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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a><br /><a 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style="padding-right: 1em;">Decorations</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Battle honours</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecanese Campaign">Adriatic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Alethangyaw</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">Aller</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shingle" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Shingle">Anzio</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Argenta_Gap" title="Battle of the Argenta Gap">Argenta Gap</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma 1943–45</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Crete</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Dives Crossing</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Campaign">Djebel Choucha</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Flushing</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecanese Campaign">Greece 1944–45</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italy 1943–45</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Kangow</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Landing at Porto San Venere</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Landing in Sicily</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">Leese</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Litani" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Litani">Litani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean,_Middle_East_and_African_theatres_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II">Middle East 1941, 42, 44</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shingle" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Shingle">Monte Ornito</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Myebon</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_Landings" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy Landings">Normandy Landings</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North Africa 1941–43</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/North-West_Europe_1944-45" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Europe 1944-45">North-West Europe 1942, 1944, 1945</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claymore" title="Operation Claymore">Norway 1941</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Pursuit to Messina</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Varsity" title="Operation Varsity">Rhine</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chariot" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Chariot">St. Nazaire</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Salerno</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisia Campaign">Sedjenane 1</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Sicily 1943</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Campaign">Steamroller Farm</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Syria-Lebanon_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria-Lebanon Campaign">Syria 1941</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Termoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Termoli">Termoli</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Archery" title="Operation Archery">Vaagso</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Roast" title="Operation Roast">Valli di Comacchio</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Westkapelle</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br />commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Keyes,_1st_Baron_Keyes" title="Roger Keyes, 1st Baron Keyes">Roger Keyes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten">Louis Mountbatten</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_Laycock" title="Robert Laycock">Robert Laycock</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Durnford-Slater" title="John Durnford-Slater">John Durnford-Slater</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Peter_Young_(historian)" title="Peter Young (historian)">Peter Young</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser,_15th_Lord_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat">Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Tod" title="Ronnie Tod">Ronnie Tod</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Charles_Newman" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Charles Newman">Augustus Charles Newman</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jack_Churchill" title="Jack Churchill">Jack Churchill</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Combined Operations Shoulder Patch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Commandos_Patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Insignia of Combined Operations units it is a combination of a red Thompson submachine gun, a pair of wings, an anchor and mortar rounds on a black backing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/British_Commandos_Patch.svg/100px-British_Commandos_Patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/British_Commandos_Patch.svg/150px-British_Commandos_Patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/British_Commandos_Patch.svg/200px-British_Commandos_Patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Commandos_(United_Kingdom)" title="Commandos (United Kingdom)">Commandos</a> formed during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, following an order from the <a href="/wiki/British_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British Prime Minister">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> in June 1940 for a force that could carry out raids against German-occupied <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Churchill stated in a minute to <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Ismay,_1st_Baron_Ismay" title="Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay">General Ismay</a> on 6 June 1940: "Enterprises must be prepared, with specially-trained troops of the hunter class, who can develop a reign of terror down these coasts, first of all on the "butcher and bolt" policy..."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commandos were all volunteers for special service and originally came from the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> but volunteers would eventually come from all branches of the United Kingdom's armed forces and foreign volunteers from countries occupied by the Germans. These volunteers formed over 30 individual units and four assault <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a>. </p><p>The commandos would serve in all the theatres of war from the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific">Pacific</a>. Their operations ranged from small groups of men landing from the sea or by parachute to a brigade of assault troops spearheading the Allied invasions of Europe and Asia. </p><p>After the Second World War most of the commands were disbanded leaving just the Royal Marine <a href="/wiki/3_Commando_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="3 Commando Brigade">3 Commando Brigade</a> but their legacy is the present day <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Marines Commando">Royal Marines Commandos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parachute_Regiment_(United_Kingdom)" title="Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)">Parachute Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Service</a> who can all trace their origins to the commandos.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their legacy also extends to mainland Europe, the French <a href="/wiki/Naval_commandos_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval commandos (France)">Naval commandos</a>, the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Korps_Commandotroepen" title="Korps Commandotroepen">Korps Commandotroepen</a> and the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Paracommando_Brigade_(Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracommando Brigade (Belgium)">Paracommando Brigade</a> can all trace their origins to men who volunteered to serve with the British Commandos.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Commando_operations_during_the_Second_World_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940">1940</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Commando_operations_during_the_Second_World_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1940"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first commando raid was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Collar_(commando_raid)" title="Operation Collar (commando raid)">Operation Collar</a>, which took place on 24/25 June 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The raid was not carried out by a commando unit, but by one of their predecessors, No.11 Independent Company. Under the command of Major <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Tod" title="Ronnie Tod">Ronnie Tod</a> it was an offensive reconnaissance on the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> coast south of <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le_Touquet" title="Le Touquet">Le Touquet</a>. The operation was a limited success, and the only British injury was a bullet graze to Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Clarke" title="Dudley Clarke">Dudley Clarke</a> (who was there as an observer), while at least two German soldiers were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-mo13_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mo13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second and similarly inconsequential attack, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ambassador" title="Operation Ambassador">Operation Ambassador</a>, was launched on the German-occupied island of <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> on the night of 14 July 1940, by men drawn from H Troop of No. 3 Commando under command of <a href="/wiki/John_Durnford-Slater" title="John Durnford-Slater">John Durnford-Slater</a> and No. 11 Independent Company. One unit landed on the wrong island, another disembarked from its launch into water that came over their heads. Intelligence had indicated that there was a large German barracks on the island but the Commandos only discovered empty buildings. On their return to the beach they discovered that heavy seas had forced their launch off shore and they then had to swim out to sea to get picked up.