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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:15em;border-width:22.0em; border: 4px double #FCD116; background:#FFFFFF;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Category:Culture of Puerto Rico">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Culture of Puerto Rico">Culture of Puerto Rico</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jibaro_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jibaro_Monument.jpg/130px-Jibaro_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jibaro_Monument.jpg/195px-Jibaro_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jibaro_Monument.jpg/260px-Jibaro_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #003893;color: white;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%ADbaro_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Jíbaro (Puerto Rico)">Jíbaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico#Immigration_and_emigration" title="Puerto Rico">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Puerto Rico">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Public holidays in Puerto Rico">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Puerto Rico">Religion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #003893;color: white;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_art" title="Puerto Rican art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Architecture of Puerto Rico">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Cinema of Puerto Rico">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danza" title="Danza">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_patronales_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Fiestas patronales in Puerto Rico">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feria_de_Artesan%C3%ADas_de_Ponce" title="Feria de Artesanías de Ponce">Handicrafts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Media of Puerto Rico">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Cinema of Puerto Rico">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_media_in_Puerto_Rico" title="News media in Puerto Rico">News media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of newspapers in Puerto Rico">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Puerto Rico">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of television stations in Puerto Rico">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Puerto_Rico" title="Miss Puerto Rico">Miss Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumento_al_J%C3%ADbaro_Puertorrique%C3%B1o" title="Monumento al Jíbaro Puertorriqueño">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_art#Painting" title="Puerto Rican art">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Puerto Rico">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Cultura_Puertorrique%C3%B1a" title="Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña">Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #003893;color: white;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Flag of Puerto Rico">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Coat of arms of Puerto Rico">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Puerto Rico">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Puerto Rico">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #CE1126;border-bottom:1px solid #CE1126;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico" title="Portal:Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:84px;max-width:84px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ATapia2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ATapia2.jpg/82px-ATapia2.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ATapia2.jpg/123px-ATapia2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ATapia2.jpg/164px-ATapia2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="331" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Tapia_y_Rivera" title="Alejandro Tapia y Rivera">Tapia y Rivera</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alejandrina_Benitez_de_Gautier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Alejandrina_Benitez_de_Gautier.jpg/109px-Alejandrina_Benitez_de_Gautier.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Alejandrina_Benitez_de_Gautier.jpg/164px-Alejandrina_Benitez_de_Gautier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Alejandrina_Benitez_de_Gautier.jpg/218px-Alejandrina_Benitez_de_Gautier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="295" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Alejandrina_Ben%C3%ADtez_de_Gautier" title="Alejandrina Benítez de Gautier">Benítez de Gautier</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Gautier_Ben%C3%ADtez_(small).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jos%C3%A9_Gautier_Ben%C3%ADtez_%28small%29.jpg/89px-Jos%C3%A9_Gautier_Ben%C3%ADtez_%28small%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jos%C3%A9_Gautier_Ben%C3%ADtez_%28small%29.jpg/134px-Jos%C3%A9_Gautier_Ben%C3%ADtez_%28small%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Jos%C3%A9_Gautier_Ben%C3%ADtez_%28small%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="186" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gautier_Ben%C3%ADtez" title="José Gautier Benítez">Gautier Benítez</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:196px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_EMdeHostos_por_Francisco_Oller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Retrato_de_EMdeHostos_por_Francisco_Oller.jpg/145px-Retrato_de_EMdeHostos_por_Francisco_Oller.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Retrato_de_EMdeHostos_por_Francisco_Oller.jpg/218px-Retrato_de_EMdeHostos_por_Francisco_Oller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Retrato_de_EMdeHostos_por_Francisco_Oller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Hostos" title="Eugenio María de Hostos">de Hostos</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:196px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_S._Pedreira.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Antonio_S._Pedreira.JPG" decoding="async" width="139" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="101" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_S._Pedreira" title="Antonio S. Pedreira">Pedreira</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Puerto Rican literature</b> is the body of literature produced by writers of Puerto Rican descent. It evolved from the art of <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral storytelling</a>. Written works by the indigenous inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> were originally prohibited and repressed by the Spanish colonial government<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>It was not until the late 19th century, with the arrival of the first printing press and the founding of the Royal Academy of Belles Letters, that Puerto Rican literature began to flourish. The first writers to express their political views in regard to Spanish colonial rule of the island were journalists. After the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War and the island was ceded to the United States as a condition of the Treaty of Paris of 1898, writers and poets began to express their opposition of the new colonial rule by writing about patriotic themes. </p><p>With the Puerto Rican diaspora of the early and mid-20th century, and the subsequent rise of the <a href="/wiki/Nuyorican_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuyorican Movement">Nuyorican Movement</a>, Puerto Rican literature continued to evolve and many Puerto Ricans have distinguished themselves as authors, poets, novelists, playwrights, and essayists. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of Puerto Rican literature was hampered by the Spanish colonial government, which ruled over Puerto Rico since the early 1500s. The Spanish feared that, through literature, Puerto Rico would develop its own social and cultural identity and eventually seek independence. Written works by the indigenous inhabitants were prohibited and punishable by prison or banishment. Even though the first library in Puerto Rico was established in 1642, in the Convent of San Francisco, access to its books was limited to those who belonged to the religious order.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only people who had access to the libraries and who could afford books were either appointed Spanish government officials or wealthy land owners. The poor had to resort to oral story-telling in what are traditionally known in Puerto Rico as <i>Coplas and Decimas.</i> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diego_de_Torres_Vargas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Diego_de_Torres_Vargas.jpg/150px-Diego_de_Torres_Vargas.