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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ext2 data structures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ext2_data_structures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ext2 data structures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ext2_data_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Inodes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Directories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allocating_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allocating_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Allocating data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allocating_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File-system_limits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File-system_limits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>File-system limits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File-system_limits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compression_extension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compression_extension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Compression extension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compression_extension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_other_operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_other_operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Under other operating systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_other_operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%8A_2" title="إكس تي 2 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إكس تي 2" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXT2" title="EXT2 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="EXT2" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXT2" title="EXT2 – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="EXT2" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li 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– Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Ext2" data-language-autonym="中文" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the gene, see <a href="/wiki/EXT2_(gene)" title="EXT2 (gene)">EXT2 (gene)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">File system for the Linux kernel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">ext2</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Card" title="Rémy Card">Rémy Card</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data">Second extended file system</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1993 with <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_system" title="Extended file system">extended file system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ext3" title="Ext3">ext3</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Partition_type" title="Partition type">Partition IDs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code><a href="/wiki/Basic_Data_Partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Data Partition">EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7</a></code> (<a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GPT</a>)<br /><code>0x83</code> (<a href="/wiki/Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">Master Boot Record</a>)<br /><code>Apple_UNIX_SVR2</code> (<a href="/wiki/Apple_Partition_Map" title="Apple Partition Map">Apple Partition Map</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Structures</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Directory contents</th><td class="infobox-data">Table</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">File allocation</th><td class="infobox-data">bitmap (free space), table (metadata)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Bad blocks</th><td class="infobox-data">Table</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Limits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max volume size</th><td class="infobox-data">2–32 <a href="/wiki/Tebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tebibyte">TiB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max file size</th><td class="infobox-data">16 <a href="/wiki/Gibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibibyte">GiB</a> – 2 <a href="/wiki/Tebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tebibyte">TiB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> of files</th><td class="infobox-data">10<sup>18</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max filename length</th><td class="infobox-data">255 bytes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Allowed filename<br />characters</th><td class="infobox-data">All bytes except <a href="/wiki/Null_character" title="Null character">NUL</a> ('\0') and '/'</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Dates recorded</th><td class="infobox-data">modification (mtime), attribute modification (ctime), access (atime)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Date range</th><td class="infobox-data">December 14, 1901 - <a href="/wiki/Year_2038_problem" title="Year 2038 problem">January 18, 2038</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Date resolution</th><td class="infobox-data">1 s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/File_system_permissions" class="mw-redirect" title="File system permissions">File system<br />permissions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unix permissions, <a href="/wiki/Access-control_list#POSIX_ACL" title="Access-control list">POSIX Access Control Lists</a> (ACL)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Transparent<br />compression</th><td class="infobox-data">No (Available through patches)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Transparent<br />encryption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Supported<br /><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS">ReactOS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windows (through an <a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">IFS</a>), <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">FUSE</a>), <a href="/wiki/HelenOS" title="HelenOS">HelenOS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/RIOT_(operating_system)" title="RIOT (operating system)">RIOT</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zephyr_(operating_system)" title="Zephyr (operating system)">Zephyr</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>ext2</b>, or <b>second extended file system</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>. It was initially designed by French software developer <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Card" title="Rémy Card">Rémy Card</a> as a replacement for the <a href="/wiki/Extended_file_system" title="Extended file system">extended file system</a> (ext). Having been designed according to the same principles as the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Fast_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkeley Fast File System">Berkeley Fast File System</a> from <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a>, it was the first commercial-grade filesystem for Linux.