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captured_German_troops_norway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="four Germans one with a white flag surrounded by British troops crossing a snow-covered landscape" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Captured_German_troops_norway.jpg/220px-Captured_German_troops_norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Captured_German_troops_norway.jpg/330px-Captured_German_troops_norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Captured_German_troops_norway.jpg/440px-Captured_German_troops_norway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers captured during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Archery" title="Operation Archery">Operation Archery</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1941">1941</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Commando_operations_during_the_Second_World_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1941"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1941, a force of commandos under Colonel <a href="/wiki/Robert_Laycock" title="Robert Laycock">Robert Laycock</a> was sent to the Middle East to carry out raids in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. This force became known as 'Layforce' after their commander and initially they were drawn from 'A' Troop from No. 3 Commando, No. 7 Commando, No. 8 (Guards) Commando, and No. 11 (Scottish) Commando.<sup id="cite_ref-Chappell15_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappell15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saunders52_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders52-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next raid of any consequence from the United Kingdom was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Claymore" title="Operation Claymore">Operation Claymore</a> in March 1941, by No. 3 and No. 4 Commandos. This was the first large scale raid from the United Kingdom during the war. Their objective was the undefended <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> <a href="/wiki/Lofoten_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Lofoten Islands">Lofoten Islands</a>. They successfully destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Fish-oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish-oil">fish-oil</a> factories, petrol dumps, and 11 ships, capturing 216 Germans, <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a> equipment and <a href="/wiki/Codebook" title="Codebook">codebooks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April, Layforce received orders to begin carrying out raids on the <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a> lines of communication along the North African coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Saunders52_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders52-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 April, they carried out a preliminary move to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and three days later they received orders to carry out a raid on <a href="/wiki/Bardia" title="Bardia">Bardia</a> and another on <a href="/wiki/Bomba,_Libya" title="Bomba, Libya">Bomba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-website_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-website-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attacks had to be abandoned, however, due to high seas which would have made disembarking and re-embarking too dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-website_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-website-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appearance of the commandos behind their lines forced the Germans to divert the main part of an armoured brigade from where they had previously been undertaking offensive action around <a href="/wiki/As_Sallum" class="mw-redirect" title="As Sallum">Sollum</a>, in order to defend against further raids.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wounded_being_helped_onto_a_landing_craft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="British soldiers assist a wounded soldier between buildings towards the sea and a waiting landing craft left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Wounded_being_helped_onto_a_landing_craft.jpg/220px-Wounded_being_helped_onto_a_landing_craft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Wounded_being_helped_onto_a_landing_craft.jpg/330px-Wounded_being_helped_onto_a_landing_craft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Wounded_being_helped_onto_a_landing_craft.jpg/440px-Wounded_being_helped_onto_a_landing_craft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Operation_Archery" title="Operation Archery">Operation Archery</a> a wounded soldier is being helped onto an <a href="/wiki/Landing_Craft_Assault" title="Landing Craft Assault">LCA</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Layforce less No. 11 (Scottish) Commando was next involved in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a> in May. They were deployed to the island to carry out raids on the German lines of communications with a view to either turning back the invasion or enabling an evacuation to take place.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 31 May the evacuation from Crete was drawing to a close and the Commandos, running low on ammunition, rations and water, fell back towards <a href="/wiki/Sphakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphakia">Sphakia</a>. Laycock and some of his headquarters, including his intelligence officer <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a> managed to get out on the last ship to depart, however the vast majority of the Commandos were left behind. Of the 800 commandos that had been sent to Crete, by the end of the operation about 600 were listed as killed, missing or wounded and only 23 officers and 156 others managed to get off the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Saunders57_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders57-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chappell16_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappell16-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June, the Allies invaded <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy French</a> controlled <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Exporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Exporter">Operation Exporter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saunders57_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders57-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a part of this operation, No. 11 (Scottish) Commando were tasked with seizing a crossing over the <a href="/wiki/Litani_River" title="Litani River">Litani River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saunders58_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders58-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The action cost the Commando over 120 casualties, which equated to nearly a quarter of their strength.<sup id="cite_ref-Chappell16_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappell16-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By July, the operations that Layforce had undertaken had severely reduced their strength and in the circumstances reinforcements were unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-Saunders61_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders61-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operational difficulties that had been exposed during the Bardia raid, combined with the strategic imperatives that had developed as the situation in the Middle East had evolved, and the overarching inability of the high command to fully embrace the commando concept had largely served to make the force ineffective and as a result the decision was made to disband Layforce.