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Diego_de_Torres_Vargas.jpg/225px-Diego_de_Torres_Vargas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Diego_de_Torres_Vargas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>Father <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Vargas" title="Diego de Torres Vargas">Diego de Torres Vargas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The island's first writers were commissioned by the Spanish Crown to document the chronological history of the island. Among these writers were Father <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Vargas" title="Diego de Torres Vargas">Diego de Torres Vargas</a>, who wrote about the history of Puerto Rico, Father <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ayerra_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Francisco Ayerra de Santa María">Francisco Ayerra de Santa María</a>, who wrote poems about religious and historical themes, and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n_II" title="Juan Ponce de León II">Juan Ponce de León II</a>, who was commissioned to write a general description of the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. </p><p>The first native-born Puerto Rican governor, Ponce de León II, wrote about <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Taíno people">Taíno</a> culture, particularly their religious ceremonies and language. He also documented the early exploits of the <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a>. These works were sent to the National Archives in Sevilla, Spain, where they were kept.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Puerto Rican literary history changed with the arrival of the first <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> from Mexico, in 1806. That same year Juan Rodríguez Calderón (a Spaniard) wrote and published the first book in the island, titled <i>Ocios de la Juventud.</i> In 1851, the Spanish appointed governor of Puerto Rico, Juan de la Pezuela Cevallo, founded the Royal Academy of Belles Letters. This institution contributed greatly to the intellectual and literary progress of the island. The school licensed primary school teachers, formulated school methods, and held literary contests. However, only those with government positions and the wealthy benefited from the formation of the institution. The first Puerto Rican writers came from some of the island's wealthiest families, and they were critical of the injustices of the Spanish Crown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1806, the Spanish Colonial Government established "La Gaceta de Puerto Rico" (<i>The Puerto Rico Gazette</i>), Puerto Rico's first newspaper. The newspaper was biased in favor of the ideals of the government. </p><p>The first written works in Puerto Rico were influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> of the time. Journalists were the first writers to express their political views in the newspapers of the day and later in books. Through their books and novels, they illuminated social injustices, which included slavery and poverty. Many of these writers were considered to be dangerous liberals by the colonial government and were banished from the island. An example of this treatment was poet and journalist <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Gonzalo_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Francisco Gonzalo Marín">Francisco Gonzalo Marín</a>, who wrote against the Spanish Crown. Some went to the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> or <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> where they continued to write about patriotic themes while in exile. The literature of these writers helped fuel the desire of some to revolt against the Spanish government in Puerto Rico, resulting in the failed attempt known as the <a href="/wiki/Grito_de_Lares" title="Grito de Lares">Grito de Lares</a> in 1868. </p><p>The period between 1868 and 1898 was crucial to the development of Puerto Rican institutions and the birth of a national arts and culture: there was a pro-independence rebellion, colonial reform, the formation of national political parties, the abolition of slavery (in 1873), and a brief period of autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These events coincide with the promotion of a national culture expressed through literary language, music, architecture, and other arts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> in 1898, many members of the Puerto Rican literary class welcomed them, believing that eventually Puerto Rico would be granted independence. Instead, the island was declared a territory of the United States. Many writers and poets expressed their opposition by writing about patriotic themes through their work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twentieth-century_migration_to_the_United_States">Twentieth-century migration to the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Twentieth-century migration to the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuyorican_Poets_Cafe_in_Loisaida_section_of_New_York_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Nuyorican_Poets_Cafe_in_Loisaida_section_of_New_York_City.jpg/220px-Nuyorican_Poets_Cafe_in_Loisaida_section_of_New_York_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Nuyorican_Poets_Cafe_in_Loisaida_section_of_New_York_City.jpg/330px-Nuyorican_Poets_Cafe_in_Loisaida_section_of_New_York_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Nuyorican_Poets_Cafe_in_Loisaida_section_of_New_York_City.jpg/440px-Nuyorican_Poets_Cafe_in_Loisaida_section_of_New_York_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nuyorican_Poets_Caf%C3%A9" title="Nuyorican Poets Café">Nuyorican Poets Café</a> building on East 3rd street</figcaption></figure> <p>During the early part of the 20th century, many Puerto Ricans moved to the eastern coast and mid-western parts of the United States in search of a better way of life. Most settled in cities such as New York and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. There they faced ethnic and racial discrimination and other hardships. <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Col%C3%B3n" title="Jesús Colón">Jesús Colón</a>, known as the father of the <a href="/wiki/Nuyorican_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuyorican Movement">Nuyorican Movement</a>, was discriminated against because he was <a href="/wiki/Black_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black (people)">Black</a> and had difficulty speaking English. He wrote about his experiences, as well as the experiences of other immigrants, becoming among the first Puerto Ricans to do so in English. </p><p>One of his works, <i>A Puerto Rican in New York</i>, preceded the literary movement known as the "Nuyorican Movement". Ultimately, the Nuyorican Movement significantly influenced Puerto Rican literature, spurring themes such as cultural identity and discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of the Nuyorican Movement is to maintain the cultural identity of the Puerto Rican people in a foreign land. This circle of intellectuals, writers, poets and playwrights express their experiences as Nuyoricans living in the United States, including those whose works eventually found mainstream audiences and scholarly attention: <a href="/wiki/Nicholasa_Mohr" title="Nicholasa Mohr">Nicholasa Mohr</a> (<i>El Bronx Remembered</i>), <a href="/wiki/Piri_Thomas" title="Piri Thomas">Piri Thomas</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Down_These_Mean_Streets" title="Down These Mean Streets">Down These Mean Streets</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pietri" title="Pedro Pietri">Pedro Pietri</a> (<i>The Masses are Asses</i>), <a href="/wiki/Giannina_Braschi" title="Giannina Braschi">Giannina Braschi</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Boing!" title="Yo-Yo Boing!">Yo-Yo Boing!</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_Santiago" title="Esmeralda Santiago">Esmeralda Santiago</a> (<i>When I Was Puerto Rican</i>), and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundational_fiction">Foundational fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foundational fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_Z._Gandia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Manuel_Z._Gandia.jpg/150px-Manuel_Z._Gandia.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Manuel_Z._Gandia.jpg/225px-Manuel_Z._Gandia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9d/Manuel_Z._Gandia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Zeno_Gand%C3%ADa" title="Manuel Zeno Gandía">Manuel Zeno Gandía</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Prominent 19th century Puerto Rican authors include <a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Alonso" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel A. Alonso">Manuel A. Alonso</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%ADbaro_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Jíbaro (Puerto Rico)">El Gíbaro</a> (1849)</i>, a collection of verses whose main themes were the poor Puerto Rican country farmer. <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Hostos" title="Eugenio María de Hostos">Eugenio María de Hostos</a> wrote <i>La peregrinación de Bayoán</i> (1863), which used <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a> as a spring board to reflect on Caribbean identity. After this first novel, Hostos abandoned fiction in favor of the essay which he saw as offering greater possibilities for inspiring social change. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Tapia_y_Rivera" title="Alejandro Tapia y Rivera">Alejandro Tapia y Rivera</a> ushered in a new age of <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> with the publication of <i>The Historical Library of Puerto Rico</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cayetano_Coll_y_Toste" title="Cayetano Coll y Toste">Cayetano Coll y Toste</a> published a historical work that illuminated <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADnos" class="mw-redirect" title="Taínos">Taínos</a> culture in <i>The Indo-Antillano Vocabulary</i> is valuable. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Zeno_Gand%C3%ADa" title="Manuel Zeno Gandía">Manuel Zeno Gandía</a> (1894) wrote <i>La Charca</i> about the mountainous coffee regions in Puerto Rico. <a href="/wiki/Antonio_S._Pedreira" title="Antonio S. Pedreira">Antonio S. Pedreira</a>, described in his work <i>Insularismo</i> the cultural survival of the Puerto Rican identity after the U.S. invasion. </p><p>A trend in Puerto Rican fiction to narrate urban stories and novels about migration and displacement is jettisoned by Puerto Rican authors who themselves migrate to New York City, including <a href="/wiki/Edgardo_Vega_Yunqu%C3%A9" title="Edgardo Vega Yunqué">Edgardo Vega Yunqué</a>, author of <i>Omaha Bigelow and Blood Fugues</i>; <a href="/wiki/Giannina_Braschi" title="Giannina Braschi">Giannina Braschi</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Boing!" title="Yo-Yo Boing!">Yo-Yo Boing!</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Banana" title="United States of Banana">United States of Banana</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Juan_Soto" title="Pedro Juan Soto">Pedro Juan Soto</a>, author of <i>Spiks</i>; and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ramos_Otero" title="Manuel Ramos Otero">Manuel Ramos Otero</a>, author of "Loca la de la locura." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetry">Poetry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_poetry">Early poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lola_Rodriguez_de_Tio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lola_Rodriguez_de_Tio.jpg/150px-Lola_Rodriguez_de_Tio.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lola_Rodriguez_de_Tio.jpg/225px-Lola_Rodriguez_de_Tio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lola_Rodriguez_de_Tio.jpg/300px-Lola_Rodriguez_de_Tio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lola_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Ti%C3%B3" title="Lola Rodríguez de Tió">Lola Rodríguez de Tió</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Bibiana_Ben%C3%ADtez" title="María Bibiana Benítez">María Bibiana Benítez</a> published her first poem "La Ninfa de Puerto Rico" in 1832. Her niece was <a href="/wiki/Alejandrina_Ben%C3%ADtez_de_Gautier" title="Alejandrina Benítez de Gautier">Alejandrina Benítez de Gautier</a>, whose "Aguinaldo Puertorriqueño," published in 1843, gave her the recognition of being one of the island's great poets. Alejandrina's son <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gautier_Ben%C3%ADtez" title="José Gautier Benítez">José Gautier Benítez</a> is considered by many to be Puerto Rico's greatest Romantic-era poet. <a href="/wiki/Lola_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Ti%C3%B3" title="Lola Rodríguez de Tió">Lola Rodríguez de Tió</a> wrote the lyrics to "<a href="/wiki/La_Borinque%C3%B1a" title="La Borinqueña">La Borinqueña</a>," which was used by the revolutionists in the <a href="/wiki/Grito_de_Lares" title="Grito de Lares">Grito de Lares</a>. Poets <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Diego" title="José de Diego">José de Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgilio_D%C3%A1vila" title="Virgilio Dávila">Virgilio Dávila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Llor%C3%A9ns_Torres" title="Luis Lloréns Torres">Luis Lloréns Torres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nemesio_Canales" title="Nemesio Canales">Nemesio Canales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Matos_Paoli" title="Francisco Matos Paoli">Francisco Matos Paoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Corretjer" title="Juan Antonio Corretjer">Juan Antonio Corretjer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clemente_Soto_V%C3%A9lez" title="Clemente Soto Vélez">Clemente Soto Vélez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Margenat" title="Hugo Margenat">Hugo Margenat</a> were independence advocates who wrote poems with patriotic inspired themes. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalism">Nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1928, Soto Vélez, along with Alfredo Margenat (father of Hugo Margenat), Pedro Carrasquillo, Graciany Miranda Archilla, Fernando González Alberti, Luis Hernández Aquino, Samuel Lugo, Juan Calderón Escobar, and Antonio Cruz Nieves founded the group "El Atalaya de los Dioses," which launched the literary movement known as "Atalayismo."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "El Grupo Atalaya" movement sought to connect the poetic/literary world with political action and most of its members, including Soto Vélez became involved with the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party">Puerto Rican Nationalist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CSV_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSV-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Giannina_Braschi" title="Giannina Braschi">Giannina Braschi</a>'s postmodern work <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Banana" title="United States of Banana">United States of Banana</a> (2011) addresses the history of Puerto Rico decolonization efforts and declares the independence of Puerto Rico.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_lyricism">Universal lyricism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_literature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Universal lyricism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Negr%C3%B3n_Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Mercedes Negrón Muñoz">Mercedes Negrón Muñoz</a> wrote under the name "<a href="/wiki/Clara_Lair" class="mw-redirect" title="Clara Lair">Clara Lair</a>" and published "Arras de Cristal" (1937), which describes the everyday struggles of the Puerto Rican. However, it was <a href="/wiki/Julia_de_Burgos" title="Julia de Burgos">Julia de Burgos</a> who was to be considered by many as one of the greatest poets to be born in Puerto Rico and who later lived in New York. The inspiration spurred by her love of Puerto Rico is reflected in her poem "Río Grande de Loíza". Other important lyric poets of the early twentieth century include <a href="/wiki/Luis_Pal%C3%A9s_Matos" title="Luis Palés Matos">Luis Palés Matos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Llor%C3%A9ns_Torres" title="Luis Lloréns Torres">Luis Lloréns Torres</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Evaristo_Ribera_Chevremont" title="Evaristo Ribera Chevremont">Evaristo Ribera Chevremont</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, poets <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a> (Nobel Laureate, 1956) and his wife <a href="/wiki/Zenobia_Camprub%C3%AD" title="Zenobia Camprubí">Zenobia Camprubí</a> emigrate to Puerto Rico and settle in Juan Juan in 1946. Jiménez's <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyrical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_poets" title="Philosophical poets">philosophical</a> poems influenced major Puerto Rican-born writers such as <a href="/wiki/Giannina_Braschi" title="Giannina Braschi">Giannina Braschi</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Dreams_(poetry_collection)" title="Empire of Dreams (poetry collection)">Empire of Dreams</a></i>, 1988), <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ramos_Otero" title="Manuel Ramos Otero">Manuel Ramos Otero</a> (<i>El Libro de la Muerte</i>, 1985), and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Marqu%C3%A9s" title="René Marqués">René Marqués</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/La_Carreta" title="La Carreta">La Carreta</a></i>, 1950).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Evaristo_Ribera_Chevremont" title="Evaristo Ribera Chevremont">Evaristo Ribera Chevremont</a>'s verses deal with nationality, folklore and regionalism, but also touch upon universal lyricism.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Cruz" title="Victor Hernández Cruz">Victor Hernández Cruz</a> became the first Hispanic poet to be published by a mainstream publishing house (Random House) with the collection <i>Snaps</i>, in 1969. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Playwrights">Playwrights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_literature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Playwrights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External audio</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="audio icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> You may view and listen to Act 1 - Part 1 of René Marqués' "<b>"La Carreta"</b>".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Among the major figures in Puerto Rican theater is <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Marqu%C3%A9s" title="René Marqués">René Marqués</a> (1919-1979 ) author of The <i>Oxcart</i> (<a href="/wiki/La_Carreta" title="La Carreta">La Carreta</a>), which dramatizes the hardships of a Puerto Rican family who move from the island to New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His prose contributions include <i>El Puertorriqueño Dócil y Otros Ensayos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Arriv%C3%AD" title="Francisco Arriví">Francisco Arriví</a> (1915–2007), a prominent voice of Puerto Rican theater, developed a dramatic style known as <i><a href="/wiki/Are%C3%ADto" title="Areíto">Areyto</a></i> and authored "<a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">Bolero</a> y <a href="/wiki/Plena" title="Plena">plena</a>" (1958) and <i>Vejigantes.</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He helped to establish various theater festivals and the <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Bellas_Artes_Luis_A._Ferr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro de Bellas Artes Luis A. Ferré">Centro de Bellas Artes Luis A. Ferré</a> (Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center) in Puerto Rico.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Luis_Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Luis Rafael Sánchez">Luis Rafael Sánchez</a> (1936-) wrote <i>Pasión según Antígona Pérez</i> (The Passion According to Antigona Perez), a <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a> based on the life of <a href="/wiki/Olga_Viscal_Garriga" title="Olga Viscal Garriga">Olga Viscal Garriga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the Puerto Rican <a href="/wiki/Experimental_theatre" title="Experimental theatre">experimental theater</a> writers is <a href="/wiki/Giannina_Braschi" title="Giannina Braschi">Giannina Braschi</a> whose dramatic dialogues celebrate Puerto Rican artistic expression and acknowledge the works of her compatriots <a href="/wiki/Luis_Pal%C3%A9s_Matos" title="Luis Palés Matos">Luis Palés Matos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilita_Vient%C3%B3s_Gast%C3%B3n" title="Nilita Vientós Gastón">Nilita Vientos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Pal%C3%A9s_Matos" title="Luis Palés Matos">Luis Pales Matos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pietri" title="Pedro Pietri">Pedro Pietri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julia_de_Burgos" title="Julia de Burgos">Julia de Burgos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Braschi's work <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Banana" title="United States of Banana">United States of Banana</a>, which features Hamlet, Zarathustra and Hamlet on a mission to liberate Puerto Rico, was staged at the Shapiro Theater in New York City (2015).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emerging Puerto Rican playwrights include <a href="/wiki/Aravind_Enrique_Adyanthaya" title="Aravind Enrique Adyanthaya">Aravind Enrique Adyanthaya</a>, founder of Casa Cruz de la Luna in <a href="/wiki/San_Germ%C3%A1n,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Germán, Puerto Rico">San Germán, Puerto Rico</a>. Also notable in this category is playwright and screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rivera_(playwright)" title="José Rivera (playwright)">José Rivera</a>, the first Puerto Rican screenwriter to be nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stateside playwrights of Puerto Rican ancestry include <a href="/wiki/Lin-Manuel_Miranda" title="Lin-Manuel Miranda">Lin-Manual Miranda</a>, who won a Pulitzer Prize and Grammy Awards for the Broadway musical <i>Hamilton</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miranda, whose parents are Puerto Rican, co-created <a href="/wiki/In_the_Heights" title="In the Heights">In the Heights</a> with <a href="/wiki/Quiara_Alegr%C3%ADa_Hudes" title="Quiara Alegría Hudes">Quiara Alegría Hudes</a>, whose mother is Puerto Rican.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journalists">Journalists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_literature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Journalists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variety of journalists and columnists further enrich Puerto Rican letters. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Antonio_Denis" title="Nelson Antonio Denis">Nelson Antonio Denis</a> published more than 300 editorials in <a href="/wiki/El_Diario_La_Prensa" title="El Diario La Prensa">El Diario La Prensa</a> about the New York/Puerto Rican diaspora, which were recognized with repeated "Best Editorial Writing" awards from the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Hispanic_Journalists" title="National Association of Hispanic Journalists">National Association of Hispanic Journalists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denis's history book <i>War Against All Puerto Ricans</i>, about the evolution of US-Puerto Rico relations since 1898, was the best-selling book in Puerto Rico in 2015 and 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(writer)" title="José Luis González (writer)">José Luis González</a> (1926-1996) whose work <i>País de cuatro pisos y otros ensayos</i> describes the rigid structures of island society.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Gonzalez_(journalist)" title="David Gonzalez (journalist)">David Gonzalez</a> is a journalist at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. Over a 25-year career, Gonzalez has written hundreds of stories in the <i>New York Times</i> which deal with the history, culture, politics and people of Puerto Rico. In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Hispanic_Journalists" title="National Association of Hispanic Journalists">National Association of Hispanic Journalists</a> inducted Gonzalez into its Hall of Fame, in recognition of his lifetime of committed and compassionate journalism.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gerson_Borrero" title="Gerson Borrero">Gerson Borrero</a> is a journalist, radio host, and TV commentator in New York City. He has been editor-at-large of City & State NY<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and editor-in-chief of <a href="/wiki/El_Diario/La_Prensa" class="mw-redirect" title="El Diario/La Prensa">El Diario/La Prensa</a>, the largest Spanish-language newspaper in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His press coverage has ranged from New York City politics,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cultural reviews<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and personality profiles,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the Somos Uno Conference<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Day_Parade" title="Puerto Rican Day Parade">Puerto Rican Day Parade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historians">Historians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_literature&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians such as Dr. <a href="/wiki/Delma_S._Arrigoitia" title="Delma S. Arrigoitia">Delma S. Arrigoitia</a> have written books and documented the contributions that Puerto Rican women have made to society. Arrigoitia was the first person in the University of Puerto Rico to earn a master's degree in the field of history. Her publications, which cover Puerto Rico's early-20th-century politicians, include: <i>Jose De Diego el legislador, San Juan</i>, <i>Eduardo Giorgetti Y Su Mundo: La Aparente Paradoja De Un Millonario Genio Empresarial Y Su Noble Humanismo;</i>, <i>Puerto Rico Por Encima de Todo: Vida y Obra de Antonio R. Barcelo, 1868-1938;</i> and <i>Introduccion a la Historia de la Moda en Puerto Rico</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EV_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EV-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teresita A. Levy's <i>Puerto Ricans in the Empire: The History of Tobacco Cultivation in Puerto Rico, 1898-1940</i>, a study of the tobacco-growing regions in the eastern and western highlands of Puerto Rico, is the first book to tell how Puerto Ricans challenged United States officials and fought successfully for legislation that benefited the island. Her book has been praised by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Puerto Ricans in the Empire</i> provides an excellent introduction to Puerto Rico's crucial tobacco industry, with fascinating material on farmer organizations and agricultural research." —Herbert S. Klein, Gouverneur Morris Professor Emeritus of History Columbia University </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_and_contemporary_Puerto_Rican_literature">Modern