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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Physical properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edible_salt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edible_salt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Edible salt</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Edible_salt-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Edible salt subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Edible_salt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fortified_table_salt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortified_table_salt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fortified table salt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortified_table_salt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_kinds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_kinds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other kinds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_kinds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salt_in_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salt_in_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Salt in food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salt_in_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology_of_salt_taste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology_of_salt_taste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Biology of salt taste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biology_of_salt_taste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sodium_consumption_and_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sodium_consumption_and_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Sodium consumption and health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sodium_consumption_and_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-dietary_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-dietary_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Non-dietary uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-dietary_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Salt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 166 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-166" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">166 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sira" title="Sira – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Sira" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafelsout" title="Tafelsout – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tafelsout" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speisesalz" title="Speisesalz – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Speisesalz" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95" title="नमक – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नमक" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ملح الطعام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملح الطعام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal" title="Sal – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sal" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%A0%DC%9A%DC%90_(%DC%90%DC%A8%DC%AA%DC%90)" title="ܡܠܚܐ (ܐܨܪܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܠܚܐ (ܐܨܪܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal" title="Sal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwotakan" title="Ciwotakan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ciwotakan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juky" title="Juky – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Juky" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="ЦӀам – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ЦӀам" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayu" title="Jayu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jayu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duz" title="Duz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Duz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="دوز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دوز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyah" title="Uyah – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Uyah" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A3" title="লবণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লবণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyah_padu" title="Uyah padu – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Uyah padu" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A2m" title="Iâm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iâm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyah" title="Uyah – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Uyah" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%BE%D2%99%D0%BE" title="Аш тоҙо – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аш тоҙо" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Кухонная соль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кухонная соль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Харчовая соль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Харчовая соль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="नून – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नून" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Готварска сол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Готварска сол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiz" title="Soiz – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Soiz" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9A%E0%BE%AD%E0%BC%8D" title="ཚྭ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཚྭ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/So" title="So – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="So" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holen" title="Holen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Holen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хоолой дабһан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хоолой дабһан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_comuna" title="Sal comuna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sal comuna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%82%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%95" title="Апат тăварĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Апат тăварĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alasinon" title="Alasinon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alasinon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%AFl_(potravina)" title="Sůl (potravina) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sůl (potravina)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munyu" title="Munyu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Munyu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halen" title="Halen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Halen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalim" title="Yalim – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Yalim" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husholdningssalt" title="Husholdningssalt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Husholdningssalt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="ملحة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ملحة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speisesalz" title="Speisesalz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Speisesalz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81sh%C4%AF%C4%AFh" title="Áshįįh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Áshįįh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6%C3%B6gisool" title="Söögisool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Söögisool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Αλάτι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλάτι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_com%C3%BAn" title="Sal común – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sal común" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salo" title="Salo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Salo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatz_arrunt" title="Gatz arrunt – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gatz arrunt" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%DA%A9" title="نمک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نمک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimak_(khaae_waala)" title="Nimak (khaae waala) – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nimak (khaae waala)" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_alimentaire" title="Sel alimentaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sel alimentaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2lt" title="Sâlt – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sâlt" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salann" title="Salann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Salann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salann" title="Salann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Salann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_com%C3%BAn" title="Sal común – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sal común" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%85" title="Тух – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Тух" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A0%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82" title="મીઠું – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મીઠું" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A0m" title="Yàm – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yàm" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EA%B8%88" title="소금 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소금" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gishiri" title="Gishiri – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gishiri" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B2" title="Խոհարարական աղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խոհարարական աղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95" title="साधारण नमक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साधारण नमक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhinjska_sol" title="Kuhinjska sol – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kuhinjska sol" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjebla_salo" title="Manjebla salo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Manjebla salo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%83n%C3%BA" title="Ńnú – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ńnú" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garam_dapur" title="Garam dapur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Garam dapur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_de_cocina" title="Sal de cocina – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sal de cocina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C4%A1iuq" title="Taġiuq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Taġiuq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt" title="Salt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Salt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_da_cucina" title="Sale da cucina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sale da cucina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C" title="מלח בישול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלח בישול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyah" title="Uyah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Uyah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%89%C9%94m" title="Ɖɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɖɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81_(%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF)" title="ಉಪ್ಪು (ಖಾದ್ಯ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಪ್ಪು (ಖಾದ್ಯ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სუფრის მარილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუფრის მარილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%97%D9%86" title="نوٗن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نوٗن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81_%D1%82%D2%B1%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Ас тұзы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ас тұзы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holan_mos" title="Holan mos – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Holan mos" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umunyu" title="Umunyu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umunyu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munyu" title="Munyu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Munyu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xw%C3%AA" title="Xwê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xwê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Туз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Туз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal" title="Sal – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sal" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%81ls" title="Sāls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgomoji_druska" title="Valgomoji druska – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valgomoji druska" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaot" title="Zaot – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zaot" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einehsuolu" title="Einehsuolu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Einehsuolu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konyhas%C3%B3" title="Konyhasó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konyhasó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="नून – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="नून" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB_(%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD)" title="Сол (зачин) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сол (зачин)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ഉപ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A0" title="मीठ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मीठ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3" title="ჯიმუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯიმუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%84" title="ملح الاكل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ملح الاكل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%9C%E1%80%B5%E1%80%AF" title="ၜဵု – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ၜဵု" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garam" title="Garam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Garam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garam_dapua" title="Garam dapua – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Garam dapua" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ng" title="Sièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сал – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сал" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81" title="Хоолны давс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хоолны давс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဆား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztatl" title="Iztatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Iztatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keukenzout" title="Keukenzout – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keukenzout" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8" title="नुन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नुन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF" title="चि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%A9" title="塩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="塩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_aliment%C3%A0ria" title="Sal alimentària – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sal alimentària" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A3" title="ଲୁଣ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲୁଣ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osh_tuzi" title="Osh tuzi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Osh tuzi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A3" title="ਲੂਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੂਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DD%A8" title="لوݨ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوݨ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%87" title="مالگه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مالگه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9_%C3%A0_minger" title="Sé à minger – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Sé à minger" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solt" title="Solt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Solt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3l_kuchenna" title="Sól kuchenna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sól kuchenna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_de_cozinha" title="Sal de cozinha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sal de cozinha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_duz%C4%B1" title="As duzı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="As duzı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare_de_buc%C4%83t%C4%83rie" title="Sare de bucătărie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sare de bucătărie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Поваренная соль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поваренная соль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%83%D1%81" title="Туус – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Туус" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="लवणम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लवणम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9D" title="ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sali_de_coxina" title="Sali de coxina – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sali de coxina" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saut" title="Saut – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Saut" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kripa" title="Kripa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kripa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94" title="ලුණු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලුණු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_salt" title="Table salt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Table salt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%BB" title="لوڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لوڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milix" title="Milix – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Milix" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8E" title="خوێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خوێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE_(%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD)" title="Со (зачин) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Со (зачин)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_(za%C4%8Din)" title="So (začin) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="So (začin)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyah" title="Uyah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Uyah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruokasuola" title="Ruokasuola – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruokasuola" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt" title="Salt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Salt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asin" title="Asin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Asin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="உப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisent" title="Tisent – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tisent" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Аш тозы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аш тозы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81" title="ఉప్పు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉప్పు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="เกลือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกลือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Намак – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Намак" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B3hpoma%27%C3%B4htse" title="Vóhpoma'ôhtse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Vóhpoma'ôhtse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81" title="ಉಪ್ಪು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಉಪ್ಪು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuz" title="Tuz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tuz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nfak" title="Nfak – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Nfak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Кухонна сіль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кухонна сіль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%DA%A9" title="نمک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نمک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%87%D8%B2" title="تۇز – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۇز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%BB%91i_%C4%83n" title="Muối ăn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Muối ăn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9_d%27_coujhene" title="Sé d' coujhene – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sé d' coujhene" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichii_(ek%C3%BC%C3%BCl%C3%BC)" title="Ichii (eküülü) – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Ichii (eküülü)" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mineral composed of sodium chloride</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a mineral. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Salt_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Salt (disambiguation)">Salt (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_salt_(halitite)_(Billianwala_Salt_Member,_Salt_Range_Formation,_Ediacaran_to_Lower_Cambrian;_Khewra_Salt_Mine,_Salt_Range,_Pakistan)_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Rock_salt_%28halitite%29_%28Billianwala_Salt_Member%2C_Salt_Range_Formation%2C_Ediacaran_to_Lower_Cambrian%3B_Khewra_Salt_Mine%2C_Salt_Range%2C_Pakistan%29_14.jpg/220px-Rock_salt_%28halitite%29_%28Billianwala_Salt_Member%2C_Salt_Range_Formation%2C_Ediacaran_to_Lower_Cambrian%3B_Khewra_Salt_Mine%2C_Salt_Range%2C_Pakistan%29_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Rock_salt_%28halitite%29_%28Billianwala_Salt_Member%2C_Salt_Range_Formation%2C_Ediacaran_to_Lower_Cambrian%3B_Khewra_Salt_Mine%2C_Salt_Range%2C_Pakistan%29_14.jpg/330px-Rock_salt_%28halitite%29_%28Billianwala_Salt_Member%2C_Salt_Range_Formation%2C_Ediacaran_to_Lower_Cambrian%3B_Khewra_Salt_Mine%2C_Salt_Range%2C_Pakistan%29_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Rock_salt_%28halitite%29_%28Billianwala_Salt_Member%2C_Salt_Range_Formation%2C_Ediacaran_to_Lower_Cambrian%3B_Khewra_Salt_Mine%2C_Salt_Range%2C_Pakistan%29_14.jpg/440px-Rock_salt_%28halitite%29_%28Billianwala_Salt_Member%2C_Salt_Range_Formation%2C_Ediacaran_to_Lower_Cambrian%3B_Khewra_Salt_Mine%2C_Salt_Range%2C_Pakistan%29_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2697" data-file-height="2042" /></a><figcaption>Rock salt (halite)</figcaption></figure> <p>In common usage, <b>salt</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> composed primarily of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> (NaCl). When used in food, especially in granulated form, it is more formally called <b>table salt</b>. In the form of a natural <a href="/wiki/Crystalline" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline">crystalline</a> mineral, salt is also known as <b>rock salt</b> or <a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">halite</a>. Salt is essential for life in general (being the source of the essential <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">dietary minerals</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodium#Biological_role" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine#Biological_role" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Saltiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltiness">saltiness</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_tastes" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic tastes">basic human tastes</a>. Salt is one of the oldest and most ubiquitous food <a href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">seasonings</a>, and is known to uniformly improve the taste perception of food, including otherwise unpalatable food.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">Salting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brining" title="Brining">brining</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickling</a> are ancient and important methods of <a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">food preservation</a>. </p><p>Some of the earliest evidence of salt processing dates to around 6000 BC, when people living in the area of present-day Romania boiled <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">spring water</a> to extract salts; a <a href="/wiki/Salt_in_Chinese_History#Ancient_China,_Qin_and_Han_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt in Chinese History">salt works in China</a> dates to approximately the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salt was prized by the ancient <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Indians</a>. Salt became an important <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">article of trade</a> and was transported by boat across the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, along specially built <a href="/wiki/Salt_road" title="Salt road">salt roads</a>, and across the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> on <a href="/wiki/Camel_caravan" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel caravan">camel caravans</a>. The scarcity and universal need for salt have led nations to go to war over it and use it to raise <a href="/wiki/Salt_tax" title="Salt tax">tax</a> revenues. For example, the <a href="/wiki/San_Elizario_Salt_War" title="San Elizario Salt War">El Paso Salt War</a> which took place in El Paso in the late 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salt is used in religious ceremonies and has other cultural and traditional significance. </p><p>Salt is processed from <a href="/wiki/Salt_mining" title="Salt mining">salt mines</a>, and by the <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> of seawater (<a href="/wiki/Sea_salt" title="Sea salt">sea salt</a>) and mineral-rich spring water in shallow pools. The greatest single use for salt (sodium chloride) is as a <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">feedstock</a> for the production of chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestphalKristenWegenerAmbatiello2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestphalKristenWegenerAmbatiello2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used to produce <a href="/wiki/Caustic_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Caustic soda">caustic soda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, and in the manufacture of products such as <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paper_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper pulp">paper pulp</a>. Of the annual global production of around three hundred million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, only a small percentage is used for human consumption. Other uses include water conditioning processes, <a href="/wiki/De-icing" class="mw-redirect" title="De-icing">de-icing</a> highways, and agricultural use.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edible salt is sold in forms such as sea salt and table salt, the latter of which usually contains an <a href="/wiki/Anti-caking_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-caking agent">anti-caking agent</a> and may be <a href="/wiki/Iodised_salt" title="Iodised salt">iodised</a> to prevent <a href="/wiki/Iodine_deficiency" title="Iodine deficiency">iodine deficiency</a>. As well as its use in cooking and at the table, salt is present in many processed foods. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">essential element</a> for human health via its role as an <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">osmotic solute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA2015_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IOM2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOM2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDC_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, excessive salt consumption increases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular diseases">cardiovascular diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>. Such <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_salt" title="Health effects of salt">health effects of salt</a> have long been studied. Accordingly, numerous world health associations and experts in developed countries recommend reducing consumption of popular salty foods.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-efsa_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efsa-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> recommends that adults consume less than 2,000 mg of sodium, equivalent to 5 grams of salt, per day.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_salt" title="History of salt">History of salt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salzproduktion-Halle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Salzproduktion-Halle.jpg/250px-Salzproduktion-Halle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Salzproduktion-Halle.jpg/330px-Salzproduktion-Halle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Salzproduktion-Halle.jpg/500px-Salzproduktion-Halle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>Salt production in <a href="/wiki/Halle,_Saxony-Anhalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle, Saxony-Anhalt">Halle, Saxony-Anhalt</a> (1670)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salinas_de_Maras,_Peru-20Sept2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Salinas_de_Maras%2C_Peru-20Sept2013.jpg/220px-Salinas_de_Maras%2C_Peru-20Sept2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Salinas_de_Maras%2C_Peru-20Sept2013.jpg/330px-Salinas_de_Maras%2C_Peru-20Sept2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Salinas_de_Maras%2C_Peru-20Sept2013.jpg/440px-Salinas_de_Maras%2C_Peru-20Sept2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Ponds near <a href="/wiki/Salt_Mines_of_Maras" title="Salt Mines of Maras">Maras, Peru</a>, fed from a mineral spring and used for salt production since <a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">pre-Inca times</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>All through history, the availability of salt has been pivotal to civilization. What is now thought to have been the first city in Europe is <a href="/wiki/Solnitsata" title="Solnitsata">Solnitsata</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, which was a salt mine, providing the area now known as the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> with salt since 5400 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salt was the best-known food preservative, especially for meat, for many thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber1999136_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1999136-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A very ancient salt-works operation has been discovered at the Poiana Slatinei archaeological site next to a salt spring in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2n%C4%83tori-Neam%C5%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Vânători-Neamţ">Lunca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neam%C8%9B_County" title="Neamț County">Neamț County</a>, Romania. Evidence indicates that <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> people of the <a href="/wiki/Cucuteni-Trypillian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucuteni-Trypillian culture">Precucuteni Culture</a> were boiling the salt-laden spring water through the process of <a href="/wiki/Briquetage" title="Briquetage">briquetage</a> to extract salt as far back as 6050 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellerDumitroaia2005_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellerDumitroaia2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The salt extracted from this operation may have directly correlated with the rapid growth of this society's population soon after production began.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellerBrigandNuninger2008225–30_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellerBrigandNuninger2008225–30-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The harvest of salt from the surface of <a href="/wiki/Xiechi_Lake" title="Xiechi Lake">Xiechi Lake</a> near <a href="/wiki/Yuncheng,_Shanxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuncheng, Shanxi">Yuncheng</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, China, dates back to at least 6000 BC, making it one of the oldest verifiable saltworks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurlansky200218–19_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurlansky200218–19-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is more salt in animal tissues, such as meat, blood, and milk, than in plant tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-HMSO_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMSO-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">Nomads</a> who subsist on their flocks and herds do not eat salt with their food, but agriculturalists, feeding mainly on cereals and vegetable matter, need to supplement their diet with salt.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the spread of civilization, salt became one of the world's main trading commodities. It was of high value to the ancient Hebrews, the Greeks, the Romans, the Byzantines, the Hittites and other peoples of antiquity. In the Middle East, salt was used to seal an agreement ceremonially, and the ancient Hebrews made a "<a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_salt" title="Covenant of salt">covenant of salt</a>" with God and sprinkled salt on their offerings to show their trust in him.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ancient practice in time of war was <a href="/wiki/Salting_the_earth" title="Salting the earth">salting the earth</a>: scattering salt around in a defeated city to symbolically prevent plant growth. The <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> tells the story of King <a href="/wiki/Abimelech" title="Abimelech">Abimelech</a> who was ordered by God to do this at <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and various texts claim that the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> general <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Aemilianus_Africanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Scipio Aemilianus Africanus">Scipio Aemilianus Africanus</a> ploughed over and sowed the city of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> with salt after it was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a> (146 BC),<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this story is now considered to be entirely apocryphal. </p><p>Salt may have been used for <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter</a> in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> trade in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic Era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salt was included among funeral offerings found in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> tombs from the third millennium BC, as were salted birds, and salt fish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurlansky200238_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurlansky200238-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From about 2800 BC, the Egyptians began exporting salt fish to the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> in return for <a href="/wiki/Lebanon_cedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon cedar">Lebanon cedar</a>, glass, and the dye <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a>; the Phoenicians traded Egyptian salted fish and salt from <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> throughout their Mediterranean trade empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurlansky200244_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurlansky200244-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> described salt trading routes across Libya back in the 5th century BC. In the early years of the Roman Empire, roads were built for the transportation of salt from the salt imported at <a href="/wiki/Ostia_(Rome)" title="Ostia (Rome)">Ostia</a> to the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Africa, salt was used as currency south of the Sahara, and slabs of rock salt were used as coins in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Abyssinia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> have traditionally maintained routes across the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> especially for the transportation of salt by <a href="/wiki/Azalai" title="Azalai">Azalai</a> (salt caravans). The caravans still cross the desert from southern Niger to <a href="/wiki/Bilma" title="Bilma">Bilma</a>, although much of the trade now takes place by truck. Each camel takes two bales of <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> and two of trade goods northwards and returns laden with salt pillars and dates.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Gabon, before the arrival of Europeans, the coast people carried on a remunerative trade with those of the interior by the medium of sea salt. This was gradually displaced by the salt that Europeans brought in sacks, so that the coast natives lost their previous profits; as of the late 1950s, sea salt was still the currency best appreciated in the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt" title="Hallstatt">Hallstatt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hallein" title="Hallein">Hallein</a> lie within 17 km (11 mi) of each other on the river Salzach in central Austria in an area with extensive salt deposits. <a href="/wiki/Salzach" title="Salzach">Salzach</a> means "salt river" while Salzburg means "salt castle", both taking their names from the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> word <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Salz</i></span>, salt. Hallstatt was the site of the world's first <a href="/wiki/Salt_mining" title="Salt mining">salt mine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town gave its name to the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> that began mining for salt in the area in about 800 BC. Around 400 BC, the townsfolk, who had previously used <a href="/wiki/Pickaxe" title="Pickaxe">pickaxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shovel" title="Shovel">shovels</a>, began <a href="/wiki/Open_pan_salt_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Open pan salt making">open pan salt making</a>. During the first millennium BC, Celtic communities grew rich trading salt and <a href="/wiki/Salt-cured_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt-cured meat">salted meat</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> in exchange for wine and other luxuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber1999136_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1999136-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i><a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">salary</a></i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for salt. The reason for this is unknown; a persistent modern claim that the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Legion">Roman Legions</a> were sometimes paid in salt is baseless.