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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>BELSPO open research data mandate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BELSPO_open_research_data_mandate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of the culture and regulation of open access in Belgium</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_access_publications_in_Belgium_1990_to_2018_OpenAIRE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Open_access_publications_in_Belgium_1990_to_2018_OpenAIRE.png/220px-Open_access_publications_in_Belgium_1990_to_2018_OpenAIRE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Open_access_publications_in_Belgium_1990_to_2018_OpenAIRE.png/330px-Open_access_publications_in_Belgium_1990_to_2018_OpenAIRE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Open_access_publications_in_Belgium_1990_to_2018_OpenAIRE.png/440px-Open_access_publications_in_Belgium_1990_to_2018_OpenAIRE.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Growth of open access publications in Belgium, 1990-2018</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> to scholarly communication accelerated after 2007 when the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="University of Liège">University of Liège</a> adopted its first <a href="/wiki/Open-access_mandate" title="Open-access mandate">open-access mandate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pasteur2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pasteur2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Brussels Declaration" for open access was signed by officials in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-pasteur2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pasteur2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of many Belgium research organizations to the Berlin Declaration on Open access, and the creation of Immediate Deposit and Optional Access mandate at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="University of Liège">ULG</a> in 2007, led to the Brussels Declaration on Open Access signed in 2012 by the Minister of research. This Declaration enabled Belgium to have a broad network of institutional open-access repositories by circulating the results to Belgian academic and scientific research.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repositories">Repositories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access_in_Belgium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Repositories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are some 23 collections of scholarship in Belgium housed in digital <a href="/wiki/Open_access_repositories" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access repositories">open access repositories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-opendoar_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opendoar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They contain journal articles, book chapters, data, and other research outputs that are <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">free to read</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Université catholique de Louvain">Université catholique de Louvain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghent_University" title="Ghent University">Ghent University</a>'s "Academic Bibliography", and University of Liège's "Orbi" hold many publications.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="BELSPO_open_research_data_mandate">BELSPO open research data mandate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access_in_Belgium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: BELSPO open research data mandate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/BelSPo" class="mw-redirect" title="BelSPo">BELSPO</a> (Belgian Federal Science Policy Office) mandate was introduced on 21 November 2019. The policy aims at complying with the <a href="/wiki/FAIR_data" title="FAIR data">FAIR data</a> principles in a more sustainable manner, and is applicable to digital data whose collection has been funded either partially or entirely by the BELSPO. The <a href="/wiki/Data_management_plan" title="Data management plan">Data management plan</a> (DMP) was to be integrated in March 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access_in_Belgium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_access_publications_in_repositories_in_Belgium_as_of_2018_OpenAIRE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Open_access_publications_in_repositories_in_Belgium_as_of_2018_OpenAIRE.png/220px-Open_access_publications_in_repositories_in_Belgium_as_of_2018_OpenAIRE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Open_access_publications_in_repositories_in_Belgium_as_of_2018_OpenAIRE.png/330px-Open_access_publications_in_repositories_in_Belgium_as_of_2018_OpenAIRE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Open_access_publications_in_repositories_in_Belgium_as_of_2018_OpenAIRE.png/440px-Open_access_publications_in_repositories_in_Belgium_as_of_2018_OpenAIRE.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Number of open access publications in various Belgian repositories, 2018</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Belgium" title="Internet in Belgium">Internet in Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Education in Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Belgium">Media of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Belgium" title="List of libraries in Belgium">List of libraries in Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Belgium" title="Science and technology in Belgium">Science and technology in Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Open_access_by_country" title="Category:Open access by country">Open access in other countries</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access_in_Belgium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pasteur2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pasteur2015_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pasteur2015_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSeptonVan_Hee2015" class="citation cs2">Septon, Monique; Van Hee, Freia (2015), <i>Open Access in Belgium</i>, PASTEUR4OA Case Study, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.54750">10.5281/zenodo.54750</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Access+in+Belgium&rft.series=PASTEUR4OA+Case+Study&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.54750&rft.aulast=Septon&rft.aufirst=Monique&rft.au=Van+Hee%2C+Freia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.be/2012/10/22/brussels-declaration-on-open-access/"><i>Brussels Declaration on Open Access</i></a>, 2012 – via Openaccess.be</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brussels+Declaration+on+Open+Access&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.be%2F2012%2F10%2F22%2Fbrussels-declaration-on-open-access%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openaire.eu/item/belgium">"Belgium"</a>. <i>www.openaire.