language+in+Chinese+Education%2C+1895%E2%80%931919&rft.atitle=Chapter+Two.+The+Language+Question+At+The+Turn+Of+The+20th+Century&rft.pages=77-159&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004163676.i-537.11&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2333-1&rft.aulast=Kaske&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004163676.i-537.11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Youwei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/000944551104800209">Kang Youwei’s Journey to India: Chinese Discourse on India During the Late Qing and Republican Periods, Liu Xi, CHINA REPORT 48 : 1&2 (2012): 171–185</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3222-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3222_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2023" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Ken (2023). <i>China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future</i>. New York, NY: 1804 Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781736850084" title="Special:BookSources/9781736850084"><bdi>9781736850084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Revolution+and+the+Quest+for+a+Socialist+Future&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=1804+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781736850084&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Youwei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodhouse2004-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woodhouse2004_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEiko_Woodhouse2004" class="citation book cs1">Eiko Woodhouse (2 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4TfPJpJRV_0C&pg=PA113"><i>The Chinese Hsinhai Revolution: G. E. Morrison and Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1897-1920</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 113–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-35242-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-35242-5"><bdi>978-1-134-35242-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Hsinhai+Revolution%3A+G.+E.+Morrison+and+Anglo-Japanese+Relations%2C+1897-1920&rft.pages=113-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-08-02&rft.isbn=978-1-134-35242-5&rft.au=Eiko+Woodhouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4TfPJpJRV_0C%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Youwei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spence1982-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spence1982_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_D._Spence1982" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan D. 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Hong Kong University Press. pp. 176–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-777-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-777-3"><bdi>978-962-209-777-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+a+Vanishing+Beijing%3A+A+Guide+to+China%27s+Capital+Through+the+Ages&rft.pages=176-&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2008-03-01&rft.isbn=978-962-209-777-3&rft.au=M.A.+Aldrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTMMvxX67FpIC%26q%3DMarquis%2Bof%2BExtended%2BGrace%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Youwei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jung_Chang_2013-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jung_Chang_2013_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2013" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Jung (2013). <i>Empress Dowager Cixi: the concubine who launched modern China</i> (First American ed.). New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307456700" title="Special:BookSources/9780307456700"><bdi>9780307456700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empress+Dowager+Cixi%3A+the+concubine+who+launched+modern+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First+American&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780307456700&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Jung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Youwei" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Dmitry E. 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"The Study of Calligraphy of Kang Youwei". <i>The Study of Culture & Art</i>. <b>12</b>: 213–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.35413%2Fculart.2018.12..009">10.35413/culart.2018.12..009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2288-4963">2288-4963</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199225261">199225261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Study+of+Culture+%26+Art&rft.atitle=The+Study+of+Calligraphy+of+Kang+Youwei&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=213-250&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199225261%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2288-4963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.35413%2Fculart.2018.12..009&rft.au=%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%81%EC%B2%A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Youwei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPFISTER2003" class="citation journal cs1">PFISTER, LAUREN F. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6253.1989.tb00731.x">"A Study in Comparative Utopias - K'ang Yu-Wei and Plato"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese Philosophy</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 59–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6253.1989.tb00731.x">10.1111/j.1540-6253.1989.tb00731.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0301-8121">0301-8121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Philosophy&rft.atitle=A+Study+in+Comparative+Utopias+-+K%27ang+Yu-Wei+and+Plato&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-117&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6253.1989.tb00731.x&rft.issn=0301-8121&rft.aulast=PFISTER&rft.aufirst=LAUREN+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6253.1989.tb00731.