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>salad</i> literally means "salted", and comes from the ancient Roman practice of salting <a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">leaf vegetables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurlansky200264_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurlansky200264-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wars have been fought over salt. <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> won a war with <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> over the product, and it played a role in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. Cities on overland trade routes grew rich by levying <a href="/wiki/Duty_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duty (economics)">duties</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cowen_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowen-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and towns like <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> flourished on the export of salt extracted from the salt mines of <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various governments have at different times imposed salt taxes on their peoples. The voyages of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> are said to have been financed from salt production in southern Spain, and the oppressive <a href="/wiki/Gabelle" title="Gabelle">salt tax in France</a> was one of the causes of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. After being repealed, this tax was reimposed by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> when he became emperor to pay for his <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">foreign wars</a>, and was not finally abolished until 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowen_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowen-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> led a crowd of 100,000 protestors on the "Dandi March" or "<a href="/wiki/Salt_Satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Satyagraha">Salt Satyagraha</a>", during which they made their own salt from the sea as a demonstration of their opposition to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_salt_tax_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British salt tax in India">colonial salt tax</a>. This act of <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> inspired numerous Indians and transformed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> into a national struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton199672_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton199672-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Chemistry"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Single_grain_of_table_salt_(electron_micrograph).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Single_grain_of_table_salt_%28electron_micrograph%29.jpg/250px-Single_grain_of_table_salt_%28electron_micrograph%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Single_grain_of_table_salt_%28electron_micrograph%29.jpg/330px-Single_grain_of_table_salt_%28electron_micrograph%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Single_grain_of_table_salt_%28electron_micrograph%29.jpg/500px-Single_grain_of_table_salt_%28electron_micrograph%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">SEM</a> image of a grain of table salt</figcaption></figure> <p>Salt is mostly <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> (NaCl). <a href="/wiki/Sea_salt" title="Sea salt">Sea salt</a> and mined salt may contain <a href="/wiki/Trace_element" title="Trace element">trace elements</a>. Mined salt is often refined. Salt crystals are translucent and cubic in shape; they normally appear white but impurities may give them a blue or purple tinge. When dissolved in water sodium chloride separates into Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>−</sup> ions, and the solubility is 359 grams per litre.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From cold solutions, salt crystallises as the <a href="/wiki/Water_of_hydration" class="mw-redirect" title="Water of hydration">dihydrate</a> NaCl·2H<sub>2</sub>O. Solutions of sodium chloride have very different properties from those of pure water; the <a href="/wiki/Freezing_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezing point">freezing point</a> is −21.12 °C (−6.02 °F) for 23.31 wt% of salt, and the <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> of saturated salt solution is around 108.7 °C (227.7 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestphalKristenWegenerAmbatiello2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestphalKristenWegenerAmbatiello2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Edible_salt">Edible salt</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_edible_salts" title="List of edible salts">List of edible salts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt_substitute" title="Salt substitute">Salt substitute</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_Table_Salt_with_Kitchen_Salt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Comparison_of_Table_Salt_with_Kitchen_Salt.png/220px-Comparison_of_Table_Salt_with_Kitchen_Salt.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Comparison_of_Table_Salt_with_Kitchen_Salt.png/330px-Comparison_of_Table_Salt_with_Kitchen_Salt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Comparison_of_Table_Salt_with_Kitchen_Salt.png/440px-Comparison_of_Table_Salt_with_Kitchen_Salt.png 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of table salt with <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitchen salt">kitchen salt</a>. Shows a typical salt shaker and salt bowl with salt spread before each on a black background.</figcaption></figure> <p>Salt is essential to the health of humans and other animals, and it is one of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_tastes#Basic_tastes" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic tastes">five basic taste sensations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salt is used in many cuisines, and it is often found in <a href="/wiki/Salt_shaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt shaker">salt shakers</a> on diners' eating tables for their personal use on food. Salt is also an ingredient in many manufactured foodstuffs. Table salt is a refined salt containing about 97 to 99 percent <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, <a href="/wiki/Anticaking_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticaking agents">anticaking agents</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_aluminosilicate" title="Sodium aluminosilicate">sodium aluminosilicate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_carbonate" title="Magnesium carbonate">magnesium carbonate</a> are added to make it free-flowing. <a href="/wiki/Iodized_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodized salt">Iodized salt</a>, containing <a href="/wiki/Potassium_iodide" title="Potassium iodide">potassium iodide</a>, is widely available. Some people put a <a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">desiccant</a>, such as a few grains of uncooked <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a <a href="/wiki/Saltine_cracker" title="Saltine cracker">saltine cracker</a>, in their salt shakers to absorb extra moisture and help break up salt clumps that may otherwise form.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortified_table_salt">Fortified table salt</h3></div> <p>Some table salt sold for consumption contains additives that address a variety of health concerns, especially in the developing world. The identities and amounts of additives vary from country to country. <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> is an important micronutrient for humans, and a <a href="/wiki/Iodine_deficiency" title="Iodine deficiency">deficiency</a> of the element can cause lowered production of <a href="/wiki/Thyroxine" title="Thyroxine">thyroxine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypothyroidism</a>) and enlargement of the thyroid gland (<a href="/wiki/Endemic_goitre" title="Endemic goitre">endemic goitre</a>) in adults or <a href="/wiki/Cretinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretinism">cretinism</a> in children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaidyaChakeraPearce2011_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaidyaChakeraPearce2011-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iodized salt has been used to correct these conditions since 1924<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkel1987_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkel1987-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consists of table salt mixed with a minute amount of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_iodide" title="Potassium iodide">potassium iodide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">sodium iodide</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodate" title="Sodium iodate">sodium iodate</a>. A small amount of <a href="/wiki/Dextrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextrose">dextrose</a> may be added to stabilize the iodine.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iodine deficiency affects about two billion people around the world and is the leading preventable cause of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual disabilities">intellectual disabilities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcneil_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcneil-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iodized table salt has significantly reduced disorders of iodine deficiency in countries where it is used.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The amount of iodine and the specific iodine compound added to salt varies. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) recommends 150 <a href="/wiki/Micrograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrograms">micrograms</a> of iodine per day for both men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US iodized salt contains 46–77 ppm (parts per million), whereas in the UK the recommended iodine content of iodized salt is 10–22 ppm.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ferrocyanide" title="Sodium ferrocyanide">Sodium ferrocyanide</a>, yellow <a href="/wiki/Prussiate" title="Prussiate">prussiate</a> of soda, is sometimes added to salt as an <a href="/wiki/Anticaking_agent" title="Anticaking agent">anticaking agent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-api.parliament.uk_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-api.parliament.uk-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such anticaking agents have been added since at least 1911 when <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_carbonate" title="Magnesium carbonate">magnesium carbonate</a> was first added to salt to make it flow more freely.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The safety of sodium ferrocyanide as a food additive was found to be provisionally acceptable by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Toxicity" title="Committee on Toxicity">Committee on Toxicity</a> in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-api.parliament.uk_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-api.parliament.uk-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other anticaking agents sometimes used include <a href="/wiki/Tricalcium_phosphate" title="Tricalcium phosphate">tricalcium phosphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium</a> or magnesium carbonates, <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acid</a> salts (<a href="/wiki/Acid_salt" title="Acid salt">acid salts</a>), <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">magnesium oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_silicate" title="Calcium silicate">calcium silicate</a>, sodium aluminosilicate and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_aluminosilicate" title="Calcium aluminosilicate">calcium aluminosilicate</a>. Both the European Union and the United States Food and Drug Administration permitted the use of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> in the latter two compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In "doubly fortified salt", both iodide and iron salts are added. The latter alleviates <a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency_anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron deficiency anaemia">iron deficiency anaemia</a>, which interferes with the mental development of an estimated 40% of infants in the developing world. A typical iron source is <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_fumarate" title="Iron(II) fumarate">ferrous fumarate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestphalKristenWegenerAmbatiello2010_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestphalKristenWegenerAmbatiello2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another additive, especially important for <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnant</a> women, is <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a> (vitamin B<sub>9</sub>), which gives the table salt a yellow colour. Folic acid helps prevent <a href="/wiki/Neural_tube_defect" title="Neural tube defect">neural tube defects</a> and anaemia, which affect young mothers, especially in developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestphalKristenWegenerAmbatiello2010_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestphalKristenWegenerAmbatiello2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A lack of <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a> in the diet is the cause of a greatly increased incidence of <a href="/wiki/Dental_caries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental caries">dental caries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelwitzIsmailPitts2007_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelwitzIsmailPitts2007-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">Fluoride</a> salts can be added to table salt with the goal of reducing tooth decay, especially in countries that have not benefited from fluoridated toothpastes and fluoridated water. The practice is more common in some European countries where <a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation" title="Water fluoridation">water fluoridation</a> is not carried out. In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, 35% of the table salt sold contains added <a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">sodium fluoride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestphalKristenWegenerAmbatiello2010_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestphalKristenWegenerAmbatiello2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_kinds">Other kinds</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Himalayan_salt_of_Sa%C3%BAde_flea_market,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo,_Brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Himalayan_salt_of_Sa%C3%BAde_flea_market%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil.jpg/130px-Himalayan_salt_of_Sa%C3%BAde_flea_market%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Himalayan_salt_of_Sa%C3%BAde_flea_market%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil.jpg/195px-Himalayan_salt_of_Sa%C3%BAde_flea_market%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Himalayan_salt_of_Sa%C3%BAde_flea_market%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil.jpg/260px-Himalayan_salt_of_Sa%C3%BAde_flea_market%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3098" data-file-height="3116" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_salt" title="Himalayan salt">Himalayan salt</a> is <a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">halite</a> with a distinct pink colour.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DeadSeaIsrael5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/DeadSeaIsrael5.jpg/170px-DeadSeaIsrael5.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/DeadSeaIsrael5.jpg/255px-DeadSeaIsrael5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/DeadSeaIsrael5.jpg/340px-DeadSeaIsrael5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Salt deposits beside the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, Israel</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Unrefined <a href="/wiki/Sea_salt" title="Sea salt">sea salt</a> contains small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> <a href="/wiki/Halides" class="mw-redirect" title="Halides">halides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfates</a>, traces of <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algal products</a>, salt-resistant bacteria and sediment particles. The calcium and magnesium salts confer a faintly bitter overtone, and they make unrefined sea salt <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopic">hygroscopic</a> (i.e., it gradually absorbs moisture from air if stored uncovered). Algal products contribute a mildly "fishy" or "sea-air" odour, the latter from <a href="/wiki/Organobromine_compound#Organobromine_compounds_in_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Organobromine compound">organobromine compounds</a>. Sediments, the proportion of which varies with the source, give the salt a dull grey appearance. Since taste and aroma compounds are often detectable by humans in minute concentrations, sea salt may have a more complex flavour than pure sodium chloride when sprinkled on top of food. When salt is added during cooking however, these flavours would likely be overwhelmed by those of the food ingredients.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGee2004642_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGee2004642-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The refined salt industry cites scientific studies saying that raw sea and rock salts do not contain enough <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> salts to prevent <a href="/wiki/Iodine_deficiency" title="Iodine deficiency">iodine deficiency diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salts have diverse <a href="/wiki/Minerality#I–P" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerality">mineralities</a> depending on their source, giving each a unique flavour. <a href="/wiki/Fleur_de_sel" title="Fleur de sel">Fleur de sel</a>, a natural sea salt from the surface of evaporating brine in salt pans, has a distinctive flavour varying with its source. In traditional <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a>, so-called "<a href="/wiki/Jugyeom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jugyeom">bamboo salt</a>" is prepared by roasting salt<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston200545_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston200545-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> container plugged with mud at both ends. This product absorbs minerals from the bamboo and the mud, and has been claimed to increase the <a href="/wiki/Clastogen" title="Clastogen">anticlastogenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutagen" title="Mutagen">antimutagenic</a> properties of <a href="/wiki/Doenjang" title="Doenjang">doenjang</a> (a fermented bean paste).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahidiShiHo2005575_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahidiShiHo2005575-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kosher_salt" title="Kosher salt">Kosher or kitchen salt</a> has a larger grain size than table salt and is used in cooking. It can be useful for <a href="/wiki/Brining" title="Brining">brining</a>, in bread or <a href="/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel">pretzel</a> making, and as a scrubbing agent when combined with oil.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salt_in_food">Salt in food</h3></div> <p>Salt is present in most <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">foods</a>, but in naturally occurring foodstuffs such as meats, vegetables and fruit, it is present in very small quantities. It is often added to processed foods (such as <a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">canned foods</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">salted foods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickled foods</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snack_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Snack food">snack foods</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">convenience foods</a>), where it functions as both a <a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">preservative</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">flavouring</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dairy_salt" title="Dairy salt">Dairy salt</a> is used in the preparation of butter and cheese products.