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.openaire.eu&rft.atitle=Belgium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openaire.eu%2Fitem%2Fbelgium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opendoar-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-opendoar_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206084105/http://www.opendoar.org/countrylist.php?cContinent=Europe#Belgium">"Belgium"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Repositories" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory of Open Access Repositories">Directory of Open Access Repositories</a></i>. UK: University of Nottingham. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opendoar.org/countrylist.php?cContinent=Europe#Belgium">the original</a> on 6 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Directory+of+Open+Access+Repositories&rft.atitle=Belgium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendoar.org%2Fcountrylist.php%3FcContinent%3DEurope%23Belgium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/portals-and-platforms/goap/access-by-region/europe-and-north-america/belgium/">"Belgium"</a>. <i>Global Open Access Portal</i>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Open+Access+Portal&rft.atitle=Belgium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fcommunication-and-information%2Fportals-and-platforms%2Fgoap%2Faccess-by-region%2Feurope-and-north-america%2Fbelgium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.be/open-access-in-belgium/open-access-repositories/">"Open Access Repositories"</a>, <i>Openaccess.be</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Openaccess.be&rft.atitle=Open+Access+Repositories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.be%2Fopen-access-in-belgium%2Fopen-access-repositories%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access_in_Belgium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles-Henry_Nyns2010" class="citation cs2">Charles-Henry Nyns (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://communia-project.eu/node/124.html">"Open Access and Institutional Repositories in Belgium"</a>, <i>Communia: the European Thematic Network on the Digital Public Domain</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communia%3A+the+European+Thematic+Network+on+the+Digital+Public+Domain&rft.atitle=Open+Access+and+Institutional+Repositories+in+Belgium&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Charles-Henry+Nyns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunia-project.eu%2Fnode%2F124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Poynder2011" class="citation cs2">Richard Poynder (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poynder.blogspot.com/2011/06/oa-interviews-bernard-rentier-rector-of.html">"OA Interviews: Bernard Rentier, Rector of the University of Liège"</a>, <i>Open and Shut?</i>, UK – via BlogSpot</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+and+Shut%3F&rft.atitle=OA+Interviews%3A+Bernard+Rentier%2C+Rector+of+the+University+of+Li%C3%A8ge&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Richard+Poynder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoynder.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F06%2Foa-interviews-bernard-rentier-rector-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois_Renaville2012" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">François Renaville; et al. (2012), <i>L'Open Access en Belgique francophone Étude de la BICfB réalisée à la demande des Recteurs des universités et du F.R.S.-FNRS</i> [<i>Open Access in French-speaking Belgium: report by BICfB at the request of the Rectors of the Universities and the FRS-FNRS</i>] (in French), Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire de la Communauté française de Belgique, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2268%2F124876">2268/124876</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Open+Access+en+Belgique+francophone+%C3%89tude+de+la+BICfB+r%C3%A9alis%C3%A9e+%C3%A0+la+demande+des+Recteurs+des+universit%C3%A9s+et+du+F.R.S.-FNRS&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+Interuniversitaire+de+la+Communaut%C3%A9+fran%C3%A7aise+de+Belgique&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2268%2F124876&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois+Renaville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwan2015" class="citation cs2">Swan, Alma (2015), <i>Institutional Policy Implementation at the University of Liege, Belgium</i>, PASTEUR4OA Case Study, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.44308">10.5281/zenodo.44308</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutional+Policy+Implementation+at+the+University+of+Liege%2C+Belgium&rft.series=PASTEUR4OA+Case+Study&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.44308&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=Alma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalt_Crawford2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walt_Crawford" title="Walt Crawford">Walt Crawford</a> (2018). "Belgium". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waltcrawford.name/goaj.html"><i>Gold Open Access by Country 2012-2017</i></a>. US: Cites & Insights Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Belgium&rft.btitle=Gold+Open+Access+by+Country+2012-2017&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Cites+%26+Insights+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Walt+Crawford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwaltcrawford.name%2Fgoaj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access_in_Belgium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Open_access_(publishing)_in_Belgium" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Open access (publishing) in Belgium">Open access (publishing) in Belgium</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.be/open-access-in-belgium/">"Open Access in Belgium"</a>, <i>Open Access Belgium: Promoting Open Science</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ghent_University_Library" title="Ghent University Library">Ghent University Library</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Li%C3%A8ge_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Liège Library (page does not exist)">University of Liège Library</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8ques_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge" class="extiw" title="fr:Bibliothèques de l'université de Liège">fr</a>]</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Access+Belgium%3A+Promoting+Open+Science&rft.atitle=Open+Access+in+Belgium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.be%2Fopen-access-in-belgium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span>. (Overview guide) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.be/open-access-per-subject-area/">Links to resources by subject</a>: architecture, astronomy, biology, chemistry, economics, engineering, humanities, informatics, information technology, law, medicine, pharmacy, physics, political science, psychology, social sciences.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.be/belgian-open-access-bibliography/">Belgian Open Access Bibliography</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openaire.eu/oa-in-belgium">"OA in Belgium"</a>. <i>Open Access in Practice: EU Member States</i>. <a href="/wiki/OpenAIRE" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenAIRE">OpenAIRE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Access+in+Practice%3A+EU+Member+States&rft.atitle=OA+in+Belgium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openaire.eu%2Foa-in-belgium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roar.eprints.org/view/geoname/geoname.html">"Browse by Country: Europe: Belgium"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories" title="Registry of Open Access Repositories">Registry of Open Access Repositories</a></i>. UK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Registry+of+Open+Access+Repositories&rft.atitle=Browse+by+Country%3A+Europe%3A+Belgium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froar.eprints.org%2Fview%2Fgeoname%2Fgeoname.