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Youwei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2013" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Tony (2013-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ac.24.1.87_7">"Two or three things about Mao, Godard and Kang Youwei"</a>. <i>Asian Cinema</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 87–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fac.24.1.87_7">10.1386/ac.24.1.87_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-440X">1059-440X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Cinema&rft.atitle=Two+or+three+things+about+Mao%2C+Godard+and+Kang+Youwei&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-104&rft.date=2013-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Fac.24.1.87_7&rft.issn=1059-440X&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1386%2Fac.24.1.87_7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Youwei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBylander2015" class="citation book cs1">Bylander, Eric (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4335/978-961-6842-60-0"><i>Evidence in Civil Law - Sweden</i></a>. Institute for Local Self-Government and Public Procurement Maribor. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4335%2F978-961-6842-60-0">10.4335/978-961-6842-60-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-961-6842-60-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-961-6842-60-0"><bdi>978-961-6842-60-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evidence+in+Civil+Law+-+Sweden&rft.pub=Institute+for+Local+Self-Government+and+Public+Procurement+Maribor&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4335%2F978-961-6842-60-0&rft.isbn=978-961-6842-60-0&rft.aulast=Bylander&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4335%2F978-961-6842-60-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Youwei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Youwei&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>M. E. Cameron, <i>The Reform Movement in China, 1898–1912</i> (1931, repr. 1963); biography ed. and tr. by Lo Jung-pang (1967).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Hao_(historian)" title="Chang Hao (historian)">Chang Hao</a>, <i>Chinese Intellectuals in Crisis. Search for Order and Meaning (1890–1911)</i>, Berkeley 1987.</li> <li>Chang Hao: "Intellectual change and the reform movement, 1890-1898", in: Twitchett, Denis and Fairbanks, John (ed.): <i>The Cambridge History of China: Vol. 11, Late Ch’ing, 1800–1911, Part 2</i> (1980). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 274–338, esp. 283-300, 318-338.</li> <li>Howard, Richard C., "K’ang Yu-wei (1858-1927): His Intellectual Background and Early Thought", in A.F. Wright and Denis Twitchett (eds.): <i>Confucian Personalities</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1962, pp. 294–316 and 382-386 (notes).</li> <li>Hsiao, Kung-Chuan: <i>A Modern China and a New World – K`ang Yu-wei, Reformer and Utopian, 1858-1927</i> (1975). Seattle and London: University of Washington Press.</li> <li>Jung-Pan, Lo. ed. <i>K'ang Yu-wei; a biography and a symposium</i> (1967) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kangyuweibiograp0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Karl, Rebecca And Zarrow, Peter (ed.): <i>Rethinking the 1898 Reform Period – Political and Cultural Change in Late Qing China</i> (2002). Cambridge/Mass.: Harvard University Press, esp. pp. 24–33.</li> <li>K'ang Yu-wei. <i>A Biography and a Symposium</i>, ed. Lo Jung-pang, Tucson 1967 (The Association for Asian Studies: Monographs and Papers, Bd. 23).</li> <li>Spence, Jonathan D. T<i>he gate of heavenly peace: the Chinese and their revolution.</i> (Penguin, 1982). pp 1-106 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gateofheavenlype00spen">online</a></li> <li>Palmer, Norman D. "Makers Of Modern China: I. The Reformer: Kang Yu-wei" <i>Current History</i> 15#84 (Aug 1, 1948): 88+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/openview/9a947831cc3bed8ad1cdf0a632591688/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41558">online</a></li> <li>Teng, Ssu-Yü, and Fairbank, John K.: <i>China's response to the West – a documentary survey 1839-1923</i> (1954, 1979). Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 147–163 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinasresponseto00teng">online</a></li> <li>Thompson, Laurence G.: <i>Ta t´ung shu: the one-world philosophy of K`ang Yu-wei</i> (1958). London: George Allen and Unwin, esp. pp. 37–57.</li> <li>Wong, Young-Tsu. "Revisionism reconsidered: Kang Youwei and the reform movement of 1898." <i>Journal of Asian Studies</i> 51.3 (1992): 513-544. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2057948">online</a>.</li> <li>Zarrow, Peter. <i>China in war and revolution, 1895-1949</i> (New York: Routledge), 2005, 12-29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ZarrowChinaInWarAndRevolution18951949/page/n9/mode/2up">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_languages">In other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Youwei&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chi Wen-shun, K'ang Yu-wei (1858–1927) (in <i>Die Söhne des Drachen. Chinas Weg vom Konfuzianismus zum Kommunismus</i>, ed. P. J. Opitz, Mchn. 1974, S. 83–109).</li> <li>Franke, W. Die staatspolitischen Reformversuche K'ang Yu-weis u. seiner Schule. Ein Beitrag zur geistigen Auseinandersetzung Chinas mit dem Abendlande (in <i>Mitt. des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen</i>, Bln. 38, 1935, Nr. 1, S. 1–83).</li> <li>Kuang Bailin, <i>Kang Youwei di zhexue sixiang</i>, Peking 1980.</li> <li>G. Sattler-v. Sivers, Die Reformbewegung von 1898 (in <i>Chinas große Wandlung. Revolutionäre Bewegungen im 19. u. 20. Jh.</i>, ed. P. J. Opitz, Mchn. 1972, S. 55–81).</li> <li>Tang Zhijun, Kang Youwei yu wuxu bianfa, Peking 1984. – Ders., Wuxu bianfa shi, Peking 1984.</li> <li>Wuxu weixin yundong shi lunji, ed. Hu Shengwu, Changsha 1983.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Youwei&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kang_Youwei" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0827007.html">Infoplease.com Profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Kang_Yu-wei.aspx">K'ang Yu-wei on Encyclopedia.