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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Broadcast history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Broadcast_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Scandal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Charles_Van_Doren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_Van_Doren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Charles Van Doren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_Van_Doren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1982_pilot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1982_pilot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1982 pilot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1982_pilot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensed_merchandise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensed_merchandise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Licensed merchandise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licensed_merchandise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Twenty-One</i> (game show)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American quiz show</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the similarly named game show, see <a href="/wiki/Catch_21" title="Catch 21"><i>Catch 21</i></a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1262195746">.mw-parser-output .ib-tv{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0 3px;padding:3px 5px}.mw-parser-output .ib-tv .infobox-above{background-color:#CCCCFF;color:inherit;font-size:125%;padding:0.25em 1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-tv .infobox-header{background-color:#CCCCFF;color:inherit;padding:0.25em 1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-tv img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-tv-aka{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .ib-tv-network-release td,.mw-parser-output .ib-tv-network-release th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1}</style><table class="infobox ib-tv vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary"><i>Twenty-One</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Twenty-One_(game_show).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/25/Twenty-One_%28game_show%29.jpg/220px-Twenty-One_%28game_show%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/25/Twenty-One_%28game_show%29.jpg/330px-Twenty-One_%28game_show%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/25/Twenty-One_%28game_show%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="252" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Intertitle for the program. From left to right, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Van_Doren" title="Charles Van Doren">Charles Van Doren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Barry_(game_show_host)" title="Jack Barry (game show host)">Jack Barry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herb_Stempel" title="Herb Stempel">Herb Stempel</a> can be seen in the background, prior to <a href="/wiki/1950s_quiz_show_scandals#Twenty-One" title="1950s quiz show scandals">the game</a> that led to the show's cancellation.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Barry_(game_show_host)" title="Jack Barry (game show host)">Jack Barry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dan_Enright" title="Dan Enright">Dan Enright</a><br />Robert Noah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presented by</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Barry_(game_show_host)" title="Jack Barry (game show host)">Jack Barry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maury_Povich" title="Maury Povich">Maury Povich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header summary">Production</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Production locations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NBC_Studios_(New_York_City)" title="NBC Studios (New York City)">NBC Studios</a><br />New York, New York (1956–1958)<br /><a href="/wiki/The_Burbank_Studios" title="The Burbank Studios">NBC Studios</a><br />Burbank, California (2000)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Running time</th><td class="infobox-data">approx. 22–26 minutes (1956–1958)<br />approx. 44 minutes (2000)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Production companies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barry_%26_Enright_Productions" title="Barry & Enright Productions">Jack Barry-Dan Enright Productions</a><br />(1956–1958)<br /><a href="/wiki/Fred_Silverman" title="Fred Silverman">The Fred Silverman Company</a><br />(2000)<br />The Gurin Company<br />(2000)<br /><a href="/wiki/Universal_Television" title="Universal Television">NBC Studios</a><br />(2000)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header summary">Original release</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Network</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release</th><td class="infobox-data">September 12, 1956<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1956-09-12</span>)</span> –<br />October 16, 1958<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1958-10-16</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="ib-tv-network-release"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Network</th><td class="infobox-data">NBC<br /><a href="/wiki/PAX_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="PAX TV">PAX</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release</th><td class="infobox-data">January 9<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000-01-09</span>)</span> –<br />May 28, 2000<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">2000-05-28</span>)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Twenty-One</b></i> is an American <a href="/wiki/Game_show" title="Game show">game show</a> originally hosted by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Barry_(game_show_host)" title="Jack Barry (game show host)">Jack Barry</a> that initially aired on <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> from 1956 to 1958. Produced by <a href="/wiki/Barry_%26_Enright_Productions" title="Barry & Enright Productions">Jack Barry-Dan Enright Productions</a>, the show featured two contestants playing against each other in separate <a href="/wiki/Isolation_booth" title="Isolation booth">isolation booths</a>, answering general-knowledge questions to earn 21 total points. The program became notorious when it was found to be rigged as part of the <a href="/wiki/1950s_quiz_show_scandals" title="1950s quiz show scandals">1950s quiz show scandals</a>, which nearly caused the demise of the entire genre in the wake of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> investigations. The 1994 film <i><a href="/wiki/Quiz_Show_(film)" title="Quiz Show (film)">Quiz Show</a></i> is based on these events. A new version of the show aired on NBC in 2000 with <a href="/wiki/Maury_Povich" title="Maury Povich">Maury Povich</a> as host. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gameplay">Gameplay</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-One_(game_show)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gameplay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two contestants, typically a returning champion and a challenger, entered separate isolation booths and donned pairs of headphones. The arrangement of the booths and the studio lighting prevented the contestants from seeing or hearing each other or the audience. At any given moment during the game, one booth would be "open", meaning that the occupant could hear the host in the headphones and could speak using the booth's microphone. The other booth would be "closed", with its microphone disabled and the headphones playing music to prevent the contestant from hearing the game. After each question, sounds of laughter and applause were played through the headphones of the contestant in the closed booth in order to prevent him or her from learning the outcome of the opponent's turn. </p><p>The game was played in rounds, with Barry announcing the category for each round as it was dispensed from a machine on his podium; there were over 100 possible categories. The challenger played first in each round, with his or her booth open and the champion's closed, and selected a point value from 1 to 11. Higher-value questions were more difficult, and questions often had several parts. If the challenger answered correctly, the points were added to his or her score; a miss subtracted the points, but the score could never go below zero. The challenger's booth was then closed and the champion's opened so that the champion could take a turn. Barry would not tell either contestant about the other's score or performance. </p><p>The goal was to earn a total of 21 points. If the challenger reached this score first, his or her booth was left open to hear the champion's turn, but the challenger would be cautioned not to speak or give away any information. Barry would not tell the champion that the challenger had already reached 21 unless the champion asked for a question that would tie the score if answered correctly. If the champion failed to match that score, the challenger won. The champion won by reaching 21 first on his or her own turn. If a round ended in a 21–21 tie, the scores were erased and a new game was played. Contestants were given extra time to think on any question that would bring them up to 21. </p><p>After two rounds, both booths were opened and the contestants were given a chance to stop the game. If either asked to do so, the contestant in the lead would be declared the winner. The game was automatically stopped after five rounds. </p><p>The winner of the game received $500 for each point of the margin of victory (e.g., a 21–15 win paid $3,000). Whenever a game ended in a tie, the stakes were raised by $500 per point and a new game was played. Champions could choose to leave the show with the winnings earned up to that point or to play again, basing the decision on a small amount of information about the next challenger. A champion could not leave the show during a series of ties. However, if the challenger won the next game, winnings for that game were paid out of the defeated champion's total. Contestants stayed on the show until they either chose to leave or were defeated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000_version">2000 version</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-One_(game_show)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 2000 version"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Questions were still worth 1 to 11 points, but all main-game questions were multiple-choice, with no multiple-part questions. Questions worth six or fewer points had one correct answer out of three choices. Questions worth seven to ten points had one correct answer out of four choices; for ten-point questions, "all/none of the above" was an option. Questions worth 11 points had two correct answers out of five, and both were required. As with the original series, host Povich did not tell either contestant about the other's score or performance. </p><p>Incorrect answers no longer deducted points from a contestant's score. Instead, contestants received a strike for each incorrect response (or for failing to provide both correct responses on the 11-point questions); accumulating three strikes resulted in an automatic loss. This rule change meant that games could end without a winner, as the rounds were played to completion. If one contestant had struck out on his or her turn and the second contestant had two strikes, the latter could also lose the game on an incorrect answer. However, a contestant did not know how an opponent had struck out unless explicitly told so by the host.<sup id="cite_ref-note_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each contestant could call for a "Second Chance" once per game, allowing an opportunity to receive help from a friend or family member before answering. An incorrect response on a Second Chance penalized the contestant with two strikes instead of one. If the challenger struck out, and the champion had either one or two strikes and had not yet used his or her Second Chance, the round was played to completion because the champion could still strike out. In the event of a challenger's strikeout, the champion automatically won if he or she either had no strikes, or had one strike and had used the Second Chance. </p><p>Games were still played to a maximum of five rounds, and beginning with the second episode, contestants had the option to stop the game after the second round if neither contestant had reached 21. If time ran out during a game and at least two complete rounds had been played, the contestant in the lead was declared the winner and advanced to the Perfect 21 bonus round at the beginning of the next episode. </p><p>Unlike the 1950s version, if the game ended in a tie, no new game was played. Instead, the contestants would be asked one question, and the first contestant to ring in could answer. If correct, he or she won the game and went on to play the bonus round; an incorrect answer gave the opponent a chance to respond. If both contestants missed the question, a new one was asked, with play continuing until a winner was determined. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Payoff">Payoff</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-One_(game_show)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Payoff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Losing challengers received $1,000 as a consolation prize. Rather than receiving a dollar value multiplied by the point difference after winning each game, champions received progressively larger amounts for each opponent defeated. </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="width:32px">Game number </th> <th colspan="2" style="width:65px">Prize </th></tr> <tr> <th>January 2000 </th> <th>February–May 2000 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>$100,000 </td> <td>$25,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>$200,000 </td> <td>$50,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>$300,000 </td> <td>$100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><b>$400,000</b> </td> <td>$250,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td rowspan="3">N/A </td> <td>$500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>$750,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><b>$1,000,000</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All amounts are cumulative; in the first playout structure, winning four games would be worth $1,000,000. After winning a fourth game, the contestant started the chain again at $100,000 for defeating a fifth opponent, $200,000 for defeating a sixth, and so on. After a few early episodes, the number of matches required to win $1,000,000 increased; winning seven games would now be worth at least $2,675,000. As before, any contestant who defeated a seventh opponent started from the beginning of the chain. </p><p>When the rules changed, the returning champion had won one game and $100,000 in his appearance on the final show under the old prize structure. Instead of being "grandfathered" under the old prize structure, he played and won his second game for $250,000 (the next amount after $100,000), and played but lost his third game for $500,000. </p><p>Under both prize structures, champions remained on the show until being defeated, as in the original version. However, unlike the original show, new champions' winnings were not deducted from the totals of dethroned ones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contestant_selection">Contestant selection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-One_(game_show)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contestant selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the first six episodes, the audience chose the winner's next opponent. The audience would be presented with two potential challengers to face the current champion, and the audience would vote for an opponent using keypads. The person who received the higher vote played against the champion; the other person would be one of the two potential challengers to be voted upon for the next game. In the first episode, there were three potential opponents to face the champion. After the sixth episode, the process was changed to a random selection. At the beginning of the show, six potential challengers would be introduced, and would be selected randomly from that group for each new game. People who had not been selected by the end of the show were not guaranteed to return on the following show, although some did appear on the show multiple times before being selected to play. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bonus_round:_Perfect_21">Bonus round: Perfect 21</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-One_(game_show)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bonus round: Perfect 21"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The champion was asked a maximum of six true/false questions in a single category, starting at one point and increasing by one per question, to a maximum value of six. After any correct answer, the champion could stop playing and receive $10,000 per point; an incorrect answer ended the round and forfeited this money. Correctly answering all six questions won the top prize of $210,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Big_winners">Big winners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-One_(game_show)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Big winners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the first payoff structure, Rahim Oberholtzer was the biggest winner, collecting $1,120,000 (at the time, the all-time game show winnings record) over four victories, three of which were the result of his opponents having struck out. </p><p>David Legler won $1,765,000 over six wins with the new payout structure, and was the top winner in American game show history until 2001; he is now the <a href="/wiki/American_game_show_winnings_records" title="American game show winnings records">eighth-highest winner</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Broadcast_history">Broadcast history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-One_(game_show)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Broadcast history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Twenty-One</i> was originally conceived by host <a href="/wiki/Jack_Barry_(game_show_host)" title="Jack Barry (game show host)">Jack Barry</a> and producing partner <a href="/wiki/Dan_Enright" title="Dan Enright">Dan Enright</a> as a weekly half-hour program for <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>' 1956–1957 schedule. The show was ultimately picked up by <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> and ran from September 12, 1956, to October 9, 1958, under the sponsorship of Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the makers of <a href="/wiki/Geritol" title="Geritol">Geritol</a>. The series finished at #21 in the <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_ratings" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen ratings">Nielsen ratings</a> for the 1957–1958 season.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, <a href="/wiki/Elfrida_von_Nardroff" title="Elfrida von Nardroff">Elfrida von Nardroff</a> won $220,500 on the game show <i>Twenty-One</i>, more money than any other contestant on the show.