<sup id="cite_ref-Saunders61_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders61-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chappell17_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappell17-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the men went back to their previous regiments following the decision, while others chose to remain in the Middle East and subsequently joined the <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Squadron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saunders61_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders61-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commandos_archery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="three British soldiers take cover at the corner of a house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Commandos_archery.jpg/220px-Commandos_archery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Commandos_archery.jpg/330px-Commandos_archery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Commandos_archery.jpg/440px-Commandos_archery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Commandos during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Archery" title="Operation Archery">Operation Archery</a> the Commando on the left is armed with the <a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Thompson submachine gun</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In August, No. 5 Commando carried out landings near <a href="/wiki/Hardelot" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardelot">Hardelot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merlimont" title="Merlimont">Merlimont</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Acid_Drop" title="Operation Acid Drop">Operation Acid Drop</a>. The objective of the raids was to generally harass the garrison, and carry out reconnaissance and gather intelligence. In the end, however, they spent only half an hour ashore and failed to make contact with the defenders before re-embarking on their landing craft.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November, No. 11 (Scottish) Commando took part in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Flipper" title="Operation Flipper">Operation Flipper</a>. The objectives of the raid were: attack the German headquarters near <a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Beda Littoria</a>, the Italian headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a>, the intelligence centre at <a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a> and various communications facilities. One of the main goals was to kill the German commander <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a>. This was intended to disrupt enemy organisation before the start of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader">Operation Crusader</a>. The raid was not a success but one of the raid commanders Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Charles_Tasker_Keyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Charles Tasker Keyes">Geoffrey Charles Tasker Keyes</a> was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Posthumous recognition">posthumous</a> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were two raids in Norway, in December. The first, which took place on 26 December, was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Anklet" title="Operation Anklet">Operation Anklet</a>. This was a raid on the <a href="/wiki/Lofoten_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Lofoten Islands">Lofoten Islands</a> by No. 12 Commando. The raid was to provide a diversion for the larger raid at <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gs%C3%B8y" title="Vågsøy">Vågsøy</a> Island, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Archery" title="Operation Archery">Operation Archery</a>. The German garrison, amid <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> celebrations, was easily overcome and the Commandos re-embarked after two days. The second raid on 27 December, Operation Archery, involved men from Nos. 2, 3, 4 and 6 Commandos, a <a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">flotilla</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, and limited air support. The raid caused significant damage to factories, warehouses, the German garrison, and also sank eight ships. The raid prompted the Germans to reinforce the garrison occupying Norway by an extra 30,000 troops, upgrade coastal and inland defences, and send a number of capital ships to the area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1942">1942</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Commando_operations_during_the_Second_World_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1942"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-3721-22,_St._Nazaire,_britische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="two British soldiers one wounded being escorted by three armed Germans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-3721-22%2C_St._Nazaire%2C_britische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-3721-22%2C_St._Nazaire%2C_britische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-3721-22%2C_St._Nazaire%2C_britische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-3721-22%2C_St._Nazaire%2C_britische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-3721-22%2C_St._Nazaire%2C_britische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-3721-22%2C_St._Nazaire%2C_britische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>Commandos captured after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Chariot" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Chariot">Operation Chariot</a> the St. Nazaire raid</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Postmaster" title="Operation Postmaster">Operation Postmaster</a> was launched in January 1942. During this, No. 62 Commando carried out a raid in neutral <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Spanish Guinea</a>, when they seized an Italian liner, a German tanker and a yacht from <a href="/wiki/Santa_Isabel_(Fernando_Po)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Isabel (Fernando Po)">Santa Isabel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March, No. 2 Commando plus demolition experts from Numbers 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 12 Commandos took part in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Chariot" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Chariot">Operation Chariot</a> the St Nazaire Raid. The destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Campbeltown_(I42)" title="HMS Campbeltown (I42)">HMS <i>Campbeltown</i></a> had 24 Mark VII <a href="/wiki/Depth-charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Depth-charge">depth-charges</a> (4<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> tons) cemented below decks behind the forward gun support. Accompanied by 18 smaller ships, the <i>Campbeltown</i> sailed into port where she was rammed directly into the <i><a href="/wiki/Normandie_dock" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandie dock">Normandie dock</a></i> gates. The commandos engaged the German forces and destroyed the dock facilities. Eight hours later, delayed-action fuses set off the explosives in the <i>Campbeltown</i> which wrecked the dock gates and killed some 360 Germans and French. A total of 611 soldiers and sailors took part in Chariot; 169 were killed and 200 (most wounded) taken prisoner. Only 242 returned immediately. Of the 241 commandos who took part 64 were posted as killed or missing and 109 captured. Among participants in the raid two commandos Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Charles_Newman" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Charles Newman">Augustus Charles Newman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">Sergeant</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Durrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Durrant">Thomas Durrant</a> together with three members of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> were awarded the Victoria Cross, while 80 others received decorations for gallantry.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Lovat,_Newhaven,_1942.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exhausted British soldiers standing on a quayside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lord_Lovat%2C_Newhaven%2C_1942.JPG/220px-Lord_Lovat%2C_Newhaven%2C_1942.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lord_Lovat%2C_Newhaven%2C_1942.JPG/330px-Lord_Lovat%2C_Newhaven%2C_1942.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lord_Lovat%2C_Newhaven%2C_1942.JPG/440px-Lord_Lovat%2C_Newhaven%2C_1942.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser,_15th_Lord_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat">Lord Lovat</a> and men from <a href="/wiki/No._4_Commando" title="No. 4 Commando">No. 4 Commando</a> at Newhaven after returning from the <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieppe raid">Dieppe raid</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In April, No. 4 Commando supported by 50 men from the <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Carleton_and_York_Regiment" title="Carleton and York Regiment">Carleton and York Regiment</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a>, took part in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Abercrombie" title="Operation Abercrombie">Operation Abercrombie</a> a raid on <a href="/wiki/Neufch%C3%A2tel-Hardelot" title="Neufchâtel-Hardelot">Hardelot, France</a>. This was a small raid with just two hours ashore. Its objectives were to reconnoitre and damage the beach defences, take prisoners and destroy a searchlight battery. Defences were found to be light and/or abandoned as they advanced and only three Germans were encountered at close quarters who withdrew immediately. The official report recorded, <i>"no determined opposition"</i>. A fighting patrol of 12 men sent to destroy the searchlights reached their objective but had to retire before pressing home their attack due to lack of time remaining signalled by the re-call rocket.