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in Senegal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_religions_in_Senegal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_African_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_African_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Traditional African religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_African_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Youth_religiosity_in_Senegal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth_religiosity_in_Senegal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Youth religiosity in Senegal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Youth_religiosity_in_Senegal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Youth religiosity in Senegal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Youth_religiosity_in_Senegal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changes_in_religiosity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_in_religiosity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Changes in religiosity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_in_religiosity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> 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interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n_en_Senegal" title="Religión en Senegal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religión en Senegal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_au_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal" title="Religion au Sénégal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religion au Sénégal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religioni_in_Senegal" title="Religioni in Senegal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Religioni in Senegal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Религија во Сенегал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Религија во Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_w_Senegalu" title="Religia w Senegalu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Religia w Senegalu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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Senegal</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Orange; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 15915.284869129px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 460.96007059739px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Senegal (PEW estimate, 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Senegal" title="Islam in Senegal">Islam</a> (96.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (3.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> Other (0.1%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Religion and beliefs occupy an important place in the daily life of the nation of <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>. The majority of citizens follow <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>). In 2013, 6% of the population followed indigenous beliefs (mainly <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a>), while 2% followed <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (principally Catholicism).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The constitution provides for freedom of religious beliefs and self-governance by religious groups without outside interference.<sup id="cite_ref-US2021_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_religions_in_Senegal">Major religions in Senegal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Senegal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Major religions in Senegal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to "<a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>: Senegal" (2019 estimates), <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Senegal" title="Islam in Senegal">Islam</a> is the predominant religion in the country, practiced by 97.2% of the country's population; the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Senegal">Christian</a> community, at 2.7% of the population, and less than one percent practice <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer spirituality</a>, the spiritual beliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Berkley Center, "approximately 95 percent of the population is Muslim and the other five percent is primarily Christian or animist."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars including Marloes Janson, of SOAS, University of London, posits that, in Senegal, <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>, and many African countries were Islam is dominant, Muslim communities tend to <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretise</a> Islam with <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a>, a term referred to as "African Islam."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Senegal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Senegal" title="Islam in Senegal">Islam in Senegal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saintlouis_mosqu%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Saintlouis_mosqu%C3%A9e.jpg/220px-Saintlouis_mosqu%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Saintlouis_mosqu%C3%A9e.jpg/330px-Saintlouis_mosqu%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Saintlouis_mosqu%C3%A9e.jpg/440px-Saintlouis_mosqu%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>A mosque in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis,_Senegal" title="Saint-Louis, Senegal">Saint-Louis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>About 97% of the Senegalese population is Muslim, and many denominations of this faith are practised. Approximately 1% of the Muslim population practices <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a>. Though mainstream Muslims see Ahmadis as heretic.<sup id="cite_ref-pew_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> is represented in Senegal by the following brotherhoods: Tijanism, Mouridism, Qadiriyya, and Layenism. More recently, the NabyAllah movement has emerged and constructed the Mosque of the Divinity in <a href="/wiki/Ouakam" title="Ouakam">Ouakam</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Layene" title="Layene">Layenes</a> are a Muslim brotherhood based in Mahdism. This group originated in Yoff, a <a href="/wiki/Lebou" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebou">Lebou</a> village that has become a <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Senegal#Dakar" title="Arrondissements of Senegal">commune d'arondissement</a> of Dakar. The founder is <a href="/wiki/Seydina_Limamou_Laye" class="mw-redirect" title="Seydina Limamou Laye">Seydina Limamou Laye</a>. He began his prédication May 24, 1883, at the age of 40, presenting himself as the Imam of "Bien Guidés" or "imamoul Mahdi."