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After starting the 1958–59 season with an 8:30 Thursday night time slot, <i>Twenty-One</i> ran on October 2 and on October 9 before being abruptly canceled. An announcement broadcast a few hours before the scheduled October 16 program informed viewers that it would not be seen. A spokesman for Pharmaceuticals said, "<i>Twenty-One</i> was dropped because of a decline in ratings. We must admit that the investigation had something do with this decline," after the October 9 show had the lowest rating in its history.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A prime-time version of <i>Concentration</i> was introduced in the 8:30 time slot on October 30, with Barry as the host and Pharmaceuticals' Geritol as the sponsor. </p><p>NBC revived the show in 2000 with talk show host <a href="/wiki/Maury_Povich" title="Maury Povich">Maury Povich</a> as host, after ABC's <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire_(American_game_show)" title="Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (American game show)">Who Wants to Be a Millionaire</a></i>, FOX's <i><a href="/wiki/Greed_(game_show)" title="Greed (game show)">Greed</a></i>, and CBS' <i><a href="/wiki/Winning_Lines_(American_game_show)" title="Winning Lines (American game show)">Winning Lines</a></i> proved that big-money game shows had once again become viable prime-time network fare. NBC aired first-run episodes through the end of May <a href="/wiki/Sweeps" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweeps">sweeps</a>, after which the network declined to renew the series. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandal">Scandal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-One_(game_show)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1950s_quiz_show_scandals" title="1950s quiz show scandals">1950s quiz show scandals</a></div> <p>The initial broadcast of <i>Twenty-One</i> was played honestly, with no manipulation of the game by the producers. That broadcast was, in the words of Enright, "a dismal failure"; the first two contestants were not successful at answering questions. Show sponsor Geritol, upon seeing this opening-night performance, reportedly became furious with the results and demanded improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, <i>Twenty-One</i> became not only rigged, but almost completely choreographed as well. Contestants were cast almost as if they were actors, and in fact were active and (usually) willing partners in the deception. They were given instructions as to how to dress, what to say to the host and when, which questions to answer correctly or miss, and even when to mop their brows. The producers could shut off the air conditioning to either booth in order to make the contestants sweat more, making them appear to be under great stress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charles_Van_Doren">Charles Van Doren</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-One_(game_show)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Charles Van Doren"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twenty-One-Barry-Van-Doren-1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Twenty-One-Barry-Van-Doren-1957.jpg/260px-Twenty-One-Barry-Van-Doren-1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Twenty-One-Barry-Van-Doren-1957.jpg/390px-Twenty-One-Barry-Van-Doren-1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Twenty-One-Barry-Van-Doren-1957.jpg/520px-Twenty-One-Barry-Van-Doren-1957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Van_Doren" title="Charles Van Doren">Charles Van Doren</a> in the isolation booth on the quiz show <i>Twenty-One</i>, with host <a href="/wiki/Jack_Barry_(game_show_host)" title="Jack Barry (game show host)">Jack Barry</a> (1957)</figcaption></figure> <p>College professor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Van_Doren" title="Charles Van Doren">Charles Van Doren</a> (1926–2019) was introduced as a contestant on <i>Twenty-One</i> on November 28, 1956, as a challenger to champion <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Stempel" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Stempel">Herbert Stempel</a> (1926–2020), a dominant contestant who had become somewhat unpopular with viewers and eventually the sponsor. Van Doren and Stempel played to a series of four 21–21 games, with audience interest building with each passing week and each new game, until Van Doren eventually prevailed. </p><p>The film <i><a href="/wiki/Quiz_Show_(film)" title="Quiz Show (film)">Quiz Show</a></i> depicts the turning point as a question for Stempel, asking him to name the film that won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Best Motion Picture</a> for <a href="/wiki/27th_Academy_Awards" title="27th Academy Awards">1955</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stempel knew the correct answer to be <i><a href="/wiki/Marty_(film)" title="Marty (film)">Marty</a></i>, as it was one of his favorite films. The producers ordered him to answer the question with <a href="/wiki/26th_Academy_Awards" title="26th Academy Awards">1954</a>'s Best Motion Picture winner, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Waterfront" title="On the Waterfront">On the Waterfront</a></i>. Stempel later recalled that there was a moment in the booth when his conscience and sense of fair play warred with his sense of obligation. He almost disrupted the scripted outcome by giving the correct answer. Stempel answered incorrectly as he was instructed, but redeemed himself by staying in the game and earning enough points to tie Van Doren's score, unlike the depiction of events in <i>Quiz Show</i>. Stempel was finally defeated in the next game. The surviving <a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">kinescope</a> of the broadcast shows Stempel failing to come up with the title of <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_White" title="William Allen White">William Allen White</a>'s August 15, 1896 editorial in the <i><a href="/wiki/Emporia_Gazette" title="Emporia Gazette">Emporia Gazette</a></i> titled "What's the Matter with Kansas?" After the missed question, Van Doren quit with 18 points, which was enough to win. Van Doren's victory began one of the longest and most storied runs of any champion in the history of television game shows. His popularity soared as a result of his success, earning him a place on the cover of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i></a> magazine and even a regular feature spot on NBC's <a href="/wiki/Today_(NBC_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Today (NBC program)"><i>Today</i></a> show; at one point, the program even surpassed <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/I_Love_Lucy" title="I Love Lucy">I Love Lucy</a></i> in the ratings. He was finally unseated as champion by Vivienne Wax Nearing (1926–2007) on March 11, 1957, after having won a total of $129,000 (the equivalent of $1,444,219 today).