and contemporary Puerto Rican literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_literature&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern and contemporary Puerto Rican literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a nationalist tradition of Puerto Rican writers from the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, authors are catalogued by decade into "generations." Some highly representative writers from the early and mid-20th century were: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Corretjer" title="Juan Antonio Corretjer">Juan Antonio Corretjer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Llor%C3%A9ns_Torres" title="Luis Lloréns Torres">Luis Lloréns Torres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Pal%C3%A9s_Matos" title="Luis Palés Matos">Palés Matos</a>, Enrique Laguerre, and Francisco Matos Paoli. These Puerto Rican writers wrote in Spanish and reflected a literary Latin American tradition, and offered a variety of universal and social themes. Major writers who got their start in the 1950s include José Luis González, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Marqu%C3%A9s" title="René Marqués">René Marqués</a>, Pedro Juan Soto, and <a href="/wiki/Emilio_D%C3%ADaz_Valc%C3%A1rcel" title="Emilio Díaz Valcárcel">Emilio Díaz Valcárcel</a>. </p><p>Authors whose careers began in the 1960s and 1970s include <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ag%C3%BCeros" title="Jack Agüeros">Jack Agüeros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelamar%C3%ADa_D%C3%A1vila" title="Angelamaría Dávila">Angelamaría Dávila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lourdes_V%C3%A1zquez" title="Lourdes Vázquez">Lourdes Vázquez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosario_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Rosario Ferré">Rosario Ferré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Luis Rafael Sánchez">Luis Rafael Sánchez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ramos_Otero" title="Manuel Ramos Otero">Manuel Ramos Otero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Nolla" title="Olga Nolla">Olga Nolla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgardo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Juli%C3%A1" title="Edgardo Rodríguez Juliá">Edgardo Rodríguez Juliá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrna_Casas" title="Myrna Casas">Myrna Casas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luis_L%C3%B3pez_Nieves" title="Luis López Nieves">Luis López Nieves</a>. Major writers of the 1980s and 1990s include <a href="/wiki/Ana_Lydia_Vega" title="Ana Lydia Vega">Ana Lydia Vega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giannina_Braschi" title="Giannina Braschi">Giannina Braschi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayra_Santos-Febres" title="Mayra Santos-Febres">Mayra Santos-Febres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luz_Mar%C3%ADa_Umpierre" title="Luz María Umpierre">Luz María Umpierre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Lalo" title="Eduardo Lalo">Eduardo Lalo</a>. </p><p>Breakthrough voices of a new Puerto Rican literature began to emerge at the turn of the new century with the publication of Pedro Cabiya's <i>Historias tremendas</i> in 1999. Identity politics and the complexities of Puerto Rico's relationship with the U.S. — topics that had dominated the work of previous writers — gave way to the exploration of new genres and themes, such as <a href="/wiki/Latinx" title="Latinx">Latinx</a> <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a>, horror, fantasy, and noir, as seen in the short stories, novels, and comics by Pedro Cabiya, the experimentation by Bruno Soreno,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the short stories by José Liboy and Luis Negrón (whose <i>Mundo Cruel won</i> a <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Literary_Award_for_Gay_Fiction" title="Lambda Literary Award for Gay Fiction">Lambda Literary Award for Gay Fiction</a>, 2014).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emerging voices on the island include Rafael Acevedo, Moisés Agosto, <a href="/wiki/Yolanda_Arroyo_Pizarro" title="Yolanda Arroyo Pizarro">Yolanda Arroyo Pizarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janette_Becerra" title="Janette Becerra">Janette Becerra</a>, Ricardo A. Domínguez, Ana María Fuster Lavín, <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%A9_Jim%C3%A9nez_Corretjer" title="Zoé Jiménez Corretjer">Zoé Jiménez Corretjer</a>, Juan López Bauzá, Alberto Martínez Márquez, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Negr%C3%B3n" title="Luis Negrón">Luis Negrón</a>, Maribel Ortiz, Max Resto, and José E. Santos. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_La_Fountain-Stokes" title="Lawrence La Fountain-Stokes">Lawrence La Fountain-Stokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Lozada" title="Ángel Lozada">Ángel Lozada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Pastoriza_Iyodo" title="Benito Pastoriza Iyodo">Benito Pastoriza Iyodo</a>, Alfredo Villanueva Collado write and publish their works in Spanish on the mainland USA. Puerto Rican authors who write in English include <a href="/wiki/Erika_Lopez" title="Erika Lopez">Erika Lopez</a>, Ivelisse Rodriguez, Lilliam Rivera, <a href="/wiki/Quiara_Alegr%C3%ADa_Hudes" title="Quiara Alegría Hudes">Quiara Alegría Hudes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaquira_D%C3%ADaz" title="Jaquira Díaz">Jaquira Díaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richie_Narvaez" title="Richie Narvaez">Richie Narvaez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Qui%C3%B1onez" title="Ernesto Quiñonez">Ernesto Quiñonez</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthologies">Anthologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_literature&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Anthologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anthologies that focus on Puerto Rican writers include: </p> <ul><li><i>Aftershocks of Disaster: Puerto Rico Before and After the Storm,</i> edited by Yarimar Bonilla and Marisol LeBrón (Haymarket Books, 2019)</li> <li><i>Boricua en la Luna,</i> edited by Elena M. Aponte</li> <li><i>Boricuas: Influential Puerto Rican Writings,</i> edited by Roberto Santiago (Ballantine Books, 1995)</li> <li><i>Borinquen: An Anthology of Puerto Rican Literature,</i> edited by Maria Teresa Babin and Stan Steiner (Knopf, 1974)</li> <li><i>Breaking Ground/Abriendo Caminos: Anthology of Puerto Rican Women Writers in New York, 1980-2012,</i> edited by Myrna Nieves<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Growing Up Puerto Rican,</i> edited by Joy L. De Jesús (William Morrow and Company, 1997)</li> <li><i>Literatura y narrativa puertorriqueña: La escritura entre siglos,</i> edited by Mario Cancel</li> <li><i>Literatura puertorriqueña del siglo XX: Antología,</i> edited by Mercedes López Baralt<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Los otros cuerpos: Antología de temática gay, lésbica y queer desde Puerto Rico y su diáspora,</i> edited by David Caleb Acevedo, Moisés Agosto, and Luis Negrón, which focuses on <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> themes<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Nuestro New York: An Anthology of Puerto Rican Plays</i>, edited by John V. Antush (SIgnet, 1994)</li> <li><i>¡Pa'que Tu Lo Sepas!</i> edited by Angel Luis Colón</li> <li><i>Puerto Rico en Mi Corazón,</i> edited by Raquel Salas Rivera, Ricardo Maldonado, Carina del Valle Schorske (Anomalous Press, 2019)</li> <li><i>Puerto Rican Poetry: A Selection from Aboriginal to Contemporary Times,</i> edited by Robert Márquez<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Puerto Rican Writers at Home in the U.S.A.,</i> edited by Faythe Turner (Open Hand, 1991)</li> <li><i>San Juan Noir,</i> edited by Mayra Santos-Febres (Akashic Noir, 2016</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_literature&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kanellos, Nicolás. <i>Chronology of Hispanic American History: From Pre-Columbian Times to the Present</i>, p.48. New York: Gale Research, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://com.miami.edu/parks/sjcasablanca.htm">Casa Blanca reveals centuries of San Juan history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090614091530/http://com.miami.edu/parks/sjcasablanca.htm">Archived</a> 2009-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/puerto-rico-books-and-pamphlets/articles-and-essays/nineteenth-century-puerto-rico/puerto-rican-literature/">"A Puerto Rican Literature | In Search of a National Identity: Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-Century Puerto Rico | Articles and Essays | Puerto Rico at the Dawn of the Modern Age: Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth-Century Perspectives | Digital Collections | Library of