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doaj.org">"(Search: Country of Publisher: Belgium)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals" title="Directory of Open Access Journals">Directory of Open Access Journals</a></i>. UK: Infrastructure Services for Open Access.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Directory+of+Open+Access+Journals&rft.atitle=%28Search%3A+Country+of+Publisher%3A+Belgium%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoaj.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Suber" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tagteam.harvard.edu/hubs/oatp/tag/oa.belgium">"(Belgium)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Open_Access_Tracking_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Access Tracking Project">Open Access Tracking Project</a></i>. Harvard University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1040261573">1040261573</a>. <q>News and comment from the worldwide movement for open access to research</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Access+Tracking+Project&rft.atitle=%28Belgium%29&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1040261573&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftagteam.harvard.edu%2Fhubs%2Foatp%2Ftag%2Foa.belgium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roarmap.eprints.org/view/country/">"Browse by Country: Belgium"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ROARMAP" class="mw-redirect" title="ROARMAP">ROARMAP</a>: Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies</i>. UK: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ROARMAP%3A+Registry+of+Open+Access+Repository+Mandates+and+Policies&rft.atitle=Browse+by+Country%3A+Belgium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froarmap.eprints.org%2Fview%2Fcountry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sparceurope.org/membership/members/">"Our members: Belgium"</a>. <i>Sparceurope.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/SPARC_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC Europe">SPARC Europe</a>. <q>Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sparceurope.org&rft.atitle=Our+members%3A+Belgium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsparceurope.org%2Fmembership%2Fmembers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXSJAzi8EW3PXBBrYJTDSOw">Open Knowledge Belgium</a> (videos).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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business model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscribe_to_Open" title="Subscribe to Open">Subscribe to Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">Paywall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_transfer_agreement" title="Copyright transfer agreement">Copyright transfer agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_(publishing)" title="Manuscript (publishing)">Manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_processing_charge" title="Article processing charge">Article processing charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_publishing" title="Predatory publishing">Predatory publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities">Berlin Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing" title="Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing">Bethesda Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Declaration_on_Research_Assessment" title="San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment">DORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Statement_on_Open_Access_to_Legal_Scholarship" title="Durham Statement on Open Access to Legal Scholarship">Durham Statement</a></li> <li><a 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journal">Hybrid open-access journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_open-access_journal" title="Delayed open-access journal">Delayed open-access journal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cost_of_Knowledge" title="The Cost of Knowledge">The Cost of Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory of Open Access Books">Directory of Open Access Books</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21750281#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q21750281"><span title=""Directory of Open Access Books" in other languages">Wikidata</span></a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals" title="Directory of Open Access Journals">Directory of Open Access Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Open_Citations" title="Initiative for Open Citations">Initiative for Open Citations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Access_Scholarly_Publishing_Association" title="Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association">Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAIRE" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenAIRE">OpenAIRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Archives_Initiative" title="Open Archives Initiative">Open Archives Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge_Project" title="Public Knowledge Project">Public Knowledge Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories" title="Registry of Open Access Repositories">Registry of Open Access Repositories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Australia" title="Open access in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Austria" title="Open access in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Canada" title="Open access in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Denmark" title="Open access in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_France" title="Open access in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Germany" title="Open access in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Greece" title="Open access in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Hungary" title="Open access in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_India" title="Open access in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Open access in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Italy" title="Open access in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_the_Netherlands" title="Open access in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_New_Zealand" title="Open access in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Norway" title="Open access in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Poland" title="Open access in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Portugal" title="Open access in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_South_Africa" title="Open access in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Spain" title="Open access in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Sweden" title="Open access