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a flavouring, salt enhances the taste of other foods by suppressing the bitterness of those foods making them more palatable and relatively sweeter.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the advent of electrically powered <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a>, salting was one of the main methods of <a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">food preservation</a>. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a> contains 67 mg sodium per 100 g, while <a href="/wiki/Kipper" title="Kipper">kipper</a>, its preserved form, contains 990 mg. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> typically contains 63 mg while <a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">bacon</a> contains 1,480 mg, and <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a> contain 7 mg but <a href="/wiki/Potato_crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato crisp">potato crisps</a> 800 mg per 100 g.<sup id="cite_ref-HMSO_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMSO-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salt is used extensively in <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a> as a flavouring, and in cooking techniques such as with <a href="/wiki/Salt_crust" title="Salt crust">salt crusts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brining" title="Brining">brining</a>. The main sources of salt in the Western diet, apart from direct use, are bread and cereals, meat, and dairy products.<sup id="cite_ref-HMSO_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMSO-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many East Asian cultures, salt is not traditionally used as a condiment.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its place, condiments such as <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">fish sauce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oyster_sauce" title="Oyster sauce">oyster sauce</a> tend to have a high sodium content and fill a similar role to table salt in western cultures. They are most often used for cooking rather than as table condiments.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biology_of_salt_taste">Biology of salt taste</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor#Salt" title="Taste receptor">Taste receptor § Salt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taste#Saltiness" title="Taste">Taste § Saltiness</a></div> <p>Human salt <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">taste</a> is detected by sodium <a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">taste receptors</a> present in taste bud cells on the tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human sensory taste testing studies have shown that <a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis">proteolyzed</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel" title="Epithelial sodium channel">epithelial sodium channel</a> (ENaC) function as the human salt taste receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sodium_consumption_and_health">Sodium consumption and health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_salt" title="Health effects of salt">Health effects of salt</a></div> <p>Table salt is made up of just under 40% sodium by weight, so a 6<span class="nowrap"> </span>g serving (1<span class="nowrap"> </span>teaspoon) contains about 2,400<span class="nowrap"> </span>mg of sodium.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sodium serves a vital purpose in the human body: via its role as an electrolyte, it helps nerves and muscles to function correctly, and it is one factor involved in the <a href="/wiki/Autoregulation" title="Autoregulation">osmotic regulation</a> of water content in body organs (<a href="/wiki/Fluid_balance" title="Fluid balance">fluid balance</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the sodium in the <a href="/wiki/Western_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Western diet">Western diet</a> comes from salt.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The habitual salt intake in many Western countries is about 10 g per day, and it is higher than that in many countries in Eastern Europe and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Strazzullo_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strazzullo-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high level of sodium in many processed foods has a major impact on the total amount consumed.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, 75% of the sodium eaten comes from processed and restaurant foods, 11% from cooking and table use and the rest from what is found naturally in foodstuffs.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because consuming too much sodium increases risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular diseases</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> health organizations generally recommend that people reduce their dietary intake of salt.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-He2013_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-He2013-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aha_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aha-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High sodium intake is associated with a greater risk of <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, total cardiovascular disease and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">kidney disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IOM2013_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOM2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strazzullo_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strazzullo-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reduction in sodium intake by 1,000 mg per day may reduce cardiovascular disease by about 30 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA2015_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDC_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In adults and children with no acute illness, a decrease in the intake of sodium from the typical high levels reduces blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-He2013_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-He2013-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abur2013_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abur2013-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A low sodium diet results in a greater improvement in blood pressure in people with <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> recommends that adults should consume less than 2,000 mg of sodium (which is contained in 5<span class="nowrap"> </span>g of salt) per day.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guidelines by the United States recommend that people with hypertension, African Americans, and middle-aged and older adults should limit consumption to no more than 1,500 mg of sodium per day and meet the potassium recommendation of 4,700 mg/day with a healthy diet of fruits and vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Health.gov2010_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Health.gov2010-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While reduction of sodium intake to less than 2,300 mg per day is recommended by developed countries,<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one review recommended that sodium intake be reduced to at least 1,200 mg (contained in 3<span class="nowrap"> </span>g of salt) per day, as a further reduction in salt intake led to a greater fall in systolic blood pressure for all age groups and ethnicities.<sup id="cite_ref-He2013_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-He2013-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another review indicated that there is inconsistent/insufficient evidence to conclude that reducing sodium intake to lower than 2,300 mg per day is either beneficial or harmful.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence shows a more complicated relationship between salt and cardiovascular disease. "The association between sodium consumption and cardiovascular disease or mortality is U-shaped, with increased risk at both high and low sodium intake."<sup id="cite_ref-clinicalkey.com_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clinicalkey.com-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The findings showed that increased mortality from excessive salt intake was primarily associated with individuals with hypertension. The levels of increased mortality among those with restricted salt intake appeared to be similar regardless of blood pressure. This evidence shows that while those with hypertension should primarily focus on reducing sodium to recommended levels, all groups should seek to maintain a healthy level of sodium intake of between 4 and 5 grams (equivalent to 10-13 g salt) a day.<sup id="cite_ref-clinicalkey.com_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clinicalkey.com-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the two most prominent dietary risks for disability in the world are diets high in sodium.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-dietary_uses">Non-dietary uses</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></div> <p>Only a small percentage of the salt manufactured in the world is used in food. The remainder is used in agriculture, water treatment, chemical production, de-icing, and other industrial use cases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestphalKristenWegenerAmbatiello2010_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestphalKristenWegenerAmbatiello2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the practice of watering plants with salt as a fertilizer, applying a moderate concentration helps avoid potential toxicity; typically, 1–3 grams (0.035–0.106 oz) per liter is considered safe and effective for most plants.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sodium chloride is one of the largest volume inorganic raw materials. It is a <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">feedstock</a> in the production of <a href="/wiki/Caustic_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Caustic soda">caustic soda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>. These are used in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/PVC" class="mw-redirect" title="PVC">PVC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper pulp">paper pulp</a> and many other inorganic and organic compounds. Salt is used as a <a href="/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)" title="Flux (metallurgy)">flux</a> in the production of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>. For this purpose, a layer of melted salt floats on top of the molten metal and removes iron and other metal contaminants. It is used in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soaps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glycerine" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerine">glycerine</a>, where it is used to <a href="/wiki/Saponification" title="Saponification">saponify</a> fats. As an emulsifier, salt is used in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a>, and another use is in the firing of <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, when salt added to the furnace vaporises before condensing onto the surface of the ceramic material, forming a strong <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">glaze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WASG_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WASG-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When drilling through loose materials such as sand or gravel, salt may be added to the <a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">drilling fluid</a> to provide a stable "wall" to prevent the hole collapsing. There are many other processes in which salt is involved. These include its use as a <a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">mordant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> dying, to regenerate <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a> in water softening, for the <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a> of hides, the preservation of meat and fish and the <a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">canning</a> of meat and vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-WASG_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WASG-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IHS_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHS-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostick2011_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostick2011-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_salt_production" title="List of countries by salt production">List of countries by salt production</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018-07-19_037_Sifto_Salt_Mine,_Goderich_ON_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2018-07-19_037_Sifto_Salt_Mine%2C_Goderich_ON_Canada.jpg/330px-2018-07-19_037_Sifto_Salt_Mine%2C_Goderich_ON_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2018-07-19_037_Sifto_Salt_Mine%2C_Goderich_ON_Canada.jpg/500px-2018-07-19_037_Sifto_Salt_Mine%2C_Goderich_ON_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2018-07-19_037_Sifto_Salt_Mine%2C_Goderich_ON_Canada.jpg/960px-2018-07-19_037_Sifto_Salt_Mine%2C_Goderich_ON_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9413" data-file-height="2841" /></a><figcaption>Sifto Canada salt mine and processing plant at the harbor in <a href="/wiki/Goderich,_Ontario" title="Goderich, Ontario">Goderich, Ontario</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>Food-grade salt accounts for only a small part of salt production in <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">industrialized countries</a> (7% in Europe),<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although worldwide, food uses account for 17.5% of total production.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, total world production of salt was 300 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, the top six producers being China (68 million), the United States (42 million), India (29 million), Germany (13 million), Canada (13 million) and Australia (12 million).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manufacture of salt is one of the oldest chemical industries.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major source of salt is seawater, which has a <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> of approximately 3.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestphalKristenWegenerAmbatiello2010_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestphalKristenWegenerAmbatiello2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that there are about 35 g (1.2 oz) of <a href="/wiki/Sea_salt" title="Sea salt">dissolved salts</a>, predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>) <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a>, per kilogram (2.2 lbs) of water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilleroFeistelWrightMcDougall2008_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilleroFeistelWrightMcDougall2008-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's oceans are a virtually inexhaustible source of salt, and this abundance of supply means that reserves have not been calculated.<sup id="cite_ref-IHS_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHS-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evaporation of seawater is the production method of choice in marine countries with high evaporation and low precipitation rates. <a href="/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond" title="Salt evaporation pond">Salt evaporation ponds</a> are filled from the ocean and salt crystals can be harvested as the water dries up. Sometimes these ponds have vivid colours, as some species of algae and other micro-organisms thrive in conditions of high salinity.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Away from the sea, salt is extracted from the vast sedimentary deposits which have been laid down over the millennia from the evaporation of seas and lakes. These sources are either <a href="/wiki/Salt_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt mine">mined</a> directly, producing rock salt, or are extracted by pumping water into the deposit. In either case, the salt may be purified by mechanical evaporation of brine. Traditionally, purification was achieved in <a href="/wiki/Open_pan_salt_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Open pan salt making">shallow open pans</a> that were heated to accelerate evaporation. <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">Vacuum</a>-based methods are also employed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostick2011_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostick2011-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The raw salt is refined by treatment with chemicals that precipitate most impurities (largely magnesium and calcium salts). Multiple stages of evaporation are then applied.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some salt is produced using the <a href="/wiki/Alberger_process" title="Alberger process">Alberger process</a>, which involves vacuum pan evaporation combined with the seeding of the solution with cubic crystals, and produces a grainy-type flake.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ayoreo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayoreo people">Ayoreo</a>, an indigenous group from the Paraguayan <a href="/wiki/Gran_Chaco_people" title="Gran Chaco people">Chaco</a>, obtain their salt from the ash produced by burning the timber of the Indian salt tree (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maytenus_vitis-idaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maytenus vitis-idaea (page does not exist)">Maytenus vitis-idaea</a></i>) and other trees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmeda-Hirschmann1994_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmeda-Hirschmann1994-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest mine operated by underground workings in the world is the Sifto mine, located mostly 550 meters below Lake Huron, in Goderich, Ontario (Canada). About seven million tons of salt are extracted from it annually.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Khewra_Salt_Mine" title="Khewra Salt Mine">Khewra Salt Mine</a> in Pakistan has nineteen storeys, eleven of which are underground, and 400 km (250 mi) of passages. The salt is dug out by the <a href="/wiki/Room_and_pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Room and pillar">room and pillar</a> method, where about half the material is left in place to support the upper levels. Extraction of <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_salt" title="Himalayan salt">Himalayan salt</a> is expected to last 350 years at the present rate of extraction of around 385,000 tons per annum.The mine is also a major tourist attraction, receiving around a quarter of a million visitors a year.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Seattle_Times_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Seattle_Times-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Artisanal</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bo_Kluea_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brine from salt wells is boiled to produce salt at Nan Province, Thailand"><img alt="Brine from salt wells is boiled to produce salt at Nan Province, Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bo_Kluea_01.jpg/173px-Bo_Kluea_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bo_Kluea_01.jpg/259px-Bo_Kluea_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bo_Kluea_01.jpg/346px-Bo_Kluea_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1737" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">Brine</a> from <a href="/wiki/Salt_wells" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt wells">salt wells</a> is boiled to produce salt at <a href="/wiki/Nan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nan Province">Nan Province</a>, Thailand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salt mounds in Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia"><img alt="Salt mounds in Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg/250px-Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg/330px-Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg/500px-Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Salt mounds in <a href="/wiki/Salar_de_Uyuni" title="Salar de Uyuni">Salar de Uyuni</a>, Bolivia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marakkanam_Salt_Pans.