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 August 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieppe raid">Dieppe raid</a> a major landing took place at the French coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Dieppe,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieppe, France">Dieppe</a>. The main force was provided by the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Canadian Infantry Division">2nd Canadian Infantry Division</a> supported by No. 3 and No. 4 Commando. The mission of No. 3 Commando was to neutralize a German coastal battery, near <a href="/wiki/Berneval-le-Grand" title="Berneval-le-Grand">Berneval-le-Grand</a>, which could fire upon the landing at Dieppe. The landing craft carrying No. 3 Commando, ran into a German coastal <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoy</a>. Only a handful of commandos under the second in command, Major <a href="/wiki/Peter_Young_(historian)" title="Peter Young (historian)">Peter Young</a>, landed and scaled the barbed wire-laced cliffs. Eventually 18 commandos reached the perimeter of the battery via Berneval and engaged their target with small arms fire. Although unable to destroy the guns, their sniping of the German gun crews prevented the guns from firing effectively on the main assault. In a subsidiary operation, No. 4 Commando, including the French Troop, No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando and 50 United States Army Rangers, landed in force and destroyed their target, the artillery battery at <a href="/wiki/Varengeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Varengeville">Varengeville</a> and most of No. 4 Commando safely returned to England. After the raid Captain <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Porteous" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Porteous">Patrick Porteous</a> No. 4 Commando, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GazetteVCs_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GazetteVCs-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September, men from No. 2 Commando took part in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Musketoon" title="Operation Musketoon">Operation Musketoon</a>. This was a raid against the <a href="/wiki/Glomfjord_power_plant" title="Glomfjord power plant">Glomfjord hydroelectric power plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. The raiders were landed by submarine and succeeded in blowing up pipelines, turbines and tunnels, effectively destroying the generating station and the aluminium plant was shut down permanently. One commando was killed in the raid, and another seven were captured while trying to escape the area, and were taken to <a href="/wiki/Colditz_Castle" title="Colditz Castle">Colditz Castle</a>. From there they were taken to <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen concentration camp</a> and murdered, the first victims of the <a href="/wiki/Commando_Order" title="Commando Order">Commando Order</a>, which authorised the killing of all captured Commandos.<sup id="cite_ref-Messenger,_p._165_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Messenger,_p._165-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three remaining Commandos managed to escape to Sweden and eventually returned to No. 2 Commando.<sup id="cite_ref-Messenger,_p._165_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Messenger,_p._165-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Aquatint" title="Operation Aquatint">Operation Aquatint</a> on 12 September 1942 was a failed raid by 11 men of No. 62 Commando British Commandos on the coast of occupied France on part of what later became <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha Beach</a>. Three commandos were killed in the raid, including their commander, <a href="/wiki/Gus_March-Phillipps" title="Gus March-Phillipps">Major 'Gus' March-Phillipps</a> and the others became prisoners of war, of which only five would survive the war; one was killed in captivity and the fate of the other two is uncertain. </p><p>In November No. 1 and No. 6 Commandos formed part of the spearhead for the Allied landings in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chappell29_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappell29-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1943">1943</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Commando_operations_during_the_Second_World_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1943"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisia Campaign">Tunisia Campaign</a> following the Torch landings No. 1 and No. 6 Commandos were involved in <a href="/wiki/Sedjenane#The_First_Battle_of_Sedjenane,_February–March_1943" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjenane">first battle of Sedjenane</a> between February and March 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in early 1943, No. 5 (Norwegian) Troop, No. 10 (Inter-Allied), worked with No. 12 and No. 14 (Arctic) Commandos raiding the Norwegian coast from their base in <a href="/wiki/Lerwick" title="Lerwick">Lerwick</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Islands">Shetland Islands</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April seven men of No. 14 (Arctic) Commando took part in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Checkmate_(commando_raid)" title="Operation Checkmate (commando raid)">Operation Checkmate</a> a raid on German shipping near <a href="/wiki/Haugesund" title="Haugesund">Haugesund</a>. They managed to sink several ships using limpet mines, but were captured and eventually taken to Sachsenhausen and <a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Belsen</a> Concentration Camps where they were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May, the Special Service Brigade, No. 2, No. 3, No. 40 (RM), and No. 41 (RM) Commandos were sent to the Mediterranean to take part in the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a>. The two Royal Marine commandos landed ahead of the main force at 03:00 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in September a series of raids were carried out, by men from the two French troops and No. 3 Troop, on the French and <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> coastlines. These raids under the code names of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardtack_(commando_raid)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hardtack (commando raid) (page does not exist)">Hardtack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tarbrush" title="Operation Tarbrush">Tarbrush</a> were for beach reconnaissance, for the purpose of bringing back photographs and examples of mines and obstacles that had been laid.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one of these raids Hungarian born <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">Lieutenant</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Lane_(commando)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Lane (commando)">George Lane</a> (real name Dyuri Lányi) was captured and taken to see Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> to be questioned; Lane believed he was not executed under the Commando Order because of his meeting with Rommel.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total 12 men were reported missing during the Hardtack raids and only five were later accounted for.<sup id="cite_ref-vdb24_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vdb24-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commando also took over responsibility for small scale parachute operations together with 4 (PARA) Troop, No. 12 Commando in September.<sup id="cite_ref-vdb24_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vdb24-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November, No. 4 Belgian and No. 6 Polish Troops joined the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Special_Service_Brigade" title="2nd Special Service Brigade">2nd Special Service Brigade</a> in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-vdb19_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vdb19-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably the Poles captured a German-occupied village alone when the 2/6th Battalion <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Regiment" title="Queen's Regiment">Queen's Regiment</a> failed to reach a rendezvous on time.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the year No. 2 Dutch Troop was sent to the Far East to work with <a href="/wiki/No._44_(Royal_Marine)_Commando" title="No. 44 (Royal Marine) Commando">No. 44 (Royal Marine) Commando</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._5_Commando" title="No. 5 Commando">No. 5 Commando</a> behind the Japanese lines in the Arakan in <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dutch_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dutch-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> 142 Commando Company formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Chindits" title="Chindits">Chindits</a> (the 77th Indian Infantry Brigade), and fought in the first long-range Chindit operation behind Japanese lines, codenamed <a href="/wiki/Chindits#Operation_Longcloth" title="Chindits">Operation Longcloth</a>. The raid began on 8 February 1943 and lasted for about three months. It inflicted little damage on Japanese supply lines but it did show that British and Indian Army and Indian forces could fight in the jungle as well as or better than the Japanese; this gave a boost to the morale of the Allied forces fighting in the <a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_Theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="South-East Asian Theatre of World War II">South-East Asian Theatre</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the India / Burma theatre 142 Commando Company also operated in