Congress"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=A+Puerto+Rican+Literature+%7C+In+Search+of+a+National+Identity%3A+Nineteenth+and+Early-Twentieth-Century+Puerto+Rico+%7C+Articles+and+Essays+%7C+Puerto+Rico+at+the+Dawn+of+the+Modern+Age%3A+Nineteenth-+and+Early-Twentieth-Century+Perspectives+%7C+Digital+Collections+%7C+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fpuerto-rico-books-and-pamphlets%2Farticles-and-essays%2Fnineteenth-century-puerto-rico%2Fpuerto-rican-literature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rican+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasalitacafe.com/puerto-rican-literature-art-culture/">"Puerto Rican Literature, Art & Culture"</a>. La Salita Cafe. 24 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puerto+Rican+Literature%2C+Art+%26+Culture&rft.pub=La+Salita+Cafe&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasalitacafe.com%2Fpuerto-rican-literature-art-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rican+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Costa, Marithelma and Alvin Joaquín Figueroa. <i>Kaligrafiando: conversaciones con Clemente Soto Vélez</i>. Río Piedras, P.R.: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8477-3238-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8477-3238-X">0-8477-3238-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSV-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CSV_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centropr.org/faids/velezb.html">Guide to the Clemente Soto Vélez and Amanda Vélez Papers 1924-1996</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620075037/http://www.centropr.org/faids/velezb.html">Archived</a> June 20, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchcock2020" class="citation book cs1">Hitchcock, Peter (2020). 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"The portable Antigone: Luis Rafael Sánchez's drama The Passion of Antígona Pérez". <i>Romance Quarterly</i>. <b>65</b> (3): 154–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08831157.2018.1492860">10.1080/08831157.2018.1492860</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0883-1157">0883-1157</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166200694">166200694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+portable+Antigone%3A+Luis+Rafael+S%C3%A1nchez%27s+drama+The+Passion+of+Ant%C3%ADgona+P%C3%A9rez&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=154-161&rft.date=2018-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166200694%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0883-1157&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08831157.2018.1492860&rft.aulast=Cardullo&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rican+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100439859">"Luis Rafael Sánchez"</a>. <i>Oxford Reference</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822946182" title="Special:BookSources/9780822946182"><bdi>9780822946182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Bilingual+Big+Bang%3A+Giannina+Braschi%27s+Trilogy+Levels+the+Spanish-English+Playing+Field%2C%22+Poets%2C+Philosophers%2C+Lovers%3A+On+the+Writings+of+Giannina+Braschi.+Aldama%2C+Frederick+Luis+%28ed%29&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780822946182&rft.aulast=Stanchich&rft.aufirst=Maritza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rican+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLugo-Beltran2020" class="citation book cs1">Lugo-Beltran, Dorian (2020). <i>"Leaping Off the Page: Giannina Braschi's Intermedialities," Poets, Philosophers, Lovers: On the Writings of Giannina Braschi. 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Manhattan Times News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manhattantimesnews.com/2011/qjuan-boboq-chapter-1.html">the original</a> on 2011-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Feb. 3, 2016; “Gerson Borrero reveals Cuomo’s new Secretary of State’’</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/30/nyregion/nyc-words-served-hot-not-minced.html">Clyde Haberman, <i>New York Times</i>; June 30, 2001; “NYC; Words, Served Hot, Not Minced”</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2014/02/02/schneiderman-set-to-oust-puerto-rican-day-parade-board/">Gerson Borrero; <i>New York Post,</i> February 2, 2014; "Schneiderman set to oust Puerto Rican Day Parade board"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2012/04/22/hispanic-vote-not-uno-fied/">Gerson Borrero; <i>New York Post;</i> April 22, 2012; "Hispanic vote not uno-fied"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cityandstateny.com/author/gerson-borrero">Gerson Borrero; <i>City and State NY</i>; "Bochinche & Buzz News Articles"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2011/01/23/idol-and-the-bronx/">Gerson Borrero; <i>New York Post;</i> January 23, 2011; "Idol and the Bronx"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2012/05/06/new-yorks-craziest-councilman/">Gerson Borrero; <i>New York Post;</i> May 6, 2012; "New York's Craziest Councilman"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityandstateny.com/articles/politics/new-york-state-articles/30-years-of-somos-has-it-worked.html">Gerson Borrero, <i>City & State NY</i>, March 23, 2017; "30 Years of Somos: Has it worked?"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wbai.org/programupdates.php?programupdate=208"><i>Jordan Journal;</i> WBAI Radio; February 7, 2014; "What's in store for the Puerto Rican Day Parade?"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EV-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EV_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Los Tres Hombres de Delma"; <i>El Vocero</i>; by Carlos Ochpteco; March 27, 2010; p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UF3MH2-HErsC&dq=TERESITA+A.+LEVY+Puerto+Rican&pg=PR4">The History of Tobacco Cultivation in Puerto Rico, 1898-1940</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfaithfamily.com/relationships/marriage_and_relationships/Tostones_and_Matzoh_A_Puerto_Rican-Jewish_Journey.shtml">Tostones and Matzoh, a Puerto Rican-Jewish journey</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morales Boscio, Cynthia. <i>La incertidumbre del ser</i>. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Isla Negra Editores, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2014/06/02/lambda-literary-awards/">"Lambda Awards honor best lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender books"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>, June 2, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phatitudeliterarymagazine.org/breaking-ground-anthology-of-puerto-rican-women-writers-in-new-york-1980-2012/">"Breaking Ground: Anthology of Puerto Rican Women Writers in New York 1980-2012"</a>. <i>phati'tude Literary Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phati%27tude+Literary+Magazine&rft.atitle=Breaking+Ground%3A+Anthology+of+Puerto+Rican+Women+Writers+in+New+York+1980-2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphatitudeliterarymagazine.org%2Fbreaking-ground-anthology-of-puerto-rican-women-writers-in-new-york-1980-2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rican+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">López Baralt, Mercedes <i>Literatura puertorriqueña del siglo XX: Antología</i>. San Juan: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Acevedo, David Caleb, Moisés Agosto, and Luis Negrón, eds. <i>Los otros cuerpos: Antología de temática gay, lésbica y queer desde Puerto Rico y su diáspora.</i> San Juan: Editorial Tiempo Nuevo, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9773612-8-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9773612-8-4">0-9773612-8-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Márquez, Robert, ed. <i>Puerto Rican Poetry: A Selection from Aboriginal to Contemporary Times.</i> Amherst: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55849-561-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55849-561-4">1-55849-561-4</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_literature&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Luis_Aldama" title="Frederick Luis Aldama">Aldama, Frederick Luis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Stavans" title="Ilan Stavans">Ilan Stavans</a>. <i>Poets, Philosophers, Lovers: On The Writings of Giannina Braschi</i>. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822946182" title="Special:BookSources/9780822946182">9780822946182</a></li> <li>Brahan, Persephone. <i>From Amazons to Zombies: Monsters in Latin America</i> (Bucknell Studies in Latin American Literature and Theory). Bucknell University Press (November 19, 2015). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611487060" title="Special:BookSources/9781611487060">9781611487060</a></li> <li>Caulfield, Carlota. "US Latina Caribbean Women Poets." In Carlota Caulfield and Darién Davis, Jr., eds., <i>A Companion to US Latino Literatures</i>. Woodbridge: Tamesis, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85566-139-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85566-139-4">978-1-85566-139-4</a></li> <li>Gordis, Yanis. "Island and Continental Puerto Rican Literature: Cross-Cultural and Intertextual Considerations". Special Section: Multicultural Literature, Part IV. In <i>ADE Bulletin</i> 91 (Winter 1988). One of five articles about Puerto Rican literature.