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sea-salt pans in Tamil Nadu, India"><img alt="Sea-salt pans in Tamil Nadu, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Marakkanam_Salt_Pans.JPG/181px-Marakkanam_Salt_Pans.JPG" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Marakkanam_Salt_Pans.JPG/271px-Marakkanam_Salt_Pans.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Marakkanam_Salt_Pans.JPG/362px-Marakkanam_Salt_Pans.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4055" data-file-height="2693" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sea-salt pans in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, India </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chad_Creating_salt_balls_near_Tigui_DSC0596.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salt balls in Borkou province, Chad"><img alt="Salt balls in Borkou province, Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chad_Creating_salt_balls_near_Tigui_DSC0596.jpg/250px-Chad_Creating_salt_balls_near_Tigui_DSC0596.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chad_Creating_salt_balls_near_Tigui_DSC0596.jpg/330px-Chad_Creating_salt_balls_near_Tigui_DSC0596.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chad_Creating_salt_balls_near_Tigui_DSC0596.jpg/500px-Chad_Creating_salt_balls_near_Tigui_DSC0596.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4114" data-file-height="2314" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Salt balls in <a href="/wiki/Borkou_(region_of_Chad)" title="Borkou (region of Chad)">Borkou province</a>, Chad</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_religion">In religion</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_bread_and_salt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Russian_bread_and_salt.jpg/220px-Russian_bread_and_salt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Russian_bread_and_salt.jpg/330px-Russian_bread_and_salt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Russian_bread_and_salt.jpg/440px-Russian_bread_and_salt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3184" data-file-height="2216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bread_and_salt" title="Bread and salt">Bread and salt</a> at a Russian wedding ceremony</figcaption></figure> <p>Salt has long held an important place in religion and culture. At the time of <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Brahmanic</a> sacrifices, in <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> rituals and during festivals held by <a href="/wiki/Semitic_people" title="Semitic people">Semites</a> and Greeks at the time of the <a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a>, salt was thrown into a fire where it produced crackling noises.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans invoked their gods with offerings of salt and water and some people think this to be the origin of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Water">Holy Water</a> in the Christian faith.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, it is recommended to have either a salty bread or to add salt to the bread if this bread is unsalted when doing <a href="/wiki/Kiddush" title="Kiddush">Kiddush</a> for <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>. It is customary to spread some salt over the bread or dip it in a little salt when passing it around the table after the Kiddush.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To preserve the covenant between their people and God, Jews dip the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a> bread in salt.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salt plays a role within different Christian traditions. It is mandatory in the rite of the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salt is used in the third item (which includes an <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a>) of the Celtic Consecration (<i>cf.</i> <a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican Rite</a>) that is employed in the consecration of a church, and it is permitted to be added to the water "where it is customary" in the Roman Catholic rite of Holy water.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> makes <a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_Bible" title="Salt in the Bible">multiple mentions of salt</a>, both of the mineral itself and as a metaphor. Uses include the tale of how <a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Lot's wife</a> is turned into a pillar of salt when looking back at the cities of <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> as they are destroyed. In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> refers to his followers as the "<a href="/wiki/Salt_and_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt and Light">salt of the earth</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-McKenzie_1995_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKenzie_1995-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> mythology, <a href="/wiki/Huixtocihuatl" title="Huixtocihuatl">Huixtocihuatl</a> was a fertility goddess who presided over salt and salt water.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salt is an auspicious substance in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and is used in ceremonies like house-warmings and weddings.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, devotees lay an offering of raw rice with a pinch of salt before a deity to signify their devotion and salt is sprinkled on a person's cremated remains before the ashes are buried.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salt is believed to ward off evil spirits in <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhist</a> tradition. When returning home from a <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funeral</a>, a pinch of salt is thrown over the left shoulder as this prevents evil spirits from entering the house.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, <i>Shio</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A1%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:塩">塩</a>, lit. "salt"</span></span>)</span> is used for <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual purification</a> of locations and people (<i><a href="/wiki/Harae" title="Harae">harae</a></i>, specifically <i>shubatsu</i>), and small piles of salt are placed in dishes by entrances to ward off evil and to attract patrons.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFInstitute_of_Medicine_(US)_Committee_on_Strategies_to_Reduce_Sodium_Intake2010" class="citation book cs1">Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake (2010). "3 — Taste and Flavor Roles of Sodium in Foods: A Unique Challenge to Reducing Sodium Intake". In Jane E. Henney; Christine L. Taylor; Caitlin S. Boon (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK50958/"><i>Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States</i></a>. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-14806-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-14806-1"><bdi>978-0-309-14806-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509080305/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK50958/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3+%E2%80%94+Taste+and+Flavor+Roles+of+Sodium+in+Foods%3A+A+Unique+Challenge+to+Reducing+Sodium+Intake&rft.btitle=Strategies+to+Reduce+Sodium+Intake+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-309-14806-1&rft.au=Institute+of+Medicine+%28US%29+Committee+on+Strategies+to+Reduce+Sodium+Intake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK50958%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adams.marmot.org/Record/.b35134185"><i>Salt: a world history</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salt%3A+a+world+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadams.marmot.org%2FRecord%2F.b35134185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/el-paso-salt-wars.htm">"El Paso Salt Wars (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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L.; Yaktine, A. L.; Oria, M. (2013). Strom, Brian L.; Yaktine, Ann L.; Oria, Maria (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=18311"><i>Sodium intake in populations: assessment of evidence</i></a>. 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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019175037/http://www.cdc.gov/salt/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salt&rft.atitle=Most+Americans+should+consume+less+sodium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fsalt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-efsa-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-efsa_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/050622">"EFSA provides advice on adverse effects of sodium"</a>. European Food Safety Authority. 22 June 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804134312/http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/050622">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EFSA+provides+advice+on+adverse+effects+of+sodium&rft.pub=European+Food+Safety+Authority&rft.date=2005-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efsa.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fpress%2Fnews%2F050622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2013-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160720052736/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2013/salt_potassium_20130131/en/">"WHO issues new guidance on dietary salt and potassium"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+salt&rft.date=1982-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C925341%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaolinelli" class="citation web cs1">Paolinelli, Franco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/africa/tuareg_salt_caravans/">"Tuareg Salt Caravans of Niger, Africa"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Importance+of+Salt&rft.date=1999-05-01&rft.aulast=Cowen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmygeologypage.ucdavis.edu%2Fcowen%2F~gel115%2Fsalt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2003" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Mike (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124114738/http://www.igg.org.uk/gansg/12-linind/salt.htm">"Salt"</a>. <i>Goods & Not So Goods: Lineside Industries</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Salt+%28NaCl%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Frank+Osborne&rft.au=Ralston%2C+Robert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F519712%2Fsalt-NaCl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408080806/http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Taste.html">"The sense of taste"</a>. 16 March 2013. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2010</span>. <q>Nutritional analysis provided with Tesco Table Salt states 38.9 percent sodium by weight which equals 97.3 percent sodium chloride</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tesco+Table+Salt+750g&rft.pub=Tesco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tesco.com%2Fsuperstore%2Fxpi%2F8%2Fxpi50042778.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wasalt.com.au/Table.html">Table Salt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070805064907/http://www.wasalt.com.au/Table.html">Archived</a> 5 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Wasalt.com.au. Retrieved 7 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/3/CXS_150e.pdf">The international Codex Alimentarius Standard for Food Grade Salt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314012629/http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/3/CXS_150e.pdf">Archived</a> 14 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (PDF). 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J.; Taylor, F.; Martin, N.; Gottlieb, S.; Taylor, R.S.; Ebrahim, S. (18 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6483405">"Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>12</b> (12): CD009217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD009217.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD009217.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6483405">6483405</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25519688">25519688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Reduced+dietary+salt+for+the+prevention+of+cardiovascular+disease&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=CD009217&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6483405%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25519688&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD009217.pub3&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+F.&rft.au=Martin%2C+N.&rft.au=Gottlieb%2C+S.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.S.&rft.au=Ebrahim%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6483405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Health.gov2010-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Health.gov2010_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/DietaryGuidelines2010.pdf"><i>Dietary Guidelines for Americans</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Department of Agriculture & U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2010. p. 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901170759/https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/dietaryguidelines2010.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2015</span>. <q>African Americans, individuals with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease and individuals ages 51 and older, comprise about half of the U.S. population ages 2 and older. While nearly everyone benefits from reducing their sodium intake, the blood pressure of these individuals tends to be even more responsive to the blood pressure-raising effects of sodium than others; therefore, they should reduce their intake to 1,500 mg per day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dietary+Guidelines+for+Americans&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture+%26+U.S.+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.gov%2Fdietaryguidelines%2Fdga2010%2FDietaryGuidelines2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_on_the_Consequences_of_Sodium_Reduction_in_PopulationsFood_NutritionBoard_on_Population_Health_Public_Health_PracticeInstitute_Of2013" class="citation book cs1">Committee on the Consequences of Sodium Reduction in Populations; Food Nutrition, Board; Board on Population Health Public Health Practice; Institute Of, Medicine; Strom, B. L.; Yaktine, A. L.; Oria, M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/18311/chapter/7#122"><i>5 Findings and Conclusions | Sodium Intake in Populations: Assessment of Evidence</i></a>. The National Academies Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F18311">10.17226/18311</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-28295-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-28295-6"><bdi>978-0-309-28295-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24851297">24851297</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516040201/https://www.nap.edu/read/18311/chapter/7#122">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=5+Findings+and+Conclusions+%7C+Sodium+Intake+in+Populations%3A+Assessment+of+Evidence&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24851297&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F18311&rft.isbn=978-0-309-28295-6&rft.au=Committee+on+the+Consequences+of+Sodium+Reduction+in+Populations&rft.au=Food+Nutrition%2C+Board&rft.au=Board+on+Population+Health+Public+Health+Practice&rft.au=Institute+Of%2C+Medicine&rft.au=Strom%2C+B.+L.&rft.au=Yaktine%2C+A.+L.&rft.au=Oria%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fread%2F18311%2Fchapter%2F7%23122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clinicalkey.com-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clinicalkey.com_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clinicalkey.com_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMenteO'DonnellRangarajanDagenais2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mente, Andrew; O'Donnell, Martin; Rangarajan, Sumathy; Dagenais, Gilles; Lear, Scott; et al. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Research+article%3A+Salt&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fresearch%2Fsalt-eorl-12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704055740/http://www.epikouria.com/issue3/article6-things.php">"10+1 Things you may not know about Salt"</a>. <i>Epikouria</i>. Fall/Winter (3). 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epikouria.com/issue3/article6-things.php">the original</a> on 4 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epikouria&rft.atitle=10%2B1+Things+you+may+not+know+about+Salt&rft.volume=Fall%2FWinter&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epikouria.com%2Fissue3%2Farticle6-things.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naftali Silberberg <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/484194/jewish/Why-dip-in-salt.htm">Why is the Challah dipped in salt before it is eaten?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120034528/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/484194/jewish/Why-dip-in-salt.htm">Archived</a> 20 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chabad.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CE_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Salt" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Salt">s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Salt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKenzie_1995-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McKenzie_1995_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McKenzie, John L. 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"Salt". <i>Dictionary of the Bible</i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">759–</span>760. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-81913-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-81913-9"><bdi>0-684-81913-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Salt&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E759-%3C%2Fspan%3E760&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-684-81913-9&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuipoloa2007" class="citation web cs1">Quipoloa, J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150916191933/http://www.amoxtli.org/cuezali/festivals.html">"The Aztec Festivals: Toxcatl (Dryness)"</a>. <i>The Aztec Gateway</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amoxtli.org/cuezali/festivals.html">the original</a> on 16 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Aztec+Gateway&rft.atitle=The+Aztec+Festivals%3A+Toxcatl+%28Dryness%29&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Quipoloa&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amoxtli.org%2Fcuezali%2Ffestivals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gray_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGray2010" class="citation news cs1">Gray, Steven (7 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130817090849/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C2001007%2C00.html">"What Lies Beneath"</a>. <i>Time Magazine</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=What+Lies+Beneath&rft.date=2010-12-07&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C2001007%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finaljourneyseminars.com/?page_id=472">"The Final Journey: What to do when your loved one passes away"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306031827/http://www.finaljourneyseminars.com/?page_id=472">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Final+Journey%3A+What+to+do+when+your+loved+one+passes+away&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finaljourneyseminars.com%2F%3Fpage_id%3D472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314070618/http://www.cargill.com/salt/about/historyofsalt/religion/">"Religion: Chasing away evil spirits"</a>. <i>History of salt</i>. Cagill. 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BBC. 16 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harae+-+purification+rites&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2009-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fshinto%2Fritesrituals%2Fharae.