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The canonical implementation of ext2 is the "ext2fs" filesystem driver in the Linux kernel. Other implementations (of varying quality and completeness) exist in <a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MINIX_3" class="mw-redirect" title="MINIX 3">MINIX 3</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> kernels,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/MiNT" title="MiNT">MiNT</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Haiku_(operating_system)" title="Haiku (operating system)">Haiku</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as third-party <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">FUSE</a>) drivers. This driver was deprecated in Linux version 6.9 in favor of the ext4 driver, as the ext4 driver works with ext2 filesystems.<sup id="cite_ref-phoronix-deprecated_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phoronix-deprecated-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ext2 was the default filesystem in several <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat Linux</a>, until supplanted by <a href="/wiki/Ext3" title="Ext3">ext3</a>, which is almost completely compatible with ext2 and is a <a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">journaling file system</a>. ext2 is still the filesystem of choice for <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash</a>-based storage media (such as <a href="/wiki/SD_card" title="SD card">SD cards</a> and <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drives</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> because its lack of a journal increases performance and minimizes the number of writes, and flash devices can endure a limited number of write cycles. Since 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> supports a journal-less mode of <a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a> which provides benefits not found with ext2, such as larger file and volume sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ext2&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early development of the Linux kernel was made as a cross-development under the <a href="/wiki/MINIX" class="mw-redirect" title="MINIX">MINIX</a> operating system. The <a href="/wiki/MINIX_file_system" title="MINIX file system">MINIX file system</a> was used as Linux's first file system. The Minix file system was mostly free of <a href="/wiki/Computer_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer bug">bugs</a>, but used 16-bit offsets internally and thus had a maximum size limit of only 64 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabytes</a>, and there was also a filename length limit of 14 characters.<sup id="cite_ref-Strobel_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strobel-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of these limitations, work began on a replacement native file system for Linux.<sup id="cite_ref-Strobel_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strobel-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To ease the addition of new file systems and provide a generic file <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">VFS</a>, a virtual file system layer, was added to the Linux kernel. The extended file system (<a href="/wiki/Extended_file_system" title="Extended file system">ext</a>), was released in April 1992 as the first file system using the VFS API and was included in Linux version 0.96c.<sup id="cite_ref-anatomyExt4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anatomyExt4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ext file system solved the two major problems in the Minix file system (maximum partition size and filename length limitation to 14 characters), and allowed 2 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">gigabytes</a> of data and filenames of up to 255 characters. But it still had problems: there was no support of separate <a href="/wiki/Time_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Time code">timestamps</a> for file access, <a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">inode</a> modification, and data modification. </p><p>As a solution for these problems, two new filesystems were developed in January 1993 for Linux kernel 0.99: <a href="/wiki/Xiafs" title="Xiafs">xiafs</a> and the <b>second extended file system</b> (<b>ext2</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-anatomyExt4_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anatomyExt4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was an overhaul of the extended file system incorporating many ideas from the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Fast_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkeley Fast File System">Berkeley Fast File System</a>. ext2 was also designed with extensibility in mind, with space left in many of its on-disk data structures for use by future versions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since then, ext2 has been a testbed for many of the new extensions to the VFS API. Features such as the withdrawn <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> <a href="/wiki/Access_control_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Access control list">draft ACL proposal</a> and the withdrawn <a href="/wiki/Extended_attribute" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended attribute">extended attribute</a> proposal were generally implemented first on ext2 because it was relatively simple to extend and its internals were well understood. </p><p>On Linux kernels prior to 2.6.17,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> restrictions in the block driver mean that ext2 filesystems have a maximum file size of 2 TiB. </p><p>ext2 is still recommended over journaling file systems on bootable USB flash drives and other <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drives</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (February 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup>. ext2 performs fewer writes than ext3 because there is no journaling. As the major aging factor of a flash chip is the number of erase cycles, and as erase cycles happen frequently on writes, decreasing writes increases the life span of the solid-state device.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another good practice for filesystems on flash devices is the use of the <i>no<a href="/wiki/Atime_(Unix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atime (Unix)">atime</a></i> mount option, for the same reason. </p><p>Beginning with Linux kernel 6.9, the ext2fs driver was deprecated and is no longer enabled in the default configuration. The central reason was that it did not support <a href="/wiki/Y2038" class="mw-redirect" title="Y2038">dates past 2038</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-phoronix-deprecated_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phoronix-deprecated-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users are recommended to upgrade to ext4.