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He taught and preached religious law and worship "clean and sincere," removed from the traditions that he judged were not conforming to Islam.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tijaniyyah" title="Tijaniyyah">Tijanism</a> (Tarîqah Tijâniyyah) is the most important Sufi brotherhood in Senegal. In Senegal, the principal holy city of Tijanism is <a href="/wiki/Tivouane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tivouane">Tivouane</a>, the home of marabout <a href="/wiki/Malick_Sy" title="Malick Sy">Malick Sy</a> (d. 1922). Sy left a legacy of pacifist teachings. Il y a aussi Sokone Avec El Hadji Amadou Déme (1895-1973). Kaolack is another important city, for being the seat of marabout <a href="/wiki/Baye_Niass" class="mw-redirect" title="Baye Niass">Baye Niass</a> (1900-1975) who also taught a pacifist message. The first propagators were <a href="/wiki/Oumar_Tall" class="mw-redirect" title="Oumar Tall">Oumar Tall</a> who tried to lead a holy war (1852-1864) against the French and Mouhammadoul Hâmet BA. After the 2002 general census of the Senegalese population, the followers of Tijianism constitute around 60% of all Senegalese, making it the most represented brotherhood in the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mouride" title="Mouride">Mouride</a> constitute one of the most important brotherhoods in Senegal, and the most important Sufi brotherhood in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>. The religious center of Mourides is the city of <a href="/wiki/Touba,_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Touba, Senegal">Touba</a>, which houses one of the largest mosques in Africa. The founder of the Mouride brotherhood is <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Bamba" title="Amadou Bamba">Marabout Ahmadou Bamba</a> (1853–1927). Each year, the Mourides commemorate the exile of Bamba during Magal, celebrated in the holy city of Touba. Each year, not less than two million people make this pilgrimage. Mourides constitute around 28% of the Senegalese population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a> brotherhood is the oldest in Senegal, founded by the Sufi mystic <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Qadir_Gilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Qadir Gilani">Abd al Qadir al-Jilani</a> in the 12th century. Qadiriyya constitute around 6% of the Senegalese population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Senegal" title="Shia Islam in Senegal">Shia Islam</a> is the dominant religion among the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Senegal" title="Lebanese people in Senegal">Lebanese community of Senegal</a>. Since the 1970s, the number of native Senegalese Shi'i Muslims has been growing significantly. They belong to organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Mozdahir" title="Mozdahir">Mozdahir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tirnscholars_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tirnscholars-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Senegal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dakar_cathedrale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dakar_cathedrale.jpg/220px-Dakar_cathedrale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dakar_cathedrale.jpg/330px-Dakar_cathedrale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dakar_cathedrale.jpg/440px-Dakar_cathedrale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Senegal" title="Catholic Church in Senegal">Our Lady of Victories Cathedral</a> is an important <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> landmark in <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>Primarily found in the west and south of Senegal,<sup id="cite_ref-US2021_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Casamance" title="Casamance">Casamance</a> region, they are also found in the large cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis,_Senegal" title="Saint-Louis, Senegal">Saint-Louis</a>. Senegalese Christians have a site of pilgrimage at Popenguine.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Victories_Cathedral,_Dakar" title="Our Lady of Victories Cathedral, Dakar">Dakar Cathedral</a> was constructed at the beginning of the 20th century by father <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brottier" title="Daniel Brottier">Daniel Brottier</a>, founder of the <i>Orphelins Apprentis d'Auteuil</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> is equally represented, among others, by the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Senegal" title="Protestant Church in Senegal">Protestant Church in Senegal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_African_religions">Traditional African religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Senegal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Traditional African religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Serer creation myth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pangool" title="Pangool">Pangool</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg/220px-Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg/330px-Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg/440px-Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>The star <i>Yoonir</i> - representation of the university in <a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Serer cosmogony</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a> (<i>A ƭat Roog</i>) are adhered to by devout worshippers of <a href="/wiki/Roog" title="Roog">Roog</a> – the supreme deity in Serer religion.