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarber1999" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Elizabeth Wayland (1999). <i>The Mummies of Ürümchi</i>. 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"Introduction to <i>Civil Disobedience</i>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Er59fRsspgoC"><i>Mahatma Gandhi: Selected Political Writings</i></a>. Hackett Publishing Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-330-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87220-330-1"><bdi>0-87220-330-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810152615/https://books.google.com/books?id=Er59fRsspgoC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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US Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110113818/http://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/mineral-pubs/salt/myb1-2011-salt.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Salt&rft.pub=US+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kostick&rft.aufirst=Dennis+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fassets%2Fpalladium%2Fproduction%2Fmineral-pubs%2Fsalt%2Fmyb1-2011-salt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurlansky2002" class="citation book cs1">Kurlansky, Mark (2002). <i>Salt: A World History</i>. New York: Walker & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1373-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1373-4"><bdi>0-8027-1373-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48573453">48573453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salt%3A+A+World+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker+%26+Co&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48573453&rft.isbn=0-8027-1373-4&rft.aulast=Kurlansky&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLivingston2005" class="citation book cs1">Livingston, James V. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W6ToDne5AsMC&pg=PA45"><i>Agriculture and soil pollution: new research</i></a>. Nova Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59454-310-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59454-310-0"><bdi>1-59454-310-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906112001/https://books.google.com/books?id=W6ToDne5AsMC&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agriculture+and+soil+pollution%3A+new+research&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-59454-310-0&rft.aulast=Livingston&rft.aufirst=James+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW6ToDne5AsMC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkel1987" class="citation journal cs1">Markel, Howard (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1646845">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'When it rains, it pours':Endemic Goiter, Iodized Salt and David Murray Cowie, MD"</a>. <i>American Journal of Public Health</i>. <b>77</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">219–</span>229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.77.2.219">10.2105/AJPH.77.2.219</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1646845">1646845</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3541654">3541654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=%27When+it+rains%2C+it+pours%27%3AEndemic+Goiter%2C+Iodized+Salt+and+David+Murray+Cowie%2C+MD.&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1646845%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3541654&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.77.2.219&rft.aulast=Markel&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1646845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGee2004" class="citation book cs1">McGee, Harold (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bKVCtH4AjwgC"><i>On Food and Cooking</i></a> (2nd ed.). Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416556374" title="Special:BookSources/9781416556374"><bdi>9781416556374</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201225060412/https://books.google.com/books?id=bKVCtH4AjwgC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Food+and+Cooking&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781416556374&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbKVCtH4AjwgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilleroFeistelWrightMcDougall2008" class="citation journal cs1">Millero, Frank J.; Feistel, Rainer; Wright, Daniel; McDougall, Trevor J. (January 2008). "The composition of Standard Seawater and the definition of the Reference-Composition Salinity Scale". <i>Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers</i>. <b>55</b> (1). Elsevier: <span class="nowrap">50–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008DSRI...55...50M">2008DSRI...55...50M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dsr.2007.10.001">10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deep+Sea+Research+Part+I%3A+Oceanographic+Research+Papers&rft.atitle=The+composition+of+Standard+Seawater+and+the+definition+of+the+Reference-Composition+Salinity+Scale&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.dsr.2007.10.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008DSRI...55...50M&rft.aulast=Millero&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rft.au=Feistel%2C+Rainer&rft.au=Wright%2C+Daniel&rft.au=McDougall%2C+Trevor+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmeda-Hirschmann1994" class="citation journal cs1">Schmeda-Hirschmann, Guillermo (1994). "Tree ash as an Ayoreo salt source in the Paraguayan Chaco". <i>Economic Botany</i>. <b>48</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">159–</span>162. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994EcBot..48..159S">1994EcBot..48..159S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02908207">10.1007/BF02908207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=Tree+ash+as+an+Ayoreo+salt+source+in+the+Paraguayan+Chaco.&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02908207&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994EcBot..48..159S&rft.aulast=Schmeda-Hirschmann&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSelwitzIsmailPitts2007" class="citation journal cs1">Selwitz, Robert H; Ismail, Amid I; Pitts, Nigel B (6 January 2007). "Dental caries". <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>369</b> (9555): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960031-2">10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60031-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17208642">17208642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Dental+caries&rft.volume=369&rft.issue=9555&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2007-01-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960031-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17208642&rft.aulast=Selwitz&rft.aufirst=Robert+H&rft.au=Ismail%2C+Amid+I&rft.au=Pitts%2C+Nigel+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShahidiShiHo2005" class="citation book cs1">Shahidi, Fereidoon; Shi, John; Ho, Chi-Tang (2005). <i>Asian functional foods</i>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-5855-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-5855-2"><bdi>0-8247-5855-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+functional+foods&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8247-5855-2&rft.aulast=Shahidi&rft.aufirst=Fereidoon&rft.au=Shi%2C+John&rft.au=Ho%2C+Chi-Tang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWellerDumitroaia2005" class="citation journal cs1">Weller, Olivier; Dumitroaia, Gheorghe (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281419381">"The earliest salt production in the world: An early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca, Romania"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>79</b> (306).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+earliest+salt+production+in+the+world%3A+An+early+Neolithic+exploitation+in+Poiana+Slatinei-Lunca%2C+Romania&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=306&rft.date=2005-12&rft.aulast=Weller&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft.au=Dumitroaia%2C+Gheorghe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F281419381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWellerBrigandNuninger2008" class="citation conference cs1">Weller, Olivier; Brigand, Robin; Nuninger, Laure (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/01/06/64/23/PDF/Weller_Brigand_Archaedyn_Dijon_2008.pdf"><i>Spatial Analysis of Salt Springs Exploitation in Moldavian Pre-Carpatic Prehistory (Romania)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archædyn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Spatial+Analysis+of+Salt+Springs+Exploitation+in+Moldavian+Pre-Carpatic+Prehistory+%28Romania%29&rft.date=2008-06&rft.aulast=Weller&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft.au=Brigand%2C+Robin&rft.au=Nuninger%2C+Laure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fdocs%2F01%2F06%2F64%2F23%2FPDF%2FWeller_Brigand_Archaedyn_Dijon_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></i>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestphalKristenWegenerAmbatiello2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Westphal, Gisbert; Kristen, Gerhard; Wegener, Wilhelm; Ambatiello, Peter (January 2010). "Sodium Chloride". <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a24_317.pub4">10.1002/14356007.a24_317.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sodium+Chloride&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a24_317.pub4&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=Westphal&rft.aufirst=Gisbert&rft.au=Kristen%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Wegener%2C+Wilhelm&rft.au=Ambatiello%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVaidyaChakeraPearce2011" class="citation journal cs1">Vaidya, Bijay; Chakera, Ali J; Pearce, Simon HS (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3267517">"Treatment for primary hypothyroidism: current approaches and future possibilities"</a>. <i>Drug Design, Development and Therapy</i>. <b>6</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FDDDT.S12894">10.2147/DDDT.S12894</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3267517">3267517</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22291465">22291465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drug+Design%2C+Development+and+Therapy&rft.atitle=Treatment+for+primary+hypothyroidism%3A+current+approaches+and+future+possibilities.&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3267517%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22291465&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FDDDT.S12894&rft.aulast=Vaidya&rft.aufirst=Bijay&rft.au=Chakera%2C+Ali+J&rft.au=Pearce%2C+Simon+HS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3267517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Salt</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/salt" class="extiw" title="wikt:salt">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Salt" class="extiw" title="c:Salt">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Littell%27s_Living_Age/Volume_4/Issue_34/Salt_in_Abyssinia" class="extiw" title="s:Littell's Living Age/Volume 4/Issue 34/Salt in Abyssinia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Salt" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Salt">Recipes</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Extra_info_on_food_consumption#Salt/potassium_intake" class="extiw" title="v:Extra info on food consumption">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Salt249" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salt_topics" title="Template:Salt topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salt_topics" title="Template talk:Salt topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salt_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salt topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Salt249" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salt</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_salt" title="History of salt">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">In the American Civil War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/International_Salt_Co._v._United_States" title="International Salt Co. v. United States">International Salt Co. v. United States</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_salt_in_Middlewich" title="History of salt in Middlewich">In Middlewich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Salt_Route" title="Old Salt Route">Old Salt Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_Chinese_history" title="Salt in Chinese history">In Chinese history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_road" title="Salt road">Salt road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_edible_salts" title="List of edible salts">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraum_salts" title="Abraum salts">Abraum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaea_salt" title="Alaea salt">Alaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberger_process" title="Alberger process">Alberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As%C3%ADn_tibuok" title="Asín tibuok">Asín tibuok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bittern_(salt)" title="Bittern (salt)">Bittern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_salt" title="Sea salt">Black lava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_salt" title="Butter salt">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">Calcium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery_salt" title="Celery salt">Celery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_salt" title="Curing salt">Curing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_salt" title="Cyclic salt">Cyclic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_salt" title="Dairy salt">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flake_salt" title="Flake salt">Flake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleur_de_sel" title="Fleur de sel">Fleur de sel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_salt" title="Garlic salt">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_salt" title="Himalayan salt">Himalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodised_salt" title="Iodised salt">Iodised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugyeom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jugyeom">Jugyeom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala_namak" title="Kala namak">Kala namak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_brining_salt" title="Korean brining salt">Korean brining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_salt" title="Kosher salt">Kosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshio_salt" title="Moshio salt">Moshio salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling_salt" title="Pickling salt">Pickling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">Potassium nitrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_reed_salt" title="River reed salt">River reed salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">Sodium nitrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_powder#Onion_salt" title="Onion powder">Onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salammoniac" title="Salammoniac">Salammoniac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_substitute" title="Salt substitute">Salt substitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_salt" title="Sea salt">Sea salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasoned_salt" title="Seasoned salt">Seasoned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sel_gris" title="Sel gris">Sel gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_salt" title="Smoked salt">Smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Truffle salt">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asin_tibuok#Guimaras_and_Capiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Asin tibuok">Túltul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Salted_foods" title="Category:Salted foods">Food usage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brining" title="Brining">Brining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brined_cheese" title="Brined cheese">Brined cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt-cured_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt-cured meat">Salt-cured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_salt" title="Health effects of salt">Health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_and_cardiovascular_disease" title="Salt and cardiovascular disease">Salt and cardiovascular disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce<br />and industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Commission" title="Salt Commission">Salt Industry Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond" title="Salt evaporation pond">Evaporation pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_mining" title="Salt mining">Salt mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_well" title="Salt well">Salt well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink_works" title="Sink works">Sink works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-pan_salt_making" title="Open-pan salt making">Open-pan salt making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_salt_production" title="List of countries by salt production">List of countries by salt production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_tectonics" title="Salt tectonics">Salt tectonics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_Cheshire" title="Salt in Cheshire">In Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_industry_in_Ghana" title="Salt industry in Ghana">In Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Salt_Ponds" title="San Francisco Bay Salt Ponds">San Francisco Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khewra_Salt_Mine" title="Khewra Salt Mine">In Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grain_of_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain of salt">Grain of salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_Bible" title="Salt in the Bible">Salt in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_the_earth" title="Salting the earth">Salting the earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_lick" title="Mineral lick">Mineral lick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_salt" title="Road salt">Road salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smelling_salts" title="Smelling salts">Smelling salts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_softening" title="Water softening">Water softening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ximenes_Redoubt" title="Ximenes Redoubt">Ximenes Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_tax" title="Salt tax">Tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_salt" title="Category:Edible salt">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Means_of_exchange" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Means of exchange"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medium_of_exchange124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medium_of_exchange" title="Medium of exchange">Medium of exchange</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commodity_money" title="Commodity money">Commodity <br />money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe-monies" title="Axe-monies">Axe-money</a> (W. Mesoamerica & N. Andes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a> (Mesoamerica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koku" title="Koku">Koku</a> (rice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manilla_(money)" title="Manilla (money)">Manilla</a> (W. Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quachtli" title="Quachtli">Quachtli</a> (cotton cloth)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salt</a> (Roman world)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel" title="Shekel">Shekel</a> (barley)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">Shells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_beads" title="Trade beads">Trade bead</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a> (SE Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cow</a> (Hindu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camel</a> (Arabia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a> (Tibet, China)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Representative_money" title="Representative money">Representative money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">Bimetallism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_certificate_(United_States)" title="Gold certificate (United States)">Gold certificates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/48px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/64px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">Fiat</a>/<a href="/wiki/Token_money" title="Token money">Token</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailment" title="Bailment">Bailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank_digital_currency" title="Central bank digital currency">Central bank digital currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Chattel/movable property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_(finance)" title="Clearing (finance)">Clearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheque_clearing" title="Cheque clearing">Cheque clearing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">Clay token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_(finance)" title="Deposit (finance)">Deposit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">Deposit account</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">Legal tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notary" title="Notary">Notary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_(law)" title="Possession (law)">Possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promissory_note" title="Promissory note">Promissory note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_value" title="Redemption value">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe" title="Safe">Safekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_currencies" title="List of historical currencies">List of historical currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coincidence_of_wants" title="Coincidence of wants">Coincidence of wants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_de_change" title="Bureau de change">Bureau de change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_house_(finance)" title="Clearing house (finance)">Clearinghouse bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">Savings bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depository_institution" title="Depository institution">Depository institution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement">Akkadian standards of measurement</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2150 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Banker_(ancient)" title="Banker (ancient)">§100; §122–125</a>; c. 1750 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallism" title="Metallism">Commodity theory of money (Metallism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_theory_of_money" title="Credit theory of money">Credit theory of money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">Quantity theory of money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_deferred_payment" title="Standard of deferred payment">Standard of deferred payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_of_value" title="Store of value">Store of value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_account" title="Unit of account">Unit of account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">Digital currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_gold_currency" title="Digital gold currency">Digital gold currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_currency" title="Virtual currency">Virtual currency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_currency" title="Complementary currency">Complementary currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectoral_currency" title="Sectoral currency">Sectoral currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-based_currency" title="Time-based currency">Time-based currency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culinary_herbs_and_spices83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template talk:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culinary_herbs_and_spices83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culinary herbs and spices</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">Herbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_archangelica" title="Angelica archangelica">Angelica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">Basil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_basil" title="Thai basil">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_basil" title="Lemon basil">Lemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_tamala" title="Cinnamomum tamala">Indian bay leaf (<i>tejpat</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldo" title="Boldo">Boldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borage" title="Borage">Borage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chervil" title="Chervil">Chervil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">Chives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuberosum" title="Allium tuberosum">garlic / Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely" title="Cicely">Cicely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander leaf / Cilantro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porophyllum_ruderale" title="Porophyllum ruderale">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persicaria_odorata" title="Persicaria odorata">Vietnamese (<i>rau răm</i>)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eryngium_foetidum" title="Eryngium foetidum">Culantro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_cress" title="Garden cress">Cress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_tree" title="Curry tree">Curry leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphania_ambrosioides" title="Dysphania ambrosioides">Epazote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_auritum" title="Piper auritum">Hoja santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houttuynia_cordata" title="Houttuynia cordata"><i>Houttuynia cordata</i> (<i>giấp cá</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyssopus_officinalis" title="Hyssopus officinalis">Hyssop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimbu" title="Jimbu">Jimbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsholtzia_ciliata" title="Elsholtzia ciliata">Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Kkaennip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavandula_angustifolia" title="Lavandula angustifolia">Lavender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">Lemon balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbopogon" title="Cymbopogon">Lemon grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backhousia_citriodora" title="Backhousia citriodora">Lemon myrtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysia_citrodora" title="Aloysia citrodora">Lemon verbena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnophila_aromatica" title="Limnophila aromatica"><i>Limnophila aromatica</i> (rice-paddy herb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovage" title="Lovage">Lovage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">Marjoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">Mugwort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptotaenia_japonica" title="Cryptotaenia japonica">Mitsuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">Parsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla" title="Perilla">Perilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satureja" title="Satureja">Savory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Sanshō leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrel" title="Sorrel">Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarragon" title="Tarragon">Tarragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">Thyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galium_odoratum" title="Galium odoratum">Woodruff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">Spices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_laver" title="Green laver">Aonori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajwain" title="Ajwain">Ajwain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_pepper" title="Alligator pepper">Alligator pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amchoor" title="Amchoor">Amchoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asafoetida" title="Asafoetida">Asafoetida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_terebinthifolia" title="Schinus terebinthifolia">Brazilian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">Caraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">Cardamom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_cardamom" title="Black cardamom">black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia" title="Cinnamomum cassia">Cassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery_powder" title="Celery powder">Celery powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">Celery seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanania_lanzan" title="Buchanania lanzan">Charoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenpi" title="Chenpi">Chenpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">Chili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">Chili powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipotle" title="Chipotle">Chipotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_red_pepper" title="Crushed red pepper">Crushed red pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">Jalapeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_pepper" title="Tabasco pepper">Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars">Cultivars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_cubeba" title="Piper cubeba">Cubeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">Cumin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella sativa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bunium_persicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunium persicum">Bunium persicum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Deulkkae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill / Dill seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">Fennel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">Fenugreek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigonella_caerulea" title="Trigonella caerulea">blue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boesenbergia_rotunda" title="Boesenbergia rotunda">Fingerroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">Galangal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_galanga" title="Alpinia galanga">greater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_officinarum" title="Alpinia officinarum">lesser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaempferia_galanga" title="Kaempferia galanga">Aromatic ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleum_persicum" title="Heracleum persicum">Golpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">Grains of paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_Selim" title="Grains of Selim">Grains of Selim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">Horseradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Japanese pricklyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_indica" title="Garcinia indica">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aframomum_corrorima" title="Aframomum corrorima">Korarima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_lime" title="Dried lime">Dried lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">Liquorice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litsea_cubeba" title="Litsea cubeba">Litsea cubeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">Long pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_amada" title="Curcuma amada">Mango-ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahleb" title="Mahleb">Mahleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">Mustard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhamphospermum_nigrum" title="Rhamphospermum nigrum">black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_mustard" title="White mustard">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricinodendron" title="Ricinodendron">Njangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_powder" title="Onion powder">Onion powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">Paprika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_molle" title="Schinus molle">Peruvian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">Poppy seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammogeton_involucratus" title="Psammogeton involucratus">Radhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%C3%97_damascena" title="Rosa × damascena">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilax_ornata" title="Smilax ornata">Sarsaparilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">Sesame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper (<i>huājiāo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicium_verum" title="Illicium verum">Star anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">Sumac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_lanceolata" title="Tasmannia lanceolata">Tasmanian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Tonka bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzazi" title="Uzazi">Uzazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_borbonense" title="Piper borbonense">Voatsiperifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">Wasabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu" title="Yuzu">Yuzu zest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria" title="Curcuma zedoaria">Zedoary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberis_vulgaris" title="Berberis vulgaris">Zereshk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zest_(ingredient)" title="Zest (ingredient)">Zest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice_mix" title="Spice mix">Blends</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajika" title="Ajika">Adjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advieh" title="Advieh">Advieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baharat" title="Baharat">Baharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau_Monde_seasoning" title="Beau Monde seasoning">Beau monde seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbere" title="Berbere">Berbere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouquet_garni" title="Bouquet garni">Bouquet garni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buknu" title="Buknu">Buknu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaat_masala" title="Chaat masala">Chaat masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(spices)" title="Tempering (spices)">Chaunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_sugar" title="Cinnamon sugar">Cinnamon sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_boil" title="Crab boil">Crab boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">Curry powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubanjiang" title="Doubanjiang">Doubanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douchi" title="Douchi">Douchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duqqa" title="Duqqa">Duqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fines_herbes" title="Fines herbes">Fines herbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-spice_powder" title="Five-spice powder">Five-spice powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garam_masala" title="Garam masala">Garam masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_powder" title="Garlic powder">Garlic powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_salt" title="Garlic salt">Garlic salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gochujang" title="Gochujang">Gochujang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harissa" title="Harissa">Harissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaij" title="Hawaij">Hawaij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbes_de_Provence" title="Herbes de Provence">Herbes de Provence</a></li> <li><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAng_l%C3%ACu" title="Húng lìu">Húng lìu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idli_podi" title="Idli podi">Idli podi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_seasoning" title="Italian seasoning">Italian seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerk_(cooking)" title="Jerk (cooking)">Jamaican jerk spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmeli_suneli" title="Khmeli suneli">Khmeli suneli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_pepper" title="Lemon pepper">Lemon pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitmita" title="Mitmita">Mitmita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_spice" title="Mixed spice">Mixed spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_steak_seasoning" title="Montreal steak seasoning">Montreal steak seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulling_spices" title="Mulling spices">Mulling spices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bay_Seasoning" title="Old Bay Seasoning">Old Bay Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_phoron" title="Panch phoron">Panch phoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persillade" title="Persillade">Persillade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder-douce" title="Powder-douce">Powder-douce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie_spice" title="Pumpkin pie spice">Pumpkin pie spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C3%A2lat_daqqa" title="Qâlat daqqa">Qâlat daqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9pices" title="Quatre épices">Quatre épices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_el_hanout" title="Ras el hanout">Ras el hanout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recado_rojo" title="Recado rojo">Recado rojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharena_sol" title="Sharena sol">Sharena sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichimi" title="Shichimi">Shichimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabil" title="Tabil">Tabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj%C3%ADn_seasoning" title="Tajín seasoning">Tajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoori_masala" title="Tandoori masala">Tandoori masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuna_paha" title="Thuna paha">Thuna paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadouvan" title="Vadouvan">Vadouvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu_kosh%C5%8D" title="Yuzu koshō">Yuzu koshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">Za'atar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="List of culinary herbs and spices">Culinary</a></li> <li>By region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices" title="List of Australian herbs and spices">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_spices" title="List of Bangladeshi spices">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_spices" title="List of Indian spices">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_spices" title="List of Pakistani spices">Pakistani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_rub" title="Spice rub">Spice rub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bartending557" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bartending" title="Template:Bartending"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bartending" title="Template talk:Bartending"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bartending" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bartending"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bartending557" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar-back" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar-back">Barback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargirl" title="Bargirl">Bargirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_sommelier" title="Beer sommelier">Beer sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_wench" title="Beer wench">Beer wench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_waitress" title="Cocktail waitress">Cocktail waitress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub_act" title="Nightclub act">Nightclub act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouncer" title="Bouncer">Bouncer</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_gold_bartender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Robert_gold_bartender.jpg/120px-Robert_gold_bartender.