</li> <li>Loustau, Laura R. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beatrizviterbo.com.ar/int/libros.php?id=156&autor=Laura%20R.%20Loustau&isbn=950-845-118-1">Cuerpos errantes: literatura latina y latinoamericana en Estados Unidos</a>.</i> Rosario, Argentina: Beatriz Viterbo Editora, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/950-845-118-1" title="Special:BookSources/950-845-118-1">950-845-118-1</a></li> <li>Moreira, Rubén A., ed. <i>Antología de Poesía Puertorriqueña</i>. (Vol. 1: Romanticismo, Vol. 2 Modernismo y Post Modernismo, Vol. 3 Contemporánea, Vol.4 Contemporánea). San Juan, P.R.: Tríptico Editores, 1992-1993.</li> <li>Pausides, Alex, Pedro Antonio Valdez, and Carlos Roberto Gómez Beras, eds. <i>Los nuevos caníbales: Antología de la más reciente poesía del Caribe hispano</i>. San Juan: Isla Negra Editores, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932271-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-932271-06-6">1-932271-06-6</a></li> <li>Rivera, Carmen Haydée. <i>Diasporic Journeys: Interviews with Puerto Rican Writers in the United States.</i> New York: CENTRO Press, 2023. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8396590083" title="Special:BookSources/979-8396590083">979-8396590083</a></li> <li>Rosado, José Ángel, ed. <i>El rostro y la máscara: Antología alterna de cuentistas puertorriqueños contemporáneos.</i> San Juan, Puerto Rico. Isla Negra Editores, 1995.</li> <li>Torres-Padilla, Jose L. and Carmen Haydee Rivera. <i>Writing Off the Hyphen: New Critical Perspectives on the Literature of the Puerto Rican Diaspora</i>. Seattle: U. of Washington Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295988139" title="Special:BookSources/9780295988139">9780295988139</a></li> <li>van Haesendonck, Kristian. "Enchantment or Fright? Identity and Postmodern Writing in Contemporary Puerto Rico." In Theo D'Haen and Pieter Vemeulen, eds., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927111025/http://www.rodopi.nl/senj.asp?BookId=PMS+39">Cultural Identity and Postmodern Writing</a></i>. New York and Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2118-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2118-1">978-90-420-2118-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_literature&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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Rico">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Pre-Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grito_de_Lares" title="Grito de Lares">Grito de Lares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentona_de_Yauco" title="Intentona de Yauco">Intentona de Yauco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foraker_Act" title="Foraker Act">Foraker Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones%E2%80%93Shafroth_Act" title="Jones–Shafroth Act">Jones–Shafroth Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii">Immigration to Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_New_York_City" title="Puerto Ricans in New York City">Migration to New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_I" title="Puerto Ricans in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party_insurgency" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party insurgency">1950s Nationalist Party revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Puerto Ricans in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibes_Indigenous_Ceremonial_Center" title="Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center">Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Military history of Puerto Rico">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of women in Puerto Rico">Women's history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Category:Immigration to Puerto Rico">Immigration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="French immigration to Puerto Rico">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="German immigration to Puerto Rico">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Irish immigration to Puerto Rico">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Geography of Puerto Rico">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Barrios of Puerto Rico">Barrios</a></li> <li>Bays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_de_Ponce" title="Bahía de Ponce">Bahía de Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez_Bay" title="Mayagüez Bay">Mayagüez Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bay" title="San Juan Bay">San Juan Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of beaches in Puerto Rico">Beaches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crash_Boat_Beach" title="Crash Boat Beach">Crash Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Tuque" title="El Tuque">El Tuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_Beach" title="Flamenco Beach">Flamenco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rico_state_forests" title="List of Puerto Rico state forests">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_dry_forests" title="Puerto Rican dry forests">Dry forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Yunque_National_Forest" title="El Yunque National Forest">El Yunque National Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toro_Negro_State_Forest" title="Toro Negro State Forest">Toro Negro State Forest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of islands of Puerto Rico">Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caja_de_Muertos_Island" title="Caja de Muertos Island">Caja de Muertos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecheo_Island" title="Desecheo Island">Desecheo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Cabras" title="Isla de Cabras">Isla de Cabras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Mona" title="Isla de Mona">Isla de Mona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Islet" title="San Juan Islet">Isleta de San Juan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Municipalities of Puerto Rico">Municipalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez,_Puerto_Rico" title="Mayagüez, Puerto Rico">Mayagüez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Trench" title="Puerto Rico Trench">Puerto Rico Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of rivers of Puerto Rico">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Grande_de_Arecibo" title="Río Grande de Arecibo">Grande de Arecibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Grande_de_Lo%C3%ADza" title="Río Grande de Loíza">Grande de Loiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugu%C3%A9s_River" title="Portugués River">Portugués</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endemic_flora_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of endemic flora of Puerto Rico">Endemic flora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Fauna of Puerto Rico">Fauna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of amphibians of Puerto Rico">Amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of birds of Puerto Rico">Birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Vieques" title="List of birds of Vieques">Vieques</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of mammals of Puerto Rico">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of reptiles of Puerto Rico">Reptiles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_endemic_fauna_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of endemic fauna of Puerto Rico">Endemic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfin_woods_warbler" title="Elfin woods warbler">Elfin woods warbler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_coqu%C3%AD" title="Golden coquí">Golden coquí <span style="font-size:85%;">(frog)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_ground_iguana" title="Mona ground iguana">Mona ground iguana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monito_gecko" title="Monito gecko">Monito gecko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonciscus_pauco" title="Rhonciscus pauco">Opalescent grunt <span style="font-size:85%;">(fish)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_amazon" title="Puerto Rican amazon">Puerto Rican amazon <span style="font-size:85%;">(parrot)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anolis_cristatellus" title="Anolis cristatellus">Puerto Rican crested anole <span style="font-size:85%;">(reptile)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bascanichthys_inopinatus" title="Bascanichthys inopinatus">Unexpected snake eel <span style="font-size:85%;">(fish)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Politics of Puerto Rico">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Government of Puerto Rico">Commonwealth <span style="font-size:85%;">(government)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Constitution of Puerto Rico">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_government-debt_crisis" title="Puerto