conjunction with the U.S. unit <a href="/wiki/Merrill%27s_Marauders" title="Merrill's Marauders">Merrill's Marauders</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1944">1944</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Commando_operations_during_the_Second_World_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1944"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_to_house_fighting_at_Riva_Bella_near_Ouistreham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sherman tanks and British soldiers advancing up a street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/House_to_house_fighting_at_Riva_Bella_near_Ouistreham.jpg/220px-House_to_house_fighting_at_Riva_Bella_near_Ouistreham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/House_to_house_fighting_at_Riva_Bella_near_Ouistreham.jpg/330px-House_to_house_fighting_at_Riva_Bella_near_Ouistreham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/House_to_house_fighting_at_Riva_Bella_near_Ouistreham.jpg/440px-House_to_house_fighting_at_Riva_Bella_near_Ouistreham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2422" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/No._4_Commando" title="No. 4 Commando">No. 4 Commando</a> engaged in house to house fighting with the Germans at Riva Bella, near <a href="/wiki/Ouistreham" title="Ouistreham">Ouistreham</a>. After subduing the opposition, No 4 Commando moved inland to link up with <a href="/wiki/6th_Airborne_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Airborne Division">6th Airborne Division</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>1st Special Service Brigade comprising No. 3, No. 4, No. 6 and <a href="/wiki/45_Commando" title="45 Commando">No. 45 (RM)</a> Commandos landed at <a href="/wiki/Ouistreham" title="Ouistreham">Ouistreham</a> in <i>Queen Red</i> sector of <a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword Beach</a>. No. 4 Commando were augmented by 1 and 8 Troop (both French) of No. 10 (Inter Allied) Commando and were committed for two months to hold the left flank of the <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> landings. <a href="/wiki/41_Commando" title="41 Commando">No. 41(RM) Commando</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/4th_Special_Service_Brigade" title="4th Special Service Brigade">4th Special Service Brigade</a>) landed on the far right of <a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword Beach</a>, where 29,000 men would land.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No. 48 (RM) Commando landed on <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer,_Calvados" title="Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, Calvados">Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer</a> to <a href="/wiki/Courseulles-sur-Mer" title="Courseulles-sur-Mer">Courseulles-sur-Mer</a>, where 21,400 troops would land. No. 46(RM) Commando (part of 4th Special Service Brigade) landed at Juno to scale the cliffs on the left side of the Orne River estuary and destroy a battery. No. 47(RM) Commando (part of 4th Special Service Brigade) landed on the west flank of <a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold Beach</a> and captured <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port-en-Bessin" title="Battle of Port-en-Bessin">Port-en-Bessin</a>. </p><p>In November 1944, British Commandos of the 4th Commando Brigade and <a href="/wiki/No._41(Royal_Marine)_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 41(Royal Marine) Commando">No. 41(Royal Marine) Commando</a> were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Walcheren_Causeway" title="Battle of Walcheren Causeway">Battle of Walcheren Causeway</a>, attacking from seaward at <a href="/wiki/Flushing,_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Flushing, Netherlands">Flushing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westkapelle_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westkapelle (Netherlands)">Westkapelle</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945">1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Commando_operations_during_the_Second_World_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 April 1945, the whole of <a href="/wiki/2nd_Commando_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Commando Brigade">2nd Commando Brigade</a>, consisting of Nos. 2, 9, 40 (RM) and 43 (RM), under Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Tod" title="Ronnie Tod">Ronnie Tod</a> were engaged in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Roast" title="Operation Roast">Operation Roast</a> at <a href="/wiki/Comacchio" title="Comacchio">Comacchio</a> <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoon</a>, north east <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. This was the first major action in the big spring offensive to push the Germans back across the <a href="/wiki/River_Po" class="mw-redirect" title="River Po">River Po</a> and out of Italy. After a fierce three-day battle, the Commandos succeeded in clearing the spit separating the lagoon from the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a>, so securing the flank of the <a href="/wiki/British_Eighth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="British Eighth Army">8th Army</a> and fostering the idea the main offensive would be along the coast and not though the <a href="/wiki/Argenta,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Argenta, Italy">Argenta Gap</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A total of 946 prisoners were taken, while three battalions, two troops of <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> and a company of <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine gunners</a> were wiped out. In the course of the operation 20 field guns and a number of mortars and rocket launchers were also captured. During the operation, Corporal <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Peck_Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Peck Hunter">Tom Hunter</a> of No.43 Commando (RM) earned a posthumous <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> for conspicuous gallantry when he single-handedly cleared a farmstead housing three <a href="/wiki/MG42" class="mw-redirect" title="MG42">Spandau machine guns</a>, then engaged further Spandaus entrenched on the far side of the canal from open ground.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/3_Commando_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="3 Commando Brigade">3 Commando Brigade</a> comprising No. 5 Army Commando, No 44 RM Commando, No. 42 RM Commando, and No.1 Army Commando, took part in the coastal landings during the Allied <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign#Southern_Front_1944/45" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Southern Front</a> offensive of 1944/1945. The campaign culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_170" title="Battle of Hill 170">battle of Hill 170</a> at Kangaw. For his actions there, Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/George_Arthur_Knowland" title="George Arthur Knowland">George Knowland</a> of 4 Troop No 1 Army Commando was awarded the Victoria Cross.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Commando_operations_during_the_Second_World_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1949" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, Winston (1949). <i>The Second World War, Vol II, Their Finest Hour</i>. Cassell & Co Ltd. p. 217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War%2C+Vol+II%2C+Their+Finest+Hour&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunning, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307124159/http://www.mil.be/armycomp/units/index.asp?LAN=fr&FILE=&ID=540&MENU=625&PAGE=1">"Centre d'Entraînement de Commandos"</a>. Ministère de la Défense,la Composante Terre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mil.be/armycomp/units/index.asp?LAN=fr&FILE=&ID=540&MENU=625&PAGE=1">the original</a> on 7 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centre+d%27Entra%C3%AEnement+de+Commandos&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+D%C3%A9fense%2Cla+Composante+Terre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mil.be%2Farmycomp%2Funits%2Findex.asp%3FLAN%3Dfr%26FILE%3D%26ID%3D540%26MENU%3D625%26PAGE%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101031231706/http://korpscommandotroepen.nl/index.php?l=en&p=42">"The history of the Commando Foundation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korps_Commandotroepen" title="Korps Commandotroepen">Korps Commandotroepen</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korpscommandotroepen.nl/index.php?l=en&p=42">the original</a> on 2010-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Commando+Foundation&rft.pub=Korps+Commandotroepen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korpscommandotroepen.nl%2Findex.php%3Fl%3Den%26p%3D42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/decouverte/forces/fusiliers_et_commandos/les_fusiliers_marins_et_les_commandos_marine">"Les fusiliers marins et les commandos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minist%C3%A8re_de_la_D%C3%A9fense" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministère de la Défense">Ministère de la Défense</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+fusiliers+marins+et+les+commandos&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+D%C3%A9fense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gouv.fr%2Fmarine%2Fdecouverte%2Fforces%2Ffusiliers_et_commandos%2Fles_fusiliers_marins_et_les_commandos_marine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke, Dudley. "The Birth of the Commandos". <i>The Listener</i>. 