site-root — Marine Information System for Europe

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data-pat-pickadate="{"date": {"selectYears": 200}, "time": {"interval": 5 } }"><section id="portal-toolbar"></section><div id="outer-container" class="outer-wrapper"> <div id="content-header" role="banner"> <div class="container"> <div id="portal-top"> <div class="header-container"> <div class="left-logo-section"> <div class="logo-wrapper"> <div class="site-logo"> <a href="/marine"> <img alt="WISE Marine logo" title="WISE Marine" src="/marine/++theme++wise-theme/static/images/marine-logo.png" /> </a> </div> <span class="site-logo-text"> Marine Information System for Europe </span> </div> </div> <div class="right-actions-section"> <div class="top-actions"> <div class="top-actions-wrapper"> <div class="search-wrapper"> <span class="top-icon search-icon"></span> <div class="search-modal"> <form method="GET" action="https://water.europa.eu/@@search"> <input type="text" name="SearchableText" placeholder="Search all site ..." /> <button class="search-submit" aria-label="Search"> Search </button> <button class="submit-mobile-only" aria-label="Search"></button> </form> </div> </div> <div class="user-wrapper"> <a class="pat-plone-modal" href="https://water.europa.eu/login" data-pat-plone-modal="{"prependContent": ".portalMessage", "title": "Log in", "width": "26em", "actionOptions": {"redirectOnResponse": true}}"></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="navigation-wrapper"> <div id="mainnavigation-wrapper"> <div id="mainnavigation"> <p class="hiddenStructure">Navigation</p> <nav class="plone-navbar navbar" id="portal-globalnav-wrapper"> <div class="container"> <div class="plone-navbar-header navbar-header"> <button type="button" class="plone-navbar-toggle navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#portal-globalnav-collapse" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <div class="menu-icon-toggle"> <input class="mobile-box" type="checkbox" /> <span class="icon-bar top-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar middle-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar bottom-bar"></span> </div> </button> </div> <div class="plone-collapse plone-navbar-collapse collapse navbar-collapse" id="portal-globalnav-collapse"> <ul id="portal-globalnav" class="plone-nav plone-navbar-nav navTreeRoot nav navbar-nav"> <li id="portaltab-policy-and-reporting" class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf7b4f0>> hasDropDown dropdown is-not-dp"> <a href="https://water.europa.eu/policy-and-reporting" title="EU legal instruments and policies for the protection of the marine environment date back to the 1970s, with the approval of the first Directives and Regulations addressing specific sectors such as fisheries and maritime transport (e.g., the Regulation (EEC) No 2142/70 on the common organisation of the market in fishery products ). Over the following decades, several other instruments have been adopted with the aim to reduce marine environmental pollution from land-based sources (such as the Nitrates Directive and the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive ), to introduce a sustainable management of European fishing fleets and conserving fish stocks (Common fisheries policy (CFP)), to protect coastal and marine habitats and species (such as the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive ). " class="dropdown-toggle state-published" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Policy and reporting<span class="opener"><span class="caret"></span></span></a> <ul class="submenu dropdown-menu navTreeLevel0"> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf7b160>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) builds on all the existing legal instruments for the protection of the marine environment and the sustainable development of maritime sectors, integrating their objectives into a coherent framework that contributes the achievement of the objectives of wider EU policies for environmental protection and sustainability, such as the EU Green Deal and the Biodiversity Strategy 2030." href="https://water.europa.eu/policy-and-reporting/marine-eu-global-policies"> <span class="submenu_title">EU and global marine policies</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf7b160>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="EU Member States have the obligation to inform the European Commission on the implementation of the different phases of the MSFD cycle: initial assessment, good environmental status (GES definition), establishement of environmental targets, set up of monitoring programmes and implementattion of programmes of measures. On the basis of the information received, the European Commission evaluates the implementation of the MSFD at national level (compliance assessment), and its level of coherence within the different marine regions or subregions and across the Union. This assessment serves also for the preparation of reports to the European Parliament, Council of Ministers, and the public, and to show the progress towards achieving GES across Europe’s seas." href="https://water.europa.eu/policy-and-reporting/msfd-reports-and-assessments"> <span class="submenu_title">MSFD reports and assessments</span>  </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="portaltab-europe-seas" class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf7b4f0>> hasDropDown dropdown is-not-dp"> <a href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas" title="This section presents the outcomes of regional and EU-level assessments of marine species, habitats and ecosystems; the main pressures upon them; the human activities responsible for these pressures - based on information from the Regional Sea Conventions, the implementation of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive and other sources; as well as actions that can be taken to protect and conserve Europe's marine environment. " class="dropdown-toggle state-published" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Europe's seas<span class="opener"><span class="caret"></span></span></a> <ul class="submenu dropdown-menu navTreeLevel0"> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55850>> dropdown-submenu is-not-dp"> <a class="clearfix state-published hasDropDown" title="Marine life has been and is still under pressure from human activities across Europe’s seas. The combined effects from multiple pressures on marine species and habitats reduce the overall resilience of marine ecosystems." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/biodiversity"> <span class="sm-opener"> <span class="sm-caret sm-caret-up"></span> </span> <span class="submenu_title">Biodiversity</span>  </a> <ul class="submenu dropdown-menu navTree navTreeLevel1 "> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf1bd30>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="There is a great diversity of seabed habitats, with over 1.000 different habitat types identified across Europe’s regional seas. These vary from the coral reefs found in the cold, dark depths of the North-east Atlantic Ocean to the seagrass meadows found in coastal waters throughout Europe’s seas. Seabed habitats are impacted by a wide range of land- and sea-based human activities ranging from the effects of eutrophication in coastal areas or to extensive bottom trawling in off shore areas." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/biodiversity/benthic-habitats"> <span class="submenu_title">Benthic habitats</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf1bd30>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title=" Europe’s regional seas contain an enormous diversity of marine fish and cephalopod species with over 1.200 species in the North-east Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. The highest diversity of fish species are found on the coast of Portugal, the archipelagos in Macaronesia and the western Mediterranean Sea, which are also the areas with the highest number of threatened species. " href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/biodiversity/fish"> <span class="submenu_title">Fish and cephalopods</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf1bd30>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Marine food webs describe the linkages between all living organisms found in the marine environment, where every plant and animal species depends on another plant or animal species for its survival. This interdependency can be explored in predator–prey relationships or food chains. Individual food chains operate within much larger and more complex networks called food webs. Food webs regulate the ecosystem dynamics, and play an essential role in the way ecosystems respond to natural and human-induced changes." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/biodiversity/food-webs"> <span class="submenu_title">Food Webs</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf1bd30>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Europe is home to 44 species of marine mammals including whales, dolphins, porpoises and seals, although the diversity of species varies between regional seas." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/biodiversity/marine-mammals"> <span class="submenu_title">Marine Mammals</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf1bd30>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Pelagic habitats create the foundation for marine food webs, home to primary producers such as phytoplankton and microbes. These habitats are highly dynamic and exhibit swift responses to environmental variables such as large phytoplankton blooms." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/biodiversity/pelagic-habitats"> <span class="submenu_title">Pelagic Habitats</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf1bd30>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="There are over 180 species of marine birds found throughout Europe's seas, and many of these undertake yearly migrations between feeding and breeding grounds. These include waders and waterbirds, such as ducks, geese, swans, divers and grebes; as well as birds that are usually referred to as seabirds: petrels, shearwaters, gannets, cormorants, skuas, gulls, terns and auks." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/biodiversity/seabirds"> <span class="submenu_title">Seabirds</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf1bd30>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title=" Marine turtles have survived on Earth for more than 200 million years, and today seven species of marine turtles inhabit the world's oceans. . In Europe, turtles can be primarily found in the Mediterranean Sea, where the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) nesting populations are considered as indigenous." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/biodiversity/turtles"> <span class="submenu_title">Turtles</span>  </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55850>> dropdown-submenu is-not-dp"> <a class="clearfix state-published hasDropDown" title="Marine life has been and is still under pressure from human activities across Europe’s seas. The combined effects from multiple pressures on marine species and habitats reduce the overall resilience of marine ecosystems. This section of WISE Marine reports assessment summaries, mainly based on literature, of the major pressures affecting the marine ecosystems." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/pressures-impacts"> <span class="sm-opener"> <span class="sm-caret sm-caret-up"></span> </span> <span class="submenu_title">Pressures</span>  </a> <ul class="submenu dropdown-menu navTree navTreeLevel1 "> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55550>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title=" Human induced climate change is the long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns as a consequence of greenhouse gases emissions that are mainly released from the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, agricultural practices, land-use, and forest management practice. Climate change is a global challenge that is driving environmental changes and causes undesirable effects for ecosystems and human societies. " href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/pressures-impacts/climate-change"> <span class="submenu_title">Climate Change</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55550>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Fishing is a widespread activity in Europe’s seas. It provides a high-protein, low-fat food that is increasingly demanded by European citizens, and is also an economic sector that generated over EUR 6.1 billion in revenue and 124 thousand direct jobs in 2021. Fishing has a high impact on the marine environment, including the overexploitation of targeted species, physical disturbance of seabed habitats and by-catch, altering the structure and functioning of the marine ecosystem." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/pressures-impacts/extraction-of-fish-and-shellfish"> <span class="submenu_title">Commercially exploited fish and shellfish</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55550>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title=" Substances of environmental concern are those that cause high risk to both the environment and human health. Very persistent substances may accumulate in the environment and man-made materials to levels harmful to human health and natural resources. Certain toxic effects (e.g. those occurring at low concentrations or after long periods of low-grade exposure) may only be identified after many years, by which time rising concentrations/levels could have already occurred and prove irreversible. " href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/pressures-impacts/contamination"> <span class="submenu_title">Contamination</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55550>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Eutrophication in marine, coastal and estuarine ecosystems is a consequence of nutrient over-enrichment, mostly inputs of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter from land-based sources (agriculture, urbanisation), marine activities (aquaculture) and from atmospheric deposition (e.g. from road transport and shipping emissions to the air). Eutrophication has been a problem in Europe’s coastal and marine waters for decades." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/pressures-impacts/nutrient"> <span class="submenu_title">Eutrophication</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55550>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Physical and chemical features can be changed as a consequence of different patterns of human activities and the impacts of climate change. Large-scale human activities in coastal areas, on land and offshore such as coastal defence works, damming of large rivers, land reclamation projects, offshore infrastructure (bridges, airports), offshore wind farms and other ocean energy device arrays and large-scale aquaculture facilities may permanently influence the hydrographical regime of currents, waves and sediments." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/pressures-impacts/hydrographical-conditions"> <span class="submenu_title">Hydrographical conditions</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55550>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Marine litter is defined as any persistent, manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of, or abandoned in the environment. It is now widely recognised that the amount of litter in the environment is significant and increasing. For this reason, marine litter is the focus of growing political attention around the world." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/pressures-impacts/marine-litter"> <span class="submenu_title">Marine litter</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55550>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Non-indigenous species (NIS) are those species introduced outside their natural past or present range which might survive and reproduce. Some of the NIS can be harmless, with negligible impacts on native species. Other NIS can be invasive with potential to change native community composition and cause local population extinction with long lasting impacts which threaten biodiversity and ecosystem services. Those are addressed by the EU Regulation 1143/2014 on Invasive Alien Species which starts to include some marine species." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/pressures-impacts/non_indigenous_species"> <span class="submenu_title">Non-indigenous species</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55550>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Seabed habitats provide valuable ecosystem services to societies and industry in terms of food, raw materials, energy and space (e.g. fisheries). To obtain these benefits, we undertake several activities that disturb the seabed and its habitats by changing geological, physical and chemical conditions or directly affect the benthic biology. Human activities can cause physical loss or disturbance to the seabed, and the MSFD requires the assessment of the extent of such damage, as well as of the benthic habitat’s extent and condition and the adverse effects from physical disturbance produced on them." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/pressures-impacts/physical_loss_and_distrubance"> <span class="submenu_title">Physical loss and disturbance of the seabed</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55550>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Human activities at sea can introduce several forms of energy into the marine environment (e.g., underwater noise, thermal pollution, electromagnetism and artificial light). The increase of energy levels in the seas and oceans due to emissions from human activities has been identified to cause various impacts on the marine ecosystem." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/pressures-impacts/underwater-noise-and-other-forms-of-energy-input"> <span class="submenu_title">Underwater noise and other forms of energy input</span>  </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55850>> dropdown-submenu is-not-dp"> <a class="clearfix state-published hasDropDown" title="Many human activities at sea and on land are affecting the marine environment. Maritime sectors aggregated under the blue economy are directly using the sea space and marine natural resources. Land based activities impacting marine environment are primarily in coastal areas, causing alterations of natural coastal zone. Land based pollution in river catchments or changes in riverine water flows are also impacting coastal areas. Human activities considered under MSFD are listed in Commission Directive (EU) 2017/845. " href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/activities"> <span class="sm-opener"> <span class="sm-caret sm-caret-up"></span> </span> <span class="submenu_title">Human Activities</span>  </a> <ul class="submenu dropdown-menu navTree navTreeLevel1 "> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf557c0>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Extraction and cultivation of living resources as a human activity affecting the marine environment includes fish and shellfish harvesting (capture fisheries), marine plant harvesting, hunting and aquaculture ." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/activities/extraction-of-living-resources"> <span class="submenu_title">Extraction and cultivation of living resources</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf557c0>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Urban development in coastal areas supports Europe’s population growth and includes activities such as building houses, developing harbours, conducting industrial activities, and providing leisure and tourist facilities. Europe has around 280 coastal cities with populations greater than 50,000 inhabitants, including many capital cities such as Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Lisbon, Helsinki, Riga, and Stockholm." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/activities/urban-and-industrial-uses"> <span class="submenu_title">Urban and industrial uses</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf557c0>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Extraction of non-living resources includes extraction of minerals (rock, metal ores, gravel, sand, shell), oil and gas (including infrastructure, salt and water." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/activities/extraction-of-non-living-resources"> <span class="submenu_title">Extraction of non-living resources</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf557c0>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Maritime transport is large scale activity affecting the marine environment. Main activities impacting environment is construction and operation of ports with cargo handling, warehousing and storage infrastructure and shipping." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/activities/transport"> <span class="submenu_title">Transport</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf557c0>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Coastal and marine tourism is an important sector in Europe and includes activities related to the establishment and running of infrastructure as well as to accommodation, transport and retail sale of goods/other expenditure. More specifically tourist expenditure in those sub-sectors is associated to beach and coastal-based activities, such as swimming and coasteering, and water-based or sport-type activities, such as sailing, scuba-diving, recreational fishing, cruising and marine wildlife watching. " href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/activities/tourism-leisure"> <span class="submenu_title">Tourism and Leisure</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf557c0>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Physical restructuring of rivers, coastline or seabed includes Land claim, coastal defence and flood protection, offshore structures (other than for oil/gas/renewables), restructuring of seabed morphology, including dredging and depositing of materials." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/activities/physical-restructuring"> <span class="submenu_title">Physical restructuring of rivers, coastline or seabed</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf557c0>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Production of energy as a human activity affecting the marine environment includes renewable energy generation (wind, wave and tidal power), including infrastructure and transmission of electricity and communications (cables)." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/activities/energy-production"> <span class="submenu_title">Production of energy</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf557c0>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Education and research (survey and educational activities) are activities affecting the marine environment. The marine environment continues to be an attractive and important subject for research, in particular because of its identified importance and contribution to European economies and livelihoods. Moreover, increased acknowledgement and understanding of climate change, combined with increased concern over the state of the marine environment, suggest that more research and observation is needed." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/activities/education-research"> <span class="submenu_title">Education and Research</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf557c0>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Military activities at sea include real operations, training operations and testing procedures such as submarine manoeuvres, target practice and aerial exercises. They also involve surveillance, monitoring and transport. The industry is considerable, both in terms of the costs incurred in maintaining it and in relation to the number of the people employed." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/activities/security-defense"> <span class="submenu_title">Security and Defense</span>  </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55850>> dropdown-submenu is-not-dp"> <a class="clearfix state-published hasDropDown" title="This section presents some of the solutions for protecting and restoring Europe’s seas. It includes large scale solutions such as implementing an ecosystem-based approach to management across a regional sea and applying a balanced approach to maritime spatial planning to achieve a sustainable use within the limits of Good Environmental Status, as well as more local nature-based solutions such as restoration of habitats, inclusion of nature-friendly design of maritime structures and establishment of wetland areas to reduce nutrient loads. These solutions will be presented in the context of EU policies and legislation." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/solutions"> <span class="sm-opener"> <span class="sm-caret sm-caret-up"></span> </span> <span class="submenu_title">Solutions</span>  </a> <ul class="submenu dropdown-menu navTree navTreeLevel1 "> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55160>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title=" Marine protected areas (MPAs) are geographically distinct zones for which conservation objectives can be set. They are often established in an attempt to strike a balance between ecological constraints and economic activity, so that the seas may continue to allow for goods and services to be delivered. Strictly protected areas are MPAs where human impact is kept to a minimum, e.g. extraction is not permitted. " href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/solutions/marine-protected-areas"> <span class="submenu_title">Marine protected areas</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55160>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="For centuries, ports and shipping have been key pillars of international trade and cooperation and a strong enabler of globalisation and economic development worldwide. However, ports and shipping are amongst the most significant sources of pressures on the marine environment, and can cause environmental degradation." href="https://water.europa.eu/europe-seas/solutions/marine-sectors-catalogue-of-measures"> <span class="submenu_title">Shipping and ports - catalogue of measures</span>  </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="portaltab-countries-and-regional-seas" class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf7b4f0>> hasDropDown dropdown is-not-dp"> <a href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas" title="This section of WISE Marine is composed by two main parts: Country Profiles and Regional Sea Conventions. Country Profiles provides links and information about Member States' marine environment and the activities related to the implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). It includes details such as the associated MSFD marine regions, the extent (in square kilometers)" class="dropdown-toggle state-published" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Countries and Regions<span class="opener"><span class="caret"></span></span></a> <ul class="submenu dropdown-menu navTreeLevel0"> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf7bcd0>> dropdown-submenu is-not-dp"> <a class="clearfix state-published hasDropDown" title="This section presents the assessments reported to the European Commission by EU Member States under different legal instruments that contribute to the protection of Europe’s seas, namely the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), the Water Framework Directive (WFD), the Species and Habitats directives and Bathing Water Directive (BWD)." href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles"> <span class="sm-opener"> <span class="sm-caret sm-caret-up"></span> </span> <span class="submenu_title">Country Profiles</span>  </a> <ul class="submenu dropdown-menu navTree navTreeLevel1 two-columns"> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/belgium"> <span class="submenu_title">Belgium</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/bulgaria"> <span class="submenu_title">Bulgaria</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/croatia"> <span class="submenu_title">Croatia</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/cyprus"> <span class="submenu_title">Cyprus</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/denmark"> <span class="submenu_title">Denmark</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/estonia"> <span class="submenu_title">Estonia</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/finland"> <span class="submenu_title">Finland</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/france"> <span class="submenu_title">France</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/germany"> <span class="submenu_title">Germany</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/greece"> <span class="submenu_title">Greece</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/ireland"> <span class="submenu_title">Ireland</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/italy"> <span class="submenu_title">Italy</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/latvia"> <span class="submenu_title">Latvia</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/lithuania"> <span class="submenu_title">Lithuania</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/malta"> <span class="submenu_title">Malta</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/netherlands"> <span class="submenu_title">Netherlands</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/poland"> <span class="submenu_title">Poland</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/portugal"> <span class="submenu_title">Portugal</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/romania"> <span class="submenu_title">Romania</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/slovenia"> <span class="submenu_title">Slovenia</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="This page provides an overview of the status of Spain's coastal and marine environment, based on assessments reported to the European Commission under various legal frameworks aimed at protecting Europe's seas. These frameworks include the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), the Water Framework Directive (WFD), the Nature directives, and the Bathing Water Directive (BWD)." href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/spain"> <span class="submenu_title">Spain</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/country-profiles/sweden"> <span class="submenu_title">Sweden</span>  </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf7bcd0>> dropdown-submenu is-not-dp"> <a class="clearfix state-published hasDropDown" title="Regional sea conventions are agreements among countries sharing a common body of water, setting rules for the management of marine resources in that region. Covering topics like pollution prevention, climate change, pressures borne from human activities, protection and conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems; these conventions foster cooperation and coordination among riparian states to combat pollution and ensure sustainable development by establishing strategies and regional plans for their respective regions." href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/regional-conventions"> <span class="sm-opener"> <span class="sm-caret sm-caret-up"></span> </span> <span