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer ethnic group</a> who adhere to the tenets of Serer religion (including those Senegalese who <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretize</a>) honour <a href="/wiki/Pangool" title="Pangool">the Serer pangool</a> and have ancient rituals and festivals devoted to them. The religious affairs of Serer religion devotees are usually headed by the <a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a> (the Serer priestly class) which in ancient times was the preoccupation of <a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">the Serer lamanic class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these religious festivals or ceremonies include the <a href="/wiki/Ndut_initiation_rite" title="Ndut initiation rite">Ndut</a> (rite of passage), <i><a href="/wiki/Xooy" title="Xooy">Xooy</a></i> (divination festival once a year in Fatick), and the <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion#Raan_Festival" title="Serer religion">Raan festival</a>. Senegalese hold several ancient beliefs, such as small efforts of 'thanks' or demands, such as protection from water. They also place great importance on the <a href="/wiki/Adansonia" title="Adansonia">Baobab tree</a>, which is known as the "House of the Spirits." The baobab tree along with <a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth#Creation_of_trees_and_vegetation" title="Serer creation myth">other sacred trees figure prominently</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Serer creation narrative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the <a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola people</a>, some religious festivals include the <a href="/wiki/Samay_(mythology)" title="Samay (mythology)">Samay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumpo" title="Kumpo">Kumpo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Niasse" title="Niasse">Niasse</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Youth_religiosity_in_Senegal">Youth religiosity in Senegal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Senegal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Youth religiosity in Senegal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Senegal&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Religion is an integral part of daily life in Senegal, and this occurs very differently for adults and youths.<sup id="cite_ref-Loimeier_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loimeier-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though many standard practices such as the celebration of large Senegalese religious holidays like <a href="/wiki/Tabaski" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabaski">Tabaski</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maintain importance for Senegalese people of all generations, other practices such as daily prayer and abstinence from drinking and drugs take on different roles for Senegalese youth than for their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But along with youths who have liberalized their understanding of religion, there are many Senegalese youth who have made changes of a more fundamentalist nature. Many Senegalese youth are reinstating earlier understandings of Islam, in many instances incorporating religion into their lives to a greater extent than that of their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-Loimeier_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loimeier-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_in_religiosity">Changes in religiosity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Senegal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Changes in religiosity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A notable sign of changing generational levels of religiosity is how youth have changed their interactions with the national political system.<sup id="cite_ref-Villalón_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villalón-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On one hand, an increase in religiosity of Senegalese youth has caused them to promote an increased level of religious involvement in political decision-making. Conversely, many youth-led political movements are associated with groups of young people who tend to deviate from the religious expectations of their parents, partaking in alcohol consumption as well as elements of <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop culture">hip hop culture</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Y%27en_a_Marre" title="Y'en a Marre">Y'en a Marre</a> ("Fed Up") movement was developed in January 2011 in response to the government inefficiency and youth un-involvement in Senegal was and was almost entirely youth-driven. </p><p>On the other hand, many Senegalese youth movements have centered on increasing the role of religion in political systems, particularly at the university level. Many student organizations have been created to attempt to promote these traditional values to Senegalese public life and politics. These groups include the Hizbut-Tarqiyyah, and the Association Musulmane des Etudiants d'Afrique Noire (AMEAN).<sup id="cite_ref-Villalón_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villalón-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 1960s and 70s this upturn in religiosity was seen through the building of new mosques, and an increase in attention on Islamic organizations and news publications.<sup id="cite_ref-Gomez-Perez_et_al._25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomez-Perez_et_al.-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These movements have many sources of inspiration, some local and some international. Scholars have claimed that it is sometimes a lack of access to resources that drive youth to use religion as a source of empowerment, as well as a justification for violence in certain instances.<sup id="cite_ref-Gomez-Perez_et_al._25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomez-Perez_et_al.-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in Senegal in the 1990s <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revivalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic revivalism">Islamic revivalism</a> originated largely from educated youths who had attended secular French schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Gomez-Perez_et_al._25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomez-Perez_et_al.-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The existing literature about youth religiosity politics in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> focuses on males, since they tend to dominate roles of religious authority in Muslim structures. This bias makes it even more difficult to make any generalizations about youth religiosity, since it would frequently be disregarding the sentiments of a large portion of the population. But it is apparent that religion serves a very different function for youth of this generation than it did for the previous one, in a pattern that was certainly passed down from the one before.<sup id="cite_ref-Gomez-Perez_et_al._25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomez-Perez_et_al.