<sup id="cite_ref-bootlin_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bootlin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ext2_data_structures">ext2 data structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ext2&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: ext2 data structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ext2" title="Special:EditPage/Ext2">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The space in ext2 is split up into <a href="/wiki/Block_(data_storage)" title="Block (data storage)">blocks</a>. These blocks are grouped into block groups, analogous to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cylinder_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cylinder group (page does not exist)">cylinder groups</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">Unix File System</a>. There are typically thousands of blocks on a large file system. Data for any given file is typically contained within a single block group where possible. This is done to minimize the number of disk seeks when reading large amounts of contiguous data. </p><p>Each block group contains a copy of the superblock and block group descriptor table, and all block groups contain a block bitmap, an inode bitmap, an inode table, and finally the actual data blocks. </p><p>The superblock contains important information that is crucial to the booting of the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>. Thus backup copies are made in multiple block groups in the file system. However, typically only the first copy of it, which is found at the first block of the file system, is used in the booting. </p><p>The group descriptor stores the location of the block bitmap, inode bitmap, and the start of the inode table for every block group. These, in turn, are stored in a group descriptor table. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inodes">Inodes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ext2&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inodes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every file or directory is represented by an <a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">inode</a>. The term "inode" comes from "index node" (over time, it became i-node and then inode).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inode includes data about the size, permission, ownership, and location on disk of the file or directory. </p><p>Example of ext2 inode structure: </p> <div align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ext2-inode.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Estructure"><img alt="Estructure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ext2-inode.svg/308px-Ext2-inode.svg.png" decoding="async" width="308" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ext2-inode.svg/462px-Ext2-inode.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ext2-inode.svg/616px-Ext2-inode.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></div> <p>Quote from the Linux kernel documentation for ext2:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are pointers to the first 12 blocks which contain the file's data in the inode. There is a pointer to an indirect block (which contains pointers to the next set of blocks), a pointer to a doubly indirect block and a pointer to a trebly indirect block.</p></blockquote> <p>Thus, there is a structure in ext2 that has 15 pointers. Pointers 1 to 12 point to direct blocks, pointer 13 points to an indirect block, pointer 14 points to a doubly indirect block, and pointer 15 points to a triply indirect block. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directories">Directories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ext2&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Directories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each directory is a list of directory entries. Each directory entry associates one file name with one inode number, and consists of the inode number, the length of the file name, and the actual text of the file name. To find a file, the directory is searched front-to-back for the associated filename. For reasonable directory sizes, this is fine. But for very large directories this is inefficient, and ext3 offers a second way of storing directories (<a href="/wiki/HTree" title="HTree">HTree</a>) that is more efficient than just a list of filenames. </p><p>The root directory is always stored in inode number two, so that the file system code can find it at mount time. Subdirectories are implemented by storing the name of the subdirectory in the name field, and the inode number of the subdirectory in the inode field. Hard links are implemented by storing the same inode number with more than one file name. Accessing the file by either name results in the same inode number, and therefore the same data. </p><p>The special directories "." (current directory) and ".." (parent directory) are implemented by storing the names "." and ".." in the directory, and the inode number of the current and parent directories in the inode field. The only special treatment these two entries receive is that they are automatically created when any new directory is made, and they cannot be deleted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allocating_data">Allocating data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ext2&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Allocating data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a new file or directory is created, ext2 must decide where to store the data. If the disk is mostly empty, then data can be stored almost anywhere. However, clustering the data with related data will minimize seek times and maximize performance. </p><p>ext2 attempts to allocate each new directory in the group containing its parent directory, on the theory that accesses to parent and children directories are likely to be closely related. ext2 also attempts to place files in the same group as their directory entries, because directory accesses often lead to file accesses. However, if the group is full, then the new file or new directory is placed in some other non-full group. </p><p>The data blocks needed to store directories and files can be found by looking in the data allocation bitmap. Any needed space in the inode table can be found by looking in the inode allocation bitmap. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="File-system_limits">File-system limits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ext2&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: File-system limits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em"> <caption>Theoretical ext2 limits under Linux<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Block size: </th> <td align="right">1 KiB </td> <td align="right">2 KiB </td> <td align="right">4 KiB </td> <td align="right">8 KiB </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left">max. file size: </th> <td align="right">16 GiB </td> <td align="right">256 GiB </td> <td align="right">2 TiB </td> <td align="right">2 TiB </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left">max. filesystem size: </th> <td align="right">4 TiB </td> <td align="right">8 TiB </td> <td align="right">16 TiB </td> <td align="right">32 TiB </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This bit <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>. There are lots of calculations and numbers, all unsourced. (Can ext2 even have a 512-byte block size?)