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2021)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Twenty-One_(game_show)#Dubious" title="Talk:Twenty-One (game show)">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the meantime, Stempel, disgruntled over being ordered to lose, attempted to blow the whistle on <i>Twenty-One</i>, even going so far as to have a federal investigator look into the show. Initially, little came of these investigations and Stempel's accusations were dismissed as jealousy because there was no hard evidence to back up his claims. While a congressional investigation did affect <i>Twenty-One</i> during this period, the much larger ongoing investigation was the <a href="/wiki/HUAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HUAC">HUAC</a> hearings into possible communists in entertainment; the show's director, <a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Dubin" title="Charles S. Dubin">Charles S. Dubin</a>, was fired by NBC in June 1958 after he refused to answer whether he had ever been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ousted_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ousted-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1958, the popular <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> daytime game show <i><a href="/wiki/Dotto" title="Dotto">Dotto</a></i> was abruptly canceled after a contestant found a notebook containing the answers to every question that was to be asked to the show's current champion, future journalist <a href="/wiki/Marie_Winn" title="Marie Winn">Marie Winn</a>. Stempel's allegations about <i>Twenty-One</i> began to gain credibility. A grand jury was convened in Autumn 1958 to investigate <i>Dotto</i> and other possible game-show fixing, investigated by Joseph Stone, the assistant district attorney of New York. Stone said in his book <i>Prime Time and Misdemeanors</i> that question writer Glorianne Rader was instructed by Dan Enright and associate producer <a href="/wiki/Albert_Freedman" title="Albert Freedman">Albert Freedman</a>, who had chosen the categories for the next broadcast earlier in the week, to place the questions in Barry's dispensing machine a few minutes before airtime; this was done to avoid any slip-ups in the planned outcome. Stone contacted former <i>Twenty-One</i> contestants, including Richard Jackman, who confessed to the fixing of the show.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three days after Jackman's confession,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and without advance public warning, <i>Twenty-One</i> was canceled after its broadcast of October 17, 1958, amid plummeting ratings. A nighttime version of <i><a href="/wiki/Concentration_(game_show)" title="Concentration (game show)">Concentration</a></i> took over its time slot the following week. </p><p>Further eroding Barry and Enright's claims of honesty, another former contestant, James Snodgrass, came forward with corroborating proof that the show had been rigged: using a series of registered letters that he had mailed to himself, Snodgrass documented every answer for which he was coached prior to airtime. He testified before Congress in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scandal forced producers Barry and Enright into virtual exile. Barry did not host another national TV show for more than a decade, and Enright moved to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> to continue his production career. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-One_(game_show)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scandal also caused the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> to mandate the sale of Barry-Enright's <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> station in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Florida" title="Hollywood, Florida">Hollywood, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/WLQY" title="WLQY">WGMA</a> (now WLQY). The station was purchased by its general manager, C. Edward Little, who promptly affiliated the station with the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System" title="Mutual Broadcasting System">Mutual Broadcasting System</a>. After serving for a time as the head of Mutual's affiliates association, Little became the president of Mutual from 1972 to 1979. During this time Little created the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Black_Network" title="Mutual Black Network">Mutual Black Network</a>, the first U.S. broadcast network catering exclusively to African-Americans, in addition to the Mutual Spanish Network and the Mutual Southwest Network. Under Little's administration, Mutual became the first commercial broadcasting entity to use <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> technology for program delivery. During his tenure as head of Mutual, Little hired <a href="/wiki/Larry_King" title="Larry King">Larry King</a> to host an all-night phone-in talk show Little had created. King was a one-time announcer for Little at WGMA. King, who had previously hosted a similar morning show on Miami radio station WIOD, went on to national fame on both radio and television, winning a coveted <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Peabody Award">Peabody Award</a> along the way. </p><p>Barry would be able to acquire another radio station in the late-1960s: a <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>-area radio station (KKOP 93.5 FM, <a href="/wiki/Redondo_Beach,_California" title="Redondo Beach, California">Redondo Beach</a>, later renamed KFOX, now <a href="/wiki/KDAY" title="KDAY">KDAY</a>). Barry would later say he bought the station specifically because it would require him to have a license from the FCC, and that if the FCC were willing to grant him a license, it would decisively demonstrate that his reputation was no longer "tainted" by the game show scandals.