25 November 1948. p. 799.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mo13-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mo13_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moreman, p.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haswell, p.47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chappell15-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chappell15_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chappell, p.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunders52-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saunders52_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saunders52_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Saunders, p.52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moreman, p.54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-website-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-website_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-website_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.combinedops.com/Bardia_North_Africa.htm">"Combined Operations at Bardia, North Africa"</a>. Combined Operations<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Commando Veterans Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commandoveterans.org/history_2cdo.html">the original</a> on 21 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Commando Veterans Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commandoveterans.org/history_1cdo.html">the original</a> on 10 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No1+Army+Commando&rft.pub=Commando+Veterans+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commandoveterans.org%2Fhistory_1cdo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van der Bijl, p.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commandoveterans.org/cdoGallery/v/WW2/Operation+Checkmate/">"Operation Checkmate - Haugesund, Norway"</a>. Commando Veterans Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London. 7 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Obituary%2C+George+Lane&rft.date=2010-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Fobituaries%2Farticle7089271.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vdb24-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vdb24_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vdb24_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">van der Bijl, p.24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vdb19-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vdb19_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van der Bijl, p.19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van der Bijl, p.17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dutch-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dutch_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korpscommandotroepen.nl/index.php?l=en&p=54">"No 2 Dutch Troop 10 IA Commando"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korps_Commandotroepen" title="Korps Commandotroepen">Korps Commandotroepen</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+2+Dutch+Troop+10+IA+Commando&rft.pub=Korps+Commandotroepen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korpscommandotroepen.nl%2Findex.php%3Fl%3Den%26p%3D54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/dday/article-236192">"Britannica guide to D-Day 1944"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britannica+guide+to+D-Day+1944&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fdday%2Farticle-236192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saunders, pp. 310–314</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Commando_operations_during_the_Second_World_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell1996" class="citation book cs1">Chappell, Mike (1996). <i>Army Commandos 1940–1945</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-579-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-579-9"><bdi>1-85532-579-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army+Commandos+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-85532-579-9&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunning, James (2003). <i>The Fighting Fourth: No. 4 Commando at War 1940–45</i>. Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3095-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3095-6"><bdi>978-0-7509-3095-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fighting+Fourth%3A+No.+4+Commando+at+War+1940%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3095-6&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaskew2007" class="citation book cs1">Haskew, Michael E (2007). <i>Encyclopaedia of Elite Forces in the Second World War</i>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-577-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-577-4"><bdi>978-1-84415-577-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Elite+Forces+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-577-4&rft.aulast=Haskew&rft.aufirst=Michael+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Tim (2006). <i>SAS Zero Hour: the Secret Origins of the Special Air Service</i>. Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-669-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-669-1"><bdi>1-85367-669-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SAS+Zero+Hour%3A+the+Secret+Origins+of+the+Special+Air+Service&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85367-669-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoslen1990" class="citation book cs1">Joslen, H. F. (1990). <i>Orders of Battle, Second World War, 1939–1945</i>. Naval & Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84342-474-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84342-474-6"><bdi>1-84342-474-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orders+of+Battle%2C+Second+World+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-84342-474-6&rft.aulast=Joslen&rft.aufirst=H.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackseyWoodhouse1991" class="citation book cs1">Macksey, Kenneth; Woodhouse, William (1991). <i>The Penguin Encyclopedia of Modern Warfare: 1850 to the Present Day</i>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-82698-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-82698-7"><bdi>0-670-82698-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Warfare%3A+1850+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-670-82698-7&rft.aulast=Macksey&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Woodhouse%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessenger1991" class="citation book cs1">Messenger, Charles (1991). <i>The Last Prussian: A Biography of Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, 1875–1953</i>. Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-036707-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-036707-0"><bdi>0-08-036707-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Prussian%3A+A+Biography+of+Field+Marshal+Gerd+von+Rundstedt%2C+1875%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-08-036707-0&rft.aulast=Messenger&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreman2006" class="citation book cs1">Moreman, Timothy Robert (2006). <i>British Commandos 1940-46</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-986-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-986-X"><bdi>1-84176-986-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Commandos+1940-46&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84176-986-X&rft.aulast=Moreman&rft.aufirst=Timothy+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2000" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Mike (2000). <i>Daggers drawn: Second World War Heroes of the SAS and SBS</i>. Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-2509-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-2509-4"><bdi>0-7509-2509-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daggers+drawn%3A+Second+World+War+Heroes+of+the+SAS+and+SBS&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7509-2509-4&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2000" class="citation book cs1">Parker, John (2000). <i>Commandos: The Inside Story of Britain's Most Elite Fighting Force</i>. Headline. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-7008-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-7008-9"><bdi>978-0-7472-7008-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commandos%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+Britain%27s+Most+Elite+Fighting+Force&rft.pub=Headline&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7472-7008-9&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1959" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Hilary St. George (1959) [1949]. <i>The Green Beret: The Commandos at War</i>. London: Four Square Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Green+Beret%3A+The+Commandos+at+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Four+Square+Books&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Hilary+St.