<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ext2&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The reason for some limits of ext2 are the file format of the data and the operating system's kernel. Mostly these factors will be determined once when the file system is built. They depend on the block size and the ratio of the number of blocks and inodes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Linux the block size is limited by the architecture <a href="/wiki/Page_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Page size">page size</a>. </p><p>There are also some userspace programs that cannot handle <a href="/wiki/Large_file_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Large file support">files larger than 2 GiB</a>. </p><p>If <i>b</i> is the block size, the maximal file size is limited to min( ((<i>b</i>/4)<sup>3</sup> + (<i>b</i>/4)<sup>2</sup> + <i>b</i>/4 + 12) × <i>b</i>, (2<sup>32</sup> − 1) × 512 ) due to the i_block structure (an array of direct/indirect EXT2_N_BLOCKS) and i_blocks (32-bit integer value) representing the number of 1024 byte (1 kilobyte)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "blocks" in the file.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (December 2021)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The maximal number of sublevel-directories is 31998, due to the link-count limit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Directory indexing is not available in ext2, so there are performance issues for directories with a large number of files (>10,000). The theoretical limit on the number of files in a directory is 1.3 × 10<sup>20</sup>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (December 2021)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> although this is not relevant for practical situations. </p><p>Note: In Linux 2.4 and earlier, block devices were limited to 2 TiB, limiting the maximal size of a partition, regardless of block size.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compression_extension">Compression extension</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ext2&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Compression extension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>e2compr</b> is a modification to the ext2 driver in the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> to support compression and decompression of files by the file system, without any support by user applications. e2compr is a small patch against ext2. </p><p>e2compr compresses only regular files; the administrative data (superblock, inodes, <a href="/wiki/Directory_(file_systems)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory (file systems)">directory</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a>, etc.) are not compressed (mainly for safety reasons). Access to compressed <a href="/wiki/Block_size_(data_storage_and_transmission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Block size (data storage and transmission)">blocks</a> is provided for read and write operations. The <a href="/wiki/Compression_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression algorithm">compression algorithm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cluster_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (file system)">cluster size</a> is specified on a per-file basis. Directories can also be marked for compression, in which case every newly created file in the directory will be automatically compressed with the same cluster size and the same algorithm that was specified for the directory. </p><p>e2compr is not a new file system. It is only a patch to ext2 made to support the EXT2_COMPR_FL flag. It does not require user to make a new partition, and will continue to read or write existing ext2 file systems. One can consider it as simply a way for the read and write routines to access files that could have been created by a simple utility similar to gzip or compress. Compressed and uncompressed files coexist nicely on ext2 partitions. </p><p>The latest e2compr-branch is available for current releases of Linux 2.4, 2.6, and 3.0. The latest patch for Linux 3.0 was released in August 2011 and provides <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessor_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetric multiprocessor system">multicore</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_memory" title="High memory">High memory</a> support. There are also branches for Linux 2.0 and 2.2. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_other_operating_systems">Under other operating systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ext2&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Under other operating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Access to ext2 partitions under Microsoft Windows is possible through an <a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">Installable File System</a>, such as ext2ifs<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Ext2Fsd" title="Ext2Fsd">ext2Fsd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">Filesystem in Userspace</a> can be used on macOS.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ext2&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E2fsprogs" title="E2fsprogs">e2fsprogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StegFS" title="StegFS">StegFS</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Steganographic_file_system" title="Steganographic file system">steganographic file system</a> based on ext2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloop" title="Cloop">cloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems" title="List of file systems">List of file systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems" title="Comparison of file systems">Comparison of file systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlov_block_allocator" title="Orlov block allocator">Orlov block allocator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux_Kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux Kernel">Linux Kernel</a>-<a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determined</a> default block allocator for ext2.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ext2&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/disks.html#idp59236072">"Chapter 8. Disks, File Systems, and Boot Loaders"</a>. <i>www.freebsd.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.freebsd.org&rft.atitle=Chapter+8.+Disks%2C+File+Systems%2C+and+Boot+Loaders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freebsd.org%2Fdoc%2Fen_US.ISO8859-1%2Fbooks%2Ffaq%2Fdisks.html%23idp59236072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExt2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ext2fs&sektion=5&manpath=freebsd-release-ports">"ext2fs(5)"</a>. <i>www.freebsd.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.freebsd.org&rft.atitle=ext2fs%285%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freebsd.org%2Fcgi%2Fman.cgi%3Fquery%3Dext2fs%26sektion%3D5%26manpath%3Dfreebsd-release-ports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExt2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reactos.org/project-news/reactos-042-released">"ReactOS 0.4.2 Released"</a>. <i>reactos.