class="submenu_title">Regional Sea Conventions</span>  </a> <ul class="submenu dropdown-menu navTree navTreeLevel1 "> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf550d0>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="The Helsinki Convention (HELCOM) seeks to protect the Baltic Sea from all sources of pollution from land, air and sea, as well as to preserve biological diversity and to promote the sustainable use of marine resources." href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/regional-conventions/helcom-convention"> <span class="submenu_title">Helsinki Convention</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf550d0>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="The Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP)—Barcelona Convention System works with Contracting Parties and partners to fulfill the vision of a healthy Mediterranean Sea and Coast that underpin sustainable development in the region." href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/regional-conventions/barcelona-convention"> <span class="submenu_title">Barcelona Convention</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf550d0>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (the Black Sea Commission) implements the provisions of the Convention and the Black Sea Strategic Action Plan " href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/regional-conventions/bucharest-convention"> <span class="submenu_title">Bucharest Convention</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf550d0>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title=" OSPAR’s main objective is to prevent and eliminate pollution and protect the marine environment from the adverse effects of human activities, while promoting the sustainable use of its goods and services." href="https://water.europa.eu/countries-and-regional-seas/regional-conventions/ospar-convention"> <span class="submenu_title">OSPAR Convention</span>  </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="portaltab-resources" class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf7b4f0>> hasDropDown dropdown is-not-dp"> <a href="https://water.europa.eu/resources" title="The Marine Strategy Framework Directive and other environmental (water) policies, require Member States to set up, collect and report data (the so called "reporting obligations") that, once further elaborated, quality-controlled and harmonised become the essential basis for the assessment of the European environmental status and of the policies' effectiveness. These data are also the foundations to build the knowledge aims at securing the present and future protection of the humans and environment. Products derived by data, like dashboards, maps, or web applications are meant to be used for several purposes, as integral part of the indicators, as communication means and as support working materials before, during and after the assessment phases, where they help the policy makers in navigating and interpreting the data, in making conclusions, or finding knowledge gaps." class="dropdown-toggle state-published" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Resources<span class="opener"><span class="caret"></span></span></a> <ul class="submenu dropdown-menu navTreeLevel0"> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedb708190>> dropdown-submenu is-not-dp"> <a class="clearfix state-published hasDropDown" title="The present section makes available the main data reported by Member States to the European Commission under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and a set of expert dashboards displaying the latest assessment on good environmental status (GES) of EU marine waters at different scales." href="https://water.europa.eu/resources/msfd-reporting-data-tools"> <span class="sm-opener"> <span class="sm-caret sm-caret-up"></span> </span> <span class="submenu_title">MSFD reporting data and tools</span>  </a> <ul class="submenu dropdown-menu navTree navTreeLevel1 "> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55f40>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="This section offers a series of dashboards, oriented primarily to an expert audience, presenting data reported by Member States as required for the implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). In particular, results on the degree to which countries achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) are presented in a dynamic format, allowing users to explore, use and download data and figures in a variety of ways. The data have been reported in a standardised format and are displayed as presented by the Member States, without further processing." href="https://water.europa.eu/resources/msfd-reporting-data-tools/ges-assessment-dashboards"> <span class="submenu_title">MSFD expert dashboards</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55f40>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) has several reporting obligations through which the EU Member States have to inform the European Commission on the implementation of different Articles of the Directive. The data presented here were submitted by Countries via the Central Data Repository of the Eionet portal or via Reportnet 3 , the new e-reporting platform for reporting environmental and climate data to the EEA. The data were quality controlled and imported into a central database hosted by the European Environment Agency and later reused for analysis and assessment purposes. This MSFD data explorer offers a series of interfaces to explore and filter all the data reported under the different MSFD Articles reported by Member States from 2012 up to the present date. The data is also available for download." href="https://water.europa.eu/resources/msfd-reporting-data-tools/msfd-reporting-data-explorer"> <span class="submenu_title">MSFD reporting data explorer</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55f40>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="The present section makes available data and metadata of spatial datasets related with the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) implementation, such as the marine regions and subregions, the national marine waters and the Marine Reporting Unit (MRU) provided by Member States and that represent the marine assessment areas requested by the Directive and linked to