+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShorttMcBride1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Shortt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Shortt (page does not exist)">Shortt, James</a>; McBride, Angus (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specialairservic0000shor"><i>The Special Air Service</i></a></span>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-396-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-396-8"><bdi>0-85045-396-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Special+Air+Service&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-85045-396-8&rft.aulast=Shortt&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=McBride%2C+Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspecialairservic0000shor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuehlke2008" class="citation book cs1">Zuehlke, Mark (2008). <i>Operation Husky: the Canadian invasion of Sicily, July 10 – August 7, 1943</i>. Douglas & McIntyre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55365-324-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55365-324-6"><bdi>1-55365-324-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Husky%3A+the+Canadian+invasion+of+Sicily%2C+July+10+%E2%80%93+August+7%2C+1943&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=1-55365-324-6&rft.aulast=Zuehlke&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Commando+operations+during+the+Second+World+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Commando_operations_during_the_Second_World_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323173352/https://www.combinedops.com/Combined_Ops_Index.htm">Combined Ops index</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commandoveterans.org">Commando Veterans Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.30AU.co.uk">30 Commando Assault Unit - Ian Fleming's 'Red Indians'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.6commando.com">No. 6 (Army) Commando</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.47commando.org.uk/">No, 47 (Royal Marine) Commando Association</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Commando_raids_of_the_Second_World_War" title="Template:British Commando raids of the Second World War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Commando_raids_of_the_Second_World_War" title="Template talk:British Commando raids of the Second World War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Commando_raids_of_the_Second_World_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Commando raids of the Second World War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Commando_raids_of_the_Second_World_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Commando raids of the Second World War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Abstention" title="Operation Abstention"><i>Abstention</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Agreement" title="Operation Agreement"><i>Agreement</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ambassador" title="Operation Ambassador"><i>Ambassador</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Anklet_(Commando_raid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Anklet (Commando raid)"><i>Anklet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Archery" title="Operation Archery"><i>Archery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Aquatint" title="Operation Aquatint"><i>Aquatint</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Aflame" title="Operation Aflame"><i>Aflame</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Anglo" title="Operation Anglo"><i>Anglo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Amherst" title="Operation Amherst"><i>Amherst</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Archway" title="Operation Archway"><i>Archway</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Abercrombie" title="Operation Abercrombie"><i>Abercrombie</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Acid_Drop" title="Operation Acid Drop"><i>Acid Drop</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Albumen" title="Operation Albumen"><i>Albumen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astrakan" title="Operation Astrakan"><i>Astrakan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Baobab" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Baobab"><i>Baobab</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Basalt" title="Operation Basalt"><i>Basalt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Biting" title="Operation Biting"><i>Biting</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bigamy" title="Operation Bigamy"><i>Bigamy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Batman" title="Operation Batman"><i>Batman</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Begonia" title="Operation Begonia"><i>Begonia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bulbasket" title="Operation Bulbasket"><i>Bulbasket</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brandy" title="Operation Brandy"><i>Brandy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barricade" title="Operation Barricade"><i>Barricade</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardia_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardia raid">Bardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_170" title="Battle of Hill 170">Hill 170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bristle" title="Operation Bristle"><i>Bristle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Branford" title="Operation Branford"><i>Branford</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Litani_River" title="Battle of the Litani River">Litani River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Candytuft" title="Operation Candytuft"><i>Candytuft</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chestnut" title="Operation Chestnut"><i>Chestnut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claymore" title="Operation Claymore"><i>Claymore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cold_Comfort" title="Operation Cold Comfort"><i>Cold Comfort</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Collar_(commando_raid)" title="Operation Collar (commando raid)"><i>Collar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Colossus" title="Operation Colossus"><i>Colossus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartoon" title="Operation Cartoon"><i>Cartoon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid"><i>Chariot</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Canuck" title="Operation Canuck"><i>Canuck</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crackers" title="Operation Crackers"><i>Crackers</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chess" title="Operation Chess"><i>Chess</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Checkmate_(commando_raid)" title="Operation Checkmate (commando raid)"><i>Checkmate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chopper_(commando_raid)" title="Operation Chopper (commando raid)"><i>Chopper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Driftwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Driftwood"><i>Driftwood</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dryad" title="Operation Dryad"><i>Dryad</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Defoe" title="Operation Defoe"><i>Defoe</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dunhill" title="Operation Dunhill"><i>Dunhill</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Cut" title="Operation Deep Cut"><i>Deep Cut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Devon" title="Operation Devon"><i>Devon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Exporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Exporter"><i>Exporter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flipper" title="Operation Flipper"><i>Flipper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Frankton" title="Operation Frankton"><i>Frankton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Freshman" title="Operation Freshman"><i>Freshman</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fahrenheit" title="Operation Fahrenheit"><i>Fahrenheit</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Forfar" title="Operation Forfar"><i>Forfar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Farrier" title="Operation Farrier"><i>Farrier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Foxrock" title="Operation Foxrock"><i>Foxrock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gaff" title="Operation Gaff"><i>Gaff</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gauntlet" title="Operation Gauntlet"><i>Gauntlet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grouse_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Grouse (Norway)"><i>Grouse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gunnerside" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Gunnerside"><i>Gunnerside</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hardtack_(commando_raid)" title="Operation Hardtack (commando raid)"><i>Hardtack</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Wallace_and_Hardy" title="Operations Wallace and Hardy"><i>Hardy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hawthorn" title="Operation Hawthorn"><i>Hawthorn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Houndsworth" title="Operation Houndsworth"><i>Houndsworth</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Huckaback" title="Operation Huckaback"><i>Huckaback</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Infatuate" title="Operation Infatuate"><i>Infatuate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jaywick" title="Operation Jaywick"><i>Jaywick</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid"><i>Jubilee</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_J_V" title="Operation J V"><i>J V</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keystone" title="Operation Keystone"><i>Keystone</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kipling" title="Operation Kipling"><i>Kipling</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kitbag" title="Operation Kitbag"><i>Kitbag</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Loyton" title="Operation