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Robert_gold_bartender.jpg/250px-Robert_gold_bartender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="418" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_drink" title="Mixed drink">Mixed drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-alcoholic mixers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitters" title="Bitters">Bitters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit juice">Fruit juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadine" title="Grenadine">Grenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">Soft drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrup#Syrups_for_beverages" title="Syrup">Sugar syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato_juice" title="Tomato juice">Tomato juice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absinthiana" title="Absinthiana">Absinthiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_spirits_measure" title="Alcoholic spirits measure">Alcoholic spirits measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_spoon" title="Bar spoon">Bar spoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_engine" title="Beer engine">Beer engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_tap" title="Beer tap">Beer tap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_tower" title="Beer tower">Beer tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink_coaster" title="Drink coaster">Beverage coaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blender" title="Blender">Blender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinois" title="Chinois">Chinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_shaker" title="Cocktail shaker">Cocktail shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_strainer" title="Cocktail strainer">Cocktail strainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinkware" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinkware">Drinkware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_rimmer" title="Glass rimmer">Glass rimmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cube" title="Ice cube">Ice cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigger_(bartending)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jigger (bartending)">Jigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicer" title="Juicer">Juicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarita_machine" title="Margarita machine">Margarita machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melon_ball" title="Melon ball">Melon baller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muddler" title="Muddler">Muddler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muddling_spoon" title="Muddling spoon">Muddling spoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg_grater" title="Nutmeg grater">Nutmeg grater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peg_(unit)" title="Peg (unit)">Peg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_siphon" title="Soda siphon">Soda siphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swizzle_stick" title="Swizzle stick">Swizzle stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisk" title="Whisk">Whisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zester" title="Zester">Zester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_garnish" title="Cocktail garnish">Garnishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Edible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">Celery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">Citrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_onion" title="Cocktail onion">Cocktail onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraschino_cherry" title="Maraschino cherry">Maraschino cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">Pineapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twist_(cocktail_garnish)" title="Twist (cocktail garnish)">Twist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inedible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocktail stick">Cocktail stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_umbrella" title="Cocktail umbrella">Cocktail umbrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_straw" title="Drinking straw">Drinking straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swizzle_stick" title="Swizzle stick">Swizzle stick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_bartenders" title="List of bartenders">List of bartenders</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bartending_terminology" title="Bartending terminology">Terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_play#Alcohol" title="Food play">Body shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_keep" title="Bottle keep">Bottle keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryness_(taste)" title="Dryness (taste)">Dryness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flair_bartending" title="Flair bartending">Flair bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_day" title="Gay day">Gay night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_night" title="Ladies' night">Ladies' night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_call" title="Last call">Last call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_o%27clock_swill" title="Six o'clock swill">Six o'clock swill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight up">Straight up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_drink" title="Well drink">Well drink</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartending_school" title="Bartending school">Bartending school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft_cocktail_movement" title="Craft cocktail movement">Craft cocktail movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_drinking_establishment-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of drinking establishment-related articles">index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">tavern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrewing" title="Homebrewing">Homebrewing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craft_beer" title="Craft beer">Craft beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bartenders_Association" title="International Bartenders Association">International Bartenders Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBA_official_cocktails" title="List of IBA official cocktails">official cocktails</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Boston_Official_Bartender%27s_Guide" title="Mr. Boston Official Bartender's Guide">Mr. Boston Official Bartender's Guide</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/9px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/13px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/17px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flessen_drank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/17px-Flessen_drank.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/26px-Flessen_drank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/34px-Flessen_drank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1279" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liquor" title="Portal:Liquor">liquor portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bartending" title="Category:Bartending">Category: Bartending</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consumer_food_safety1282" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consumer_food_safety" title="Template:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consumer_food_safety" title="Template talk:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consumer_food_safety" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consumer_food_safety1282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Consumer food safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adulterant" title="Adulterant">Adulterants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_contaminant" title="Food contaminant">food contaminants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-MCPD" title="3-MCPD">3-MCPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldicarb" title="Aldicarb">Aldicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_use_in_livestock" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">Antibiotic use in livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGH_controversies" title="HGH controversies">HGH controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamine" title="Melamine">Melamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_I" title="Sudan I">Sudan I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Food additives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavorings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate (MSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_oil_misinformation" title="Seed oil misinformation">controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_parasite_infection" title="Intestinal parasite infection">Intestinal parasites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">parasitic disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebiasis" title="Amoebiasis">Amoebiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">Anisakiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidiosis" title="Cryptosporidiosis">Cryptosporidiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosporiasis" title="Cyclosporiasis">Cyclosporiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothriasis" title="Diphyllobothriasis">Diphyllobothriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinworm_infection" title="Pinworm infection">Enterobiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsiasis" title="Fasciolopsiasis">Fasciolopsiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolosis" title="Fasciolosis">Fasciolosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardiasis" title="Giardiasis">Giardiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomiasis" title="Gnathostomiasis">Gnathostomiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragonimiasis" title="Paragonimiasis">Paragonimiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">Toxocariasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">Trichinosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichuriasis" title="Trichuriasis">Trichuriasis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">Botulism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">Clostridium perfringens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cronobacter" title="Cronobacter">Cronobacter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">Enterovirus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O104:H4" title="Escherichia coli O104:H4"><i>Escherichia coli</i> O104:H4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7"><i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">Hepatitis A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigatoxigenic_and_verotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic <i>E. coli</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos">Chlorpyrifos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindane" title="Lindane">Lindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">Malathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamidophos" title="Methamidophos">Methamidophos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">Preservatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">Benzoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_benzoate" title="Sodium benzoate">Sodium benzoate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sugar substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acesulfame_potassium" title="Acesulfame potassium">Acesulfame potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccharin" title="Saccharin">Saccharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyclamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cyclamate">Sodium cyclamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">Sorbitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucralose" title="Sucralose">Sucralose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">environment pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">Aflatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">Arsenic contamination of groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene_in_soft_drinks" title="Benzene in soft drinks">Benzene in soft drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxin" title="Dioxin">Dioxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">Mycotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonylphenol" title="Nonylphenol">Nonylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fraud">Food fraud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread fraud">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast milk fraud">Breast milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg fraud">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive oil fraud">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prawn_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Prawn fraud">Prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood fraud">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp fraud">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea fraud">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Food processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid-hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein">Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">Acrylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_additives" title="List of food additives">Food additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_amine" title="Heterocyclic amine">Heterocyclic amines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_starch" title="Modified starch">Modified starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrosamine" title="Nitrosamine">Nitrosamines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortening" title="Shortening">Shortening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_contamination_incidents" title="List of food contamination incidents">Food contamination incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devon_colic" title="Devon colic">Devon colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swill_milk_scandal" title="Swill milk scandal">Swill milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esing_Bakery_incident" title="Esing Bakery incident">Esing Bakery incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_Bradford_sweets_poisoning" title="1858 Bradford sweets poisoning">1858 Bradford sweets poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_English_beer_poisoning" title="1900 English beer poisoning">1900 English beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morinaga_Milk_arsenic_poisoning_incident" title="Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident">Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Moroccan_oil_poisoning_disaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 Moroccan oil poisoning disaster (page does not exist)">1959 Moroccan oil poisoning disaster</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1959" class="extiw" title="ar:كارثة الزيوت المسمومة في المغرب 1959">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Iraq_poison_grain_disaster" title="1971 Iraq poison grain disaster">1971 Iraq poison grain disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_oil_syndrome" title="Toxic oil syndrome">Toxic oil syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Austrian_diethylene_glycol_wine_scandal" title="1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal">1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_BSE_outbreak" title="United Kingdom BSE outbreak">United Kingdom BSE outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_meat_substitution_scandal" title="Australian meat substitution scandal">Australian meat substitution scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Jack_in_the_Box_E._coli_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak">Jack in the Box <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Odwalla_E._coli_outbreak" title="1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak">1996 Odwalla <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_North_American_E._coli_O157:H7_outbreaks" title="2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks">2006 North American <i>E. coli</i> outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICA_meat_repackaging_controversy" title="ICA meat repackaging controversy">ICA meat repackaging controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Canada_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak">2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal" title="2008 Chinese milk scandal">2008 Chinese milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Irish_pork_crisis" title="2008 Irish pork crisis">2008 Irish pork crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_salmonellosis_outbreak" title="2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak">2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Germany_E._coli_O104:H4_outbreak" title="2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak">2011 Germany <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2011 United States listeriosis outbreak">2011 United States listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_school_meal_poisoning_incident" title="Bihar school meal poisoning incident">Bihar school meal poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_horse_meat_scandal" title="2013 horse meat scandal">2013 horse meat scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_funeral_beer_poisoning" title="Mozambique funeral beer poisoning">2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weak_Meat" title="Operation Weak Meat">2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_South_African_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak">2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Australian_strawberry_contamination" title="2018 Australian strawberry contamination">2018 Australian strawberry contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_Shigatoxigenic_E._coli_outbreak" title="2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak">2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_red_yeast_rice_scandal" title="Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal">Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">Food safety incidents in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_Taiwan" title="Food safety incidents in Taiwan">Food safety incidents in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Foodborne illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks">outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_by_death_toll" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks by death toll">death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_in_the_United_States" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">watchdogs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptable_daily_intake" title="Acceptable daily intake">Acceptable daily intake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_labeling_regulations" title="List of food labeling regulations">Food labeling regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_libel_laws" title="Food libel laws">Food libel laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_Australia" title="Food safety in Australia">Food safety in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">Nutrition facts label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">Organic certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Assurance_International" title="Quality Assurance International">Quality Assurance International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_food_information_regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom food information regulations">United Kingdom food information regulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Food_Safety" title="Centre for Food Safety">Centre for Food Safety</a> (Hong Kong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Information_and_Control_Agency" title="Food Information and Control Agency">Food Information and Control 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