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after his acquisition of KKOP, Barry finally returned to network game-show hosting in 1969, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Wholey" title="Dennis Wholey">Dennis Wholey</a> on ABC's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Generation_Gap" title="The Generation Gap">The Generation Gap</a>,</i> for which he publicly thanked the producers and ABC for giving him a chance for a comeback. In 1971, he sold ABC his first new game show, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Reel_Game" title="The Reel Game">The Reel Game</a></i>, which he also hosted; it ran for 13 weeks. He became a success again as a producer-host with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Joker%27s_Wild" title="The Joker's Wild">The Joker's Wild</a></i>, which ran on CBS from 1972 to 1975 and in syndication from 1977–1986 (Barry died in May 1984 and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cullen" title="Bill Cullen">Bill Cullen</a> for the final two years); it also saw a revival in syndication for one season in 1990. Enright would work as <i>Joker</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s executive producer in the show's final year on CBS, and the two revived their partnership full-time in 1976, reviving <i><a href="/wiki/Tic-Tac-Dough" title="Tic-Tac-Dough">Tic-Tac-Dough</a>,</i> which ran until 1986. It was revived once more but was canceled after a few months. Enright died in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1982_pilot">1982 pilot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-One_(game_show)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1982 pilot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An unsold pilot was made in 1982 with <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lange" title="Jim Lange">Jim Lange</a> as host and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_O%27Donnell" title="Charlie O'Donnell">Charlie O'Donnell</a> announcing, but it was not picked up. In the pilot, a bonus round was introduced, which consisted of a flashing display showing random numbers between 1 and 11. The contestant would decide whether he or she wanted the number or preferred that the computer take it, with the object of the game to either score 21 exactly first (or be closest to 21 without going over), or get the computer to bust by going over 21. Once the computer hit 17 or more, its score froze for the rest of the game, but this rule did not apply to the contestant.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bonus-round prize was $2,000 and a trip.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensed_merchandise">Licensed merchandise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-One_(game_show)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Licensed merchandise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A board game based on the original 1956–1958 version was released by Lowell in 1957. </p><p>A paperback quiz book featuring 1–11 point questions in each of the 45 categories was released by Pyramid in 1958. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_versions">International versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-One_(game_show)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: International versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Twenty-One</i> is one of only three Barry & Enright game shows known to have foreign adaptations, the others being <i><a href="/wiki/Tic-Tac-Dough" title="Tic-Tac-Dough">Tic-Tac-Dough</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Concentration_(game_show)" title="Concentration (game show)">Concentration</a></i>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; line-height:14px"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Host</th> <th>Channel</th> <th>Year Aired </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td><i>The Big 9</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Athol_Guy" title="Athol Guy">Athol Guy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Nine Network</a> </td> <td>1969–1970 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td><i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einundzwanzig_(Quiz)" class="extiw" title="de:Einundzwanzig (Quiz)">Einundzwanzig</a></i> </td> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Hornegg" class="extiw" title="de:Rudolf Hornegg">Rudolf Hornegg</a><br /><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmar_Gunsch" class="extiw" title="de:Elmar Gunsch">Elmar Gunsch</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)" title="ORF (broadcaster)">ORF</a> </td> <td>September 1958 – 1974<br />late 1980s </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>das Quiz 21</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karin_Resetarits" class="mw-redirect" title="Karin Resetarits">Karin Resetarits</a> and Thomas Schuttken </td> <td>1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td><i><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinte_e_Um_(programa_de_TV)" class="extiw" title="pt:Vinte e Um (programa de TV)">Vinte e Um</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Santos" title="Silvio Santos">Silvio Santos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televisao" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistema Brasileiro de Televisao">SBT</a> </td> <td>2007 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (French) </td> <td><i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vingt-et-un_(jeu_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vis%C3%A9)" class="extiw" title="fr:Vingt-et-un (jeu télévisé)">Vingt-et-un</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guy_Mongrain" title="Guy Mongrain">Guy Mongrain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TVA_(Canadian_TV_network)" title="TVA (Canadian TV network)">TVA</a> </td> <td>September 6, 2004 – May 20, 2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td><i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4tten_Sie%E2%80%99s_gewu%C3%9Ft%3F" class="extiw" title="de:Hätten Sie’s gewußt?">Hätten Sie’s gewußt?</a></i> </td> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_(Heinz)_Maegerlein" class="extiw" title="de:Hans (Heinz) Maegerlein">Hans (Heinz) Maegerlein</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)" title="ARD (broadcaster)">ARD</a> </td> <td>June 22, 1958 – 1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiz_Einundzwanzig" class="extiw" title="de:Quiz Einundzwanzig">Quiz Einundzwanzig</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hans_Meiser_(journalist)" title="Hans Meiser (journalist)">Hans Meiser</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RTL_(German_TV_channel)" title="RTL (German TV channel)">RTL</a> </td> <td>July 2000 – September 2, 2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td><i>Dwadzieścia jeden</i> </td> <td>?