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://a-bas-le-ciel.blogspot.sg/2014/12/Kang-Youwei-Saneatsu-Mushanokoji-Mao-Zedong.html">On the Ostensible Sources of Mao Zedong's Utopia: Kang Youwei & Saneatsu Mushanokoji</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Youwei&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gongche_Shangshu_movement" title="Gongche Shangshu movement">Gongche Shangshu movement</a></li> <li>Lawrence M. Kaplan. Homer Lea: American Soldier of Fortune. University Press of Kentucky, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813126166" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813126166">978-0813126166</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Template:Chinese philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_philosophy" title="Template talk:Chinese philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_learning" title="Han learning">Han learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang%E2%80%93Lao" title="Huang–Lao">Huang–Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Marxist_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Marxist Philosophy">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Diplomacy" title="School of Diplomacy">School of Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">School of Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taoist_philosophy" title="Taoist philosophy">Daoxue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Xuanxue</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Syncretism (Chinese philosophy)">Mixed School</a></li></ul> <i><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Schools_of_Thought" title="Nine Schools of Thought">Nine Schools of Thought</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Hundred Schools of Thought</a></li></ul></div></i> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_philosophers" title="List of Chinese philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bu_Shang" title="Bu Shang">Bu Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunyu_Kun" title="Chunyu Kun">Chunyu Kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xi" title="Deng Xi">Deng Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duanmu_Ci" title="Duanmu Ci">Duanmu Ci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaozi" title="Gaozi">Gaozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongsun_Long" title="Gongsun Long">Gongsun Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong">Guan Zhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_Shi" title="Hui Shi">Hui Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Kui_(legalist)" title="Li Kui (legalist)">Li Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Si" title="Li Si">Li Si</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_Yukou" title="Lie Yukou">Lie Yukou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Buhai" title="Shen Buhai">Shen Buhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Dao" title="Shen Dao">Shen Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Qin" title="Su Qin">Su Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Qi" title="Wu Qi">Wu Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ximen_Bao" title="Ximen Bao">Ximen Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xing_(philosopher)" title="Xu Xing (philosopher)">Xu Xing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhu" title="Yang Zhu">Yang Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Xian" title="Yuan Xian">Yuan Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yi_(Warring_States_period)" title="Zhang Yi (Warring States period)">Zhang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuang Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zichan" title="Zichan">Zichan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zisi" title="Zisi">Zisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Yan" title="Zou Yan">Zou Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Zhao" title="Ban Zhao">Ban Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu">Dong Zhongshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfang_Shuo" title="Dongfang Shuo">Dongfang Shuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dou_Wu" title="Dou Wu">Dou Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Tan" title="Huan Tan">Huan Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Yi" title="Jia Yi">Jia Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Kui_(scholar)" title="Jia Kui (scholar)">Jia Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Fang" title="Jing Fang">Jing Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Anguo" title="Kong Anguo">Kong Anguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_An" title="Liu An">Liu An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jia_(Western_Han)" title="Lu Jia (Western Han)">Lu Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiang_(scholar)" title="Liu Xiang (scholar)">Liu Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rong" title="Ma Rong">Ma Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chong" title="Wang Chong">Wang Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fu_(Han_dynasty)" title="Wang Fu (Han dynasty)">Wang Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Yue" title="Xun Yue">Xun Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiong_(author)" title="Yang Xiong (author)">Yang Xiong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Jingyan" title="Bao Jingyan">Bao Jingyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zhen" title="Fan Zhen">Fan Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Ye_(historian)" title="Fan Ye (historian)">Fan Ye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Xiang" title="Guo Xiang">Guo Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Xuan" title="Fu Xuan">Fu Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Yan" title="He Yan">He Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyuan_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huiyuan (Buddhist)">Huiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Kang" title="Ji Kang">Ji Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengzhao" title="Sengzhao">Sengzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Su_(Cao_Wei)" title="Wang Su (Cao Wei)">Wang Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bi" title="Wang Bi">Wang Bi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiahou_Xuan" title="Xiahou Xuan">Xiahou Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Daoyun" title="Xie Daoyun">Xie Daoyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Can" title="Xun Can">Xun Can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Zhitui" title="Yan Zhitui">Yan Zhitui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi_Dun" title="Zhi Dun">Zhi Dun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Yi" title="Fu Yi">Fu Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Tong_(philosopher)" title="Wang Tong (philosopher)">Wang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhihe" title="Zhang Zhihe">Zhang Zhihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao_(philosopher)" title="Li Ao (philosopher)">Li Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuxi" title="Liu Yuxi">Liu Yuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongyuan" title="Liu Zongyuan">Liu Zongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Five Dynasties</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Ten