Rican government-debt crisis">Debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Governor of Puerto Rico">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Law of Puerto Rico">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Military of Puerto Rico">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Police" title="Puerto Rico Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of political parties in Puerto Rico">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Political status of Puerto Rico">Political status</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_statehood_movement" title="Puerto Rico statehood movement">Statehood movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resident_commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Resident commissioner of Puerto Rico">Resident Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_congressperson" title="Shadow congressperson">Shadow representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Supreme Court of Puerto Rico">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Economy of Puerto Rico">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Agriculture in Puerto Rico">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Manufacturing in Puerto Rico">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bootstrap" title="Operation Bootstrap">Operation "Bootstrap"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Real estate in Puerto Rico">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Taxation in Puerto Rico">Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Telecommunications in Puerto Rico">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Tourism in Puerto Rico">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Transportation in Puerto Rico">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Welfare in Puerto Rico">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Category:Society of Puerto Rico">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Abortion in Puerto Rico">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Crime in Puerto Rico">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Demographics of Puerto Rico">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Education in Puerto Rico">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Category:Health in Puerto Rico">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Puerto Rico">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Ricans_in_the_United_States_Space_Program" title="List of Puerto Ricans in the United States Space Program">Puerto Ricans in the United States Space Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_scientists_and_inventors" title="List of Puerto Rican scientists and inventors">Puerto Rican scientists and inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Category:Religion in Puerto Rico">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Culture of Puerto Rico">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Architecture of Puerto Rico">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_art" title="Puerto Rican art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lists_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of lists of buildings and structures in Puerto Rico">Buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_casinos_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of casinos in Puerto Rico">Casinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Cinema of Puerto Rico">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_slang_words_and_phrases" title="List of Puerto Rican slang words and phrases">Colloquialisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Flag of Puerto Rico">Flag</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Media of Puerto Rico">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Public holidays in Puerto Rico">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Sports in Puerto Rico">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Outline of Puerto Rico">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Puerto_Rico%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Puerto Rico–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Puerto_Rico" title="Category:Puerto Rico">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico" title="Portal:Puerto Rico">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_American_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antigua and Barbuda literature (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_literature" title="Bahamian literature">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbadian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbadian literature (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Belizean literature">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_literature" title="Costa Rican literature">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_literature" title="Cuban literature">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominica_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominica literature (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_literature" title="Dominican Republic literature">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_literature" title="Salvadoran literature">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenadian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grenadian literature (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_literature" title="Guatemalan literature">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_literature" title="Haitian literature">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_literature" title="Honduran literature">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_literature" title="Jamaican literature">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_literature" title="Mexican literature">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_literature" title="Nicaraguan literature">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_literature" title="Panamanian literature">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis literature (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Lucian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Lucian literature (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines literature (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_literature" title="Trinidad and Tobago literature">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anguillan_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anguillan literature (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aruban_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aruban literature (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermudian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bermudian literature (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonairean_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonairean literature (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Virgin_Island_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Virgin Island literature (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caymanian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caymanian literature (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7aoan_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçaoan literature">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenlandic_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greenlandic literature (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadeloupean_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guadeloupean literature (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinican_literature" title="Martinican literature">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montserratian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montserratian literature (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Barthélemy literature (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Martiner_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Martiner literature (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon literature (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saban_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saban literature (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sint Eustatius literature (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Maartener_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sint Maartener literature (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turks_and_Caicos_Islander_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turks and Caicos Islander literature (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Virgin_Island_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Virgin Island literature (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_literature&oldid=1225222568">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_literature&oldid=1225222568</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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