<br />Rafał Rykowski </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TVP1" title="TVP1">TVP1</a> </td> <td>1965–1966<br />2000–2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td><i><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjugoett_(TV-program)" class="extiw" title="sv:Tjugoett (TV-program)">Tjugoett</a></i> </td> <td>Karl-Axel Sjöblom<br /><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Hyland" title="Lennart Hyland">Lennart Hyland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arne_Weise" title="Arne Weise">Arne Weise</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SVT1" title="SVT1">TV1</a> </td> <td>1967–1983 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td><i>Twenty-One</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chris_Howland" title="Chris Howland">Chris Howland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> </td> <td>July 3, 1958 – December 23, 1958 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><br />(original format) </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>Twenty-One</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jack_Barry_(game_show_host)" title="Jack Barry (game show host)">Jack Barry</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pax_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax TV">PAX</a> (2000) </td> <td>September 12, 1956 – October 16, 1958 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maury_Povich" title="Maury Povich">Maury Povich</a> </td> <td>January 9, 2000 – May 28, 2000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Episode_status">Episode status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-One_(game_show)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Episode status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thirty-two episodes are held by the Library of Congress.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The episode on which Van Doren defeated Stempel was released as part of a retail home-video compilation featuring other game-show episodes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-One_(game_show)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A mistake occurred during an early episode wherein Povich informed the second contestant that his opponent had lost and that all he had to do now was answer a single question to win the game. The contestant promptly requested and successfully answered a 1-point question (the easiest question possible), accompanied by the applause of the audience and a clear expression of chagrin and horror on Povich's face as he realized the mistake he had made (as he was not supposed to say anything until after the question choice was made). Immediately after a commercial break, Povich acknowledged his mistake in revealing to the contestant that his opponent had already lost, but explained that the only effect had been essentially to give a "gift" to that contestant since his opponent had already lost the game and was not affected by the mistake.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classictvguide.com/tvratings/1957.htm">"ClassicTVguide.com: TV Ratings > 1950s"</a>. <i>classictvguide.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=classictvguide.com&rft.atitle=ClassicTVguide.com%3A+TV+Ratings+%3E+1950s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassictvguide.com%2Ftvratings%2F1957.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-One+%28game+show%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandomir2021" class="citation news cs1">Sandomir, Richard (December 15, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/15/business/media/elfrida-von-nardroff-dead.html">"Elfrida von Nardroff, 96, Dies; Won Big Money on a Fixed Quiz Show"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Elfrida+von+Nardroff%2C+96%2C+Dies%3B+Won+Big+Money+on+a+Fixed+Quiz+Show&rft.date=2021-12-15&rft.aulast=Sandomir&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F12%2F15%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Felfrida-von-nardroff-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-One+%28game+show%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suffolktimes.timesreview.com/2021/11/elfrida-vonnie-von-nardroff/">"Elfrida 'Vonnie' von Nardroff"</a>. <i>The Suffolk Times</i>. November 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Suffolk+Times&rft.atitle=Elfrida+%27Vonnie%27+von+Nardroff&rft.date=2021-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuffolktimes.timesreview.com%2F2021%2F11%2Felfrida-vonnie-von-nardroff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-One+%28game+show%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Twenty-One' Quiz Dropped by N.B.C.— TV Show Under Scrutiny of Grand Jury Here Will Be Replaced by Sponsor", by Val Adams, <i>The New York Times</i>, October 17, 1958, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/quizshow/peopleevents/pande04.html">"The American Experience | Quiz Show Scandal | People & Events | Dan Enright"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=The+American+Experience+%7C+Quiz+Show+Scandal+%7C+People+%26+Events+%7C+Dan+Enright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fquizshow%2Fpeopleevents%2Fpande04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-One+%28game+show%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMkL4LKb8AU#t=10m36s">"Twenty-One - Stemple [sic] - Van Doren Episode"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Twenty-One+-+Stemple+%5Bsic%5D+-+Van+Doren+Episode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DhMkL4LKb8AU%23t%3D10m36s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-One+%28game+show%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ousted-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ousted_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Director of <i>21</i> ousted after Un-American probe". <i>Abilene Reporter-News</i>. Associated Press. June 19, 1958. p. 7A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Abilene+Reporter-News&rft.atitle=Director+of+21+ousted+after+Un-American+probe&rft.pages=7A&rft.date=1958-06-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-One+%28game+show%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6555">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"A Make-Believe World": Contestants Testify to Deceptive Quiz Show Practices"</a>. Historymatters.gmu.