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reactos.org&rft.atitle=ReactOS+0.4.2+Released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freactos.org%2Fproject-news%2Freactos-042-released&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExt2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helenos.org/wiki/Fs/Ext4fs">"HelenOS Wiki: Ext4fs"</a>. <i>www.helenos.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.github.com&rft.atitle=pkg%2Flwext4%3A+add+lightweight+implementation+of+the+ext2%2F3%2F4+filesystem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FRIOT-OS%2FRIOT%2Fpull%2F18682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExt2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/zephyrproject-rtos/zephyr/pull/55152">"subsys: fs: Implementation of ext2 file system"</a>. <i>www.github.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118079911" title="Special:BookSources/9781118079911"><bdi>9781118079911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professional+Linux+Kernel+Architecture&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781118079911&rft.aulast=Mauerer&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-6zvRFEfQ24C%26pg%3DPT490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExt2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/hurd/translator/ext2fs.html">"GNU Hurd/ hurd/ translator/ ext2fs"</a>. <i>GNU Hurd</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=How+to+manage+Ext2%2FExt3+disks+in+OS+X&rft.date=2012-06-22&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Topher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fhow-to%2Fhow-to-manage-ext2ext3-disks-in-os-x%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExt2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/filesystems/ext2.html#options">"The Second Extended Filesystem — the Linux Kernel documentation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Second+Extended+Filesystem+%E2%80%94+the+Linux+Kernel+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Ffilesystems%2Fext2.html%23options&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExt2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ext2&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCard,_RémyTs’o,_TheodoreTweedie,_Stephen1994" class="citation journal cs1">Card, Rémy; Ts’o, Theodore; Tweedie, Stephen (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/tytso/www/linux/ext2intro.html">"Design and implementation of the second extended filesystem"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the First Dutch International Symposium on Linux</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-367-0385-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-367-0385-9"><bdi>90-367-0385-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+First+Dutch+International+Symposium+on+Linux.&rft.atitle=Design+and+implementation+of+the+second+extended+filesystem&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=90-367-0385-9&rft.au=Card%2C+R%C3%A9my&rft.au=Ts%E2%80%99o%2C+Theodore&rft.au=Tweedie%2C+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Ftytso%2Fwww%2Flinux%2Fext2intro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExt2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/e2compr">Sourceforge e2compr project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e2compr.sourceforge.net/">Sourceforge e2compr documentation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/e3compr">Sourceforge e3compr project page, ext3 compression, alpha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddj.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=184405431&queryText=seen">Dr. Dobb's Data Compression Newsletter Issue #46 - September 2003</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ext2&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Newbigin" class="citation journal cs1">John Newbigin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uranus.chrysocome.net/explore2fs/es2fs.htm">"John's spec of the second extended filesystem"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=John%27s+spec+of+the+second+extended+filesystem&rft.au=John+Newbigin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furanus.chrysocome.net%2Fexplore2fs%2Fes2fs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExt2" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_Poirier2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dave Poirier (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nongnu.org/ext2-doc/index.html">"The Second Extended File System: Internal Layout"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Second+Extended+File+System%3A+Internal+Layout&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Dave+Poirier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nongnu.org%2Fext2-doc%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExt2" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodore_Ts'oStephen_Tweedie2002" class="citation conference cs1">Theodore Ts'o; Stephen Tweedie (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/extensions-ext23/">"Planned Extensions to the Linux Ext2/Ext3 Filesystem"</a>. <i>USENIX 2002 Annual Technical Conference</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Planned+Extensions+to+the+Linux+Ext2%2FExt3+Filesystem&rft.btitle=USENIX+2002+Annual+Technical+Conference&rft.date=2002-06&rft.au=Theodore+Ts%27o&rft.au=Stephen+Tweedie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe2fsprogs.sourceforge.net%2Fextensions-ext23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExt2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_Ayers1997" class="citation journal cs1">Larry Ayers (June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091117121024/http://linuxgazette.net/issue18/e2compr.html">"E2compr: Transparent File Compression for Linux"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Linux_Gazette" title="Linux Gazette">Linux Gazette</a></i> (18). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linuxgazette.net/issue18/e2compr.html">the original</a> on 2009-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linux+Gazette&rft.atitle=E2compr%3A+Transparent+File+Compression+for+Linux&rft.issue=18&rft.date=1997-06&rft.au=Larry+Ayers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinuxgazette.net%2Fissue18%2Fe2compr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExt2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_CongJeremy_H._Brown1997" class="citation journal cs1">Charles Cong; Jeremy H. Brown (1997-12-26). "A System for Transparent File Compression With Caching Under Linux". <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.51.4780">10.1.1.51.4780</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+System+for+Transparent+File+Compression+With+Caching+Under+Linux&rft.date=1997-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.51.4780%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.au=Charles+Cong&rft.au=Jeremy+H.+Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExt2" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_CongJeremy_H._Brown1997" class="citation journal cs1">Charles Cong; Jeremy H. Brown (1997-10-22). "A Survey of Modern File Compression Techniques". <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.50.9847">10.1.1.50.9847</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Survey+of+Modern+File+Compression+Techniques&rft.date=1997-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.50.9847%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.au=Charles+Cong&rft.au=Jeremy+H.+Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExt2" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires 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systems">distributed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Unix filesystem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disk and<br />non-rotating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Disc_Filing_System" title="Advanced Disc Filing System">ADFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AdvFS" title="AdvFS">AdvFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Fast_File_System" title="Amiga Fast File System">Amiga FFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Old_File_System" title="Amiga Old File System">Amiga OFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">APFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AtheOS_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="AtheOS File System">AthFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bcachefs" title="Bcachefs">bcachefs</a></li> <li>BFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Be_File_System" title="Be File System">Be File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li> <li>Byte File System (<a href="/wiki/Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorNext_File_System" title="StorNext File System">CVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXFS" title="CXFS">CXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_Filing_System" title="Disc Filing System">DFS</a></li> <li>EFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extent_File_System" title="Extent File System">Extent File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episode_filesystem" title="Episode filesystem">Episode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_system" title="Extended file system">ext</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ext2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext3" title="Ext3">ext3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext3cow" title="Ext3cow">ext3cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Files-11" title="Files-11">Files-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_(file_system)" title="Fossil (file system)">Fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(file_system)" title="HAMMER (file system)">HAMMER</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER2" title="HAMMER2">HAMMER2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">HFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(IBM_MVS)" title="Hierarchical File System (IBM MVS)">HFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/MVS" title="MVS">MVS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HFS_Plus" title="HFS Plus">HFS+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Throughput_File_System" title="High Throughput File System">HTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log-structured_File_System_(BSD)" title="Log-structured File System (BSD)">LFS</a></li> <li>MFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_File_System" title="Macintosh File System">Macintosh File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TiVo_Media_File_System" title="TiVo Media File System">TiVo Media File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MINIX_file_system" title="MINIX file system">MINIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetWare_File_System" title="NetWare File System">NetWare File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next3" title="Next3">Next3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novell_Storage_Services" title="Novell Storage Services">NSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneFS_distributed_file_system" title="OneFS distributed file system">OneFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_File_System" title="Professional File System">PFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QFS" title="QFS">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX4FS" title="QNX4FS">QNX4FS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS">ReFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">ReiserFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiser4" title="Reiser4">Reiser4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datalight#Reliance_family" title="Datalight">Reliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datalight#Reliance_Nitro" title="Datalight">Reliance Nitro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_File_Sharing" title="Remote File Sharing">RFS</a></li> <li>SFS <ul><li>Shared File System (<a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_File_System" title="Smart File System">Smart File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorNext_File_System" title="StorNext File System">SNFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_(Apple)" title="Soup (Apple)">Soup (Apple)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tux3" title="Tux3">Tux3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS/UFS2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_updates" title="Soft updates">soft updates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_Ahead_Physical_Block_Logging" title="Write Ahead Physical Block Logging">WAPBL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas_File_System" title="Veritas File System">VxFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_Anywhere_File_Layout" title="Write Anywhere File Layout">WAFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiafs" title="Xiafs">Xiafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZFS_(z/OS_file_system)" title="ZFS (z/OS file system)">zFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Sierra_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="High Sierra Format">HSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">APFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction-Safe_FAT_File_System" title="Transaction-Safe FAT File System">TFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2FS" title="F2FS">F2FS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Volatile_File_System" title="Non-Volatile File System">NVFS</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="host-side_wear_leveling" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">host-side <a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">wear leveling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHFS" title="CHFS">CHFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFFS" title="JFFS">JFFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFFS2" title="JFFS2">JFFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LogFS" title="LogFS">LogFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YAFFS" title="YAFFS">YAFFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system#Distributed_file_systems" title="Clustered file system">Distributed parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeeGFS" title="BeeGFS">BeeGFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceph_(software)" title="Ceph (software)">Ceph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXFS" title="CXFS">CXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GFS2" title="GFS2">GFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCFS2" title="OCFS2">OCFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrangeFS" title="OrangeFS">OrangeFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Virtual_File_System" title="Parallel