in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Ukraine" title="Open access in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_Knowledge_movement" title="Access to Knowledge movement">Access to Knowledge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access2Research" title="Access2Research">Access2Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-access_journals" title="List of open-access journals">List of open-access journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" title="Open-source-software movement">Open source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Belgium_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belgium_topics" title="Template:Belgium topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belgium_topics" title="Template talk:Belgium topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belgium_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belgium topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Belgium_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Belgium-related_articles" title="Index of Belgium-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="Belgium in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_and_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Belgium and the Franco-Prussian War">Crisis of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_overseas_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian overseas colonies">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Royal_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Royal Question">Royal Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_reform_in_Belgium" title="State reform in Belgium">State reform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belgium" title="Geography of Belgium">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Belgium">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Belgium">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Belgium" title="List of lakes of Belgium">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_in_Belgium" title="List of mountains and hills in Belgium">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Belgium" title="List of rivers of Belgium">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Subdivisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belgium" title="Politics of Belgium">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Belgium" title="Elections in Belgium">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Belgium)" title="Council of Ministers (Belgium)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belgium" title="Foreign relations of Belgium">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Belgium" title="Human rights in Belgium">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Belgium">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Belgium" title="Law of Belgium">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belgium" title="Law enforcement in Belgium">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Belgium" title="Judiciary of Belgium">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Armed_Forces" title="Belgian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Parliament" title="Belgian Federal Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Belgium">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Belgian_financial_crisis" title="2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis">2008–2009 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Belgium" title="Banking in Belgium">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belgium" title="Telecommunications in Belgium">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belgium" title="Energy in Belgium">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Belgium" title="Tourism in Belgium">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Belgium" title="List of trade unions in Belgium">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium" title="Transport in Belgium">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Belgium" title="Science and technology in Belgium">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Belgium" title="Category:Society of Belgium">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belgium" title="Abortion in Belgium">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Belgium" title="Crime in Belgium">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belgium" title="Demographics of Belgium">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Belgium" title="Healthcare in Belgium">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Belgium" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Belgium">Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Belgium" title="Irreligion in Belgium">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Belgian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Belgium">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Belgium" title="Prostitution in Belgium">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belgium" title="Culture of Belgium">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belgium#Architecture" title="Culture of Belgium">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Belgium" title="Art of Belgium">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belgium" title="Cinema of Belgium">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Belgium" title="Beer in Belgium">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_wine" title="Belgian wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_waffle" title="Belgian waffle">waffle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Belgium" title="Flag of Belgium">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_literature" title="Belgian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Belgium" title="Public holidays in Belgium">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Belgium" title="Sport in Belgium">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Belgium" title="Television in Belgium">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Belgium" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Belgium">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Belgium" title="Outline of Belgium">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Belgium-related_articles" title="Index of Belgium-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Belgium" title="Category:Belgium">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belgium" title="Portal:Belgium">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" 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You can help Wikipedia by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_access_in_Belgium&action=edit">expanding it</a>.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comm-stub" title="Template:Comm-stub"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comm-stub" title="Template talk:Comm-stub"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comm-stub" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comm-stub"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1012311289"><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Belgium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This Belgium-related article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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