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22A+Make-Believe+World%22%3A+Contestants+Testify+to+Deceptive+Quiz+Show+Practices&rft.pub=Historymatters.gmu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorymatters.gmu.edu%2Fd%2F6555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-One+%28game+show%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1984" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Mary (January 21–27, 1984). "TV's Game Show Hosts: The Prizes...The Applause...The Pain". <i>TV Guide</i>: 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TV+Guide&rft.atitle=TV%27s+Game+Show+Hosts%3A+The+Prizes...The+Applause...The+Pain&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1984-01-21%2F1984-01-27&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-One+%28game+show%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1992" class="citation news cs1">Lambert, Bruce (May 24, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/24/us/dan-enright-74-tv-producer-was-figure-in-quiz-show-scandal.html">"Dan Enright, 74, TV Producer; Was Figure in Quiz Show Scandal"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dan+Enright%2C+74%2C+TV+Producer%3B+Was+Figure+in+Quiz+Show+Scandal&rft.date=1992-05-24&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F05%2F24%2Fus%2Fdan-enright-74-tv-producer-was-figure-in-quiz-show-scandal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-One+%28game+show%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-youtube.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-youtube.com_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-youtube.com_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/JdzmDa3VWDc">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160121211422/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdzmDa3VWDc">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdzmDa3VWDc">"21 Pilot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 12 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=21+Pilot&rft.date=2014-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DJdzmDa3VWDc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-One+%28game+show%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-One_(game_show)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0048909/"><i>Twenty-One (1956)</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> (US version)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0231052/"><i>Twenty-One (2000)</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> (US version)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0995918/"><i>Big Nine (1969–1970)</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> (Australian version)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1185623/"><i>Hatten Sie's gewusst? (1958–1969)</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> (German Version)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0834029/"><i>Quiz Einundzwanzig (2000–2002)</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> (German Version)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000816005523/http://www.nbc.com/21">Official site of the 2000 revival</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000817211447/http://www.pax.tv/shows/TwentyOne/">PAX website for the 2000 version</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbt.com.br/vinteeum/">Official website for <i>Vinte e um</i> (Brazilian version)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050204062800/http://tva.canoe.com/emissions/vingtetun/"><i>Vingt-et-un</i></a> (in French)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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title="1950s quiz show scandals">1950s quiz show scandals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dotto" title="Dotto">Dotto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Love_or_Money_(game_show)" title="For Love or Money (game show)"><i>For Love or Money</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Name_That_Tune" title="Name That Tune">Name That Tune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Surprise" title="The Big Surprise">The Big Surprise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_$64,000_Question" title="The $64,000 Question">The $64,000 Question</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tic-Tac-Dough" title="Tic-Tac-Dough">Tic-Tac-Dough</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Twenty-One</i></a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Twenty-One-Barry-Van-Doren-1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Twenty-One-Barry-Van-Doren-1957.jpg/150px-Twenty-One-Barry-Van-Doren-1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Twenty-One-Barry-Van-Doren-1957.jpg/225px-Twenty-One-Barry-Van-Doren-1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Twenty-One-Barry-Van-Doren-1957.jpg/300px-Twenty-One-Barry-Van-Doren-1957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Producers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Barry_(game_show_host)" title="Jack Barry (game show host)">Jack Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Enright" title="Dan Enright">Dan Enright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Freedman" title="Albert Freedman">Albert Freedman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contestants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Stempel" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Stempel">Herbert Stempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Van_Doren" title="Charles Van Doren">Charles Van Doren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfrida_von_Nardroff" title="Elfrida von Nardroff">Elfrida von Nardroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Ross" title="Leonard Ross">Leonard Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Brothers" title="Joyce Brothers">Joyce Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Winn" title="Marie Winn">Marie Winn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pop culture and advertisers</th><td 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geritol" title="Geritol">Geritol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revlon" title="Revlon">Revlon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Revson" title="Charles Revson">Charles Revson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stanton_(executive)" title="Frank Stanton (executive)">Frank Stanton (executive)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Harris" title="Oren Harris">Oren Harris</a></li> <li><a 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