its Articles. This section offers also other spatial datasets, elaborated by the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the European Topic Centre (ETC) for statistical purposes and based on the above MSFD data." href="https://water.europa.eu/resources/msfd-reporting-data-tools/msfd-spatial-reference-datasets"> <span class="submenu_title">MSFD spatial reference datasets</span>  </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedb708190>> dropdown-submenu is-not-dp"> <a class="clearfix state-published hasDropDown" title="This section provides access to data and tools related to the implementation of other directives for the protection of the marine environment. It also includes external portals and data infrastructures developed at the European level, enhancing understanding of the state of Europe's seas." href="https://water.europa.eu/resources/other-marine-policies-data-tools"> <span class="sm-opener"> <span class="sm-caret sm-caret-up"></span> </span> <span class="submenu_title">Other marine-policies data and tools</span>  </a> <ul class="submenu dropdown-menu navTree navTreeLevel1 "> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="There are several policies that are interlinked with the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (Directive 2008/56/EC), either mentioned in the main text of the Directive, or in the Commission Decision (EU) 2017/848. In the present dashboards, assessments on the ecological and chemical status under the Water Framework Directive (WFD), as well as the conservation status of marine species and habitats under the Nature directives, are presented in a dynamic format, to allow the users to explore, use and download the data and figures in different ways." href="https://water.europa.eu/resources/other-marine-policies-data-tools/dashboards-on-marine-features-under-other-policies"> <span class="submenu_title">Expert dashboards on marine features under other policies</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedbf55e80>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="WISE Marine liaises with many partners in Europe that work with marine data collection and publication, such as Copernicus Marine Service, EMODnet, or the Regional Sea Conventions' data centers. This section links to their websites, as well as to other initiatives that make available pan-European marine data, data products or tools." href="https://water.europa.eu/resources/other-marine-policies-data-tools/links-to-other-data-sources-or-tools"> <span class="submenu_title">Other data infrastructures and tools</span>  </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedb708190>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://water.europa.eu/resources/european-and-regional-indicators"> <span class="submenu_title">European and regional indicators</span>  </a> </li> <li class="menu-position-<bound method Iterator.number of <Products.PageTemplates.engine.RepeatItem object at 0x7fdedb708190>>"> <a class="clearfix state-published" title="" href="https://discomap.eea.europa.eu/wise-marineviewer/"> <span class="submenu_title">Map viewer</span>  </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="above-content-wrapper"> <div id="viewlet-above-content"><nav id="portal-breadcrumbs" class="plone-breadcrumb"> <div class="container"> <span id="breadcrumbs-you-are-here" class="hiddenStructure">You are here:</span> <ol aria-labelledby="breadcrumbs-you-are-here"> <li id="breadcrumbs-home"> <a href="https://water.europa.eu">Home</a> </li> <li id="breadcrumbs-1"> <span id="breadcrumbs-current">site-root</span> </li> </ol> </div> </nav> <div id="sentry" data-sentry-dsn="https://3b1e925c59cd4e1799c6efbd8251ec80@sentry.eea.europa.eu/32" data-sentry-env="Prod3 CPH" data-sentry-ver="5.2.13-20" data-sentry-user="{}" data-sentry-site="Plone" data-sentry-server="marine-backend-plone-1"></div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12 col-xs-12"> <aside id="global_statusmessage"> <div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> <main id="main-container" class="row row-offcanvas row-offcanvas-right" role="main"> <div class="col-sm-12 print-btn-wrapper"> <div onclick="printPage()" title="Print page" id="print-button"> <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-print"></i> </div> </div> <div class="print-loading"> <div class="loading-animation"></div> </div> <div class="daviz-toolbar-container"> <div class="dataviz-toolbar dashboard-toolbar"> <div class="toolbar-button fs-button" title="Full Screen"> <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-fullscreen"></i> </div> <div class="toolbar-button cl-button" title="Share"> <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-share"></i> </div> <div class="share-dialog"> <div class="dialog-wrapper"> <div class="dialog-header"> <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-remove close-dialog"></i> <span class="dialog-title">Share Dashboard</span> </div> <div class="dialog-body"> <ul class="daviz-nav-tabs"> <li data-tab="share-link" class="daviz-tab-item current"> <span class="nav-dot"><i class="glyphicon glyphicon-link"></i></span> <span class="daviz-tab-title">URL</span> </li> <li data-tab="share-embed" class="daviz-tab-item"> <span class="nav-dot"> <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-menu-left"></i> <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-menu-right"></i></span> <span class="daviz-tab-title">Embed</span> </li> </ul> <div id="share-link" class="daviz-tab-content current"> <div class="input-wrapper"> <input type="text" class="copy-link-input" value="" /> </div> <button class="copy-btn dialog-btn" data-clipboard-text=""> Copy sharing URL </button> </div> <div id="share-embed" class="daviz-tab-content"> <textarea></textarea> <button class="copy-btn copy-embed dialog-btn" data-clipboard-text=""> Copy embed code </button> </div> <span class="close-dialog">Cancel</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="column1-container"></div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12">  <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12"> <article id="content"> <h1 class="documentFirstHeading">This page does not seem to exist…</h1> <div id="content-core"> <p class="description">We apologize for the inconvenience, but the page you were trying to access is not at this address. 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