Virtual File System">PVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantcast_File_System" title="Quantcast File System">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems#Distributed_parallel_file_systems" title="List of file systems">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">NAS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9P_(protocol)" title="9P (protocol)">9P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_File_System" title="Andrew File System">AFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/OpenAFS" title="OpenAFS">OpenAFS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">AFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coda_(file_system)" title="Coda (file system)">Coda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_File_System_(Microsoft)" title="Distributed File System (Microsoft)">DFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(file_system)" title="Lustre (file system)">Lustre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetWare_Core_Protocol" title="NetWare Core Protocol">NCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptics" title="Elliptics">POHMELFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Hadoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">SMB (CIFS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems#Distributed_file_systems" title="List of file systems">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufs" title="Aufs">Aufs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AXFS" title="AXFS">AXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDfs" title="CDfs">CDfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_File_System" title="Compact Disc File System">Compact Disc File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramfs" title="Cramfs">cramfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davfs2" title="Davfs2">Davfs2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTPFS" title="FTPFS">FTPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">FUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lnfs" title="Lnfs">Lnfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Tape_File_System" title="Linear Tape File System">LTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOVA_(filesystem)" title="NOVA (filesystem)">NOVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_MultiVersion_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational MultiVersion File System">MVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SquashFS" title="SquashFS">SquashFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAT_filesystem_and_Linux" title="FAT filesystem and Linux">UMSDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverlayFS" title="OverlayFS">OverlayFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnionFS" title="UnionFS">UnionFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pseudo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Configfs" title="Configfs">configfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">devfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugfs" title="Debugfs">debugfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernfs_(BSD)" title="Kernfs (BSD)">kernfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li> <li>specfs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Encrypted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECryptfs" title="ECryptfs">eCryptfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EncFS" title="EncFS">EncFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">EFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberhose_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubberhose (file system)">Rubberhose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">Clustered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_file_system" title="Global file system">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_file_system" title="Grid file system">Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-certifying_File_System" title="Self-certifying File System">Self-certifying</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_file_system" title="Flash file system">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log-structured_file_system" title="Log-structured file system">Log-structured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record-oriented_filesystem" title="Record-oriented filesystem">Record-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_file_system" title="Semantic file system">Semantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steganographic_file_system" title="Steganographic file system">Steganographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_file_system" title="Synthetic file system">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versioning_file_system" title="Versioning file system">Versioning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_preservation" title="Case preservation">Case preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">Copy-on-write</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">Data scrubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execute_in_place" title="Execute in place">Execute in place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extent_(file_systems)" title="Extent (file systems)">Extent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">Extended file attributes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_change_log" title="File change log">File change log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(file_system)" title="Fork (file system)">Fork</a></li> <li>Links <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">Symbolic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">Access control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access-control_list" title="Access-control list">Access-control list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Filesystem-level encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File-system_permissions" title="File-system permissions">Permissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chmod" title="Chmod">Modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_bit" title="Sticky bit">Sticky bit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">Interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File_manager" title="File manager">File manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_system_API" title="File system API">File system API</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">Installable File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems" title="List of file systems">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptographic_file_systems" title="List of cryptographic file systems">Cryptographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_default_file_systems" title="List of default file systems">Default</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_log-structured_file_systems" title="List of log-structured file systems">Log-structured</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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