Kingdoms</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Hao" title="Cheng Hao">Cheng Hao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yi_(philosopher)" title="Cheng Yi (philosopher)">Cheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zhongyan" title="Fan Zhongyan">Fan Zhongyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hong" title="Hu Hong">Hu Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiuyuan" title="Lu Jiuyuan">Lu Jiuyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Yong" title="Shao Yong">Shao Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang Anshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chongyang" title="Wang Chongyang">Wang Chongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chuyi" title="Wang Chuyi">Wang Chuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Shi" title="Ye Shi">Ye Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zai" title="Zhang Zai">Zhang Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Dunyi" title="Zhou Dunyi">Zhou Dunyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jiru" title="Chen Jiru">Chen Jiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Zongxi" title="Huang Zongxi">Huang Zongxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Zicheng" title="Hong Zicheng">Hong Zicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_Hong" title="Jiao Hong">Jiao Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_Yu" title="Jiao Yu">Jiao Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Zhide" title="Lai Zhide">Lai Zhide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhi_(philosopher)" title="Li Zhi (philosopher)">Li Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bowen" title="Liu Bowen">Liu Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongzhou" title="Liu Zongzhou">Liu Zongzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Rufang_(Ming_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo Rufang (Ming dynasty)">Luo Rufang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Dehong" title="Qian Dehong">Qian Dehong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ji_(philosopher)" title="Wang Ji (philosopher)">Wang Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Gen" title="Wang Gen">Wang Gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng_(philosopher)" title="Wu Cheng (philosopher)">Wu Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Ai" title="Xu Ai">Xu Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhan_Ruoshui" title="Zhan Ruoshui">Zhan Ruoshui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Hongmou" title="Chen Hongmou">Chen Hongmou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Menglei" title="Chen Menglei">Chen Menglei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhen" title="Dai Zhen">Dai Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Bao" title="Fang Bao">Fang Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lanfen" title="Fang Lanfen">Fang Lanfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Quan" title="Fang Quan">Fang Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Guifen" title="Feng Guifen">Feng Guifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Zizhen" title="Gong Zizhen">Gong Zizhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Yanwu" title="Gu Yanwu">Gu Yanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Liangji" title="Hong Liangji">Hong Liangji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Yun" title="Ji Yun">Ji Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qixi" title="Ma Qixi">Ma Qixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Zexu" title="Lin Zexu">Lin Zexu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yiming" title="Liu Yiming">Liu Yiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Pingge" title="Pan Pingge">Pan Pingge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Sitong" title="Tan Sitong">Tan Sitong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Zhen" title="Tang Zhen">Tang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fuzhi" title="Wang Fuzhi">Wang Fuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yuan" title="Wei Yuan">Wei Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Yuan_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Yan Yuan (Qing dynasty)">Yan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Yue" title="Yu Yue">Yu Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zhengxie" title="Yu Zhengxie">Yu Zhengxie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xuecheng" title="Zhang Xuecheng">Zhang Xuecheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Cunyu" title="Zhuang Cunyu">Zhuang Cunyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Yuanpei" title="Cai Yuanpei">Cai Yuanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Carsun Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._C._Chang" title="P. C. Chang">P. C. Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Daqi" title="Chen Daqi">Chen Daqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung-ying_Cheng" title="Chung-ying Cheng">Chung-ying Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%27ien_Mu" title="Ch'ien Mu">Ch'ien Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Anping" title="Chu Anping">Chu Anping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Keli" title="Fang Keli">Fang Keli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Youlan" title="Feng Youlan">Feng Youlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Yang" title="Gan Yang">Gan Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Su" title="Gu Su">Gu Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Zhun" title="Gu Zhun">Gu Zhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Guanghu" title="He Guanghu">He Guanghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qiaomu" title="Hu Qiaomu">Hu Qiaomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Gang" title="Hua Gang">Hua Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Huang" title="Ray Huang">Ray Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing_(Confucian)" title="Jiang Qing (Confucian)">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Yuelin" title="Jin Yuelin">Jin Yuelin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kang Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Shui-chuen" title="Lee Shui-chuen">Lee Shui-chuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shicen" title="Li Shicen">Li Shicen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zehou" title="Li Zehou">Li Zehou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Shuming" title="Liang Shuming">Liang Shuming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin Yutang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaofeng_(academic)" title="Liu Xiaofeng (academic)">Liu Xiaofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mou_Zongsan" title="Mou Zongsan">Mou Zongsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Renzong" title="Qiu Renzong">Qiu Renzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Chun-i" title="Tang Chun-i">Tang Chun-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Yijie" title="Tang Yijie">Tang Yijie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsang_Lap_Chuen" title="Tsang Lap Chuen">Tsang Lap Chuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Shili" title="Xiong Shili">Xiong Shili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fuguan" title="Xu Fuguan">Xu Fuguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Changji" title="Yang Changji">Yang Changji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Haiguang" title="Yin Haiguang">Yin Haiguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Dunkang" title="Yu Dunkang">Yu Dunkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dongsun" title="Zhang Dongsun">Zhang Dongsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shenfu" title="Zhang Shenfu">Zhang Shenfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Guoping" title="Zhou Guoping">Zhou Guoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Zuoren" title="Zhou Zuoren">Zhou Zuoren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa_(philosophy)" title="Fa (philosophy)">Fa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozi#Philosophy" title="Mozi">Jian'ai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_zuo" title="Jing zuo">Jing zuo</a></i></li> <li><i>Li</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Neo-Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Neo-Confucianism)">Neo-Confucianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ming_yun" title="Ming yun">Ming yun</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qing_(philosophy)" title="Qing (philosophy)">Qing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_teachings" title="Three teachings">Three teachings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Si_(philosophy)" title="Si (philosophy)">Si</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ti_(philosophy)" title="Ti (philosophy)">Ti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">Wu wei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xin_(heart-mind)" title="Xin (heart-mind)">Xin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)#East_Asian_philosophies" title="Nature (philosophy)">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin and yang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Essence-Function" class="mw-redirect" title="Essence-Function">Yong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhengming" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengming">Zhengming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ziran" title="Ziran">Ziran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_China" title="Logic in China">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics#Classical_China" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy#Ancient_China" title="Political philosophy">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_consequentialism" title="State consequentialism">State consequentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_wash_painting#Philosophy" title="Ink wash painting">Ink wash</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_shui#Concepts" title="Shan shui">Shan shui</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_Chinese_philosophy" title="Legitimacy of Chinese philosophy">Legitimacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360135#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360135#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360135#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122818856">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73995735">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/15791/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpV4qKymPFdhctK4bmcfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118559761">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50045955">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13205779b">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12108851n">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13205779b">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12108851n">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00367199">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36732279">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20081222014&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1758446">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p140571949">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90964259">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=81242&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199631090">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqsncbx2v0zkt2">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810676618105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/199184">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007275804505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04555470?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500336732">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1440063">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118559761">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029466806">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6r226h9">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_Confucianism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_Confucianism" title="Template:Religious Confucianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Religious_Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Religious Confucianism (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_Confucianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious Confucianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_Confucianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_Confucianism" title="Religious Confucianism">Religious Confucianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesa" title="Jesa">Jesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_to_Heaven" title="Sacrifice to Heaven">Sacrifice to Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Festival Huế">Festival Huế</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Shan" title="Feng