Loyton"><i>Loyton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maple_(Italy)" title="Operation Maple (Italy)"><i>Maple</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Manacle" title="Operation Manacle"><i>Manacle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Musketoon" title="Operation Musketoon"><i>Musketoon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Myrmidon" title="Operation Myrmidon"><i>Myrmidon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Narcissus" title="Operation Narcissus"><i>Narcissus</i></a></li> <li><i>Nelson</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Newton" title="Operation Newton"><i>Newton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nicety" title="Operation Nicety"><i>Nicety</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Noah_(commando_raid)" title="Operation Noah (commando raid)"><i>Noah</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Opossum" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Opossum"><i>Opossum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Postmaster" title="Operation Postmaster"><i>Postmaster</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Partridge" title="Operation Partridge"><i>Partridge</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pistol" title="Operation Pistol"><i>Pistol</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rimau" title="Operation Rimau"><i>Rimau</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Roast" title="Operation Roast"><i>Roast</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Roundabout" title="Operation Roundabout"><i>Roundabout</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rumford" title="Operation Rumford"><i>Rumford</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Saxifrage" title="Operation Saxifrage"><i>Saxifrage</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Savanna" title="Operation Savanna"><i>Savanna</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Sidi_Haneish_Airfield" title="Raid on Sidi Haneish Airfield">Sidi Haneish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sunstar" title="Operation Sunstar"><i>Sunstar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Speedwell" title="Operation Speedwell"><i>Speedwell</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tarbrush" title="Operation Tarbrush"><i>Tarbrush</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Thistledown" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Thistledown"><i>Thistledown</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tombola" title="Operation Tombola"><i>Tombola</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Pimples_raid" title="Twin Pimples raid">Twin Pimples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Wallace_and_Hardy" title="Operations Wallace and Hardy"><i>Wallace</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Commandos" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commandos">British Commandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commando_raids_on_the_Atlantic_Wall" title="List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall">List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Commando_units_of_the_Second_World_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Commando_units_of_the_Second_World_War" title="Template:British Commando units of the Second World War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Commando_units_of_the_Second_World_War" title="Template talk:British Commando units of the Second World War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Commando_units_of_the_Second_World_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Commando units of the Second World War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Commando_units_of_the_Second_World_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Commandos" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commandos">British Commando units of the Second World War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Army:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No._1_Commando" title="No. 1 Commando">No. 1 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._2_Commando" title="No. 2 Commando">No. 2 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._3_Commando" title="No. 3 Commando">No. 3 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._4_Commando" title="No. 4 Commando">No. 4 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._5_Commando" title="No. 5 Commando">No. 5 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._6_Commando" title="No. 6 Commando">No. 6 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._7_Commando" title="No. 7 Commando">No. 7 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._8_(Guards)_Commando" title="No. 8 (Guards) Commando">No. 8 (Guards) Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._9_Commando" title="No. 9 Commando">No. 9 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._10_(Inter-Allied)_Commando" title="No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando">No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._11_(Scottish)_Commando" title="No. 11 (Scottish) Commando">No. 11 (Scottish) Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._12_Commando" title="No. 12 Commando">No. 12 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._14_(Arctic)_Commando" title="No. 14 (Arctic) Commando">No. 14 (Arctic) Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._50_Commando" title="No. 50 Commando">No. 50 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._51_Commando" title="No. 51 Commando">No. 51 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._52_Commando" title="No. 52 Commando">No. 52 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._62_Commando" title="No. 62 Commando">No. 62 Commando (Small Scale Raiding Force)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Commando" title="Middle East Commando">Middle East Commando</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal Marine:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/40_Commando" title="40 Commando">No. 40 (Royal Marine) Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/41_Commando" title="41 Commando">No. 41 (Royal Marine) Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42_Commando" title="42 Commando">No. 42 (Royal Marine) Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43_Commando_Fleet_Protection_Group_Royal_Marines" title="43 Commando Fleet Protection Group Royal Marines">No. 43 (Royal Marine) Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._44_(Royal_Marine)_Commando" title="No. 44 (Royal Marine) Commando">No. 44 (Royal Marine) Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45_Commando" title="45 Commando">No. 45 (Royal Marine) Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._46_(Royal_Marine)_Commando" title="No. 46 (Royal Marine) Commando">No. 46 (Royal Marine) Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._47_(Royal_Marine)_Commando" title="No. 47 (Royal Marine) Commando">No. 47 (Royal Marine) Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._48_(Royal_Marine)_Commando" title="No. 48 (Royal Marine) Commando">No. 48 (Royal Marine) Commando</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal Navy:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Commandos" title="Royal Naval Commandos">Royal Naval Commandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_commando_frogmen" title="British commando frogmen">British commando frogmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal Air Force:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Commandos" title="Royal Air Force Commandos">Royal Air Force Commandos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joint Service:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No._30_Commando" title="No. 30 Commando">No. 30 Commando</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brigades (<a href="/wiki/List_of_British_special_service_brigades_of_the_Second_World_War" title="List of British special service brigades of the Second World War">List</a>):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Service_Brigade" title="Special Service Brigade">Special Service Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Special_Service_Brigade" title="1st Special Service Brigade">1st Special Service Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Special_Service_Brigade" title="2nd Special Service Brigade">2nd Special Service Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Commando_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="3 Commando Brigade (United Kingdom)">3rd Special Service Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Special_Service_Brigade" title="4th Special Service Brigade">4th Special Service Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Troops" title="Special Air Service Troops">Special Air Service Troops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ad hoc Forces:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Forfar" title="Operation Forfar">Forfarforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layforce" title="Layforce">Layforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layforce_II" title="Layforce II">Layforce II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northforce" title="Northforce">Northforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timberforce" title="Timberforce">Timberforce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Commando forces:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service#Second_World_War" title="Special Air Service">Special Raiding Squadron</a></li> <li><a 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