-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Senegal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Senegal" title="Demographics of Senegal">Demographics of Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Senegal" title="Islam in Senegal">Islam in Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Senegal">Roman Catholicism in Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Religion in the Gambia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Senegal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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SOAS, University of London (2017), pp. 15-17 (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pew-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pew_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024125551/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf">"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. August 9, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Muslims%3A+Unity+and+Diversity&rft.pub=Pew+Forum+on+Religious+%26+Public+life&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FuploadedFiles%2FTopics%2FReligious_Affiliation%2FMuslim%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Senegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tirnscholars-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tirnscholars_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leichtman, Mara A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tirnscholars.org/2016/04/01/mara-leichtman-on-lebanese-migration-shii-religious-conversion-in-senegal-book-q-a.html">Interview on book with ISLAMiCommentary, a Public Scholarship Forum Managed by the Duke Islamic Studies Center</a>. 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JSTOR. Web. 16 Apr. 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Villalón-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Villalón_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villalón_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillalón1999" class="citation journal cs1">Villalón, Leonardo A. (Summer–Autumn 1999). "Generational Changes, Political Stagnation, and the Evolving Dynamics of Religion and Politics in Senegal". <i>Africa Today</i>. <b>46</b> (3/4): 129–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fat.2003.0106">10.1353/at.2003.0106</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144635330">144635330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa+Today&rft.atitle=Generational+Changes%2C+Political+Stagnation%2C+and+the+Evolving+Dynamics+of+Religion+and+Politics+in+Senegal&rft.chron=summer%E2%80%93fall&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=129-147&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fat.2003.0106&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144635330%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Villal%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Leonardo+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Senegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gomez-Perez_et_al.-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gomez-Perez_et_al._25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gomez-Perez_et_al._25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gomez-Perez_et_al._25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gomez-Perez_et_al._25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomez-PerezLeBlanc,_Marie-NathalieSavadogo,_Mathias2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gomez-Perez, Muriel; LeBlanc, Marie-Nathalie; Savadogo, Mathias (2009). "Young Men And Islam in the 1990s: Rethinking an Intergenerational Perspective". <i>Journal of Religion in Africa</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 186–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006609x436021">10.1163/157006609x436021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144659380">144659380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Young+Men+And+Islam+in+the+1990s%3A+Rethinking+an+Intergenerational+Perspective&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=186-218&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006609x436021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144659380%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gomez-Perez&rft.aufirst=Muriel&rft.au=LeBlanc%2C+Marie-Nathalie&rft.au=Savadogo%2C+Mathias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Senegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Senegal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Senegal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cox, Pamela; Kessler, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131208121533/http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/79/316/327.extract">"'Après Senghor'--A Socialist Senegal?"</a> <i>African Affairs</i>, Vol. 79, No. 316 (July 1980), pp. 327–342</li> <li>"La tolérance religieuse, reflet de l'aspiration d'une nation à la démocratie : dans la vie et l'œuvre de quatre auteurs sénégalais : Birago Diop, Cheikh Anta Diop, Léopold S. Senghor, Abdoulaye Sadje," Fondation Konrad Adenauer, 2007, 65 p.</li> <li>Markovitz, Irving Leonard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00019364">"Traditional Social Structure, the Islamic Brotherhoods, and Political Development in Senegal."</a> <i>The Journal of Modern African Studies</i> 8.01 (1970): 73. 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<li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Serer creation myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people#Religion_and_beliefs" title="Zulu people">Zulu religion</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomies</a>, and<br /> other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="Religion in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Ceuta">Ceuta</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mayotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Mayotte">Mayotte</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a> (Spain)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Puntland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Puntland (page does not exist)">Puntland</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Réunion">Réunion</a> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Helena">St. Helena</a> (UK)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zanzibar" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> (Tanzania)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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