Shan">Feng Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_and_music_system" title="Ritual and music system">Ritual and music system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Li" title="Guan Li">Guan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Li_(ceremony)" title="Ji Li (ceremony)">Ji Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_marriage" title="Traditional Chinese marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ghost_marriage" title="Chinese ghost marriage">Ghost marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_the_living" title="Worship of the living">Worship of the living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shendao_shejiao" title="Shendao shejiao">Shendao shejiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_ritual_religion" title="Confucian ritual religion">Confucian ritual religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_Heaven_and_humanity" title="Unity of Heaven and humanity">Unity of Heaven and humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactions_Between_Heaven_and_Mankind" title="Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind">Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">Ancestor veneration in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianxia" title="Tianxia">Tianxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Huang_Zisun" title="Yan Huang Zisun">Yan Huang Zisun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_and_grain" title="Soil and grain">Soil and grain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_church" title="Confucian church">Confucian church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Confucian_Church" title="Holy Confucian Church">Holy Confucian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanyuan_teaching" title="Xuanyuan teaching">Xuanyuan teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taigu_school" title="Taigu school">Taigu school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shengdao" title="Shengdao">Shengdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_Academy" title="Confucian Academy">Confucian Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_Shinto" title="Confucian Shinto">Confucian Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shint%C5%8D_Taiseiky%C5%8D" title="Shintō Taiseikyō">Taiseikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_Shusei" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinto Shusei">Shusei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamazaki_Ansai" title="Yamazaki Ansai">Suika Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onmy%C5%8Dd%C5%8D" title="Onmyōdō">Onmyōdō</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kang Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamazaki_Ansai" title="Yamazaki Ansai">Yamazaki Ansai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius" title="Temple of Confucius">Temple of Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_royal_ancestral_shrine" title="Confucian royal ancestral shrine">Confucian royal ancestral shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_shrine" title="Ancestral shrine">Ancestral shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_goods_store" title="Religious goods store">Religious goods store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hero shrine">Hero shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myo_shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Myo shrine">Myo shrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jongmyo_(Seoul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jongmyo (Seoul)">Jongmyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munmyo" title="Munmyo">Munmyo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ci_shrine" title="Ci shrine">Ci shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_shrine" title="Miao shrine">Miao shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_miao" title="Yin miao">Yin miao</a></li> <li>Beijing Temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heaven" title="Temple of Heaven">Temple of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Shejitan" title="Beijing Shejitan">Beijing Shejitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Agriculture" title="Temple of Agriculture">Temple of Agriculture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_tablet" title="Spirit tablet">Spirit tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_censer" title="Tiangong censer">Tiangong censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_money" title="Hell money">Hell money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_coin_charm" title="Confucian coin charm">Confucian coin charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">Joss paper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics" title="Four Books and Five Classics">Four Books and Five Classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Classics" title="Thirteen Classics">Thirteen Classics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wufang_Shangdi" title="Wufang Shangdi">Wufang Shangdi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidi_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baidi (god)">White Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaohao" title="Shaohao">Shaohao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidi_(god)" title="Heidi (god)">Black Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuanxu" title="Zhuanxu">Zhuanxu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_(god)" title="Xuanwu (god)">Xuanwu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangdi" title="Cangdi">Bluegreen Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Xi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fu Xi">Fu Xi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidi_(god)" title="Chidi (god)">Red Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shennong" title="Shennong">Shennong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Flame Emperor">Flame Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong" title="Zhurong">Zhurong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tutelary deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landlord_deity#In_China" title="Landlord deity">Landlord deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudigong" title="Tudigong">Tudigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_God_(China)" title="City God (China)">City God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_God" title="Mountain God">Mountain God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from 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